World Health Organization: Regional Office For Africa Brazzaville 2015

Graphic Design and Printing done by TIP/AFRO
World Health Organization

Regional Office for Africa
Brazzaville ● 2015
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
Regional Office for Africa
Brazzaville ● 2015
WHO/AFRO Library Cataloguing – in – Publication Data
Guidance for Establishing a National Health Laboratory System
1. Laboratories – organization and administration

2. Clinical Laboratory Techniques
3. Diagnosis
4. National Health Programs
5. Guideline
I. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Africa
II. Title
ISBN: 978 9 29 023287 2 (NLM classification: QY 39)
© WHO Regional Office for Africa, 2015
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CONTENTS
Page
ABBREVIATIONS..................................................................................................................... v
FOREWORD ............................................................................................................................ vi
PREFACE ................................................................................................................................ viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................... ix
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.......................................................................................................... x
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 1
ESTABLISHMENT OF A NATIONAL HEALTH LABORATORY SYSTEM...................... 3
PART ONE................................................................................................................................. 6
1. National laboratory policy and national laboratory strategic plan..................................................6

2. National strategic plan ....................................................................................................................................7
3. Process for developing the national laboratory policy and national strategic plan ...................7
PART TWO ............................................................................................................................... 9
1. Financial considerations..................................................................................................................................9
2. Regulatory framework....................................................................................................................................9
3. Organisation of the laboratory system.................................................................................................. 10
4. Laboratory standards ................................................................................................................................... 13
5. Laboratory workforce ................................................................................................................................. 13
6. Quality management systems .................................................................................................................... 15
7. Laboratory infrastructure........................................................................................................................... 15
8. Equipment and equipment maintenance................................................................................................ 16
9. Supply chain management........................................................................................................................... 16
10. Laboratory safety and waste management ........................................................................................... 17
11. Laboratory information management systems .................................................................................... 18
12. Research and development........................................................................................................................ 19
13. Public-private partnerships......................................................................................................................... 19
INTERNET SOURCES: SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL................................................... 21
REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................... 23
BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................................... 26
Guidance for Establishing a National Health Laboratory System Page iii

FIGURES
1. The WHO health system framework....................................................................................................................3

2. Key cross-cutting elements of a National Health Laboratory System .......................................................4
3. Establishing and implementing a National Health Laboratory System........................................................5
4. Example of a tiered laboratory system............................................................................................................... 11
5. Example of a functional procurement and supply management process................................................ 18
Page iv Guidance for Establishing a National Health Laboratory System

ABBREVIATIONS
AFRO WHO Regional Office for Africa
AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
APHL Association of Public Health Laboratories
BLT Blood Safety, Laboratories and Technologies
CAREC Caribbean Epidemiology Centre
CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CLSI Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute
CLT Clinical Laboratories and Technologies
EHT Essential Health technologies
EMRO WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean
EQA External Quality Assessment
HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
HSS Health Systems & Services Cluster (WHO/AFRO)
IATA International Air Transport Association
IDSR Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response
IHR International Health Regulations (2005)
IP Institut Pasteur
IQLS Integrated Quality Laboratory Services
ISO International Organization for Standardization
IVE Immunization, Vaccines and Emergencies Cluster
LAT Laboratory Assessment Tool
LIMS Laboratory Information Management System
LMIS Logistics Management Information System
PAHO Pan American Health Organization
PIP Pandemic Influenza Preparedness
PPP Public Private Partnership
QMS Quality Management System
SEARO WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia
SLIPTA Step-Wise Laboratory Improvement Process Towards Accreditation
SOP Standard Operating Procedure
TB Tuberculosis
UN United Nations
USAID United States Agency for International Development
WHO World Health Organization
WPRO WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific
Guidance for Establishing a National Health Laboratory System Page v

FOREWORD
Laboratories are an essential and fundamental part of all health systems and their goal to improve
health. Reliable and timely results from laboratory investigations are crucial elem ents in decision-
making in almost all aspects of health services and disease prevention and control programmes.
Critical decisions dependent on laboratory results concern health security, national economies and
meeting obligations such as the International Health Regulations (IHR) as well as the health and well-
being of individuals.
Despite this central role, strengthening nationally coordinated laboratory services has, until recently,
received little or inadequate attention in many countries. This has res ulted in laboratory services
having a very low national priority in respect to financing, planning and service delivery.
Given the growing importance of health laboratories and emphasis on evidence-based medical and
public health practices, it is imperative that health laboratories are strengthened to provide critical
inputs to making informed decisions.
To bring the laboratory capacity building agenda as a central component of national health system
strengthening, Resolution AFR/RC58/R2 on Public Health Laboratory Strengthening was adopted by
Member States in the WHO African region during the 58th session of the Regional Committee in
September 2008 in Yaoundé, Cameroon.
The WHO AFRO strategic direction priorities for 2010–2015 highlighted the importance laboratory
quality services through partnerships and harmonization of technical support to countries in building
capacity to respond to diseases of public health importance such as HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis
and other non-infectious diseases. The development of this document is one of the outcomes of these
important initiatives.
In order for laboratories to provide high quality test results, the following systems must be in place:
human capacity, infrastructure and management of quality systems.
Competent staff who are adequately trained, effective supervision by managerial staff, and
recruitment and retention programmes are required to maintain trained laboratory personnel. Formal,
pre-service training programmes as well as orientation, performance appraisals and in-service training
systems must also be available.
A safe and suitable physical environment with adequate space, power, climate control, water and
transport access is a necessity. There should be uninterruptible power supply (UPS) sup porting
laboratory equipment in case of power surges. Sufficient light, bench space, mains or bore hole water,
and distilled water are also required. In place must be high quality, functioning laboratory equipment
and a supply chain management system to provide adequate supplies of reagents, consumables and
quality control (QC) materials. The laboratory environment should have enough space to perform day -
to-day operations safely and efficiently and to store cold chain and non-cold chain supplies.
Effective laboratory quality systems, including well written policies and procedures, a quality control
(QC) system, quality improvement (QI), external quality assessment (EQA), and accreditation
standards should exist. Standard operating procedures (SOPs) must be understood and implemented
to ensure overall test reliability, which includes test accuracy and precision. Laboratory professionals
should routinely perform QC testing to guarantee that test methods and equipment perform according
to established standards. Laboratory professionals must participate in EQA/proficiency testing (PT)
programmes in order to demonstrate that acceptable systems are in place and that specimens are
collected and processed appropriately.
Page vi Guidance for Establishing a National Health Laboratory System

