386 METALLURGICAL PROBLEMS

TABLE XI.—SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF METALS AND OTHER MATERIALS 1

A. Metals

Solid
Liquid, near
Metal Symbol freezing
Valúes for n o n - L o w e r valué, e.g.. point
porous metal 2 cast metal

Al 2 70 2 68 2 38
Sb 6 71 6 62 6 41
As 5 73 5 71 5 71
Ba 3 7 3 6
Be 1 93 1 84
Bi 9 92 9 74 10 0 4
Cd 8 70 8 60 7 99
Ca 1 55
Ce 6 8
Chromium Cr 7 1 7 0
Cobalt Co 8 92 8 50 8 72
Cu 8 94 8 7 8 22
Gold Au 19 3 7 19 2 5 19 2 0
Ir 22 42
Fe 7 88 7 3 7 13
Lead Pb 11 3 5 10 8 8
Li 0 59 0.53
M agnesiu m Mg 1 74 1 57
Mn 7 39
Mercury Hg 15 63 13 59
Mo 10 2
Ni 8 91 8 85 8 79
Os 22 4 8
Pd 12 16
Pt 21 7 21 1 21 3
K 0 875 0 83
Rh 12 5 0 12 4 0
Se 4 8 (metallic) 4 . 4 7 (red) 3 98
Si 2 34 2 19
Silver Ag 10 7 5 10 50 9 27
Na 0 972 0 93
Sr 2 54
Ta 16 6
Te 6 25
Tin Sn 7 30 7 28 6 98
Ti 4 5
W 20 2 19 1
U 18 6 9
V 5 7 5 50
Zn 7 13 7 0 6 92

1 T h e s e valúes g i v e a l s o t h e d e n s i t y i n g r a m a p e r c u b i e c e n t i m e t e r ; for t h e d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n s p e c i f i c
g r a v í t y a n d d e n s i t y , see p . 3.
2 U s e t h e s e valúes for r o l l e d m e t a l a n d for c o m m e r c i a l d e p o s i t s of e l e c t r o p l a t e d o r e l e c t r o l y t i c a l l y
refined m e t a l .
 TABLES 387

TABLE XI.—SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF M E T A L S AND OTHER MATERIALS.—(Concluded)

B. Other Elements, Alloys, Compounds, E t c . 3

Solid
L i q u i d , neai
Metal Symbol freezing
point
Nonporous L o w e r valué

Alumina AI2O3 4 00 3.75

Boron B 2 45
Brass (70-30) 8 4 7.8
Bronze 8 9 8.7
Cast iron 7 6 (white) 7.08 (gray) 6.88
Cement, set. . . . . . 3 0 2.7
Cernen tite FeiC 7 66
Charcoal 0 21
Clay 2 6 1.8
Coal, a n t h r a c i t e . . . 1 7 1.3
Coal, bituminous.. 1 5 1.2
Concrete 2 3
Copper aluminide. CuAli 4 2
Cork 0 24
Gasoline 0.70
Glass 2 52
Gold, coin 10 9 5
Graphite 2 25
Iron oxide FeaOa 5 3 5.2
Lime CaO 3 3
Limestone 2 7
Manganin 8 42
Mica 2 8
Monel metal 8 80
Nickel silver 8 45
Pearlite Fe-Fe*C 7 83
Petroleum 0.77-1.06
Phosphorus P 2 34 (red) 1 84 ( w h i t e ) 1.75
Rubber 1 40 1 12
Silica, fused Si0 2 2 21 2 10
Silica, sandstone.. Si0 2 2 70 2 10
Silicon c a r b i d e . . . . SiC 3 12
¿late 2 9 2 7
¿oda a s h Na2CO¡ 1 2
Steel, h i g h s p e e d . . 8 64 8 32
Steel, m i l d 7 93 7 69
Stellite 8 54
¿ulphur 2 07 1 96 1.81
Tar 1 0
Tungsten carbide.. WC 14 5
Water H¿0 0 92 1.00
Wrought iron 7 9

3 Largely from LIDDELL, DOHALD M . , " T h e Metallurgists' and Chemists' Handbook," 3d ed.í
M c G r a w - H i l l B o o k C o m p a n y , I n c . , N e w Y o r k , 1930.
390 METALLURGICAL PROBLEMS

TABLE XIII.—LATENT HEATS OF TRANSFORMATION 1

(Tempeí atures i n degrees centigrade, heats i n gram-calories per g r a m , kilogram-

calories per k i l o g r a m , or pound-calories per p o u n d )

Element Symbol Transformation Temperature L a t e n t heat

Iron Fe A 2 769 0.0

Iron Fe a —> y (A ¡) 910 3.86
Iron Fe y -> S {Ai) 1400 1.86
Manganeso Mn a - > (3 1070-1130 24.1
Nickel Xi a ->0 352 1.33
Tin Sn W h i t e —> gray 0 4.46

1 D a t a on i r o n from " T h e M e t a l — I r o n , " b y H . E . C l e a v e s a n d J . G . T h o m p s o n , M c G r a w - H i l l Book

Company, Inc., New Y o r k , 1935. Other data from " I n t e r n a t i o n a l Critical T a b l e s , " Vol. I I , 1927.
TABLE XIV.—SPECIFIC HEATS OF E L E M E N T S I N THE SOLID, L I Q U I D , A N D V A P O R STATES, AND T O T A L HEAT C O N T E N T S ABOVE 0 ° C . AT
THEIR M E L T I N G AND BOILING POINTS 1

( I n k i l o g r a m - c a l o r i e s per k i l o g r a m , gram-calories per g r a m , or pound-calories per p o u n d )

c m = m e a n specific heat between 0 a n d t°C.
QLMP = t o t a l heat c o n t e n t of l i q u i d a t t h e m e l t i n g p o i n t , using 0 ° C . as a base l i n e (i.e., i n excess of t h e heat c o n t e n t a t 0 ° C ) .
S u b t r a c t i n g t h e l a t e n t heat of fusión (Table X I I ) f r o m t h e figures i n t h i s c o l u m n gives t h e heat c o n t e n t of t h e solid a t t h e m e l t i n g p o i n t
on t h e same basis.
QVBP = t o t a l heat c o n t e n t of t h e v a p o r a t t h e n o r m a l b o i l i n g p o i n t , using 0 ° C . as a base l i n e . S u b t r a c t i n g t h e l a t e n t heat of v a p o r -
i z a r o n (Table X I I ) gives t h e heat c o n t e n t of t h e l i q u i d a t t h e b o i l i n g p o i n t o n t h e same basis.

Melting Normal
Element Symbol Cm, Solid 2
point
Ql.MF c, Hquid» boiling point
QVBPZ c vapor -
4 5

Aluminum Al 0 218 + 0 000.048Í 659 240 0 26 2060 2,860 0 185

Antimony Sb 0 050 + 0 000.074Í 630 74 0 13 1440 562 0 025
Arsenic As 0 (182 610 153 0 040
Barium Ba 0 068 710 65 1630
Beryllium Be 0 38 + o 000,4! 1278 1,480 1 5 3040 12,500 0 5
Bismuth Bi 0 02» + 0 000.013Í 271 21 0 036 1420 292 0 024
Boron B 0 215 + 0 000,36í 2300 2,660 0 6 2600 7,000 0 3
Cadmium Cd 0 0548 + o 000.012Í 321 39 0 08 765 287 0 045
Calcium Ca 0 152 + o 0 0 0 , 0 5 2 í 851 223 0 26 1480 1,300 0 12
Carbón C 0 206 + o 000.178Í - 0.000,000,033Í 2 3700 13,000 0 3
Cerium Ce 0 051 '775 55 0 07 1400 0 036
Cesium Cs 0 052 + o 0 0 0 . 0 1 3 Í 29 5.5 0.60 - 0.000.017Í 690 520 0 038
Chromium Cr 0 10 + o 000.026Í 1550 293 0 20 2480 1,880 0 10
Cobalt Co 0 091 + o 000.044Í 1490 296 0 21 3100 1,880 0 085
Copper Cu 0 092 + 0 000,012,5í 1084 172 0 112 2595 1,490 0 08
Gold Au 0 0308 + 0 000,006,Oí 1063 55 0 041 2966 548 0 025
Iodine I 0 052 113 20.3 0 008 183 66 0 071
Iridium Ir 0 032 + 0 000,0061 2454 143 0 060 4900 660 0 02
Iron, 0-600°C Fe 0 104 + 0 0 0 0 . 0 6 4 Í 85*
Iron, 600-760°C. . Fe 0 180 + 0 0 0 0 , 3 ( f - 6 0 0 ) 121*
Iron, 760-910°C. . Fe 0 320 - 0 0 0 0 , 5 3 ( í - 760) 161*
Iron, 910-1400°C. Fe 0 160 + 0 0 0 0 . 0 1 Í Í - 9 1 0 ) 244*
Iron, 1400-1534°C Fe 0 185 ( c o n s t a n t ) i534 334 0 21 3000 1,970 0 09

0" 7
Lead Pb 0 0302 + 0 . 0 0 0 , 0 0 6 , O í 327 16.4 0 033 1740 266 024
Lithium Li i 09 179 353 2 2 1370 7,600
Magnesium Mg 0 247 + 0 000.050Í 650 271 0 29 1110 1,740 0 21
Manganese Mu 0 11 + 0.000,10í 1220 272 0 36 2150 1,600 0 09
Mercury Hg 0 033 -39 2.8 0 033 357 85 0 025
Molvbdenum Mo 0 065 + 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 Í 2622 378 0 17 4800 2,090 0 05
Nickel, 0-352°C. . Ni 0 103 + 0 0 0 0 . 0 5 1 Í
390 METALLURGICAL PROBLEMS

TABLE XIII.—LATENT HEATS OF TRANSFORMATION 1

( T e m p e r a t u r e s i n degrees centigrade, heats i n gram-calories per g r a m , k i l o g r a m -

calories per k i l o g r a m , or pound-calories per p o u n d )

Element Symbol Transformation Temperature L a t e n t heat

Iron Fe A 2 769 0.0

Iron Fe a —> y (A 3) 910 3.86

Iron Fe y-+5 (A ) t 1400 1.86

Manganese Mn a -> 0 1070-1130 24.1
Nickel Ni a ->/3 352 1.33
Tin Sn W h ite —» gray 0 4.46

1 D a t a on iron from " T h e M e t a l — I r o n , " b y H . E . C l e a v e s a n d J . G . T h o m p s o n , M c G r a w - H i l l Book

