UNIT - III

1. Two large plates are maintained at a temperature of 900 K and 500 K respectively.
Each plate has area of 62. Compare the net heat exchange between the plates for the
following cases.
(i) Both plates are black
(ii) Plates have an emissivity of 0.5
Given:
T1 =900 K
T2 = 500 K
A = 6 m2
To find:
(i) (Q12) net Both plates are black Є = 1
(ii) (Q12) net Plates have an emissivity of Є= 0.5
Solution
Case (i) Є1 = Є2 = 1
−
( ) =
1 1
∈ +∈ −1

× 5.67 −
100 100
( ) =
1 1
+ −1
∈ ∈
900 500
6 × 5.67 −
100 100
( ) =
1 1
1+1−1
( ) = 201.9 × 10
Case (ii) Є1 = Є2 = 0.5
−
( ) =
1 1
+ −1
∈ ∈
900 500
6 × 5.67 −
100 100
( ) =
1 1
+ −1
0.5 0.5
( ) = 67300

32
2. The sun emits maximum radiation at λ = 0.52 μ. Assuming the sun to be a black
body, calculate the surface temperature of the sun. Also calculate the
monochromatic emissive power of the sun’s surface.
Given:
λ max = 0.52 μ = 0.52 x 10 -6 m
To find:
(i) Surface temperature, T.
(ii) Monochromatic emissive power, Ebλ
(iii) Total emissive power, E
(iv) Maximum emissive power, Emax
Solution:
1. From Wien’s law,
λ max T = 2.9 x 10 -3 mK
[From HMT Data book, page no 82, sixth editions]
2.9 x 10 − 3
=
0.52 x 10 − 6
= 5576
2. Monochromatic emissive power, ( Ebλ)
From Planck’s law,
c λ
E =
e −1

[From HMT Data book, page no 82, sixth editions]

Where
= 0.374 × 10
= 14.4 × 10
λ = 0.52 x 10 m
T = 5576 K
0.374 × 10 [0.52 x 10 ]
E = . ×
e . × −1

E = 6.9 × 10 W⁄m
3. Total emissive power
E  T 4  5.67  106  (5576) 4 W/m2
4. Maximum emissive power
Emax = 1.28510-5 T5 = 1.285 10 -5(5576)5 W/m2

33
3. A 70 mm thick metal plate with a circular hole of 35 mm diameter along the thickness
o
is maintained at a uniform temperature 250 C. Find the loss of energy to the
o
surroundings at 27 , assuming the two ends of the hole to be as parallel discs and the
metallic surfaces and surroundings have black body characteristics.
Given:
=( ) = = 17.5 = 0.0175

L = 70 mm =0.07 m
T1 = 250 +273 = 523 K
Tsurr = 27 +273 = 300 K

Let suffix 1 designate the cavity and the suffices 2 and 3 denote the two ends of 35
mm dia. Hole which are behaving as discs. Thus,
0.07
= =4
0.0175
0.0175
= = 0.25
0.07

The configuration factor, F 2-3 is 0.065

Now, F 2-1 + F 2-2 + F 2-3 = 1 …….By summation rule
But, F 2-2 = 0
F 2-1 = 1 - F 2-3 = 1 – 0.065 = 0.935
Also,
A1 F1-2 = A2 F2 – 1 …..By reciprocating theorem

× (0.0175) × 0.935
= = = 0.1168
× 0.035 × 0.07
= = 0.1168 ………. By symmetry

=
= A F σ T −T + A F σ T −T
therefore ( F = F )
=2A F σ T −T
523 300
= 2 (π × 0.035 × 0.07) × 0.1168 × 5.6 − = 6.8 W
100 100