All the above requirements for the laboratory to operate and function are well detailed and explained
in the ‘’Guidance for Establishing a National Health Laboratory System’’ .
This document will help countries in their efforts to move away from a disease-specific laboratory
focus towards an integrated, coordinated health laboratory system, promotes efficient use of
resources and improved laboratory service delivery, builds laboratory capacity country -wide, and
ensures laboratories at all levels of the health system contribute to national disease surveillance and
control.
This document, the ’Guidance for Establishing a National Health Laboratory System’’ , is a tool
and resource for strengthening or establishing a national health laboratory system and devel oping a
national laboratory policy and plan.
I recommend the use of such an integrated and coordinated approach to the countries in developing
the laboratory component of their national health policy and strategic plan.
Dr Luis Gomes SAMBO

Regional Director
Guidance for Establishing a National Health Laboratory System Page vii

PREFACE
In the African Region, many cases of significant illnesses and preventable diseases remain unmanaged
because appropriate, high quality laboratory support is not available at all levels of the health care
system. While considerable effort has gone into improving laboratory services in many African
countries, much of the focus has been on specific disease control programmes, leaving general
laboratory services fragmented and without adequate resources. Many countries in Africa still lack a
national health laboratory system policy and strategic plan, and place national investment in planning,
financing, and delivery of comprehensive and integrated quality laboratory services as a very low
priority within their national health systems.
In 2008, during the Fifty-eighth session of the Regional Committee, Member States of the African
Region adopted Resolution AFR/RC58/R2 [1], which emphasises the urgent need to strengthen
public health laboratories in the African Region at all levels of the health care system. The Resolution
calls for major investment in strengthening national policy, capacity-building and infrastructure
development to improve contributions of National Health Laboratory Services in patient
management, and in disease surveillance, prevention and control. The Resolution urges the Regional
Director to provide technical support to countries in their efforts to develop national health
laboratory policies, norms, standards and plans, and to promote the establishment and networking
of national and regional public health laboratories.
In 2011, Member States ratified a second resolution, AFR/RC59/R11 [2] to strengthen laboratory
capacity to address antimicrobial resistance in Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS),
Tuberculosis (TB) and Malaria. In addition, Resolution AFR/RC59/R4 [3] requests technical support
for development of a regional network of “Centres of Excellence” as reference centres for disease
surveillance, including the establishment of public health reference laboratories. This Resolution also
advocates for additional resources at national and international levels for the establishment of
centres of excellence for disease surveillance and public health laboratories, among others.
Page viii Guidance for Establishing a National Health Laboratory System

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This document was developed by the World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa (WHO/AFRO)
under the coordination of Dr Jean-Bosco Ndihokubwayo, Regional Adviser for Laboratories and Clinical
Technologies, WHO/AFRO.
WHO AFRO would like to acknowledge with thanks all those who contributed to the development and
review of this tool, including:
Prof. El Hadj Belabbes, Consultant, Algeria

Dr Jane Carter, African Medical and Research Foundation, Kenya
Dr Sebastien Cognat, WHO Headquarters
Dr Sheick Oumar Coulibaly, WHO Regional Office for Africa
Dr Annick Dosseh, WHO Regional Office for Africa
Dr Laetitia Gahimbare, USAID|Deliver Project & Supply Chain Management System (SCMS), Rwanda
Dr Guy-Michel Gershy-Damet, WHO Regional Office for Africa
Dr Rubina Imtiaz, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States of America
Dr Jean Iragena, WHO Headquarters
Dr Denis Kandolo, WHO Regional Office for Africa
Prof. Paul R. Klatser, Royal Tropical Institute, The Netherlands
Dr Addo Kennedy Kwasi, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Ghana
Dr Jason Mwenda Mathiu, WHO Regional Office for Africa
Prof. Dora Mbanya, The University of Yaoundé I, School of Medicine
Dr Fausta Mosha, Ministry of Health, Tanzania
Dr James C.L. Mwansa, University Teaching Hospital and University of Zambia, Zambia
Dr Abdoulaye Nikiema, Ministry of Health, Burkina Faso
Dr John Nkengasong, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States of America
Dr Antoine Pierson, Integrated Laboratory Quality Services, France
Dr Mark Rayfield, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States of America
Dr Laurent Toe, WHO Regional Office for Africa
Dr Ali Ahmed Yahaya, WHO Regional Office for Africa
Dr Sibongile Zimuto, Ministry of Health, Zimbabwe
Mrs Fales Zulu, Ministry of Health, Zambia
Guidance for Establishing a National Health Laboratory System Page ix

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Health laboratory services are a critical component of strong national health systems, yet they are
often neglected in resource-limited countries. Laboratories play a central role in individual patient
diagnosis and care, in disease surveillance and control, and in provision of accurate health data for
national planning and resource mobilisation. In spite of this, many millions of people, particularly
those in rural and under-served areas on the African continent, still do not have access to b asic
reliable diagnostic laboratory services.
Establishment of a comprehensive National Health Laboratory System provides the framework for
coordinated development and delivery of accessible, quality laboratory services countrywide. This
‘’Guidance for Establishing a National Health Laboratory System‘’ provides technical guidance for the
steps required to develop a National Laboratory Policy and National Laboratory Strategic Plan, and
effectively implement all the key elements of a comprehensive National Health Laboratory System.
These include the organisational and management structure, the regulatory framework, a laboratory
human resources plan, laboratory infrastructure, care and maintenance of equipment, provision of
laboratory supplies, a functional information management system, laboratory quality and biorisk
management systems and overall resource and financial management.
The document also proposes a structure for better coordination of activities among health
programmes, institutions and partners at all levels of the health system.
The document provides examples of resource materials from various countries and suggestions for
further reading to support implementation of the recommendations.
Page x Guidance for Establishing a National Health Laboratory System

INTRODUCTION
Rationale for developing a National Health Laboratory System
Laboratory services influence the efficiency and effectiveness of both clinical and public health
functions, including diagnosis, treatment, health promotion, disease prevention, surveillance and
response, and research. Laboratory services are essential to guide decision-making processes by
clinicians, public health specialists, and health policy makers [4, 5]. The diagnosis of disease based on
clinical symptoms alone, without the support of diagnostic tests, leads to inappropriate treatment
and increased patient morbidity and mortality, and promotes the development of drug resistance.
Inaccurate clinical data lead to poor national planning and misallocation of resources [6]. Laboratory
information gathered through implementation of national Integrated Disease Surveillance and
Response (IDSR) programmes is used to direct effective prevention and control of priority diseases,
and to manage potential public health emergencies of international concern , according to
requirements of the International Health Regulations (IHR) [7].
While vertical programmes provide opportunities for laboratory strengthening, they may also lead to
inadequate organization of national laboratory services and neglect of other components of the
laboratory system. Other factors that may impact on laboratory services include diverse funding
sources, inappropriate use of resources, ineffective aid coordination, and most importantly, lack of a
robust and coherent national health policy and strategic plan that incorporates a strong laboratory
component. Failure to implement the national strategic plan and fragmentation of laboratory services
leads to inefficiencies in the health system, and ultimately suboptimal health outcomes.
The laboratory system must be seen as an integral part of the national health system, and a major
contributor to its overall efficiency and effectiveness. A strong laboratory system reflects the
commitment by the Ministry of Health to provide comprehensive health services through effective
use of available resources in the country including those provided by international partners. It is vital
that the laboratory system is appropriately integrated in its development and implementation with
other government sectors that impact on human health, such as the agricultural, veterinary and
environmental sectors.
Moving away from a disease-specific laboratory focus towards an integrated, coordinated health
laboratory system promotes efficient use of resources and improved laboratory service delivery,
builds laboratory capacity country-wide, and ensures laboratories at all levels of the health system
contribute to national disease surveillance and control [8, 9].
Purpose of the Guidance document