Company, I n c . , N e w Y o r k , 1935. Other data from " I n t e r n a t i o n a l Critical T a b l e s , " Vol. I I , 1927.
TABLE XIV.—SPECIFIC HEATS OF E L E M E N T S I N T H E SOLID, LIQUID, AND VAPOK STATES AND T O T A L HEAT CONTENTS ABOVE 0 ° C . AT
THEIB M E L T I N G A N D B O I L I N G POINTS. —(Concluded) 1

Melting Normal
Element Symbol Cm, S o l i d QLMP c, l i q u i d QVBP c vapor -
boiling point
5 4 5

point
2 5

Nickel, 352-1455°C Ni 0 128 1455 259 0.16 2730 1,950 0 09

Osmium Os 0 03
+ 0.000,0061 2700 165 0.062 5000 760 0 025
Palladium Pd 0 058
+ 0.000.010Í 1556 153 0.089 3800 1,020 0 05
Phosphorus P 0 210
+ 0.000,2241 44 14 8 0.23 280 170 0 097
Platinum Pt 0 0317
+ 0.000,003,2í 1773 90. 4 0.043 4400 756 0 025
Potassium K 0 173
+ 0.000.029Í 64 25 9 0.142 + 0.000,331 774 810 0 13
Rhodium Eh 0 057
+ 0,000.Olí 1966 204 0.09 4300
679
1,090
274
0 049
Rubidium Rb ü 080
+ 0.000.015Í 39 9 2 0.092 - 0.000.013Í 0 06
Ruthenium
Selenium
Ru
Se
0
0
06
077
+ 0.000,Olí 2450
217
253
32 1
0 . 11
0.12
4500
680
1,180
249
0
0
05
04
Silicon Si 0 1725
+ 0.000,0641 - 0.000,000,0391 2 1427 600 0.20 2290 2,170 0 13
Silver Ag 0 0557
+ 0.000.006.7Í 961 84 7 0.086 2210 755 0 046
Sodium
Sulphur
Na
S
0
0
282
18
+ 0.000,231 98
119
57
30
2
6
0.32
0.210 + 0.000.08Í
892
445
1,320
193
0
0
22
134 +
0 000,0231
(1
Tantalum Ta 033
+ 0 000,016í 3027 283 4200
Tellurium Te 0 048 + 0.000,003,5í 453 47 7 0.051 1090 290 0 03
Thallium., TI 0 034
+ 0.000.015Í 303 16 7 0.043 1460 256 0 025
Th 0 028
+ 0.000,008Í 1845 97 0.06 3000 0 02
Tin Sn 0 0534 + 0.000,017,4í 232 27 8 0.055 2270 283 0 042
Ti 0 142
+ 0.000.039Í 1800 450 0.28 3000 930 0 10
W 0 0273
+ 0.000,004,2í 3387 180 0.050 5900 1,290 0 03
ü 0 028
+ 0.000.007Í 1688 93 0.05 2900 480 0 02
V a iiadium V 0 115
+ 0.000,031 1710 360 0.22 3000 0 10

Zirconium
Zn
Zr
0
0
0919
067
+ 0.000.020Í 419
1857
66
184
4 0 1135 + 0 . 0 0 0 , 0 0 8 , 8 í
0. 1
905
2900
553 0
0
077
05

1 Specific heats largely from " I n t e r n a t i o n a l C r i t i c a l T a b l e a , " V o l . I , 1926.

2 S e e f o o t n o t e 2, T a b l e X V .
8 I n m o s t c a s e s t h e h e a t of v a p o r i z a t i o n c o n s t i t u t e s t h e m a j o r p a r t of QVBP. S i n c e t h e valúes of t h e h e a t of v a p o r i z a t i o n a r e i n m a n y c a s e s u n c e r t a i n , t h e valúes i n
fchis c o l u m n a r e c o r r e s p o n d i n g l y u n c e r t a i n .
4 T h e s p e c i f i c h e a t of a n y m o n a t o m i c g a s or v a p o r i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 5.0 c a l . p e r m o l . M e t a l s i n g e n e r a l a r e m o n a t o m i c i n t h e v a p o r s t a t e . A l l t h e valúes i n
t h i s c o l u m n h a v e b e e n c a l c u l a t e d f r o m t h e figure 5.0 c a l . p e r m o l e x c e p t w h e r e t h e v a p o r of t h e e l e m e n t is k n o w n n o t t o b e m o n a t o m i c .
5 W h e r e a n e x p r e s s i o n c o n t a i n i n g t is g i v e n , t h e figures a r e for t h e m e a n s p e c i f i c h e a t b e t w e e n 0 a n d í ° C . T h e o t h e r figures a r e m e a n valúes for c i n t h e p h a s e
stated.
* H e a t c o n t e n t of s o l i d i r o n ( a b o v e 0 ° C . ) a t t h e u p p e r t e m p e r a t u r e g i v e n i n t h e first c o l u m n , i n c l u d i n g t h e s m a l l h e a t s of t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s h o w n i n T a b l e X I I I .
T h e valúes s h o w n f o r cm a r e h e r e t h e m e a n s p e c i f i c h e a t s b e t w e e n t h e t e m p e r a t u r e s g i v e n i n t h e first c o l u m n .
 TA BLES 393

TABLE XV.—MEAN SPECIFIC HEATS OF GASES

(Between 0 a n d í°C.)

cm, b y w e i g h t - 2 3

Cm, by volume - 1 3

(In kilogram-calories
(In kilogram-calories per
per kilogram, gram-
Gas Formula cubic meter or gram-calories
calories per g r a m , or
per liter a t s t a n d a r d
pound-caloríes p e r
conditions)
pound)

Air« 0 :Í02 4. 0.000,022í 0 234 4- 0 . 0 0 0 , 0 1 7 , 3 *

Ammonia NHi 0 376 + 0.000,144 0 488 + 0.000,18¡
Carbón dioxide & C0 2 0 406
+ 00 .. 00 00 00 ., 00 2920Í! 0 205
+ 0.000.046Í
Carbón m o n o x i d e 4 CO 0 302
+ 0.000,007* 0 242
+ 0.000.018Í
Ch 0 387
+ 0.000.3Í 0 122
+ 0.000,002,2í
CsH 4 0 46
+ 0 37
+ 0.000,24¡
F 2 0
0
302
+ 0.000.022Í 0 178
+ 0.000.013Í
CH» 20 (* 4- 1) + 0 . 0 0 0 , 1 3 5
Or 4- 2)í, w h e r e x =
no . of a t o m s of carbón
HC1 0 302
+ 0.000.022Í 0 185
+ 0.000.013Í
H
H
2 0
0
301
222
+ 0.000.020Í 3 35
4 94
+ 0.000.22Í

H y d r o g e n Bulphide ms
Hg
0
0
366
222
+ 0.000.080Í 0 240
0 0248
+ 0.000,0534

Methane CH. 0 380

+ 0.000,21í 0 53
+ 00 .. 00 00 00 ,, 02 19 84 4
N» 0 302
+ 0.000,0224 0 241
+ 0.000,015,64
0 2 0 302
+ 0.000,0224 0 211
+ 0.000,002,44
Sulphur vapor S 2 0 387
+ 0.000,007í 0 135
+
Sulphur dioxide 5 SO2 0 406
+ 0.000.090Í 0 139
+ 00 .. 00 00 00 ,, 00 63 21 44
H 0 2 0 373
+ 0.000,050! 0 463
+
1 T h i s c o l u m n g i v e s t h e s p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n e t a n t p r e s B u r e p e r u n i t v o l u m e r e f e r r e d to
0°C, 760 m m . I t is e q u a l to the molal heat c a p a c i t y , C P (more c o m m o n l y given i n refer-
ence tables), divided b y 22.4. C,P of c o u r s e , d i f i e r a c o n s i d e r a b l y f r o m C V1 the molal heat
capacity at constant volume. S e e a l s o f o o t n o t e 3. M o s t of t h e valúes g i v e n i n t h i s t a b l e
a r e d e r i v e d f r o m t h o s e g i v e n b y E a s t m a n , U. S. Bur. Mines, Tech. Paper 445, 1929.
2 T h i s c o l u m n gives the specific heat at constant pressure per u n i t weight. I t is equal
to the molal heat capacity, C , divided b y the molecular weight. p S e e a l s o f o o t n o t e 3.
8 T h e first t e r m of t h e e x p r e s s i o n g i v e n r e p r e s e n t a t h e s p e c i f i c h e a t of t h e g a s a t 0 ° C ;
t h e s e c o n d t e r m is t h e i n c r e m e n t per degree, d i v i d e d b y 2 i n order to o b t a i n t h e m e a n b e t w e e n
0 a n d í. T o find t h e a c t u a l s p e c i f i c h e a t a t t e m p e r a t u r e í, t h e i n c r e m e n t g i v e n b y t h e s e c o n d
t e r m m u s t be d o u b l e d . y
* T h e m e a n s p e c i f i c h e a t s of a i r , O2, N ¡ , C O , H C 1 , a n d F2 b y v o l u m e are given more
accurately b y the expression 0.310 + 0.000,0loí + 0.000,000,001,9! . 2

* T h e m e a n s p e c i f i c h e a t s of CO2 a n d SO2 b y v o l u m e a r e g i v e n m o r e a c c u r a t e l y b y t h e
expression 0,406 + 0.000,108í - 0.000,000,012í . 2

8 T h e m e a n s p e c i f i c h e a t of H2 b y v o l u m e i s g i v e n m o r e a c c u r a t e l y b y t h e e x p r e s s i o n
0.310 + 0.000,009,0í + 0.000,000,003,3í . 2

7 T h e m e a n s p e c i f i c h e a t of "H2O b y volume is given more accurately b y the expression

0.373 + 0.000 020í +
í 0.000,000.020í . 2
394 METALLURGICAL PROBLEMS

TABLE XVI.—SPECIFIC HEATS OF ALLOYS AND VARIOUS SOLIDS 1

( I n k i l o g r a m - c a l o r i e s per k i l o g r a m , gram-calories per g r a m , or pound-calories per

pound)

Temperature
Substance Specific heat
°c.

