Low Power Wan Protocols For Iot: Ieee 802.11ah, Lorawan, Sigfox

Low Power WAN Protocols for
IoT: IEEE 802.11ah, LoRaWAN, Sigfox
Raj Jain
Washington University in Saint Louis
Saint Louis, MO 63130
Jain@cse.wustl.edu
Audio/Video recordings of this class lecture are available at:
http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/
Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain
15-1
Overview
1. IoT Protocols on the Hype
2. Low-Power WANs
3. IEEE 802.11ah
4. LoRaWAN
5. Sigfox
Note: This is the 6th lecture in series of class lectures on IoT.
Bluetooth, Bluetooth Smart, IEEE 802.15.4, ZigBee,
6LowPAN, RPL were covered in the previous lectures.
15-2
Gartner’s Hype cycle for
IoT Standards and Protocols 2017
VC investment Acquisitions Mass Production

By large corporations
Ref: Bill Ray, "Hype Cycle for IoT Standards and Protocols, 2018," Gartner Report ID G00338610, Aug 30, 2018, 61 pp.
15-3
IoT Protocols on the Hype
 Li-Fi: Light Fidelity. Optical wireless at 100+ Gbps1
 IEEE 802.11ax: Successor to IEEE 802.11ac with 11 Gbps
throughput and larger number of nodes2
 Thread: Networking over 802.15.4 using IPv6 over 6LowPAN3
 LPWA: Low Power Wide Area Network4
 Lora: Long-Range
 Sigfox
 802.11ah
 RPMA: Random Phase Multiple Access. Proprietary LPWA
by Ingenu5
Ref: 1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li-Fi
2
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11ax
3
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread_(network_protocol)
4
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPWAN
5
C. McClelland, “RPMA – Overview of Ingenu’s LPWAN Technology,” Apr 20, 2017,
https://medium.com/iotforall/rpma-overview-of-ingenus-lpwan-technology-3d72c47f0461

15-4
IoT Protocols on the Hype (Cont)
 Wi-SUN: Wireless Smart Ubiquitous Network. Field area
network for utility industry. Used by Tokyo Electric Power1
 Cellular: 5G, NB-IoT, LTE-M
 OneM2M: Consortium of eight standards organization for IoT
(Machine to Machine)2
 Security:
 MatrixSSL: Open source TLS/SSL implementation for IoT
devices3
 FIDO: Fast Identity Online authentication protocol4
 IEEE 802.11ai-2016: Secure and fast Link setup5
Ref: 1 https://tools.ietf.org/id/draft-heile-lpwan-wisun-overview-00.html
2
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OneM2M
3
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MatrixSSL
4
https://fidoalliance.org/approach-vision/
5
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11ai
15-5
 Lightweight M2M: By Open Mobile Alliance and IPSO
Alliance for smart object management and interoperability1
 Application Support Layer:
 MQTT: Message Queuing Telemetry Transport2
 AMQP: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol3
 SCOTA (Software/firmware compnents/updates over the
air)4
 CoAP: Constrained Application Protocol. Web transfer
protocol for constrained (IoT) devices5
 DotDot: Network independent version of Zigbee's cluster
library6
Ref: 1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OMA_LWM2M
2
http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-18/m_14mqt.htm
3
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Message_Queuing_Protocol
4
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-the-air_programming
5
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constrained_Application_Protocol
6
https://www.zigbee.org/zigbee-for-developers/dotdot/
15-6
 Operating Systems:
 TinyOS: Open source operating system for IoT1
 Contiki: Open source OS/networking stack for IoT2
 LiteOS: Huawei Real-time operating systems for IoT3
Ref: 1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TinyOS
2
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contiki
3
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LiteOS
15-7
Low-Power WAN Applications
 Sensors:
 Smart Grid – meter reading
 Agriculture monitoring
 Industrial sensors
 Building automation
 Machine to Machine (M2M) Communication:

 Factory automation
 Traffic Control
 Medical devices

15-8
Sample LPWAN Application
Data Aggregator Wired
802.15.4g Wireless
Gas Meter
(PAN LR-WAN) 802.11ah
Gateway* Water Meter
AP
Power Meter
Distributed Distributed
Automation Automation
Device Device
Wide Area Network Neighborhood Area Network Home Area Network