This “Guidance for Establishing a National Health Laboratory System” is intended to support
Member States of the WHO African Region in their efforts to develop and implement an effective
national health laboratory system. This Guidance document is directed primarily at policy makers in
the Ministry of Health, as policies, strategies, regulations and management practices necessary to
strengthen the national health laboratory system and coordinate laboratory networks can only be
achieved through strong national leadership and governance.
The document guides development of a comprehensive National Laboratory Policy and Strategic
Plan, which are the vital first step towards organising, operating and monitoring a national health
laboratory system. Laboratory systems comprise a number of inter-dependent elements, which
frequently overlap and interconnect; for example, biorisk management requires a strong regulatory
Guidance for Establishing a National Health Laboratory System Page 1

component, as well as being part of the laboratory quality management system, and can also be
addressed through human resources development. This document employs a systematic approach to
addressing all the key elements of a national health laboratory system.
Finally, the document promotes an integrated approach to establishing a national health laboratory
system for the most effective use of available human, logistical, and financial resources, and to
enhance networking amongst health programmes and institutions. The document does not describe
all possible ways of achieving success in strengthening national health laboratory systems, but
presents a set of principles to guide national leadership in decision -making. Each country needs to
define the most appropriate path to developing its own national health laboratory system within the
context of local variables and influences.
Page 2 Guidance for Establishing a National Health Laboratory System

ESTABLISHMENT OF A
NATIONAL HEALTH
LABORATORY SYSTEM
Health laboratory systems are an essential component of strong national health systems. The World
Health Organization has described diagnostic services, including laboratory services (Medical
Products and Technologies), as one of the six essential building blocks of an effective health system
(see Figure 1 below). Although the building blocks are managed by different sections of the health
system, they all relate to each other and require a strong coordinating mechanism at central level to
enable the health system to function effectively as a whole.
Figure 1: The WHO health system framework

Six building blocks
Financing
Goals/outcomes
Access
Health workforce Coverage Improved health (level and equity)
Information Responsiveness
Medical products and technologies

Social and financial risk protection
Financing
Quality safety Improved efficiency
Leadership/governance
/governance
Source: Everybody’s Business: Strengthening Health Systems to Improve Health Outcomes. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2007 [4].
Strong national health laboratory systems provide timely, high quality, cost-effective diagnostic and
informative services to their customers, which include national and local health authorities, health
care providers, patients and communities. Laboratory systems need to employ state-of-the-art
procedures appropriate for different settings to diagnose, monitor, prevent and control diseases, and
provide accurate information for national and local health monitoring and planning. Laboratory
systems need to place emphasis on excellence, complete customer satisfaction and continuous
quality improvement.
As shown in the figure 2, the health laboratory system comprises a number of key elements that are
cross-cutting across most of its functions. It is vital that all key elements are adequately addressed to
enable the laboratory system to function efficiently and effectively. Weaknesses in any of the key
elements affect the smooth operations of the complete laboratory system, and constrain its ability to
provide quality services in support of the national health system at every level.

Figure 2: Key cross-cutting elements of a National Health Laboratory System
As shown in the Figure 3 below, the development of a national health laboratory system can be
considered in three main phases: Inputs, Processes and Outputs to reach the final Outcome. Inputs
include conducting a situational analysis, drawing up the National Laboratory Policy and Strategic
Plan, and establishing the monitoring and evaluation framework. Processes include undertaking
consultations, establishing technical working groups, carrying out monitoring and evaluation,
conducting regular reviews and revisions, and financial accounting. These lead to key Outputs such
as the regulatory framework, management and administrative structures and national standards
addressing all key elements of the national health laboratory system, including the laboratory
workforce, laboratory infrastructure, the equipment and supply management system, information
management, safety, and the overall quality management system. These Outputs are conducted
through Annual Operation Plans that set out clear targets and indicators, responsibilities and
required resources, and are measured through the monitoring and evaluation framework. The
Outcome of the overall process is an integrated, quality laboratory service.

Figure 3: Establishing and implementing a National Health Laboratory System
INPUT OUTPUT OUTCOME

PROCESS
• Situational • Regulatory • Integrated quality
Analysis Framework laboratory services
• National Laboratory • Standards at all levels of health
Policy • Workforce system
• National 5-year • Annual Operational
Strategic Plan • Consultations Plans
• Monitoring & • Technical working • Organisational
Evaluation groups structure
Framework • Monitoring and • Other key elements
evaluation • Resources
• Regular reviews and
revisions
• Financial accounting

PART ONE
1. National laboratory policy
The National Laboratory Policy provides the overall framework and direction for establishing,
strengthening and maintaining the national health laboratory system. The National Laboratory
Strategic Plan provides the framework for the operations of the national health laboratory system,
including establishing measurable indicators to monitor performance over time [10].
The National Laboratory Policy defines minimum standards of diagnostic services in support of
essential clinical and public health services at each level of a tiered health care system; and addresses
the organisational and management structure, regulatory mechanisms, human resource
requirements, and all required support services, within the context of each country’s national health
priorities and health care delivery system.
The National Laboratory Policy includes the following:
A Vision statement: The vision defines the desired long-term future of the health laboratory system.
For example: Affordable, accessible, equitable, quality health laboratory services for the people of a
country.
A Mission statement: The mission articulates the overall goal of the health laboratory services and
provides a guide towards achieving the vision. For example: To establish and maintain an effective,
accessible and equitable health laboratory system in the country that supports clinical care of
patients and the prevention, control and surveillance of diseases and public health events of national
and international importance.
Objectives: The overall goal of the National Laboratory Policy is to guide the establishment of a safe,
reliable quality health laboratory system that meets national health priorities. Objectives outline
major areas of focus and guide planning and strategic activities and may include the following:
(a) To develop and implement national policies, supportive regulatory frameworks and effective
organisational and management structures;
(b) To establish systems to assure quality of the national health laboratory services, including
minimum standards at each level of the health system and national accreditation processes;
(c) To build the capacity of the health laboratory system through enhanced human and financial
resources, effective support systems and functional networks;
(d) To establish systems for monitoring and evaluation of the health laboratory system for
maximum efficiency and effectiveness;
(e) To support research and development to continually inform and improve the national health
laboratory system.
2. National laboratory strategic plan
The National Laboratory Policy provides the framework for developing the National Strategic Plan
for the Health Laboratory Services. The National Strategic Plan identifies the strategies and activities