34
November 2011
4. The filament of a 75 W light bulb may be considered as a black body radiating into a
black enclosure at 700 C. the filament diameter is 0.10 mm and length is 5 cm.
considering the radiation, determine the filament temperature .
Given:
Q = 75W = 75 J/s
T2 = 70 +273 = 343 K
d = 0.1 mm
l = 5 cm
Area = π dl
Solution:
Є = 1 for black body
= −
75 = 5.67 × 10 ×1× × 0.1 × 10 × 5 × 10 − (343)
75
= + (343)
8.906 × 10
= 3029
= 3029 − 273 = 2756

November 2011 (old regulation)

5. Two parallel plates of size 1.0 m by 1.0 m spaced 0.5 m apart are located in a very
large room, the walls of which are maintained at a temperature of 270 C. one p[late
is maintained at a temperature of 9000 C and other at 4000C. their emissivities are
0.2 and 0.5 respectively. If the plates exchange heat between themselves and the
surroundings, find the net heat transfer to each plate and to the room. Consider only
the plate surface facing each other.
Given:
Three surfaces (2 plates and wall)
= 900 = 1173
= 400 = 673
= 27 = 300
= = 1.0
∈ = 0.2
∈ = 0.2
Room size is much larger than the plate size

35
 1−∈
=0 ℎ =
∈

1. To find the shape factor F1-2.

Ratio of smaller side to distance between plane.
1
= =2
0.5
Corresponding to 2 and curve 2 in HMT Data book
F1-2 = 0.4
By summation rule
F1-2 + F1-3 = 1
F1-3 = 1 - F1-2
F1-3 = 1 – 0.4 = 0.6
F1-3 = 0.6
F2-1 + F2-3 = 1
F2-3 = 1 - F2-1
F2-3 = 1 – 0.4
F2-3 = 0.6
The resistances are
1 −∈ 1 − 0.2
= = = 4.0
∈ 0.2 × 1
1 −∈ 1 − 0.5
= = = 1.0
∈ 0.5 × 1
1 1
= = = 1.0
1 × 0.4
1 1
= = = 1.67
1 × 0.6
1 1
= = = 1.67
1 × 0.6
To find radiosities J1J2 and J3, find total emissive power (Eb)

36
 = = 5.67 = 107.4 /

= = 5.67 = 11.7 /

300
= = 5.67 = 0.46 /
100
Node J1 :
. .
∈ + + = .
+ .
+ .
∈

J1 in terms of J2
Node J2
− − −
+ +

Here J1 in terms of J2
J2 = 11.6kW/m2
And J1 = 25.0kW/m2
The total heat loss by plate (1) is
− 107.4 − 25
= = = 20.6
1 −∈ 4.00
∈
The total heat loss by plate (2) is
− 11.7 − 11.6
= = = 0.1
1 −∈ 1.00
∈
The total heat received by the room is
= +
= 20.6 + 0.1
= 20.7
Net energy lost by the plates = Absorbed by the room.
6. Two large parallel planes with emissivities of 0.3 and 0.5 are maintained at
temperatures of 527 0 C and 1270C respectively. A radiation shield having
emissivities of 0.05 on both sides is placed between them. Calculate
(i) Heat transfer rate between them without shield.
(ii) Heat transfer rate between them with shield.
Given:
Є 1 = 0.3
Є2 = 0.5
Є = 0.05
T1 = 527 +273 = 800 K

37
 T2 = 127+ 273 = 400 K
Find:
Q w/o shield and Q with shield

Solution:
−
( ) =
1 1
∈ +∈ −1
800 400
5.67 −
100 100
=
1 1
+ −1
0.3 0.5
( ) = 5024.5 /
−
( ) =
1 1 1 1
∈ +∈ −1 + ∈ +∈ −1
5.67(8 − 4 )
=
1 1 1 1
+ −1 + + −1
0.3 0.05 0.05 0.5
( ) = 859.45 /
November 2012
7. Emissivities of two large parallel plates maintained at 800 o C and 300 0 C are 0.3 and
0.5 respectively. Find the net radiant heat exchange per square meter of the plates. If a
polished aluminium shield (Є = 0.05) is placed between them. Find the percentage of
reduction in heat transfer.
Given:
T1 = 800o C +273 = 1073 K
T2 = 300o C +273 = 573 K
ε1 = 0.3
ε2 = 0.3
Radiation shield emissivity ε3= 0.05

38
To find:

(i) Net radiant heat exchange per square meter

(ii) Percentage of reduction in heat transfer due to radiation shield.