(WAN) (NAN) (HAN)
* 802.15.4g is no longer active
Ref: H. Wei, “Self-Organizing Energy Efficient M2M Communications,” http://cc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~ykchen/1123-HWei.pdf
15-9
IEEE 802.11ah Features
 Aka “WiFi HaLow” by WiFi Alliance.
 IEEE spec for Low-rate long-range IoT applications.
Currently in 2nd Sponsor ballot (March 2016).
 Spectrum: Sub-Giga Hertz license-exempt spectrum.
Not including TV white spaces (700 MHz for 802.11af).
 902-928 MHz (USA)
 863-868.6 MHz (Europe)
 916.5-927.5 MHz (Japan)
 755-787 MHz (China)
 917.5-923.5 MHz (Korea)
 Sub-GHz frequency  Longer range than 2.4 GHz,
Less congested, better penetration
 Low bit rate for IoT, Short data transmissions, Power savings,
Efficient MAC
 Goal: Support at least 4X devices per AP than legacy 802.11
15-10
IEEE 802.11ah Range
 150 kbps to 78 Mbps per spatial stream (up to 4 streams)
700 MHz
900 MHz
2.4 GHz
5 GHz
802.11ad
60 GHz
802.11a/n/ac
802.11b/g/n
802.11ah
802.11af
Ref: J. DeLisle, “What’s the difference between 802.11af and 802.11ah,” Microwave and RF, Oct 2015,
http://mwrf.com/active-components/what-s-difference-between-ieee-80211af-and-80211ah
15-11
IEEE 802.11ah PHY
1. 802.11ac PHY down clocked by 10X
 2/4/8/16 MHz channels in place of 20/40/80/160 MHz in
ac
 20 MHz 11ac and 2 MHz 11ah both have 64 FFT size and
48 data subcarriers + 4 pilots  1/10th inter-carrier
spacing
 10X longer Symbols  Allows 10X delay spread
 All times (SIFS, ACKs) are 10x longer
 New 1 MHz PHY with 32 FFT and 24 data subcarriers
2. Adjacent channel bonding: 1MHz+1MHz = 2 MHz
3. All stations have to support 1MHz and 2MHz
4. Up to 4 spatial streams (compared to 8 in 11ac)
5. 1 MHz also allows a new MCS 10 which is MCS0 with 2x
repetition  Allows 9 times longer reach than 2.4GHz
6. Beam forming to create sectors
Ref: W. Sun, M. Choi, and S. Choi, “IEEE 802.11ah: A Long Range 802.11 WLAN at Sub 1 GHz,” River Journal, 2013, pp. 1-26,
http://riverpublishers.com/journal/journal_articles/RP_Journal_2245-800X_115.pdf
15-12
IEEE 802.11ah MAC
 Large number of devices per Access Point (AP)
 Hierarchical Association Identifier (AID)
 802.11g/n/ac allow ~211 stations,

802.11ah designed to allows ~214 stations eventually
 Relays are used to allow connectivity outside the coverage
area. Limited to 2-hops.
 Power Savings Enhancements:
 Allows stations to sleep and save energy.
 AP negotiates a Target Wake Time (TWT) for individual

stations
 Speed frame exchange allows stations to exchange a sequence
of frames for a TXOP.
Ref: E. Khorov, et al., "A survey on IEEE 802.11ah: An enabling networking technology for smart cities,"
Computer Communications, 2014, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2014.08.008
15-13
MAC Protocol Versions
 Protocol Version 0 (PV0) is same as that for
b/a/g/n/ac
 Protocol version 1 (PV1) is optimized for IoT
 Short headers
 Null Data packets: Only PHY, No MAC. For Acks.
 Speed frame exchange: Multi-frame transmissions
 Improved channel access
Ref: R. Jain, “Lower Power WAN Protocols for IoT: IEEE 802.11ah, LoRAWAN,” 2016,
http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-16/j_14ahl.htm
15-14
802.11ah: Summary
1. 802.11ah runs at 900 MHz band  Longer distance
2. 802.11ah is 802.11ac down by 10x.
It uses OFDM with 1/2/4/8/16 MHz channels.
Longer symbols  Longer multi-path
3. MAC is more efficient by eliminating reducing
header, aggregating acks, null data packets, speed
frame exchanges
4. Saves energy by allowing stations and AP to sleep
longer
5. Slow adoption by industry
 No products by major companies