required to achieve the objectives defined in the National Laboratory Policy over a designated time
frame, such as 3 to 5 years.
3. Process for developing the national laboratory policy and national strategic
plan
The development and implementation of the National Laboratory Policy and National Strategic Plan
is the responsibility of the designated laboratory department or unit in the Ministry of Health, which
provides the leadership function. The National Laboratory Policy and National Laboratory Strategic
Plan are developed in line with National Health Sector Policies and the overall country National
Health Sector Strategic Plan. A carefully designed National Laboratory Strategic Plan that is realistic,
practical and integrated with other relevant national health programmes is most likely to be
sustainable and successful in the long-term. The National Laboratory Policy and National Laboratory
Strategic Plan are living documents that require regular review based on a well-structured
Monitoring and Evaluation System.
The process for developing the National Laboratory Policy and National Laboratory Strategic Plan is
as follows:
Country Situational Analysis

The National Laboratory Policy is guided by a detailed country Situational Analysis. The Situational
Analysis is a baseline assessment of the current status of laboratory services at all levels of the tiered
health system, and explores the key elements required for an effective National Health Laboratory
System addressing clinical and public health requirements. The Situational Analysis identifies major
gaps and constraints, and is used as the basis for outlining requirements to improve all elements of
the health laboratory system, prioritise essential actions and establish indicators against which
improvements can be measured.
Standard assessment tools are available to assist countries to conduct baseline assessments in a
selected number of laboratories at all levels of the health system [11, 12]. Examples of tools to
assess National Health Laboratory Systems are available [13, 14].
National Laboratory Policy

The National Laboratory Policy states the Vision, Mission and Objectives for the National Health
Laboratory System. The National Laboratory Policy defines the major components of the system and
establishes activities and minimum standards of operation appropriate for laboratories at each tiered
level of the health system. Each major component of the policy requires a policy statement and a
number of broad strategies.
Examples of national laboratory policies developed in countries in Africa are available [15, 16, 17].
Other WHO guidance documents for development of a national laboratory policy are also available
[18].
National laboratory strategic plan

The findings and recommendations from the country Situational Analysis and the broad strategies
outlined in the National Laboratory Policy are used to develop a 3–5 year National Laboratory
Strategic Plan. Each broad strategy within the National Laboratory Policy becomes a Strategic
Objective, and a number of planned activities are developed for its implementation. Activities are
grouped into priorities across the time frame of the Strategic Plan, each with measurable indicators
and designated responsible units and partners. The Strategic Plan contains a detailed budget that

forecasts annual financial requirements for priority activities for at least the first 3 years of the Plan,
including administrative costs, and indicates confirmed or possible sources of funding.
Once the National Laboratory Strategic Plan is developed, Annual Operational Plans are drawn up,
detailing activities, time frames, implementing partners, budgetary allocations and annual funding
sources.
Monitoring and evaluation

Monitoring and evaluation is an essential component of the implementation of the National
Laboratory Strategic Plan. Monitoring and Evaluation is systematic and supportive, and evaluates and
measures the progress of implementation of the Strategic Plan. A strong Monitoring and Evaluation
system:
(a) Establishes measurable indicators, including output, outcome and impact indicators
(b) Monitors implementation of agreed activities
(c) Ensures regular reporting and review processes
(d) Identifies the need for additional action points
(e) Suggests possible changes and improvements to policy statements and strategic planning
(f) Accounts for all financial expenditures
National coordinating mechanism

The National Laboratory Policy and National Strategic Plan are developed through a consultative and
consensus building process. A National Laboratory Technical Working Group is constituted to
provide support to the development of the National Laboratory Policy and National Strategic Plan ,
including establishment of national standards, and to regularly review their implementation. The
National Laboratory Technical Working Group requires clear Terms of Reference and an operating
budget.
The National Laboratory Technical Working Group includes a diverse group of stakeholders with
various types of expertise at different levels of the national health system. These include
representatives from other government sectors such as ministries responsible for the environment
(on matters relating to water-borne diseases, environmental events of public health importance);
agriculture (on matters relating to human-animal contact and disease); education, including
universities and technical colleges (on matters relating to human resource development); finance and
donor support (on matters relating to financial resources); non-governmental agencies and the
private sector; and technical experts such as clinicians, pathologists, public health experts, health
economists and biomedical engineers.

PART TWO
Key elements of a National Health Laboratory System
The key elements that are taken into consideration when developing the National Health Laboratory
System are:
1. Financial considerations
2. Regulatory framework
3. Organisation of the laboratory system
4. Laboratory standards
5. Laboratory workforce
6. Quality Management System
7. Laboratory infrastructure
8. Equipment and equipment maintenance
9. Supply chain management
10. Laboratory safety and waste management
11. Laboratory Information Management Systems (LIMS)
12. Research and development
13. Public private partnerships
1. Financial considerations
The financing of the National Health Laboratory System is part of the overall national health
financing plan as outlined in the National Health Sector Strategic Plan. The National Health
Laboratory System requires a dedicated, integrated budget covering the time frame of the National
Laboratory Strategic Plan, utilising all available sources. Sources of funding include: government
budgetary provisions, vertical programmes, user fees, partner organisations and other donors.
Key considerations
 A dedicated national budget for the National Health Laboratory System, based on detailed
costing estimates, with adequate financing mechanisms to implement the Strategic Plan.
 Mobilisation and coordination of required resources by the Ministry of Health, using key funding
mechanisms, such as global public health programmes, epidemic alert and response
programmes, and disease prevention and control programmes such as Polio, TB, HIV and
Malaria. Governments may explore internal mechanisms of funding, including cost recovery and
insurance schemes.
 An efficient, user-friendly, transparent record-keeping and reporting system involving laboratory
managers at all levels of the laboratory network, with regular evaluations and clear lines of
accountability. Laboratory managers at least at central level of the health system require training
in financial administration.
2. Regulatory framework
Regulation provides the legal framework to ensure safe, quality laboratory operations and to protect
the public from substandard and unethical laboratory practices. The national regulatory framework
establishes requirements for registration and licensing of laboratory facilities and the laboratory
workforce. Registration is the official recognition that laboratories and laboratory workers have