A l u m i n u m bronze, 88.7 C u :
11.3 A l 0.104 20-100
92 A l : 8 M g 0.275 18
Brass, 60 C u : 40 Z n 0.0917 20-100
Brass, 72 C u : 28 Z n 0.094 1 4 - 98
Bronze, 80 C u : 20 Sn 0.086 1 4 - 98
Constantan 0.098-0.102 0-100
CuAls 0.1495 18-100 (mean)
CuAlj 0.1610 18-600 (mean)
C u : Sn alloys, 1 0 - 9 0 % C u 0.0545 + 0.00037 X % C u 18-100 (mean)
C u : Z n alloys, 1 0 - 9 0 % C u 0.0921 + 0.0000055 X % Z n 18-100 (mean)
F e : C alloys, 0 - 7 % C 0.1114 + 0.00440 X % C 17-100 (mean)
P b : Sb alloys, 5 - 9 6 % Sb 0.0311 + 0.000195 + % Sb 20-100 (mean)
M a n g a n i n , 84 C u : 4 N i : 12 M n 0.097-0.100 0-100
Monel metal 0.127 20-400
N i c k e l silver 0.094-0.095 0-100
Phosphor bronze, 88 C u : 12 S n : 1 P 0.0874 20-100
Solder, 63.7 P b : 36.3 Sn 0.0407 1 2 - 99
Solder, 46.7 P b : 53.3 Sn 0.0451 1 0 - 99

Asbestos 0.195 2 0 - 98
Cement, powder. 0.20 20-100
Charcoal 0.16 10
Clay, d r y 0.22 20-100
Coal 0.24
Glass, c r o w n 0.161 1 0 - 50
Glass, flint 0.117 1 0 - 50
Granite 0.192 12-100
Ice 0.53 - 10
Ice 0.392 - 60
Marble... 0.21 0-100
Mica 0.206 2 0 - 98
Porcelain. 0.26 1 5 - 950
Sand 0.19 20-100
Wood.... 0.45-0.65

1 L a r g e l y from. " H a n d b o o k of C h e m i s t r y and Physics," 25th ed., C h e m i c a l Rubber Publishing

Company, 1941-1342.
 TA BLES 395

TABLE XVII.—MEAN SPECIFIC HEATS OF IRON-CABBON ALLOYS 1

( I n k i l o g r a m - c a l o r i e s per k i l o g r a m , gram-calories per g r a m , or pound-calories per

pound)

Carbón
c,m 17-250°C. e„, 17-400°C. c , 17-500°C.
m c , 17-680°C.
m

percentage

0.17 0.118 0.131 0.139

0.35 0.119
0.45 0.125 0.131 0.139
0.89 0.122 0.128 0.133 0.143
1.22 0.130 0.134
4.06 0.139 0.141 0.144 0.147

H e a t c o n t e n t (above 0 ° C . ) of puré l i q u i d i r o n a t t h e m e l t i n g p o i n t = 334 cal. per

g r a m . Specific heat of l i q u i d = 0 . 2 1 .
H e a t c o n t e n t (above 0 ° C . ) of l i q u i d p i g i r o n a t t h e m e l t i n g p o i n t = 230 cal. per
g r a m . Specific heat of t h e l i q u i d = 0.15.
1 " I n t e r n a t i o n a l C r i t i e a l T a b l e s , " Y o l . V , 1929.

TABLE XVIII.—MEAN SPECIFIC H E A T OF COKE AND COKE ASH 1

( I n k i l o g r a m - c a l o r i e s per k i l o g r a m , gram-calories per g r a m , or pound-calories per

pound)

c , coke w i t h ash c o n t e n t of:

m

Temperature Cm y ¡I Sh
range, °C. (silica) 5 10 15 20 25
per cent per cent per cent per cent per cent

2 0 - 100 0.190 0.193 0.193 0.193 0.192 0.192

2 0 - 200 0.204 0.225 0.224 0.223 0.222 0.220
2 0 - 300 0.217 0.252 0.250 0.248 0.247 0.245
2 0 - 400 0.227 0.277 0.275 0.272 0.269 0.267
2 0 - 500 0.235 0.297 0.294 0.290 0.287 0.284
2 0 - 600 0.242 0.313 0.309 0.306 0.302 0.298
2 0 - 700 0.247 0.327 0.323 0.318 0.314 0.310
2 0 - 800 0.250 0.337 0.333 0.328 0.324 0.319
2 0 - 900 0.253 0.347 0.342 0.337 0.332 0.327
20-1000 0.256 0.356 0.351 0.345 0.340 0.335
20-1100 0.258 0.363 0.359 0.353 0.348 0.342
20-1200 0.369 0.363 0.358 0.352 0.346

1 F r o m K O P P E K S , i n " A n h a l t s z a h l e n für d e n E n e r g i e v e r b r a u c h i n E i s e n h ü t t e n w e r k e n , " W á r m e s t e l l e

D u s s e l d o r f des V e r e i n s d e u t s c h e r Eisenhüttenleute, 3 d e d . , V e r l a g S t a h l e i s e n m . b . H . , D u s s e l d o r f , 1 9 3 1 .
396 METALLURGICAL PROBLEMS

TABLE XIX.—MEAN SPECIFIC HEATS OF COMPOUNDS (SOLID STATE) 1

( I n kilogram-calories per k i l o g r a m , gram-calories per g r a m , or pound-calories per

pound)

Tempera.
ture, 2

Specific heat Substance Specific heat

degrecs
centigrade

0.0849 0 CaCOs.MgCO, 0.218

0.0888 0 - 100 CaSiO,.MgSiOi 0.190
0.0912 O- 200 0.237
0.0930 0 - 500 0.239
0.0719 0 CdO 0.080 + 0.00000811
0.0739 0 - 100 C d S 0.091 + 0.00000311
0.0778 0 - 150 CeO; 0.0870
0.157 + 0.000105< 0 - 193 0.0910
0.229 0- 35 CnO, 0.178 + 0.00001321
0.177 0 CuFeS 2 0.129
0.195 0 - 100 1,89'
CuO 0.1368 + 0.00002257' +
0.212 0 - 800
0.240 0-1100 CUJFCSJ 0.117
5.126 Cu 0 2 0.101 + 0 . 0 0 0 0 3 5 1
0.2166 + 0.0000447' + 273-1973
f2 CuCU 0.139
0.172 0 CuS 0.118 + 0.00001381
0.190 0 - 100 C u S 2 0.0589 + 0.0001961
0.226 0 - 800 C u S O j 0.1476
0.228 0-1200 0.1567
0.109 + 0.000123! 0 - 275 FejC 0.140 + 0.0000621
0.0853 + 0.000, 0461 0 - 100
FeO
0.0999 0 0.1757 + 0 . 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 r +
0.119 0 - 800
FejOj
0.130 0-1000 0.1548 + 0.00005027 +
12.500
0.347 + 0.0000737' + - ~ - 273-1175 FejO»
0.1778 + 0.00004067' +
0.0569 0- 50 FeS 0.1355 + 0.0000781
0.0600 0 - 300 FeSs 196 + 0.00000561
0.0604 O- 400 FeSO. 0.167
0.0600 0- 50 FeCOi 0.193
FeSiOj 0.191
0.1784 + 0.000043T + l ~ 273-1173
2Fe\V0 .- 4

0 260 0
3MnWO. 0.01 )8 + 0.0000111
0.274 0- 50 H g O 0.0485
0.202 + 0.00002431 0-1378 0 0504
0.161 +0.00001741 0 - 982 HgCl 0 0500
0.1693 + 0.0000731 O- 400
0.0506
0.190 0 HgCl 2 0.0641
0.194 0- 50 0.0655
0.220 2 0 - 325 HgS 0.0507
0.257 2 0 - 725 0.0516
3,008
0.1968 + 0.0000595r + - ji 273-1033 K a 0.162
0.167
0.172 0
0.171
0.215 0 - 800
K;0 0.139
0.220 0-1200
KNOs 0.214
0.165 0- 15
0.240
0.104 0- 15
0.253
feZntCN), 0.241
0.174 0
KíPtCU 0.112
C 226 0 - 800
K-CrcOj 0.178 + 0.000072!
0.231 0-1000
5,176
0.210 0- 25 MgO ¡O. 2693 + 0.00001487' +
 TA B L E S 397

TABLE X I X . — M E A N SPECIFIC HEATS OF C O M P O U N D S ( S O L I D STATE). —(Concluded)

1

Tempera- Tempera-
ture, 2 ture, 2

Substance Specific heat Substance Specific heat

dcgrces dcgrces
centígrado centigrade

MgCb. 0 . 3 0 7 + O.OO0O32Í 0 - 718 PbO 0.0502 + 0.00OO071Í 0 - 271

MgSO. 0.222 0 - 61 P b f t 0.0619 0
MgCOs 0.200 0- 25 0.0634 0- 50
MgiSiiOn.- PbCl 2 0.0650 0
H 0(talc) 2 0.208 0- 57 0.0696 0- 300
0.105 + 0 . 0 0 0 7 3 T + 0.0726 0 - 400
MnO 273-1923
PbCrC-4 0.0908 0- 35
1
PbS0
Mn02 0.022 + 0 . 0 0 0 2 7 r + 342 j!° 0 273- 773
4 0.0855 0 - 100
PbS 0.0490 + 0.00O0084Í 0 - 600
1
PbCOj 0.0801 0- 32
MnjOi 0.065 + 0 . 0 0 0 0 1 7 r + MJ^° 273-1173
1' PbSiOa 0.0780 0- 60
MnS 0.139 0- 30 S b 0 0.082 +0.0000301
2 3 0 - 656
MnSO-4 0.182 0- 61 SD2S3 0.0830 0
MoO> 0.134 0- 54 0.0845 0- 50
NaF 0.267 + 0.000035Í 0 - 988 0.0858 0 - 100
NaCl 0.2039 0 SÍO2 See Table X X
0.2104 0 - 100 7,090
SiC 0.222 + 0.0000363 7 + ~ - 273-1629
0.216 0 - 400
1

0.220 0 - 600 SnOí 0 090 0 - 45

NasO 0.225 (Assumed) S n C h 0.0988 + 0.0002441 0 - 247
Na S02 4 0.2022 0 SnCU 0.14 0- 98
0.2109 0 - 100 SnS 0.084 0- 56
NaNOj 0.247 0 Th0 2 0.0571 0
0.288 0 - 200 0.0580 O- 50
0.303 0 - 250 T h C l 0.406 0- 30
NaPO) 0.217 0- 30 TiOs 0.168 + 0.0000541 0 - 500
Na4P 0? 2 0.227 0- 50 UsOs 0.0672 0
Na COs
2 0.264 0- 98 0.0712 0- 50
Na B Oi
2 ( 0.234 0- 45 w o 3 0.0782 + 0.0000167! 0 -1277
Na B O7.10H2O
2 4 ZnO 0.1140 +0.0O00267Í -
(bórax) 0.385 0- 35 0.0000000193Í 2 0-1300
2 139 ZnCl 0.133 + 0.000030 0 - 365
NajAlF, 273-1273
2