Solution:
Case I: Heat transfer without radiation shield:
Heat exchange between two large parallel plates without radiation shield is given by
= ⃗ −
Where
1
⃗=
1 1
+ − 1

1
=
1 1
+ − 1
0.3 0.5
⃗ = 0.230
= 0.230 × 5.67 × 10 × × [(1073) − (573) ]

Heat transfer without radiation shield = 15.8 X103W/m2

Case II: Heat transfer with radiation shield:

Heat exchange between plate I and radiation shield 3 is given by
= ⃗ −
Where
1
⃗=
1 1
+ − 1

−
= … … … … . . (1)
1 1
+ − 1

Heat exchange between radiation shield 3 and plate 2 is given by

39
 = ⃗ −
Where
1
⃗=
1 1
+ − 1

−
= … … … … . . (2)
1 1
+ − 1

We know that,
=
− −
=
1 1 1 1
+ − 1 + − 1

(1073) − − (573)
= =
1 1 1 1
0.3 + 0.05 − 1 0.05 + 0.5 − 1
(1073) − − (573)
= =
22.3 21
= 2.78 × 10 − 21 = 22.3 − 2.4 × 10
= 3.02 × 10 = 43.3
Shield temperature = 913.8
Heat transfer with radiation shield Q 13 =
−
=
1 1
+ − 1

5.67 × 10 × × [(1073) − (913.8) ]

=
1 1
0.3 + 0.05 − 1

= 1594.6 ⁄ …………….(3)
− ℎ ℎ
% ℎ =

−
=

15.8 × 10 − 1594.6
=
15.8 × 10
= 0.899 = 89.9 %

40
8. Two rectangular surfaces are perpendicular to each other with a common edge of 2
m. the horizontal plane is 2 m long and vertical plane is 3 m long. Vertical plane is at
1200 K and has an emissivity of 0.4. the horizontal plane is 180 C and has a
emissivity of 0.3. Determine the net heat exchange between the planes.

Solution:
Q 12 = ?
= ( ) −

1
( ) =
1 −∈ 1 1 −∈
∈ + + ∈
A1 = Area of horizontal plane = XY = 2x2 = 4 m2
A2 = Area of vertical plane = ZX = 3x2 = 6 m2
Both surfaces have common edge for which
3 2
= = 1.5 = =1
2 2
From HMT data book the shape factor F 1-2 = 0.22
1200 18 + 273
4 × 5.67 100 − 100
1 − 0.4 1 1 − 0.3 4
0.4 + 0.22 + 0.3 6
61657.7
9. Determine the view factor (F14) for the figure shown below.
From Fig. We know that
A5 = A1+A2
A6 = A3+A4
Further,
A5 F 5 = A1 F1-6 + A2 F2-6
[A5 = A1 + A2; F5-6 = F 1 – 6 + F 2 – 6]

41
 = A1 F1-3 + A1 F1-4 + A2 F2 – 6
[A5 = A1 + A2; F5-6 = F 1 – 6 + F 2 – 6]
A5 F5-6 = A5 F5-3 – A2 F2-3 + A1 F1-4 + A2 F2-6
[A1 = A5 + A2; F1-3 = F 5 – 3 - F 2 – 3]
 A1 F1-4 = A5 F5-6 – A5 F5-3 + A2 F2-3 - A2 F2-6
A5 A
 F1 – 4 = [ F56  F53 ]  2 [ F23  F26 ] ......(1)
A1 A1
[Refer HMT Data book, page No.94 (sixth Edition)

Shape factor for the area A5 and A6

L2 2
Z =  2
B 1
L1 2
Y =  2
B 1
Z value is 2, Y value is 2. From that, we can find corresponding shape factor value is
0.14930. (From tables)
F5-6 = 0.14930
Shape factor for the area A5 and A3