complied with the legal requirements to operate within a country. Licensure is documented
permission from the regulatory authority to carry out specific laboratory functions within a
designated time period. The processes and the standards used to register and license laboratories
may be adjusted according to the type of laboratory and level of operation.
Regulations are applicable to all laboratory and testing facilities (public, private not-for-profit, and
private-for-profit), staff, equipment, in-vitro diagnostic medical devices, procurement and supply,
testing methods, data management, sample transportation, biosafety measures, laboratory networks
and ethical issues. Regulatory systems maintain the confidence of health workers and the public in
the laboratory services.
Key considerations
 Identification of relevant regulatory authorities, either within the Ministry of Health or
appointed by the Minister of Health and operating independently from the Ministry of Health.
Regulatory authorities are responsible for drawing up relevant regulatory and licensing statutes,
including setting standards for laboratory operations, requirements for pre-service and in-
service laboratory training institutions and courses, registering and licensing of laboratories and
laboratory workers, and regulation of laboratory equipment and in-vitro diagnostic medical
devices.
 Linkages with regional and international regulatory authorities, such as the Pan-African
Harmonization Working Party that was launched in December 2012 [19].
 Linkages with relevant institutions and bodies, such as laboratory training institutions, and the
national environmental protection agency, in drawing up the regulations.
 Establishment of mechanisms for the regulatory authorities to monitor performance and
compliance with standards, and recommend disciplinary guidance for non-compliance to the
Ministry of Health. Clearly defined procedures and documentation controls are required to
enable the regulatory authorities to fulfil their functions.
 Administration by the national regulatory authorities of a system of continuing education credits
as a requirement for annual registration of laboratory workers. Continuing education is
provided through national training institutes and other approved institutions , such as
professional associations and other implementing partners.
 Establishment of a Code of Ethics that defines standards of conduct of laboratory workers.
 Adequate training of staff involved in regulatory functions, including laboratory inspectors, and
members of the regulatory authorities.
 Creation and maintenance of a National Laboratory Directory including health facility names
and addresses, contact information, facility categorisations, and facility locations. This
information may be shared with the Ministry of Health and other partners, as required.
3. Organisation of the laboratory system
Organisational and management structure

The organisational and management structure of the health laboratory services clearly defines the
leadership and management functions at every level of the national health laboratory system. Strong
laboratory leadership at national level ensures that the laboratory system is recognised as an
essential component of the national health system.

Key considerations
(a) Establishment of a laboratory department or unit within the central Ministry of Health with a
designated head responsible and accountable for managing and coordinating the national health
laboratory system. The department or unit requires clear Terms of Reference including:
 Responsibility for developing, implementing and monitoring the national laboratory policy
and strategic plan.
 Technical support and oversight to laboratories in the public sector performing clinical and
public health functions, including national prevention, surveillance and disease control
programmes.
 Communication, coordination, collaboration, joint planning and networking with
stakeholders, including disease-specific vertical programmes, national regulatory authorities
and private not-for-profit and private-for-profit sectors.
 Collaboration with the national blood transfusion services to ensure an adequate supply of
safe blood for transfusion, and to promote its rational use.
 Collaboration with the national medico-legal system to ensure adequate support for medico-
legal functions from the national health laboratory system.
 Collaboration with other ministries on cross-cutting areas of public health importance, such
as water and sanitation, animal health and the environment,
(b) Establishment of a tiered laboratory organisational structure, with clear leadership and well-
articulated roles and responsibilities at each level of the national health laboratory system,
including management and technical responsibilities. At most levels of the national health
laboratory system, laboratories are expected to carry out clinical as well as public health
functions.
(c) Adequate financial and logistical support for the functions of the national laboratory
department or unit, and effective operations of the laboratory services at every tier level of
the national health system.
An example of a tiered laboratory system is shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4: Example of a tiered laboratory system
Level IV:
National Reference
Laboratories
Level III:
Regional / Provincial
Laboratories
Level II:
County / District
Laboratories
Level I:
Primary
Laboratories
National Laboratory Departments Public Laboratory Private Laboratory

National reference laboratories
National reference laboratories are the highest level laboratories within the national health
laboratory system and provide specialised referral laboratory testing within specific disciplines.
Reference laboratories communicate and interact as required with subregional and regional or
international networks, WHO Collaborating Centres and networks, and other international
collaborating centres.
Key considerations
 Establishment of criteria for the selection and nomination of national reference laboratories
according to the required disciplines within the country [8, 22].
 Establishment of Terms of Reference and approved budgets for the safe operation of quality
reference laboratory services.
 Periodic review of the performance of reference laboratories against established standards,
including compliance with international quality standards.
 Establishment of links with regional reference laboratories and networks for purposes of
providing access to highly specialised testing that may not be available in country, and for quality
assurance purposes.
 Establishment of links between the national reference laboratories
 Establishment of twinning projects between resource limited laboratories and specialized
institutions
Laboratory-based disease surveillance

Surveillance is the primary strategy for tracking diseases in the population, and for directing
prevention and control measures for both communicable and non-communicable diseases of clinical
and public health importance. Disease surveillance is of vital importance for implementing the
International Health Regulations (IHR) [7, 9]. Member States in the African Region recommended
that IHR be implemented in the context of the Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR)
strategy. A comprehensive disease surveillance programme requires multi-sector collaboration with
policy makers, laboratories, and clinical and epidemiology units at all levels of the health system.
Key considerations
 Coordination of the national laboratory-based disease surveillance programme through the
national health laboratory system to address priority diseases of clinical and public health
importance in the country.
 Optimal use of the national health laboratory system for laboratory confirmation at each level of
the tiered system, with referral of samples to national or regional reference laboratories for
specialised testing.
 Establishment of mechanisms for surge capacity testing, including involvement of the non -
government laboratory sector.
 Mandatory participation by the private laboratory sector in essential public health functions, such
as submitting disease notification reports.
Laboratory networking
Laboratories at every tier level of the health system are part of the national network in support of
clinical management and public health functions. Laboratory networking at national, subregional,
regional and international levels is essential for the delivery of quality clinical care, for disease
surveillance, for detection and response to events that may be of national and international
importance, such as influenza surveillance or food safety, for quality monitoring, and for continuous
improvement of the laboratory services.