0.1840 4- 0.00011337'+ - ' „ „ -

1 ZnS 0.1078 + 0.000026» -
NH4CI 0.358 0 0.0000000314! 2 0-1000
0.374 0 - 50 ZnSO-4 0.174 0- 100
NiO 0.159 + 0.00001441 0-1000 ZnSiOa 0.16 0
NiS 0.1212 + 0 . 0 0 0 0 3 5 3 Í 0 - 324 Zn Si04 0.14
2 0
(NH ) S04 4 2 0.337 0 ZnCOa 0.1537 + 0.0O0O05Í 0- 400
0.341 O- 50 ZrOü 0.1034 + 0.00002481 0-1500
NiSO< 0.215 0- 58
Ni(CO)i 0.165 (-78)-
(-188)

1 I n part calculated from the data given by K . K . Kelley, " High-temperature Specific-heat Equations for Inorganic
Substances," Í/JS. Bur. Mines, Bxdl. 371 (1934), and in part from " International Critical T a b l e s , " Vol. V , 1929. (í represents
degrees centigrade, T degrees Kelvín.)
- The valúes or expressions given are for the mean specific heats between the temperatures given in this column. I n cal-
culating the heat content above 0 ° C , when the lower limit in this column is 273 C., it is necessary to obtain the heat content 0

at 273° (by substituting 273 for T in the expression given) and subtract from the heat content obtained by subptituting the
given temperature for T. (See page 88.)

Silicates: I n t h e absence of d a t a t h e specific heats of silicates m a y be a p p r o x i m a t e d

f r o m t h e specific heats of t h e c o n s t i t u e n t oxides. T h e i r specific heats a t elevated
temperatures m a y be a p p r o x i m a t e d b y assuming an increase of 0.078 per cent per
degree [C = C ( l + 0.00078Z)]. t 0

Silicate slags, l i q u i d : A c i d slags, 0.30. Basic slags, 0.25.

398 M ETALL URGI CAL PRO BLE AIS

T h e heat c o n t e n t (above 0°C.) of l i q u i d silicate slags at t h e i r m e l t i n g p o i n t s varies

f r o m a b o u t 300 t o 450 C a l . per k i l o g r a m , d e p e n d i n g largely on t h e elevation of t h e
m e l t i n g p o i n t . F o r example, i t is p r o b a b l y a b o u t 300 C a l . for a slag m e l t i n g a r o u n d
1100°C. a n d a b o u t 450 C a l . f o r one m e l t i n g a r o u n d 1400°C.

TABLE X X . — M E A N SPECIFIC HEAT OF SILICA 1

( B e t w e e n 0 a n d í°C.) ( I n kilogram-calories per k i l o g r a m , gram-calories per g r a m ,

or pound-calories per p o u n d )

Temperature, °C. c,
m quartz c,
m cristobalite 2 c, m vitreous

0 0 166 0 170 0.165

50 0 177 0 179 0.176
100 0 186 0 190 0.185
200 0 202 0 212 0.200
300 0 216 0 231 0.212
400 0 228 0 237 0.222
500 0 238 0 243 0.231
600 0 252 0 248 0.238
700 0 255 0 253 0.244
800 0 257 0 257 0.249
900 0 259 0 261 0.253
1000 0 262 0 264 0.257
1100 0 264 0 267 0.260
1200 0 265 0 269 0.263
1300 0 267 0 271 0.267
1400 0 269 0 273 0.270
1500 0 275 0.275
1600 0 277 0.279
1700 0 279 0.283

1 S O S M A N , R . B . , " I n t e r n a t i o n a l C r i t i c a l T a b l e s , " V o l . V , 1929.

2 M a d e at 1100°C.

TABLE X X I . — M E A N SPECIFIC HEATS OF REFRACTOBIES 1

( I n gram-calories per g r a m , kilogram-calories per k i l o g r a m , o r pound-calories p e r

pound)

c„, Cm, Cm,

Refractory
25-100°C. 25-500°C. 25-1000°C. 25-1500°C.

Alumina, A 1 0 . . . 2 3 0.200 0.239 0.261 0.275

Alundum 0.186
Carbón 0.123 0.31
Chrome b r i c k . . . . 0.170 0.20 0.22
Fire-clay b r i c k . . . 0.20 + 0 . 0 1 0.22 + 0 . 0 1 0.26 + 0 . 0 1 0.30 ± 0 . 0 1
Graphite 0.294 0.410
Magnesia, M g O . . 0 . 2 3 5 + 0 . 0 0 5 0.26 ± 0 . 0 0 5 0.28 ± 0 . 0 0 5 0.29 + 0 . 0 0 5
Magnesite b r i c k . . 0.22 + 0 . 0 1 0.25 ± 0 . 0 1 0.28 ± 0 . 0 1 0.30 + 0 . 0 1
Silica b r i c k 0.20 + 0 . 0 1 5 0 . 2 2 5 ± 0 . 0 1 5 0 . 2 6 5 ± 0 . 0 1 5 0 . 2 9 5 + 0 . 0 1 5
Silicon-carbide
brick 0.200+0.031 0.187+0.041
Zirconia, Z r O . . . . 0.110+0.005 0.13 0.16 0.1S

" " I n t e r n a t i o n a l C r i t i c a l T a b l e s , " V o l . I I , p. 85, 1927.

 TABLES 399

TABLE XXII.—VAPOR-PBESSURE CONSTANTS OP THE ELEMENTS 1

The columns headed A, B, A', a n d B' g i v e t h e valúes of t h e constants i n t h e

equations log p = — yp + B f o r t h e v a p o r pressure p ( i n m i l l i m e t e r s of m e r c u r y ) f o r

A' A
t h e l i q u i d elements a n d log p = — = r + B' f o r the solid elements.
~ 4T578'
vvhere A is t h e energy chango expressed i n calories. T is t h e t e m p e r a t u r e i n degrees
centigrade on t h e absolute scale ( C . ° + 2 7 3 ) . F o r f u r t h e r e x p l a n a t i o n see page 3 4 9 .
(Where no t e m p e r a t u r e range is s t a t e d , t h e figures given have been calculated f r o m
data i n Table X I l . )

L i q u i d state Solid state

Sym-
Element Temperature Temperature
bol
range range A' B'
covered, °C. covered, °C.

Aluminum. . Al 13,310 8.59 13,870 9 29

Antimony.. . Sb 1070-1325 10,180 8.824 11,220 9 976
Arsenic As 6,950 10 800
Barium Ba 930-1130 7,800 6.982 8,310 7 498
Bismuth. . . . Bi 1210-1420 10,450 8.876 11,000 9 877
Cadmium... Cd 500- 840 5,200* 7.887* 150- 321 5,690 8 564
Calcium Ca 960-1110 8,000 7.446 500- 700 8,490 7 880
Carbón C 3880-4430 28,200 9.596
Chromium. . Cr 16,700 8.95 17,600 9 44
Cobalt Co 2375 16,100 7.571 16,900 7 950
Copper Cu 2100-2310 15,970 8.449 16,770 9 039
Gold Au 2315-2500 17,880 8.400 18,540 8 897
Iron Fe 2220-2450 18,480 8.527 19,270 8 965
Lead Pb 525-1325 9,190 7.445 9,460 7 899
Magnesium. Mg 900-1070 7,120 8.029 7,590 8 538
Manganese. . Mn 1510-1900 12,000 7.83 12,800 8 37
Mercury. . . . Hg 400-1300 3,066 7.752 (-80)-(-39) 3,810 10 3 8 3
Molybdenun Mo 28,100 8.42 1800-2240 29,600 8 92
Nickel Ni 2360 19,100 9.242 20,020 9 774
Palladium.. . Pd 15,600 6.71 16,500 7 20
Phosphorus. P 44- 635 5,667t ll.084f 20- 44 3,297 9 651
Platinum Pt 23,370 7.881 1425-1765 24,400 8 385
P o t a s s i u m . .. K 260- 760 4,430 7.183 4,556 7 558
Selenium.. . . Se 700-1000 5,570 8.726 6,100 9 808
Silicon Si 8,660 6.26 1200-1320 8,900 5 950
Silver k¿ 1650-1950 13,27C 8.225 13,860 8 704
Sodium Na 180- 883 5,395 7.553 5,552 7 9K
Strontium. . . Sr 940-1140 7,350 7.328 7,830 7 794
Sulphur S 445- 700 3,745 8.10 3,807 8 26
Tellurium. . Te 11,700 11.46 13,100 13 40
Tin Sn 1950-2270 14,800 8.701 16,300 11 6 7 2
Titanium. . . Ti 1,525 3.35 2,472 3 81
Tungsten. . . W 38,600 9.13 2230-2770 40,400 9 62
Zinc Zn 6,163Í 8.108t 250- 419 6,950§ 9 200 §

1 L a r g e l y from " I n t e r n a t i o n a l C r i t i c a l T a b l e s , " V o l . I I I , 1928, w i t h revisions.

5,800
* G i v e n more a c c u r a t e l y b y the equation log p - 1.203 l o g T + 12.107.

f G i v e n m o r e a c c u r a t e l y b y t h e e q u a t i o n l o g p •• 1.257 l o g T + 11.569.