15-15
Other LPWANs
Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs)
 LoRaWAN, https://www.lora-alliance.org
 SIGFOX, http://www.sigfox.com/
 Weightless-N (Narrowband), http://www.weightless.org/
 Weightless-P (High Performance), http://www.weightless.org/
 NWAVE, http://www.nwave.io/nwave-network/
 OnRamp Wireless, http://www.onrampwireless.com/
 PLATANUS, http://www.m2comm-semi.com/our-protocol/#
 Telensa, http://www.telensa.com/unb-wireless/
 M-Bus by Amber Wireless, https://www.amber-
wireless.com/en/products/wireless-m-bus.html
 M2M Spectrum, http://m2mspectrum.com
Ref: C. Pham, “Long-Range Technology Overview,” Dec 2015, http://web.univ-pau.fr/~cpham/LORA/WAZIUP-LoRa-overview.pdf
15-16
LoRaWAN
 Long Range Wide Area Network.
 Originally developed by Cyclos in France.
Acquired by Semtech corporation, which formed LoRa Alliance.
Now 160+ members.
 V1.0 spec dated January 2015. Released to public July 2015.
 Rapid Adoption: Products already available on Amazon.
Transceiver Arduino Connectivity Kit for

Radio Shield Arduino, Waspmote,
Raspberry Pi
Ref: https://www.lora-alliance.org/What-Is-LoRa/Technology
15-17
Key Features of LoRaWAN
 Bidirectional communication
Low Rate: 0.3 kbps to 22 kbps in Europe, 0.9 kbps in US
 Star of Stars Topology: Gateways are transparent bridges.
Server is the brain. Simple devices. Relays are optional.
 Secure: EUI128 Device Key, EUI64 Network Key, EUI64
Application Key
Gateway Server
Relay Relay
Device Device Device Device Device Device Device

Ref: https://www.lora-alliance.org/What-Is-LoRa/Technology
15-18
LoRa Frequency Band
 Uses ISM license-exempt band:
 915 MHz MHz in US. Power limit. No duty cycle limit.
 868 MHz in Europe. 1% and 10% duty cycle limit
 433 MHz in Asia
 Same techniques can be used in 2.4GHz or 5.8 GHz

 Currently suitable for public (single) deployment in an area
 All gateways report to the same server
 A device can talk to any gateway
 All devices use the same frequency
Ref: http://www.link-labs.com/what-is-lora/
http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/wireless/lora/lorawan-network-architecture.php
15-19
Chirp Spread Spectrum
 Chirp: A signal with continuously increasing (or decreasing)
frequency (Whale sound)
 Chirp Spread Spectrum: signal is frequency modulated with
frequency increasing (or decreasing) from min to max (or max
to min)  power is spread over the entire spectrum
Power
Frequency
Ref: Z. Ianelli, “Introduction to Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) Technology,” IEEE 802 Tutorial,
http://www.ieee802.org/802_tutorials/03-November/15-03-0460-00-0040-IEEE-802-CSS-Tutorial-part1.ppt
15-20
LoRa Modulation
 Designed to achieve high sensitivity using a cheap crystal
 Allows low power transmissions over long distances
 A form of Chirp spread spectrum.
 Data is encoded using the frequency increase/decrease rate
 Data rate and link condition determines the f
frequency bandwidth required
t
 Multiple parallel transmissions with different data rates on the
same frequency
 Can receive signals 19.5 dB below noise floor with forward
error correction (FEC)
 Power level is determined adaptively based on data rate and
link condition. Fast communication is used to save battery.
Ref: “LoRA Physical Layer and RF Interface,” Radio-Electronics,
http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/wireless/lora/rf-interface-physical-layer.php
15-21
LoRaWAN MAC
 LoRaWAN: MAC function over LoRa PHY
(Other MACs can be used over LoRA PHY)
 Server manages the network and runs MAC
 Assigns each device is a frequency, spreading code, data
rate
 Eliminates duplicate receptions
 Schedules acknowledgements
 Adapts data rates
Server
 All gateways of a network are synchronized
 Data rate is determined by distance
and message duration Gateway
 Server determines the data rate using
an adaptive data rate (ADR) scheme Device Device Device
 Competition: Sigfox, NB-IoT
15-22
LoRaWAN: Summary
1. LoRaWAN is the new MAC standardized by LoRa Alliance
2. LoRa modulation is a variation of chirp spread spectrum
where the rate of frequency increase/decrease is modulated by
symbol
 Increases its resistance to noise
 Allows multiple parallel transmissions in one frequency
3. Centralized management and media access control using a
“server”
4. Devices broadcast to all gateways. The best gateway replies
back.