Key considerations
 Establishment of national leadership in planning, coordinating and financing of national
laboratory networks; and establishment of linkages to subregional, regional and international
laboratory networks, including membership and terms of reference.
 Establishment of procedures for correct and safe collection [23] and safe and secure transport
of infectious and potentially infectious specimens and materials in accordance with national and
international legal requirements for the transport of dangerous goods, and in line with the
United Nations (UN) and International Air Transport Association (IATA) recommendations for
the Transport of Dangerous Goods [24, 25, 26].
 Establishment of functional linkages and channels of communication between laboratories at
each level of the tiered health system, central ministry departments, disease control units,
health information units and other offices for exchange of information, and other interactions.
 Establishment of mechanisms for timely feedback to clinicians and public health officers to guide
patient care and interventions of public health importance.
4. Laboratory standards
Minimum packages of essential tests and services are established to meet national clinical and public
health needs in accordance with clinical, laboratory and public health capacities at each tier level of
the health system [27, 28]. Efficient specimen referral systems ensure that patients can access
specialised and confirmatory testing, as required.
Key considerations
 Establishment of minimum standard packages for laboratory services, including laboratory
infrastructure and utilities, tests, techniques, equipment and staffing requirements, for each level
of the tiered laboratory system, through a consultative process involving relevant stakeholders
from the Ministry of Health, other ministry departments, non-governmental organisations and
agencies, and the private sector.
 Addressing clinical diagnostic and public health functions, including surveillance of diseases of
public health importance, complexity of testing procedures and clinical and laboratory skills,
when developing minimum packages for each tier level of the health system [5].
 Recognition of the need for customised packages for selected clinical and public health
laboratories, especially laboratories at central and reference levels that provide specialised
services or laboratory training.
 Provision of guidance on appropriate use of minimum diagnostic packages to promote rational
and effective use of laboratory testing by clinicians and other health care workers.
5. Laboratory workforce
The laboratory workforce is the most valuable resource in the national health laboratory system.
The laboratory workforce comprises a number of cadres including laboratory managers,
phlebotomists, technicians, laboratory scientists, pathologists and laboratory support staff. The
laboratory workforce interfaces with a range of professionals including clinicians, nurses, public
health workers, health authorities and staff working in the support services, as well as community
members.
There is a critical shortage of laboratory professional staff with appropriate training to meet the
clinical and public health demands on the African continent. Staff migration across sectors and
countries is a recognised challenge in all African countries, and measures to attract and retain

qualified, competent staff appropriate for all levels of the national health laboratory system are vital
for the delivery of quality health services [29].
Key considerations
 Development of a comprehensive national laboratory human resources plan to meet projected
requirements, taking into consideration minimum staffing requirements for each tier level of the
national health laboratory system; required cadres of laboratory workers including supervisors
and laboratory auditors; distribution of laboratory workers in urban, rural and remote settings;
and laboratory worker production, recruitment and attrition rates.
 Inclusion in the national laboratory human resources plan of adequate numbers of non-
laboratory cadres essential for the operation of the laboratory services, in conjunction with
other ministry departments and units, including logisticians, equipment maintenance engineers,
information technologists and data managers.
 Identification of adequate financial resources to meet the national laboratory human resources
plan.
 Rational distribution of qualified laboratory workers to peripheral levels of the health system as
part of the process of decentralisation of health services to provide access to quality health care
to all the population.
 Establishment of schemes of service, career progression and optimal working conditions for
laboratory workers of all cadres.
 Establishment of measures for retention and motivation of laboratory workers, especially for
staff working in remote and under-served areas, including appropriate benefits, opportunities
for career advancement, continuing education programmes, and special recognition.
 Coordination with universities, colleges and laboratory training institutions to maintain
standards of pre-service training of the laboratory workforce through regular updating of
tutors, training curricula and facilities, to ensure laboratory graduates are adequately prepared
for laboratory practice.
 Establishment of appropriate training courses for ancillary laboratory workers including
phlebotomists, information technologists, data managers and equipment maintenance engineers;
and for non-laboratory health workers conducting point of care laboratory testing.
 Identification, establishment and coordination of continuing professional development
programmes for laboratory workers of all cadres, including distance learning programmes.
Laboratory workers at every level of the health system and in all geographical locations require
access to continuing professional development programmes, which may be provided by national
training institutions, professional associations and other implementing partners.
 Establishment of continuing professional development programmes to address special training
needs such as laboratory and financial management for laboratory heads, and for quality
managers and safety officers.
 Establishment of a staff record system including regular appraisal of staff performance, and
mandatory participation in continuing professional development programmes, linked to annual
registration through a credits system.
 Establishment of an effective supervisory strategy, including plans for regular, integrated
supervision to laboratories at every level of the tiered health system, the use of comprehensive
structured checklists, training of supervisors, effective reporting systems and mechanisms for
providing adequate feedback, remedial action and required resources. Supervision may be
planned in collaboration with vertical disease control programmes and partners.
 Strengthening the clinical and laboratory interface, including promoting the rational use of
laboratory services to increase efficiency, reduce costs and improve the quality of health care.

6. Quality Management Systems
A Laboratory Quality Management System (QMS) is a coordinated approach to directing and

controlling laboratory functions with the aim of ensuring accurate, reliable results for clinical and
public health purposes [49, 50]
Quality and competence in laboratory services are defined by standards established to guide all
laboratory functions. Standards for specific aspects of laboratory work may be internationally
recognised, such as the standards set by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO),
including ISO 15189 for Quality and Competence for Medical Laboratories, ISO 17043 for General
Requirements for Proficiency Testing, and standards set by the Clinical Laboratory Standards
Institute (CLSI) for Quality Management Systems for Medical Laboratories. Countries may develop
their own national laboratory standards to meet their own specific needs. In 2011, the World Health
Organization Regional Office for Africa (WHO AFRO) introduced the WHO Guidance for the
Stepwise Laboratory Improvement Process Towards Accreditation (SLIPTA) which outlines a
framework for a phased laboratory quality improvement process towards achieving accreditation [30
33]. A number of tools for implementing laboratory quality improvement at all levels of the national
health laboratory systems are available free of charge [31, 32, 34, 35].
Key considerations
 A national commitment to establishing and maintaining quality management systems at all
laboratory levels, with provision of adequate support, including logistical and financial resources.
 Establishment of laboratory standards for in use in the country with involvement of regulatory
authorities, professional bodies and other stakeholders, to avoid co-existence of conflicting
standards.
 Development of national Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for all laboratory levels to
support quality services, including the routine use of internal quality control procedures.
 Participation by all laboratories in appropriate External Quality Assessment (EQA) schemes.
 Appointment of appropriately trained quality managers at all laboratory levels.
 Mandatory compliance by national reference laboratories with internationally recognised quality
management standards, including participation in internationally recognised External Quality
Assessment (EQA) schemes.
 Inclusion of Quality Management Systems in all pre-service and in-service laboratory training
programmes.
 Inclusion of laboratory quality standards as part of national registration and licensing
requirements, including private not-for-profit and private for-profit sectors.
 Building national capacity for laboratory assessment, audit, certification and accreditation.
7. Laboratory infrastructure
Adequate laboratory workspace and facilities are essential to enable laboratory functions to proceed
without compromising quality of work and safety of laboratory workers, other health care
personnel, patients and the community.
Key considerations
 Establishment of standard designs for physical infrastructure appropriate for each laboratory tier
level, addressing minimum dimensions of laboratory rooms, ventilation, power and water supply,
lighting, drainage, sewage and sanitation, storage including cold storage, waste management and
security, in compliance with national or international occupational health, safety and
environmental standards.

