Lab No.

1 25/08/2020
IDENTIFICATION OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS,
DEVICES AND TOOLS
 Objective:
o To get to know different types of Electronic components, tools and devices.

1) Introduction:

 Electrical components:
These are the segments of circuit which helps in its functioning. They can be classified into
two types i.e. Active Components and Passive Components. 

Figure 1: Electrical components

 Types of components:
1) Resistors.
2) Capacitors.
3) Transistors.
 Resistors:
The resistor is a passive electrical segment to make opposition in the progression of electric
flow. In practically all electrical systems and electronic circuits they can be found. The
obstruction is estimated in ohms. An ohm is the opposition that happens when a current of
one ampere goes through a resistor with a one volt drop over its terminals. The current is
relative to the voltage over the terminal finishes. This proportion is spoken to by Ohm's
law:
𝑉
𝑅=
𝐼

Figure 2: A simple resistor and its symbol

 Capacitors:
The capacitor is a part which has the capacity or "limit" to store vitality as an electrical
charge creating a possible voltage distinction (Static Voltage) over its plates, much like a
little battery-powered battery. A capacitor's capacitance, what number of farads it has,
reveals to you how much charge it can store. How much charge a capacitor is at present
putting away relies upon the expected distinction (voltage) between its plates. This
connection between charge, capacitance, and voltage can be characterized with this
condition underneath.
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑉

Figure 3: Capacitors
 Transistors:
A transistor is a gadget that controls current or voltage stream and goes about as a switch
or entryway for electronic signs. Transistors comprise of three layers of a semiconductor
material, each fit for conveying a current. A main application of transistor plays an
important role in electronic circuits is amplification. In electronics, amplification means
increasing the magnitude of any electrical quantity such as voltage or current.

 Types of Transistors:
Transistors are basically classified into two types; they are Bipolar Junction Transistors
(BJT) and Field Effect Transistors (FET). The BJTs are again classified into NPN and PNP
transistors. The FET transistors are classified into JFET and MOSFET.

Figure 4: Transistor and types.

Figure 5: Classification of transistors.

 Tools and equipment:
Following are some of the main devices used.

 DC Power Supply:
A DC power supply is one that provisions a steady DC voltage to its heap. Contingent
upon its structure, a DC power gracefully might be fueled from a DC source or from an
AC source, for example, the power mains.

Figure 6: A DC power supply.

 Function Generator:
A function generator is normally a part of electronic test gear or a program used to create
various sorts of electrical waveforms over a wide scope of frequencies. Some of the most
common waveforms produced by the function generator are the sine wave, square wave,
triangular wave and sawtooth shapes.

Figure 7: A function generator.

 Multimeter:
A multimeter or a multitester, otherwise called a VOM (volt-ohm-milliammeter), is an
electronic estimating instrument that joins a few estimation capacities in a single unit. A
regular multimeter can gauge voltage, current, and obstruction/resistance. Simple/Analog
multimeters utilize a microammeter with a moving pointer to show readings.
Advanced/Digital multimeters (DMM, DVOM) have a numeric showcase, and may
likewise show a graphical bar displaying the deliberate worth.

Figure 8: Multimeter and types.

 Oscilloscope:
An oscilloscope is a sort of electronic test instrument that graphically shows changing sign
voltages, normally as an adjusted two-dimensional plot of at least one or more signals as a
component of time. The showed waveform would then be able to be broke down for
properties, such as amplitude, frequency, rise time, time interval, distortion, and others.

Figure 9: An Oscilloscope.
 IDL-800:
The IDL-800 Digital Lab offers a remarkable stage on which advanced gadgets circuits
might be built without any difficulty. The framework joins basic, simple to utilize,
highlights with an adaptable solder less breadboard territory.

Figure 10:The IDL-800.

 Lab Exercise
 Task 1:
Construct a series circuit on breadboard and measure the current and voltage of each resistor
in the circuit.

 Procedure: Following is the procedure.