15-23
Sigfox
 Proprietary protocol developed by Sigfox for 900 MHz ISM
band
 Ultra-narrowband spectrum:
100 Hz per user => Long symbols => resistance to noise
 Simple BPSK Modulation => 100-600 bps
 Inexpensive end-point radio, sophisticated base station
 Receiver sensitivity on the end-point is less => downlink
capacity is less
 Network in the process of being deployed in 60 countries
 6 million objects by end of 2018
 Covers 24 of top 25 metropolitan areas in US
Ref: Sigfox, “SIgfox Technology Overview,” https://www.sigfox.com/en/sigfox-iot-technology-overview
15-24
LoRa vs. Sigfox
 Common:
 Both have proprietary technology
 Both use 900/868 MHz ISM band
 Both use star network architecture
 Multiple base stations/gateways listen to the

packets from IoT devices
Ref: Brian Ray, “SigFox Vs. LoRa: A Comparison Between Technologies & Business Models,” May 31, 2018,
https://www.link-labs.com/blog/sigfox-vs-lora
15-25
LoRa vs. Sigfox (Cont)
Issue LoRa Sigfox
Business Sell LoRa chips and
Network as a Service
Model silicon Royalty from network service
providers
Technology LoRa Modulation Ultra-narrowband (100 kHz) with
BPSK
Symmetry Uplink = Downlink 12 B payload in uplink
8 B payload in downlink
140 Messages/day/device uplink
4 messages/day/device downlink
Cost Gateway and end points Expensive base stations
cost comparable Cheap end-points
Openness Any one can make either Anyone can make end-points.
or both end devices Sigfox makes the basestations.
Service Anyone can setup a Sigfox sets up the network
Provider network
Location Can use everywhere Only in markets where Sigfox has
a network
15-26
Summary
1. IoT protocol space is very crowded. Many protocols are being

hyped
2. Low Power WANs are used for Utility and citywide
applications.
3. IEEE 802.11ah was standardized but seeing limited use
4. LoRaWAN uses LoRa modulation and has many products
5. Sigfox is betting on Network as a service.

15-27
Lab 1
A. Download InSSIDer v3.1.2.1 from:
 http://www.techspot.com/downloads/5936-inssider.html or
 http://www.filecroco.com/download-inssider
 Measure the signal levels of various WiFi networks
 Submit a screen capture
B. Download Wireshark from:

 https://www.wireshark.org/#download
 Run a trace packets on your wireless network
 Submit a screen capture

15-28
Reading List
 E. Khorov, et al., "A survey on IEEE 802.11ah: An enabling networking
technology for smart cities," Computer Communications, 2014,
http://www.freepaperdownload.us/1752/Article5078210.htm
 W. Sun, M. Choi, and S. Choi, "IEEE 802.11ah: A Long Range 802.11
WLAN at Sub 1 GHz," River Journal, 2013, pp. 1-26,
http://riverpublishers.com/journal/journal_articles/RP_Journal_2245-
800X_115.pdf
 http://www.link-labs.com/what-is-lora/
 "LoRA Physical Layer and RF Interface," Radio-Electronics,
http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/wireless/lora/rf-interface-physical-
layer.php
 https://www.lora-alliance.org/What-Is-LoRa/Technology

15-29
References
 C. Pham, "Long-Range Technology Overview," Dec 2015, http://web.univ-
pau.fr/~cpham/LORA/WAZIUP-LoRa-overview.pdf
 GreenPeak,
http://www.greenpeak.com/Company/Opinions/CeesLinksColumn36.pdf
 H. Wei, "Self-Organizing Energy Efficient M2M Communications,"
http://cc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~ykchen/1123-HWei.pdf
 http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/wireless/lora/lorawan-network-
architecture.php
 J. DeLisle, "What's the difference between 802.11af and 802.11ah,"
Microwave and RF, Oct 2015, http://mwrf.com/active-components/what-s-
difference-between-ieee-80211af-and-80211ah
 Z. Ianelli, "Introduction to Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) Technology,"
IEEE 802 Tutorial, http://www.ieee802.org/802_tutorials/03-November/15-
03-0460-00-0040-IEEE-802-CSS-Tutorial-part1.ppt

15-30
Wikipedia Links
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirp_spread_spectrum
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delivery_traffic_indication_message
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11ah
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.1ah-2008
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPWAN
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_indication_map

15-31
Wikipedia Links (Optional)
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6LoWPAN
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_wireless_data_standards
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DASH7
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_coordination_function
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11_RTS/CTS
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NarrowBand_IOT
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_allocation_vector
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Ramp_Wireless
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Interframe_Space
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigfox
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightless_(wireless_communications)

