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Lecture 1

This document defines functions and graphs, including: 1) A function assigns each element in its domain to exactly one element in its range. The graph of a function consists of points (x, f(x)) where x is in the domain. 2) Examples of functions include linear, horizontal, vertical, polynomial, rational, and composite functions. Even and odd functions are also defined. 3) Exercises provide examples of evaluating functions, finding domains and ranges, sketching graphs, and applying concepts like composite and linear functions.

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80 views2 pages

Lecture 1

This document defines functions and graphs, including: 1) A function assigns each element in its domain to exactly one element in its range. The graph of a function consists of points (x, f(x)) where x is in the domain. 2) Examples of functions include linear, horizontal, vertical, polynomial, rational, and composite functions. Even and odd functions are also defined. 3) Exercises provide examples of evaluating functions, finding domains and ranges, sketching graphs, and applying concepts like composite and linear functions.

Uploaded by

Usman Arshad
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture 1: Functions and Graphs

Definition 1 (Function, Domain, Image, Range)

♥ Let X and Y be sets of real numbers. A function f of a real variable x from X to Y


is a correspondence that assigns to each number x in X exactly one number y in Y . The
variable x is the independent variable, and the variable y is the dependent variable.

♥ The domain of f is the set X. The number y is the image of x under f denoted
y = f (x). The range of f is a subset of Y and consists of all images of numbers in X.

♥ The graph of the function y = f (x) consists of all points (x, f (x)), where x is in
the domain of f .

Example 1 Consider the equation x2 − y = 1 in implicit form. Define y the dependent


variable, as a function of x, independent variable. To evaluate the equation y = x2 − 1
in explicit form. Write the equation as the function y = f (x) = x2 − 1.

Example 2 For the function f defined by f (x) = x2 − 1, evaluate each of the following:
f (3a), f (b − 1), f (0), f (1) and f (−1).
√
Example 3 Let the function f (x) = x − 1 find the domain and range of f .

Example 4 Sketch the graph of the following functions: f (x) = x, f (x) = x2 , f (x) = x3 ,
√ 1
f (x) = x, f (x) = |x|, f (x) = , f (x) = sin x, f (x) = cos x.
x
Exercises:

1. Determine the domain and range of the function f (x) = x2 − 1.

2. Let the function f (x) = x2 − 1. Sketch the graph of f (x) using the following data.

x −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
f (x)

√ 2
3. Determine the domain and range of the functions f (x) = 9 − x2 and f (x) = .
x−1
f (x) − f (1)
4. Let the function f (x) = x3 − x, evaluate the value . (Simplify the result)
x−1
(
x2 + 2, x < 0
5. Evaluate the function f (x) = at the each value f (−4), f (0), f (1).
|x − 2|, x ≥ 0

1
Definition 2 (Function Category)

♥ Linear function: The slope m of a nonvertical line passing through the points
y2 − y1
(x1 , y1 ) and (x2 , y2 ) is m = , x2 6= x1 . The equation of the line ia given by
x2 − x1
y − y1 = m(x − x1 ), or y = mx + b, where a y-intercept at (0, b).

♥ Horizontal line: The equation of Horizontal line passing through (x1 , y1 ) is y = y1 .

♥ Vertical line: The equation of vertical line passing through (x1 , y1 ) is x = x1 .

♥ Polynomial function: f (x) = an xn + an−1 xn−1 + ... + a1 x1 + a0 , an 6= 0, where the


positive integer n is the degree of the polynomial function, an is the leading coefficient
and a0 is the constant term.

p(x)
♥ Rational function: f (x) = , q(x) 6= 0, where p(x) and q(x) are the polyno-
q(x)
mial functions.

♥ Composite function: Let f and g be functions. The function (f ◦g)(x) = f (g(x))


is called the composite of f with g. The domain of f ◦ g is the set of all x in the domain
of g such that g(x) is in the domain of f .

♥ Even function: The function y = f (x) is even if f (−x) = f (x).

♥ Odd function: The function y = f (x) is odd if f (−x) = −f (x).

Exercise:

1. Find the equation of the line passing through (5, 2) and (3, −4).

2. Find the equation of the line passing through (1, 7) with the slope −3.

3. Find the equation of the line passing through (2, 1) and (2, 5).

4. Find the slope and the y-intercept of the line x + 5y = 20.


√
5. Let f (x) = x and g(x) = x2 − 1, find the domains of f ◦ g and g ◦ f , and evaluate
f (g(2)) and g(f (2)).

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