X G i v e n more a c c u r a t e l y b y the equation log p = 1.051 l o g T - 0 . 0 0 0 1 2 5 5 T - f 12.0181

r
(temperature range, 419.5 to 1500°).
6,939.0
§ G i v e n more a c c u r a t e l y b y the equation log p = 0.1458 l o g T - 0.00028837* + 9.7756

( t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e , 0 to 4 1 9 . 5 ° ) .
400 METALLURGICAL PROBLEMS

T A B L E X X I I I . — V A P O E - P B E S S U R E CONSTANTS, M E L T I N G POINTS, A N D B O I L I N G POINTS

OF COMPOUNDS 1

A a n d B for t h e l i q u i d s t a t e ; see preceding table for e x p l a n a t i o n

Normal
Melting point, boiling T e m p e r a t u r e range
Compound degrees point, covered, degrees A B
centigrade degrees centigrade
centigrade

AgCI 455 1560 1255-1442 9,690 8.179

A1 0
2 3 2045 2980 1840-2200 28,200 11.55
As 0
4 6 313 457 315-490 6,656 11.988
CH 0 4 -97 65 -10-80 2,002 8.955
CuCl 430 1490 878-1369 4,220 5.275
HgCl 2 282 305 275-309 3,190 8.409
KC1 770 1407 906-1105 9,120 8.353
KC1 1116-1418 8,870 8.130
KOH 1322 1170-1327 7,110 7.330
NaCl 800 1465 976-1155 9,420 8.330
NaCl 1156-1430 9,720 8.548
NaCN 622 1496 800-1360 8,120 7.472
NaF 992 1700 1562-1701 11,400 8.640
NaOH 322 1374 1010-1402 6,900 7.030
Ni(CO) 4 -25 43 2-40 1,566 7.780
PbCl 2 498 954 500-950 7,420 8.961
SbCl 3 72 219 170-253 2,576 8.090
Si0 2 1470-1700 2230 1860-2230 26,400 13.43

A a n d B for t h e solid state ( s u b l i m a t i o n )

AlClj 190 (2.5 a t m . ) 180 70-190 6,010 16.24

As 0
4 6 356 100-310 5,816 12.127
SnCl 4 -33 113 (-52) - (-38) 2,441 9.824

1 L a r g e l y f r o m " I n t e r n a t i o n a l C r i t i c a l T a b l e s , " V o l . I I I , 1928.

 TABLES

TABLE X X I V . — M Á X I M U M VAPOE PRESSURE OF WATER 1

(Or pressure of s a t u r a t e d steam)

Tempera- Pressure, Tempera- Tempera- Pressure, Tempera-

Pressure, Pressure,
ture, Ib. per ture, ture, Ib. per ture,
mm. Hg mm. Hg
°C. sq. i n . °F. °C. Bq. i n . °F.

-30 0 3 0 006 -22 29 30.0 0 58 84

-25 0 5 0 009 -13 30 31.8 0 61 86
-20 0 8 0 015 - 4 32 35.7 0 69 90
-15 1 2 0 024 + 5 34 39.9 0 77 93
-10 2 0 0 038 14 36 44.6 0 86 97
- 5 3 0 0 058 23 38 49.7 0 96 100
- 2 3 9 0 076 28 40 55.3 1 07 104
0 4 6 0 089 32 45 71.9 1 39 113
+ 2 5 3 0 103 36 50 92.5 1 79 122
4 6 1 0 118 39 55 118.0 2 28 131
6 7 0 0 136 43 60 149.4 2 89 140
S 8 0 0 155 46 65 187.5 3 63 149
10 9 2 0 178 50 70 233.7 4 52 158
11 9 8 0 190 52 75 289 5 60 167
12 10 5 0 203 54 80 355 6 88 176
13 11 2 0 217 55 85 434 8 40 185
14 12 0 0 232 57 90 526 10 16 194
15 12 8 0 248 59 95 634 12 2 6 203
16 13 6 0 263 61 100 760 14 7 0 212
17 14 5 0 281 63 110 1,075 20 80 230
18 15 5 0 300 64 120 1,491 28 85 248
19 16 5 0 319 66 130 2,030 39 26 266
20 17 5 0 339 68 140 2,718 5 2 55 284
21 18 6 0 360 70 150 3,581 69 26 302
22 19 8 0 383 72 160 4,652 89 96 320
23 21 1 0 408 73 170 5,962 115 2 9 338
24 22 4 0 433 75 180 7,546 145 93 356
25 23 8 0 461 77 190 9,443 182 61 374
26 25 2 0 488 79 200 11,689 226 04 392
27 26 7 0 516 81 210 14,325 277 01 410
28 28 3 0 548 82 220 17,390 336 30 428

B e l o w 0 ° C , p r e s s u r e s a r e t h o s e of i c e .
 TABLE X X V . — M Á X I M U M VAPOR PRESSURE OF MERCURY 1

( I n m i l l i m e t e r s of m e r c u r y )

°c. V °C. V °C. V

- 30 0 000005 120 0.746 270 123.5

- 20 0 000018 130 1.186 280 156.9
- 10 0 000061 140 1.845 290 197.6
0 0 000185 150 2.807 300 246.8
10 0 000490 160 4.189 310 305.9
20 0 001201 170 6.128 320 376.3
30 0 002777 180 8.796 330 459.7
40 0 006079 190 12.423 340 557.9
50 0 01267 200 17.287 350 672.7
60 0 02524 210 23.72 360 806.2
70 0 04825 220 32.13 370 960.7
80 0 08880 230 42.99 380 1,138.4
90 0 1582 240 56.85 390 1,341.9
100 0 2729 250 74.37 400 1,574.1
110 0 4572 260 96.30 *

1 " I n t e r n a t i o n a l C r i t i c a l T a b l e s , " V o l . I I I , 1928.

* 400-1300°C: log p = - + 7.752.

Heats of Formation.—Tables X X V I to X L I X give the number of

calones liberated by the unión of the substances separated by commas
i n the first column. The unit is the gram-calorie per gram-mol of sub-
stance i n the second column and per gram of substance i n the t h i r d
column (or kilogram-calorie per kilogram, or pound-calorie per pound).
The item ( N a , As, 0 ) i n the first column followed by 366,000 i n the
3 4

second column is equivalent to w r i t i n g :

3Na + As + 4 0 = N a A s 0 ; 3 4 AH = -366,000
A minus sign i n the table before the number of calories indicates that
the heat is absorbed instead of liberated when the unión takes place, i.e.,
that AH is positive when the compound is formed.
To convert the valúes given to B.t.u. per pound, m u l t i p l y by 1.8.
The figures i n the columns headed " T o dilute s o l u t i o n " are the valúes
for the heat of formation when the end product is a dilute aqueous solu-
tion instead of the anhydrous substance. These valúes include the heat
of solution of the substance i n a relatively large amount of water as well
as the heat of combination of the elements or compounds indicated. The
heat of formation or the heat of a reaction will vary somewhat w i t h
the concentration of the solution, but the variation grows smaller as the
solution becomes more dilute. The valúes given, therefore, cannot be
taken as wholly fixed, but the designation " d i l u t e s o l u t i o n " indicates
that the amount of water is relatively large and sufficient to place the heat
 TABLES 403

of solution i n the range where i t no longer changes rapidly w i t h change of

dilution. The amount of water associated varíes for different compounds,
but whenever possible is given for a dilution of 1,000 molecules of H 0 2

per molecule of solute or as near to that dilution as possible.

I n writing reactions the presence of the water is sometimes shown by
the symbol (aq). Thus we may write:

3Na + As + 4 0 = Na AsO, ( a q ) ; 3 AH = -381,600 cal.

W i t h few exceptions the valúes given are derived from those tabulated
by F. R. Bichowsky and F. D . Rossini, based on a revisión of valúes
1

compiled by Bichowsky i n the " I n t e r n a t i o n a l Critical Tables," Vol. V ,

1929. The valúes of heats of formation and heats of reaction vary w i t h
the temperature at which the reaction takes place. I t is stated by the
above writers that all the valúes given have been either determined for
or calculated to the base temperature of 1 8 ° C ; i.e., the reacting sub-
stances and the producís both are at 18°. I t is often convenient to use
the valúes as though they were for the temperature of 0 ° C , and for most
purposes this can be done without introducing an error of any importance.
To obtain the correct valúes for 0 ° C , we should subtract from the figure
given the heat content of the reacting substances at 18° (i.e., the difference
between the heat content at 0° and at 18°) and add the heat content of
the producís at 18°. Obviously these two quantities offset each other
and make the net change relatively small; i n most cases i t is likely to be
smaller than the probable error i n the valúes given. The calorie used by
Bichowsky and Rossini is the defined calorie equal to 4.1850 absolute
joules or 4.1833 international joules.

1 " T h e T h e r m o c h e m i s t r y of t h e C h e m i c a l Substances," Ileinhold Publishing

C o r p o r a t i o n , N e w Y o r k , 1936.
404 METALLURGICAL PROBLEMS

TABLE XXVI.—HEATS E V O L V E D ( — AH) I N FORMATION or ARSENATES

A. F r o m the Elements

Anhydrous To dilute solution

Formula Per u n i t Per u n i t

Per f o r m u l a Per f o r m u l a
w e i g h t of w e i g h t of
weight weight
metal metal

( H , As, 0 . )
8 175,300 58,540
( H i , As, 0 ) 4 214,900 71,080 214,500 70,950
(Ca , As , 0 )
3 2 8 794,000 6,600
( N a , As, 0 )
3 4 366,000 5,304 381,600 5,530

B. F r o m t h e Oxides a n d A s 0 2 3 or A s 0 s
2

Per u n i t Per u n i t
Per f o r m u l a Per f o r m u l a
Formula w e i g h t of w e i g h t of
weight weight
oxide oxide

(3H 0, As 0 )
2 2 3 6,500 120
(3H 0, As 0 )
2 2 5 38,400 710 38,600 715
(3Ca0, A s 0 ) 2 5 121,300 721
(3Na 0, As 0 ) 2 2 5 215,700 1,160 245,900 1,322

TABLE X X V I I . — H E A T S E V O L V E D ( — AH) I N F O E M A T I O N OF BOEATES

Anhydrous T o dilute solution

Formula Per u n i t Per u n i t

Per f o r m u l a Per f o r m u l a
w e i g h t of w e i g h t of
weight weight
metal metal

( H , B, 0 )
3 3 252,000 23,300 246,000 22,800
( N a , B , O7)
2 4 742,000 16,140 752,500 16,360

TABLE XXVIII.—HEATS E V O L V E D ( — AH) I N F O R M A T I O N OF BROMIDES

Anhydrous T o dilute solution

Formula For unit Per u n i t

Per f o r m u l a Per f o r m u l a
w e i g h t of w e i g h t of
weight weight
metal metal

(Ag, Br) 23,800 221

(Au, B r ) 3 14,500 74 10,800 55
f H , B r ) , gas 8,660 8,600 28,600 23,380
(K, Br) 94,030 2,405 88,890 2,270
(Na, Br) 86,330 3,754 86,100 3,744
 TABLES 405