15-32
Acronyms
 6Lo IPv6 over Networks of Resource Constrained Nodes
 6LoWPAN IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Networks
 6TiSCH IPv6 over Time Slotted Channel Hopping Mode of IEEE
802.15.4e
 AC Alternating Current
 ACK Acknowledgement
 ADR adaptive data rate
 AID Association Identifier
 AMQP Advanced Message Queuing Protocol
 AP Access Point
 CARP Channel-Aware Routing Protocol
 CoAP Constrained Application Protocol
 CORPL Cognitive RPL
 CSS Chirp Spread Spectrum
 CTS Clear to Send
 DASH-7 Named after last two characters in ISO 18000-7
15-33
Acronyms (Cont)
 dB DeciBel
 EDCF Enhanced Distributed Coordination Function
 EUI Extended Unique Identifier
 FFT Fast Fourier Transform
 GHz Giga Hertz
 GP Green PHY
 GPS Global Positioning System
 HAN Home Area Network
 ID Identifier
 IEC International Engineering Council
 IEEE Institution of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
 IoT Internet of Things

15-34
Acronyms (Cont)
 ISA International Society of Automation
 ISM Instrumentation Scientific and Medical
 kHz Kilo Hertz
 LoRa Long Range
 LoRaWAN Long Range Wide Area Network
 LowPAN Low Power Personal Area Network
 LPWANs Low Power Wide Area Network
 LTE-A Long-Term Evolution Advanced
 LTE Long-Term Evolution
 MAC Media Access Control
 MCS Modulation and Coding Scheme

15-35
Acronyms (Cont)
 MHz Mega Hertz
 MQTT Message Queue Telemetry Transport
 NAN Neighborhood Area Network
 NAV Network Allocation Vector
 NDP Null Data Packet
 NFC Near Field Communication
 NWAVE Name of a company
 OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
 OMA Open Mobile Alliance
 OneM2M One committee for Machine to Machine
 PAN Personal Area Network
 PHY Physical Layer
 PLATANUS Name of a company
 PV0 Protocol Version 0
 PV1 Protocol Version 1

15-36
Acronyms (Cont)
 RF Radio Frequency
 RID Response Indication Deferral
 RPL Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks
 RTS Request to Send
 SCOTA Software components over the air
 SMACK Simple Mandatory Access Control Kernel for Linux
 SSL Secure Session Layer
 TCG Trusted Computing Group
 TLS Transport Layer Security
 TV Television
 TWT Target Wake Time
 TXOP Transmission Opportunity
 US United States
 VC Venture Capitalist

15-37
Acronyms (Cont)
 WAN Wide Area Network
 WiFi Wireless Fidelity
 WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability of Microwave Access
 WLAN Wireless Local Area Networks

15-38
Scan This to Download These Slides
Raj Jain
http://rajjain.com

15-39
Related Modules
CSE567M: Computer Systems Analysis (Spring 2013),
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLjGG94etKypJEKjNAa1n_1X0bWWNyZcof
CSE473S: Introduction to Computer Networks (Fall 2011),

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLjGG94etKypJWOSPMh8Azcgy5e_10TiDw
Recent Advances in Networking (Spring 2013),

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLjGG94etKypLHyBN8mOgwJLHD2FFIMGq5
CSE571S: Network Security (Fall 2011),

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLjGG94etKypKvzfVtutHcPFJXumyyg93u
Video Podcasts of Prof. Raj Jain's Lectures,

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCN4-5wzNP9-ruOzQMs-8NUw

15-40

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Low Power WAN Protocols for

IoT: IEEE 802.11ah, LoRaWAN, Sigfox

VC investment Acquisitions Mass Production

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain

 Contiki: Open source OS/networking stack for IoT2

 LiteOS: Huawei Real-time operating systems for IoT3

 Machine to Machine (M2M) Communication:

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain

Data Aggregator Wired

Wide Area Network Neighborhood Area Network Home Area Network

 802.11g/n/ac allow ~211 stations,

 AP negotiates a Target Wake Time (TWT) for individual

 Null Data packets: Only PHY, No MAC. For Acks.

 Speed frame exchange: Multi-frame transmissions

 Improved channel access

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain

Transceiver Arduino Connectivity Kit for

Device Device Device Device Device Device Device

 868 MHz in Europe. 1% and 10% duty cycle limit

 433 MHz in Asia

 Same techniques can be used in 2.4GHz or 5.8 GHz

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain

 Both use 900/868 MHz ISM band

 Both use star network architecture

 Multiple base stations/gateways listen to the

1. IoT protocol space is very crowded. Many protocols are being

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain

B. Download Wireshark from:

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain

CSE473S: Introduction to Computer Networks (Fall 2011),

Recent Advances in Networking (Spring 2013),

CSE571S: Network Security (Fall 2011),

Video Podcasts of Prof. Raj Jain's Lectures,

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-18/ ©2018 Raj Jain

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