 Provision of communication tools such as telephones, radios, computers and access to
electronic networks.
 Sharing of specialised laboratory infrastructures, such as high containment areas, without
compromising quality and safety.
 Provision of adequate logistical and financial resources to develop and maintain required
laboratory infrastructure.
 Regular inspections to ensure compliance with standards as part of registration and licensing
procedures.
8. Equipment and equipment maintenance
Laboratories require adequate numbers of appropriate, functional equipment to conduct tests

required at each level of the national health laboratory system to a high standard. Standardisation of
laboratory equipment promotes efficiency in procurement, operability, maintenance and repair,
reduces overall costs to the health system, and allows better comparability of performance in quality
assessment systems. Major items of laboratory equipment constitute the largest capital expenditure
for a laboratory.
Key considerations
 Establishment of standards for equipment selection based on specifications appropriate for each
level of the tier laboratory system, capital cost and cost per test, availability, shelf-life and
storage conditions of reagents, and availability of user and service manuals in an appropriate
language.
 Establishment of national protocols, policies, procedures and checklists for procurement,
acquisition, distribution, installation and disposition (retirement) of laboratory equipment, in line
with the national medical equipment management system, with provision of adequate logistical
and financial resources.
 Establishment of a national medical equipment preventive maintenance and repair system
supported by qualified service engineers and availability of adequate tools and spare parts.
 Inclusion of training in user care and preventive maintenance of laboratory equipment in all pre-
and in-service training programmes for laboratory workers [34].
 Establishing service contracts with local agents for major items of equipment. Consideration
may be given to establishing rental agreements with local agents for large, expensive items of
equipment.
 Establishment and adherence to national guidelines for acceptance of donated equipment. [36]
9. Supply chain management

Laboratories require a reliable supply of quality reagents, test kits, chemicals and consumables to
conduct required tests to a high standard at each tier level of the national health laboratory system.
Selection of laboratory supplies is conducted through a consultative process in volving laboratory
workers, supplies officers, disease control programmes, laboratory national regulatory authorities,
central laboratory purchasing agencies, financial partners and other stakeholders. The central
laboratory supply unit is tasked with ensuring a timely and sustainable supply of laboratory
commodities to adequately support quality laboratory services.
Case studies of national laboratory logistics systems are available [37]. An example of a functional
procurement and supply management process is given in figure 5

Key considerations
 Selection and standardisation of reagents, test kits, chemicals and consumables based on
specifications appropriate for each tier laboratory level, taking into consideration equipment,
methodologies, costs, availability, shelf-life and storage conditions.
 Utilisation of pre-qualification guidance provided by international organisations [38, 39] in
selection of specific reagents and test kits.
 Establishment of a national procurement unit [40, 41] with a logistics management system
guided by national protocols, policies, procedures and checklists addressing:
o Quantification
o Supply planning
o Selection of vendors
o Procurement procedures
o Storage and distribution
o Pre- and post-market quality monitoring
o Inventory management at central level
o Storage and distribution
o Pipeline monitoring
o Supervision and evaluation
o Accurate annual or bi-annual national forecasting of laboratory commodities
o National supply plan
o Disposal or redistribution of expired or surplus reagents and chemicals
 Establishment of a laboratory logistics management system including a Logistics Management
Information System (LMIS) overseen by trained laboratory personnel.
 Establishment of a regulatory mechanism for inspecting and approving suppliers of laboratory
commodities.
 Establishment of a fair and transparent tender system for bulk procurement to minimise costs.
 Training of laboratory managers in supply management and logistics.
 Establishment of a dedicated budget at central level for the purchase and supply of laboratory
commodities.
 Establishment of national guidelines for acceptance of donated laboratory supplies [42].
10. Laboratory safety and waste management
Laboratory workers face a number of risks including bio-hazards (when the source of harm is a
biological agent or toxin), chemical risks and fire risks. A risk is a combination of the probability of
occurrence of harm and the severity of that harm. Laboratory managers are required to recognise
risks, implement measures to minimise risks and respond appropriately to events that may occur
[43, 44, 45].

Figure 5: Example of a functional procurement and supply management process
Key considerations
 Establishment of national policies and regulations on laboratory safety and waste management,
in compliance with national or international occupational health, safety and environmental
standards, using a consultative process, including the national environmental authority.
 Establishment of special biosafety or biosecurity regulations for specific high containment
laboratories handling highly dangerous pathogens.
 Promotion of compliance with policies and regulations by ensuring adequate resources for
developing and disseminating appropriate safety manuals and guidelines, and supporting
infrastructure development.
 Inclusion of laboratory safety and waste management procedures in all pre- and in-service
laboratory training programmes.
 Appointment of appropriately trained safety officers at all health facilities.
 Inclusion of compliance with laboratory safety and waste management policies and procedures
as part of national registration and licensing requirements, including the private not-for-profit
and private for-profit sectors.
11. Laboratory information management systems
A National Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) comprises specific information

generated from laboratories on a regular basis which is used for evaluating the performance and
quality of national health laboratory systems, planning and promoting the optimal use of resources,
and support to national health services planning [41, 46].
Disease surveillance data is generated using the Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR)
data management system managed by the disease surveillance unit of the Ministry of Health. Disease
surveillance data is also obtained from the national LIMS during routine laboratory reporting.
Key considerations
 Establishment of a standardised national laboratory information management system, addressing
both management and operational issues, which may be adapted to meet the current and future
needs of the national health laboratory system.

 Harmonisation of the laboratory information management system with the national health
information management system and the national laboratory supply chain management system,
to guide commodity management.
 Establishment of a designated central unit to manage all aspects of the national laboratory
information management system.
 Development of a national data management plan including establishment of policies,
procedures and a communication plan to provide feedback to health facilities, laboratories and
other stakeholders, to assist in support, evaluation and improvement of the clinical and
laboratory services.
 Establishment of appropriate tools and systems to address:
o Types of data collected, recording systems, frequency of collection
o Reporting lines, formats and intervals
o Analysis, interpretation and usage
o Data storage and retrieval
o Data accuracy and integrity
o Data security
 Deployment of designated, trained staff at all levels of the health laboratory system to manage
the national laboratory information management system.
 Provision of adequate reporting materials and means of transmission of reports, including
paper-based and electronic systems.
 Inclusion of laboratory data management systems in pre- and in-service laboratory training
programmes.
 Continuous review and updating of methods and formats for reporting, recording, analysis and
feedback using available tools, such as internet and mobile telephone technology.
12. Research and development
Research is vital to continually inform national policy, improve the functions and quality of the
national health laboratory system and address emerging health challenges.
Key components
 Promotion of research at all levels, including strategic collaborations and partnerships between
academic and private sector partners, research institutions and the service delivery sector.
 Establishment of a National Research Plan outlining priority areas and collaborating partners.
Research may include operational research and laboratory-based research, such as complex
laboratory testing in emerging areas of laboratory science including molecular genetics, drug
resistance and pathogen discovery.
 Establishment of comprehensive Memoranda of Understanding with research partners
addressing shared tasks, ownership and protection of specimens and data, and intellectual
property rights. All research on human and animal subjects must adhere to national
requirements for scientific and ethical clearance.
 Establishment of a national laboratory research database to track on-going research and
promote relevant application of research results into policy and practice.
13. Public– private partnerships
Public–private partnerships (PPPs) are collaborative endeavours that combine resources from the
public sector with resources from the private sector to maximise efforts to accomplish laboratory