TABLE XXIX.—HEATS E V O L V E D ( — AH) I N FORMATION OF CARBIDES

Anhydrous T o dilute solution

Formula Per u n i t Per u n i t

Per f o r m u l a Per f o r m u l a
w e i g h t of w e i g h t of
weight weight
metal metal

(Ah, C) 60,000 556

(Ca, C) 14,600 364
(Ch, C ) , gas 25,400 179
(Cl , 4 C), liq. 33,200 234
(Cr,, C) 140,000 898
(Fe„ C) - 5,200 - 31
( H , C)
4 18,240 4,520
( M n , , C) 23,000 140
( N i , C ), gas
t -70,800 -2,530 -64,100 -2,290
(Na„ O - 4,800 - 104
( N i , C.) - 9,200 - 157
( S „ C ) , gas -22,000 - 343
(Si, C ) , l i q . -15,400 - 240
(Si, C) 28,000 1,000
( T i , C) 110,000 2,300

TABLE XXX.—HEATS E V O L V E D ( — AH) I N F O R M A T I O N OF CARBONATES A N D

BICARBONATES
A. F r o m the Elements

Anhydrous T o dilute solution

Formula Per u n i t Per u n i t

Per f o r m u l a Per f o r m u l a
w e i g h t of w e i g h t of
weight weight
metal metal

(Ba, C, 0 ) 3 290,900 2,117

(Ca, C, Os) 289,500 7,223
( C u , C, 0 . ) 135,500 2,130
(Fe, C, 0 ) 3 172,800 3,094
( H „ C, 0 ) 3 167,500 83,100
( K „ C, 0 ) 3 275,000 3,517 281,400 3,599
( M g , C, 0 ) 3 267,800 11,000
( M n , C, 0 ) 3 218,000 3,977
( N a , , C, 0 ) 3 270,600 5,883 276,200 6,005
( N a , H , C, 0 ) 3 226,400 9,843 222,300 9,665
(Pb, C, 0 ) 3 168,800 814
( Z n , C, 0 ) 3 193,300 2,957
406 METALLURGICAL PROBLEMS

TABLE XXX.—HEATS E V O L V E D ( — AH) I N FORMATION OF CARBONATES A N D

BICARBONATES.—(Concluded)
B. F r o m t h e M e t a l Oxides a n d C 0 2

Per u n i t Per u n i t
Per f o r m u l a Per f o r m u l a
Formula w e i g h t of w e i g h t of
weight weight
oxide oxide
(BaO, C0 )
2 63,500 414
(CaO, C0 )
2 43,150 775
(CuO, C0 ) 2 6 , ¿00 78
(FeO, C0 )
2 14, J50 196
(H 0),
2 C0 ) 2 15,300 850
(K 0,
2 C0 )
2 94,300 1,000 100,700 1,071
(MgO, C0 ) 2 27,800 690
(MnO, C0 ) 2 27,050 382
(Na 0, 2 C0 ) 2 76,400 1,230 82,000 1,320
(Na 0, 2 H 0 , 2C0 )
2 2 106,650 1,720 98,450 1,588
(PbO, C0 ) 2 21,900 98
(ZnO, C0 )
2 15,500 191

C. D o l o m i t e f r o m t h e Carbonates

(MgCOs, C a C 0 ) 3 2,200 55 ( M g O )

TABLE XXXI.—HEATS E V O L V E D ( — AH) I N FORMATION OF CHLORATES,

PERCHLORATES, AND HYPOCHLORITES
F r o m the Elements

Anhydrous T o dilute solution

Formula Per u n i t Per u n i t

Per f o r m u l a Per f o r m u l a
w e i g h t of w e i g h t of
weight weight
metal metal

( H , C l , O) 29,800 29,600
( H , Cl, 03) 20,800 20,640
( H , Cl, 04) 19,350 19,200 39,600 39,300
( K , C l , O) 86,140 2,203
(K, Cl, 0 ) 3 91,330 2,334 81,060 2,071
(K, Cl, 0 ) 4 112,100 2,866 100,430 2,569
( N a , C l , O) 83,500 3,630
(Na, Cl, 0 ) 3 83,600 3,635 78,220 3,400
(Na, Cl, 0 ) 4 101,130 4,404 97,300 4,230
 TABLES 407

TABLE X X X I I . — H E A T S EVOLVED ( — AH) I N FORMATION OP CHLORIDES

A. F r o m the Elements

Anhydrous T o dilute solution

Per formula P e r unit weight Per formula Per unit weight

weight of m e t a l weight of m e t a l

(Ag, C l ) 30,600 284

(Al, C h ) 166,700 6.180 244,700 9,070
(Au, C U ) 28,300 144 32,750 166
(Au, H , C l i ) 76,700 389
(Ba, C h ) 205,300 1,495 207,500 1,511
(Be, C h ) 112,500 12,480 163,600 18,150
(Bi, C l , ) 90,610 434
(Bi, O, C l ) 89,800 429
( C , C h ) gas 25,400 2,120
(C, C U ) liq. 33,200 2,770
(Ca, C h ) 190,700 4,760 208,600 5,207
( C a , O, C h ) 178,700 4,460 188,500 4.710
(Cd, C h ) 93,000 827 96,100 855
(Ce, C h ) 261.500 1,865 283,600 2,020
(Co, C h ) 77,000 1,305 95,390 1,618
(Cu, Cl) 34,300 540
(Cu, C h ) 53,400 841 64.600 1,016
(Fe, C h ) 81,870 1,466 99,760 1,787
(Fe, C h ) 96,400 1,725 128.000 2,290
( H , C l ) gas 22,060 21,890 39,600 39,280
(Hg , C h )
2 63,150 157
(Hg, C h ) 53,430 266 50,200 251
(Ir, C h ) 20,500 107 40,700 211
(K, Cl) 104,300 2,668 99,860 2,554
(K , Pt, CU)
2 300,000 1.536 (Pt) 286.500 1,467 ( P t )
(K , Pd, Ch)
2 292,000 2,735 (Pd) 277,000 2,596 (Pd)
(Li, Cl) 97,400 14,040 106,000 15,270
(Mg, C h ) 153,200 6,300 189,100 7,777
(Mn, C h ) 112,700 2,051 128,800 2,345
(N, H , Cl)4 75,080 4,408 ( N H ) 3 71,260 4,184 ( N H j )
(Na, Cl) 98,360 4,277 97,085 4,222
(Ni, C h ) 74,980 1,278 94,270 1,606
(Pb, C h ) 85,660 413 79,120 382
(Pd, C h ) 44,200 414
( P d , C h , N2, H « ) 105,400 988
(Pt, C l ) 4 62,600 321 82,000 420
( P t , C h , N2, H e ) 119,600 613
( P t , C h , N2, H a ) 194,000 994 185,600 952
(Sb, C h ) solid 91,400 751
(Sb, C U ) solid 107,400 882
(Sn, C h ) 81,150 683
(Sn, C h ) gas 118,300 1,000
(Sn, C h ) liq. 127,300 1,073
(Sr, C h ) 197,800 2,258 209,100 2,387
(Th, C h ) 335,000 1,444 392,000 1,689
(Ti, C h ) liq. 181.400 3,787
(Zn, C h ) 99,550 1,523 115,300 1,763
(Zn, C h , N , H ) 2 t 165,600 2.533

B. C o m b i n a t i o n of Chlorides

Per formula P e r u n i t w e i g h t of P e r u n i t w e i g h t of
Formula weight first c h l o r i d e second chloride

(KC1, M g C h ) 3,040 41 32
(2KC1, MgCh) 2,480 17 26
(ZnCh, 2NHi) 44,200 324 1,300
408 METALLURGICAL PROBLEMS

TABLE X X X I I I . — H E A T S EVOLVED ( — AH) I N FORMATION OF CHEOMATES AND

BICHROMATES
A. F r o m the Elements

Anhydrous To dilute solution

Formula Per u n i t Per u n i t

Per f o r m u l a Per f o r m u l a
w e i g h t of w e i g h t of
weight weight
metal metal

(H,, C r , 0<) 210,200 104,300

( K , Cr, 0 )
2 4 333,400 4,263 328,100 4,196
( K „ Cr , 0,)
2 488,500 6,247 471,300 6,027
( N a , Cr, 0 )
2 4 319,800 6,952 322,300 7,007
( N a , , C r , O,)
2 465,600 10,122
(Pb, C r , O4) 221,400 1,069

B. F r o m t h e Oxides a n d C r 0 3

Per u n i t Per u n i t
Per f o r m u l a Per f o r m u l a
Formula w e i g h t of w e i g h t of
weight weight
oxide oxide

( H , 0 , CrO ) s 13,000 722

(K,0, Cr0 ) 3 107,200 1,138 102,000 1,084
(K,0, 2Cr0 ) 3 123,400 1,310 106,500 1,131
(Na 0, Cr0 )
2 3 80,800 1,303 83,200 1,341
(Na 0, 2Cr0 )
2 3 87,100 1,405
(PbO, C r 0 ) 3 29,600 132
410 METALLURGICAL PROBLEMS

TABLE X X X V I . — H E A T S EVOLVED ( — AH) I N FORMATION OF HYDRATES

A. From the Elements

Anhydrous T o dilute solution

Formula
Per formula Per unit weight Per formula Per unit weight
weight of m e t a l weight of m e t a l

(Al, Oí, H ) 3 304,700 11,300

( B a , O2, H , ) 225,900 1,644 237,500 1,729
( B e , O2, H2) 206,700 22,910
(Ca, Oí, H j ) 236,100 5,890 238,800 5,960
( C d , O2, H2) 134,600 1,190
( C o , O2, H2) 131,500 2,230
( F e , O2, H j ) 135,900 2,433
(Fe, 0 , , H , ) 197,400 3,535
(K, O, H ) 102,000 2,609 114,800 2,937
(Li, 0 , H ) 116,000 16.800 121,000 17,450
( M g , O2, H ¡ ) 219,000 8,980
( M n , O2, H2) 163,400 2,970
( M n , Oí, H j ) 220,000 4,000
(N, H i , 0, H ) 87,670 5,147 ( N H , )
(Na, 0 , H ) 101,900 2,212
( N i , O * , H2) 129,800 3,351
(Ni, Oí, H¡) 163,200 2,781
( P b , O2, H i ) 123,000 5,940
( Z n , O2, H )
2 153,500 2,348