1) First we open the online circuit simulator, and then chose the respective components of the
circuit.
2) Then we start to build up the circuit by initially choosing a breadboard, and place first
resistor R1 of 3kΩ, R2 of 10kΩ and R3 of 5kΩ on it. And connect them all in series.
3) Then we connect a DC power supply of 9V with these resistors in such a way that, the
positive terminal of the battery joins with resistor R1 and the negative terminal of the
battery connects with the resistor R3
4) In order to find current of the circuit we connect multimeter is series with the battery, and
for the voltage we connect multimeter parallel to each resistor.
5) Since all of the resistors are connected in series with each other so total resistance can be
found by,
RT = R1 + R2 + R3

 Table 1 – Series Circuit

Table#1: Values of resistances, current and voltages in a series

circuit.
Resistor (Ω) Voltage (V) Current (A)

R1= 3kΩ 1.5V 500µA

R2= 10kΩ 5V 500µA

R3= 5kΩ 2.5V 500µA

RT= 18kΩ 9V 500µA

 Output:

Figure 11: The output of the task.

Figure 12: The output of the task.

 Task 2:
Construct a parallel circuit on breadboard and measure the current and voltage of each resistor
in the circuit.

 Procedure: Following is the procedure.

1) First we open the online circuit simulator, and then chose the respective components of the
circuit.
2) Then we start to build up the circuit by initially choosing a breadboard, and place first
resistor R1 of 10Ω, R2 of 20Ω, R3 of 30Ω, R4 of 40Ω on it. And connect them all parallel
to each other.
3) Then we connect a DC power supply of 9V with these resistors in such a way that, the
positive terminal of the battery joins with one end of resistor R1 and the negative terminal
of the battery connects with the other end resistor R1.
4) In order to find current of the circuit we connect multimeter is series with the battery, and
for the voltage we connect multimeter parallel to each resistor.
5) Since all of the resistors are connected parallel to each other so total resistance can be found
by
1/RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + 1/R4

 Table 2 – Parallel Circuit:

Table#2: Values of resistances, current and voltages in a parallel
circuit.
Resistor (Ω) Voltage (V) Current (A)

R1= 10Ω 9V 900mA

R2= 20Ω 9V 500mA

R3= 30Ω 9V 300mA

R4= 40Ω 9V 225mA

RT= 4.8Ω 9V 1.857A

 Output:

Figure 13: The output of given task.

Figure 14: The output of the task.

 Lab Exercise
 Task:
Construct a combinational circuit on the breadboard and measure the current and voltage of
each resistor in the circuit.

 Procedure: Following is the procedure.

1) First we open the online circuit simulator, and then chose the respective components of the
circuit.
2) Then we start to build up the circuit by initially choosing a breadboard, and place first resistor
R1 of 1Ω, R4 of 1Ω, R6 of 2Ω and R7 of 8Ω on it. And connect them all in series.
3) Then we connect resistor R2 of 12Ω, R3 of 4Ω and R5 of 10Ω parallel to the battery and with
each other.
4) Then we connect a DC power supply of 9V with these resistors in such a way that, the positive
terminal of the battery joins with resistor R1 and the negative terminal of the battery connects
with the resistor R7.
5) In order to find current of the circuit we connect multimeter is series with the battery, and for
the voltage we connect multimeter parallel to each resistor.
 Table 1 – Combinational Circuits:
Table#1: Values of resistances, current and voltages in a combinational
circuit.
I tot = 3A V tot = 9V R tot = 3Ω

I1= 3A ΔV1= 3V R1 = 1Ω

I2= 500mA ΔV2= 6V R2 = 12Ω

I3= 1.5A ΔV3= 6V R3 = 4Ω

I4= 1A ΔV4= 1V R4 = 1Ω

I5= 500mA ΔV5= 5V R5 = 10Ω

I6= 500mA ΔV6= 1V R6 = 2Ω

I7= 500mA ΔV7= 4V R 7= 8Ω

 Output:
Following is the output of the given task.

Figure 15: Finding values of current through resistors using a multimeter.

Figure 16: Finding values of voltage through resistors using a multimeter.

 Figure 17: Finding total resistance of the circuit.

 Conclusion:
From this lab we get to know different types of electrical components and their utilization in
circuits and how to measure resistance, voltage and current across them.