system strengthening goals [47]. Three hallmarks of effective PPPs are helping to ensure sustainability
of programmes, facilitating scale-up of interventions, and leverage of significant private-sector
resources. Private sector partners include a wide range of organisations such as foundations, in-
country and international private businesses, business and trade associations, unions, venture
capitalists, and social entrepreneurs. An example of a PPP is the WHO Pandemic Influenza
Preparedness (PIP) Framework [48], through which the national health laboratory system can be
strengthened.
Key components
 Identifying PPPs to undertake a number of laboratory system strengthening activities, such as
quality improvement and training.
 Ensuring partnerships are supported by signed agreements, joint oversight committees and a
structured monitoring and evaluation plan.
 Sharing of resources, risks and results during programme implementation.

INTERNET SOURCES:
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
The following Websites provide information for implementing comprehensive laboratory policy. Numerous
free guidelines, procedures, recommendation can be downloaded from these sites.
WHO
 AFRO
o Home page: http://www.afro.who.int/
o Laboratory page: http://www.afro.who.int/en/clusters-a-programmes/hss/blood-safety-laboratories-a-
health-technology.html
 HQ
o Home page: http://www.who.int
o Laboratory strengthening team: http://www.who.int/ihr/lyon/hls/en/index.html
o Diagnostic and laboratory technology home page: http://www.who.int/diagnostics_laboratory/en/
o Laboratory biosafety programme: http://www.who.int/ihr/biosafety/en/index.html
o HIV diagnosis unit: http://www.who.int/hiv/amds/diagnostics/en/index.html
 SEARO
o Home page: http://www.searo.who.int/
o Laboratory topics: http://www.searo.who.int/EN/Section10/Section17.htm
 WPRO
o Home page: http://www.wpro.who.int/
o Laboratory topics: http://www.wpro.who.int/health_topics/laboratory/
 PAHO
o Home page: http://new.paho.org/
o Laboratory topics:
http://new.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_joomlabook&Itemid=259&task=display&id=135
 EMRO
o Home page: http://www.emro.who.int/
o Documentation centre:
http://www.emro.who.int/publications/Series.asp?RelSub=WHO%20EMRO%20Technical%20Publicati
on%20series (and choose “Laboratory” in the topic drop down list)
CDC: http://www.cdc.org
 Division of laboratory systems, home page: http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/dls/index.html
 Division of laboratory systems, documents: http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/dls/publications_products.html
CLSI (Clinical And Laboratory Standards Institute): http://www.clsi.org
Pasteur Institute
 Website: http://www.pasteur.fr/ip/index.jsp (in French)
 Website: http://www.pasteur.fr/ip/easysite/go/03b-00002j-000/en (in English)
 Pasteur network website: http://www.pasteur-international.org/ (in French)
 Pasteur network website: http://www.pasteur-international.org/ip/easysite/pasteur-international-en (in
English)
Other institutions:
 CARPHA(PAHO)
o Website: http://carpha.org/
o Laboratory division: http://carpha.org/?page_id=200

 Pacific Public Health Surveillance Network, LabNet: (English)
http://www.spc.int/phs/pphsn/Services/LabNet/intro.htm
 Réseau océanien de surveillance de la santé publique, LabNet: (French)
http://www.spc.int/phs/ROSSP/Services/LabNet/intro.htm

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World Health Organization

Guidance for Establishing a National Health Laboratory System

1. Laboratories – organization and administration

ISBN: 978 9 29 023287 2 (NLM classification: QY 39)

© WHO Regional Office for Africa, 2015

Printed in the Republic of Congo

PREFACE ................................................................................................................................ viii

ESTABLISHMENT OF A NATIONAL HEALTH LABORATORY SYSTEM...................... 3

1. National laboratory policy and national laboratory strategic plan..................................................6

PART TWO ............................................................................................................................... 9

INTERNET SOURCES: SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL................................................... 21

Guidance for Establishing a National Health Laboratory System Page iii

1. The WHO health system framework....................................................................................................................3

Page iv Guidance for Establishing a National Health Laboratory System

Guidance for Establishing a National Health Laboratory System Page v

Page vi Guidance for Establishing a National Health Laboratory System

Dr Luis Gomes SAMBO

Guidance for Establishing a National Health Laboratory System Page vii

Page viii Guidance for Establishing a National Health Laboratory System

Prof. El Hadj Belabbes, Consultant, Algeria

Guidance for Establishing a National Health Laboratory System Page ix

Page x Guidance for Establishing a National Health Laboratory System

Purpose of the Guidance document

Guidance for Establishing a National Health Laboratory System Page 1

Page 2 Guidance for Establishing a National Health Laboratory System

Figure 1: The WHO health system framework

Medical products and technologies

Guidance for Establishing a National Health Laboratory System Page 3

Page 4 Guidance for Establishing a National Health Laboratory System

INPUT OUTPUT OUTCOME

Guidance for Establishing a National Health Laboratory System Page 5

The National Laboratory Policy includes the following:

2. National laboratory strategic plan

Page 6 Guidance for Establishing a National Health Laboratory System

Country Situational Analysis

National Laboratory Policy

National laboratory strategic plan

Guidance for Establishing a National Health Laboratory System Page 7

Monitoring and evaluation

National coordinating mechanism

Page 8 Guidance for Establishing a National Health Laboratory System

Guidance for Establishing a National Health Laboratory System Page 9

3. Organisation of the laboratory system

Organisational and management structure

Page 10 Guidance for Establishing a National Health Laboratory System

An example of a tiered laboratory system is shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4: Example of a tiered laboratory system

National Laboratory Departments Public Laboratory Private Laboratory

Guidance for Establishing a National Health Laboratory System Page 11

Laboratory-based disease surveillance

Page 12 Guidance for Establishing a National Health Laboratory System

Guidance for Establishing a National Health Laboratory System Page 13

Page 14 Guidance for Establishing a National Health Laboratory System

A Laboratory Quality Management System (QMS) is a coordinated approach to directing and

Guidance for Establishing a National Health Laboratory System Page 15

8. Equipment and equipment maintenance

Laboratories require adequate numbers of appropriate, functional equipment to conduct tests

9. Supply chain management