B. F r o m t h e M c t a l l i c Oxides a n d H 2 0

Per formula P e r unit weight Per formula P e r unit weight

Formula
weight of o x i d e weight of o x i d e

(AI2O1, 3 H 0 ) 2 46,400 455

( B a O , H2O) 35,100 229 46,700 305
( B e O , H2O) 7,700 308
( C a O , H2O) 26,700 476 29,400 524
( C d O , H2O) 11,600 90 •

( C o O , H2O) 16,200 216

( F e O , H2O) 14,000 195
( F e i O j , 3H2O) 29.700 232
( K , 0 , H2O) 59,900 637 85,500 909
(LÍ2O, H2O) 32,200 1,077 42,200 1,414
(MgO, H i O ) 15,600 387
( M n O , H2O) 18,600 262
(MmOi, 3H 0) 2 39,500 250
( N H i , H2O) 18.870 1,108 (NH¡)
( N 0 , H2O)
a ! 46,160 744 66,360 1,070
( N i O , H2O) 14,200 190
(PbO, H.O) 13,140 63
( Z n O , H2O) 12,300 146
 TABLES 411

T A B L E X X X V I I . — H E A T S E V O L V E D ( — AH) I N F O R M A T I O N OP H Y D R I D E S
AND HYDROCARBONS

A n h y drous To dilute solution

Per u n i t Per u n i t
weight of w e i g h t of
Formula Per Per
element element
formula formula
which com- which com-
weight weight
bines w i t h bines w i t h
hydrogen hydrogen

(As, H , ) -43,500 -580

(C, H«) 18,240 1,520
(C , H )
2 2 -53,900 -2,246 -49,900 -2,080
(C , H )
2 4 -11,000 -458
( C , He)
2 20,960 873
(C , H )
3 8 26,300 731
(Ce, H ) gas 6 -20,300 -282
(Ce, He) l i q . -12,500 -174
(C, H , 0 ) gas
4 48,440 4,036 (C) 59,700 4,960 (C)
(C, H , 0 ) l i q .
4 57,450 4,788 (C)
( C , H , 0 ) gas
2 6 56,950 4,742 (C) 69,820 5,813 (C)
(C , H , 0 ) l i q .
2 6 67,140 5,590 (C)
( N , H , ) , gas 10,940 782 19,350 1,381
( N , H»), liq. 16,070 1,146
(P, H . ) 2,300 164
(Pd , H )
2 8,860 42
(Pd , H )
1 6 4,600 3
(Pt, H ) 19,100 98
(Ptio, H ) 14,200 7
(Pti , H) t 17,000 6
(Sb, H ) 3 -35,100 -288

TABLE X X X V I I I .— H E A T S E V O L V E D ( — Ai?) I N F O R M A T I O N OF I O D I D E S

Anhydrous T o dilute solution

Formula Per Per u n i t Per Per u n i t

formula w e i g h t of formula w e i g h t of
weight metal weight metal

(Ag, I ) 14,900 139

(Cu, I ) 17,800 280
(Cu, I ) 2 4,800 76 11,700 184
( H , I ) gas - 5,930 -5,890 13,300 13,200
(K, I ) 78,730 2,014 73,650 1,884
(Na, I ) 69,450 3,021 70,870 3,082
412 METALL URGICAL PROBLEMS

TABLE X X X I X . — H E A T S EVOLVED ( — AH) I N F O R M A T I O N OF MANGANATES

AND PERMANGANATES
F r o m the Elements

Anhydrous To dilute solution

Formula Per Per u n i t Per Per u n i t

formula w e i g h t of formula w e i g h t of
weight metal weight metal

(H, M n , 0 ) 4 123,300 122,300

(K, M n , 0 ) 4 192,900 4,933 ( K ) 182,500 4,561 ( K )
(Na,, M n , 0 ) 4 270,000 5,870 ( N a )

TABLE XL.—HEATS EVOLVED (-AII) I N F O R M A T I O N OF N I T R A T E S

A. From the Elements

Anhydrous To dilute solution

Formula Per Per u n i t Per Per u n i t

formula w e i g h t of formula w e i g h t of
weight metal weight metal

(Ag, N , O.) 29,400 273 23,960 222

(Ca, N „ 0 ) 6 224,040 5,590 227,940 5,686
(Co, N , , Oe) 102,800 1,744 114,700 1,946
( C u , N „ Oe) 73,100 1,150 83,400 1,311
(Fe, N , , Oe) 118,800 2,130
(Fe, N , , 0 „ ) 156,300 2,800
( H , N , 0 ) gas
3 34,400 34,100 49,120 48,740
( H , N , Oa) l i q . 41,660 41,340
( K , N , Oa) 118,093 3,020 110,100 2,817
(N, H , N , 0 )
4 3 87,930 5,163 ( N H ) S 81,480 4,784 ( N H ) 3

(Na, N , 0 ) 3 111,720 4,857 107,300 4,668

(Pb, N , , Oe) 106,890 516 99,280 479
( Z n , N „ Oe) 134,700 2,060
 TABLES 413

TABLE XL.—HEATS EVOLVED ( — AH) I N FORMATION OP NITRATES.—(Concluded)

B. F r o m t h e Oxides a n d N A

Per Per u n i t Per Per u n i t

Formula formula w e i g h t of formula w e i g h t of
weight oxide weight oxide

(Ag 0,2 N A ) 46,100 214 34,820 161

(CaO, N A ) 72,200 1,286 76,200 1,358
(CoO, N 0 ) 2 6 45,400 606 57,300 765
(CuO, N A ) 35,200 443 45,500 572
(FeO, N A ) 54,800 762
(Fe 0 , 3 N A )
2 3 115,900 726
( H 0 , N 0 ) gas
2 2 6 11,640 647 40,560 2,250
(H 0, N A ) liq.
2 15,160 842
(KA, N A ) 150,100 1,594 133,600 1,418
(2NH , H 0 , N A )
3 2 94,940 2,788 ( N H ) 3 82,040 2,410 ' ( N H ) 8

(Na 0, N A )
2
124,000 2,000 114,950 1,855
(PbO, N A ) 55,030 265 47,000 210
(ZnO, N A ) 50,100 616

TABLE XLI.—HEATS EVOLVED ( — AH) I N FORMATION OP N I T R I D E S

Anhydrous To dilute solution

Formula Per u n i t Per u n i t

Per f o r m u l a Per f o r m u l a
w e i g h t of w e i g h t of
weight weight
metal metal

(Al, N ) 80,000 2,970

( C , N ) gas
2 2 - 70,800 -2,950 -64,100 -2,670
(C , N ) l i q .
2 2 - 65,500 -2,730
(Ca, No) - 75,800 -1,890
(Ca , N ) 3 2 109,000 907
(Fe , N ) 4 - 1,100 - 20
( H , N ) gas
3 10,940 3,620 19,350 6,400
(H , N) liq.
3 16,070 5,320
(Mg , N ) 3 2 116,000 1,590
(Mn, N ) 6 - 94,000 -1,711
(Si„ N ) 4 157,000 1,855
414 METALLURG1CAL PROBLEMS

TABLE X L I I . — H E A T S EVOLVED ( — AH) I N FORMATION OP OXIDES

Anhydrous T o dilute solution

Formula Per u n i t Per u n i t

Per f o r m u l a
w e i g h t of Per f o r m u l a w e i g h t w e i g h t of
weight
metal metal

(Ag., 0 ) 6,950 32
(Al,, 0.) 380,000 7,045
(As,, 0 ) 3 154,000 1,026 149,000 992
( A s , 0 ) gas
4 6 250,000 836
(As,, 0 ) 6 217,900 1,453 224,000 1,490
(Au , 0 ) 2 3 -11,000 -28
(B , 0 )
2 3 280,000 12,930 287,500 13,280
(Ba, 0 ) 133,000 970
(Ba, 0 ) 2 151,600 1,104
(Be, 0 ) 135,000 14,970
(Bi , 0 )2 3 137,100 328
(C, 0 ) 26,840* 2,235* 2 9 , 6 0 0 (sat. soln.) 2,467
(C, 0 ) 2 94,450* 7,873* 9 9 , 2 1 0 (sat. soln.) 8,261
(Ca, 0 ) 151,600 3,790
(Cd, 0 ) 65,200 581
(Ce, 0 ) 2 233,400 1,666
(Co, 0 ) 57,600 978
(Co , 0 ) 3 4 196,500 1,111
(Cr, 0 ) 3 139,300 2,678 141,800 2,726
(Cr , 0 ) 2 3 273,000 2,625
(Cu, 0 ) 38,500 606
(Cu , 0 ) 2 42,500 335
(Fe, 0 ) 64,300 1,151
(Fe , 0 ) 3 4 266,000 1,588
(Fe , 0 ) 2 3 198,500 1,777
( H , 0 ) gas
2 57,801 28,678
( H , 0) liq.
2 68,370 33,920
( H , 0 ) gas
2 2 33,590 16,665 45,660 22,650
( H , 0 ) liq.
2 2 45,200 22,425
(Hg, 0) 21,700 108
(Hg , 0) 2 21,500 54
(Ir, 0 ) 2 50,000 259
(K , 0)
2 86,300 1,105
(Li , 0)
2 142,000 10,200
(Mg, 0) 146,100 6.007
(Mn, 0) 96,500 1,757
(Mn,, 0 ) 4 345,000 2,094
(Mn , 0 ) 2 3 233,000 2,121
(Mn, 0 ) 2 123,000 2,239
(Mo, 0,) 130,000 1,355
(Mo, 0 ) 3 176,500 1,840 178,000 1,855
(Mo, 0 ) 4 163,000 1,700
( N , , 0 ) gas -19,650 -701 -13,400 -478
 TABLES 415

TABLE XLII.—HEATS EVOLVED ( — AH) m FORMATION OP OXIDES.—(Concluded)

Anhydrous T o dilute solution

Formula Per u n i t ! Per u n i t

Per f o r m u l a
w e i g h t of Per f o r m u l a w e i g h t w e i g h t of
weight
metal metal