42
 L2 1
Z =  1
B 1
L1 2
Y =  2
B 1
F5-3 = 0.11643
Shape factor for the area A2 and A3

L2 1
Z =  1
B 1
L1 1
Y =  1
B 1
F2 - 3 = 0.20004

Shape factor for the area A2 and A6

L2 2
Z =  1
B 1
L1 1
Y =  1
B 1

F2 - 6 = 0.23285
Substitute F5-6, F5-3, F2-3, and F2-6 values in equation (1),
A5 A
 F1 – 4 = [0.14930  0.11643]  2 [0.20004  0.23285]
A1 A1

43
 A5 A
= [0.03287]  2 [0.03281]
A1 A1
F1 – 4 = 0.03293
Result :
View factor, F1-4 = 0.03293

10. Calculate the net radiant heat exchange per m2 area for two large parallel plates at
temperatures of 4270 C and 27 0C. Є (hot plate) = 0.9 and Є (cold plate ) = 0.6.If a polished
aluminium shield is placed between them, find the % reduction in the heat transfer
Є (shield) = 0.4

Net radiation heat transfer (Q 12)net = ?

Given:
T1 = 427 +273 = 700 K
T2 = 27+ 273 = 300 K
Є 1 = 0.9
Є2 = 0.6
Є = 0.4
Solution:
−
( ) =
1 1
+ −1
∈ ∈
700 300
5.67 −
100 100
=
1 1
0.9 + 0.6 − 1
( ) = 7399.35 /
Percentage reduction in the heat transfer flow
ℎ ℎ
= × 100
ℎ
ℎ ℎ = ( ) −( )

44
 −
( ) =
1 1
∈ +∈ −1
To find T3 shield temperature ( ) = ( )

− −
=
1 1 1 1
+ −1 + −1
∈ ∈ ∈ ∈

Let =

700 300
100 − 100 100 − 100
=
1 1 1 1
+ −1 + −1
0.9 0.4 0.4 0.6

2401 − − 81
=
1.11 + 25 − 1 25 + 1.67 − 1

= 1253.8

= (1253.8) = 5.95 ( )
100

= 595

−
( ) =
1 1
+ −1
∈ ∈

700 595
5.67 −
100 100
=
1 1
0.9 + 0.4 − 1

( ) = 2492.14 /

ℎ ℎ = ( ) −( )

= 7399.35 -2492.14

= 4907.21 /

.
Percentage reduction = 100 = 66.32%
.

45
11. There are two large parallel plane with emissivities 0.3 and 0.8 exchange heat. Find
the percentage reduction when an aluminium shield of emissivity 0.04 is p[laced
between them. Use the method of electrical analogy.
Solution:
Given:
Є 1 = 0.3
Є2 = 0.8
Є = 0.04
Percentage reduction in heat transfer
ℎ ℎ
= × 100
ℎ
( ) −( )
ℎ ℎ =
( )
− − −
( ) / = = =
1 1 1 1 3.58
∈ + ∈ − 1 +
0.3 0.8 − 1

− − −
( ) = = =
1 1 1 1 27.33
∈ + ∈ − 1 +
0.3 0.04 − 1

Percentage reduction in heat transfer

( )
=1−
( )
Here T3 = in terms of T1 and T2
To find the values of T3
( ) = ( )
− −
=
1 1 1 1
+ −1 + −1
∈ ∈ ∈ ∈
− −
=
27.33 25.25
27.33
− = ( − )
25.25
= 0.48 ( + 1.08 )
Percentage reduction in heat transfer
( )
=1−
( )

− ⁄27.33
=1−
− ⁄27.33

46
 3.58 −
=1−
27.33 −

− 0.48 + 1.08
= 1 − 0.131
−

0.52 −
= 1 − 0.131
−

= 1 − 0.131(0.52)

= 0.932

= 93.2%

47