(N, 0 ) -21,500 -1,540

(N, 0 ) 2 -8,030 -573
( N , 0<) gas
2 -3,060 -109
( N , 0 ) gas
2 6 -600 -21
(Na , 0 ) 2 99,450 2,162
(Na , 0 ) 2 2 119,200 2,592
(Ni, 0 ) 57,800 985
( 0 , 0 ) (ozone)
2 -34,500 -32,700
(Os, O 4 ) gas 80,000 419
(Os, O 4 ) solid 93,500 490
(P2, 0 ) 6 366,900 5,912
(Pb, 0 ) 52,500 253
(Pb,, 0 ) 4 172,400 277
(Pb, 0 ) 2 65,000 314
(Pd, 0 ) 21,500 202
(S, 0 ) gas 2 70,940 2,212 79,150 2,470
(S, 0 ) gas 3 93,900 2,930 139,000 4,340
(Sb,, 0 „ ) 165,800 672 128,300 527
(Sb,, O 4 ) 213,000 874
(Sb,, 0 ) 6 231,000 949 228,000 936
(Se, 0 , ) 56,360 714 55,500 701
(Si, 0 , ) 201,000 7,160
(Sn, 0 , ) 138,000 1,163
(Sr, 0 ) 140,600 1,606
( T a , , Os) 499,000 1,379
(Te, 0 , ) 77,580 608 76,500 600
(Th, 0,) 293,000 1,262
(Ti, 0 ) 2 218,000 4,551
(TI,, 0 ) 42,200 103
(Ü3, 0 ) 8 845,200 1,183
(U, 0 ) 3 291,600 1,225
(V,, 0 ) 3 330,000 3,238
( V , , Os) 437,000 4,290
(W, 0 . ) 195,700 1,064
(Zn, 0 ) 83,500 1,277
(Zr, 0 , ) 258,100 2,829

* T h e s e valúes a r e f o r carbón i n t h e f o r m of d i a m o n d . Valúes f o r a m o r p h o u s carbón, a s i n f u e l s ,

are considerably higher. W e r e c o m m e n d u s e of t h e figures 2 9 , 1 6 0 a n d 9 7 , 2 0 0 f o r C O a n d CO2, r e s p e c -
t i v e l y , e q u i v a l e n t t o 2 , 4 3 0 a n d 8 , 1 0 0 p e r u n i t w e i g h t of carbón, r e s p e c t i v e l y .
418 METALLURGICAL P ROBLE AfS

TABLE X L V . — H E A T S EVOLVED (—Aff) I N F O R M A T I O N OF SOME SODIUM SALTS

A. F r o m the Elements

Anlrydrous T o dilute solution

Formula Per u n i t Per u n i t

Per f o r m u l a Per f o r m u l a
w e i g h t of w e i g h t of
weight weight
sodium sodium

(Na, A l , 0,) 272,000 11,830

(Na , Mo, 0 )
s 4 364,000 7,910 358,700 7,800
(Na, Pb, 0,) 202,400 8,800
( N a , , Sb, 0 ) 4 349,000 5,060 360,000 5,220
( N a , Sn, 0 )
4 4 370,000 4,020 453,300 4,928
(Na,, U , 0 ) 4 500,000 10,870
(Na,, V , 0 ) 4 449,000 6,510
(Na,, W, 0 ) 4 391,000 8,500 381,300 8,290
(Na,, Zn, 0,) 187,000 4,065

B. F r o m t h e Oxides

Per u n i t Per u n i t
Per f o r m u l a Per f o r m u l a
Formula w e i g h t of w e i g h t of
weight weight
Na 0 2 Na 0 2

(Na,0, A1 0 ) 2 3 64,500 1,040

(Na 0, Mo0 )
2 3 88,000 1,420 82,750 1,332
(Na 0 , 2Pb0 )
2 2 2 155,600 1,995 ( N a , 0 , )
(3Na 0, Sb 0 )
2 2 6 169,650 913 201,650 1,084
(2Na 0, Sn0 )
2 2 32,400 261 115,700 933
(Na,0, U 0 ) 3 108,950 1,755
(3Na,0, V 0 ) 2 6 161,600 870
(Na 0, WO3)
2 95,850 1,545 86,150 1,388
( N a 0 , ZnO)
2 4,050 65
 TABLES 419

TABLE XLVI.—HEATS EVOLVED { — AH) IN FORMATION OF SULPHATES, E T C .

A. F r o m the Elements

Anhydrous T o dilute solution

formula
Per formula Per unit weight Per formula Per unit weight
weight of m e t a l weight of m e t a l

( A g , , S , Oí) 170,100 790 165,600 768

(Ala, S i , OH) 770,000 14,820 896,000 17,250
( B a , S , O4) 349,400 2,543 344,100 2,504
( C a , S , O4) 340,700 8,500 344,750 8,601
( C d , S , O4) 222,220 1,977 232,900 2,072
( C o , S , O4) 216,700 3,677 231,700 3,931
(Cr«; S i , O H ) ( v i o l e t ) 771,400 7,416
( C r s , S i , OH) (green) 767,800 7,381
( C u , S , O4) 184,700 2,905 200,640 3,156
(Fe, S, 0 ) 4 221,300 3,963 236,000 4,226
653,200 5,850
(Fes, S i , OH)
146,700 72,500
(H¡, S, Os)
212,400
( H j , S , O4) 193,750 96,130 105,400
336,170
( K i , S , O4) 342,660 4,382 4,299
273,800
( K , H , S , O4) 276,850 7,080
617,500
7,002
( K , A l , S i , Os) 569,000 21,100 (Al) 22,900 (Al)
325,300
(Mg, S, 0 ) 304,950 12,540 13,380
4
265,000
( M n , S , O4) 251,200 4,573 279,000 4,824
( N í , H s , S , O4) 281,460 8,262 ( N H i ) 263,900 8,190 ( N H i )
(Na», S , 0 ¡ ) 261,200 5,678 330,630 5,737
( N a j , S, 0 ) 4 330,480 7,184 270,800 7,188
( N a , H , S , O4) 269,040 11,697 260,500 11,770
( N a ! , S i , Os) 258,500 5,620 231,100 5,663
( N i , S , O4) 216,000 3,680 3,938
( P b , S , O4) 218,500 1,054
( Z n , S , O4) 233,400 3,572 251,950 3,855

B. F r o m M e t a l l i c Oxides a n d S 0 3

Per formula Per unit weight Per formula Per unit weight
nula
weight of o x i d e weight of o x i d e

(AgjO, SOs) 69,250 299 64,750 279

(AI1O1, 3 S 0 ) 3 108,300 1,060 234,300 2,300
(BaO, SOi) 122,100 797 116,800 762
(CaO, SOi) 95,100 1,696 99,150 1,768
(CdO, SOj) 63,100 492 73,800 575
(CoO, SOs) 65,300 872 80,300 1,070
( C n O i , 3 S 0 ) (violet)
3 216,700 1,424
( C r j O s , 3 S O s ) (green) 213,100 1,402
(CuO, SOj) 52,300 657 68,240 858
(FeO, SOi) 63,100 878 77,800 1,081
( F e O i , 3SOs)
2
173,000 1,083
(H!0, SOi) 17,960 997
( H 0 , SOs)
2
42,050 2,334 60,700 3,370
( K ! 0 , SOs) 162,560 1,722 156,100 1,657
(K2O, 2 S O s , H2O) 221,900 215,400
2,356 2,290
( K 0 , A U O i , 4SOs)
296,200 2 , 9 0 9 (AI2O1) 393,200 3 , 8 6 3 (AI1O1)
2

( M g O , SO3)
64,950 1,610 85,300 2,113
(MnO, S0 )
60,800 858 74,600
3

( 2 N H s , H2O, SO3) 1,050

( N a 0 , SO2)
2
107,760 3,163 ( N H i ) 105,300 3,091 ( N H i )
(Na 0, SOj) 2
90,830 1,465 93,530 1,509
( N a 0 , 2 S O j , H2O)
2
137,130 2,212 137,280 2,214
(NaiS, SOs) 193,030 3,113 196,550 3,170
( N i O , SO3) 74,800 958 ( N a S )
2 76,800 984 ( N a i S )
( P b O , SO3) 63,700 853 78,800 1,054
(ZnO, SOs) 72,140 323
56,000 689 105,600 1,300
420 METALLURGICAL PRO B L E MS

TABLE X L V I I . — H E A T S EVOLVED (—Ai/) I N FORMATION OF SULPHIDES

Anhydrous T o dilute solution

Formula Per u n i t Per u n i t

Per f o r m u l a Per f o r m u l a
weight weight
weight weight
of m e t a l of m e t a l

( A g , S)
s 5,500 26
( A l t , S.) 140,500 2,705
(As,, S.) 20,000 133
(Ba, S) 111,000 809 118,500 862
(C, S,) gas -22,000 -1,830
( C , S,) l i q . -15,400 -1,282
(Ca, S) 113,500 2,835 119,700 2,990
( C d , S) 34,700 309
(Co, S) 22,300 379
(Co,, S.) 39,900 339
( C u , S) 11,600 183
( C u , , S) 18,950 149
(Fe, S) 23,100 414
(Fe, S,) 35,500 636
( H „ S) 5,300 2,650 9,900 4,910
( H g , S) 10,870 54
( K , , S) 121,500 1,554 110,600 1,415
( M g , S) 82,200 3,380 108,000 4,440
( M n , S) 47,400 862
( N a , , S) 89,900 1,955 105,200 2,288
( N i , S) 20,800 355
(Pb, S) 22,200 107
(Sb,, S.) 36,000 148
(Sn, S) 22,700 191
( Z n , S) 44,000 674

TABLE XLVIII.—HEATS EVOLVED ( — A / / ) I N FORMATION OF M O L E C U L A R FROM

ATOMIC GASES

Per l i t e r of gas
Per f o r m u l a Per u n i t w e i g h t
Formula formed,
weight of element
gram-calories

(H, H ) 102,900 51,050 4,590

(O, O) 117,400 3,670 5,240
(N, N) 169,300 6,040 7,550
(Cl, Cl) 56,900 802 2,540
 TABLES 421

TABLE XLIX.—HEATS EVOLVED (—A//) I N FORMATION OF MISCELLANEOUS

COMPOUNDS

Per f o r m u l a Per u n i t w e i g h t of Per u n i t w e i g h t of

Formula
weight first element second element

( A u , Hgioo) -2,000 -10 0

(Cd, H g ) 5 5 500 5 0
( C d , Zno. ) 36 -3,600 -32 -153
(Cd, Z n i . ) M -6,900 -61 -82
( C d , Zrw.ei) -6,000 -53 -20
(Cu, A l , ) 84,000 1,320 1,555
( C u , , Sb) 2,400 13 20
( C u , Se) 19,000 299 241
( C u , , Se) 14,500 114 184
( C u , , Sn) 7,900 41 67
(Cu,, Te) 6,000 47 47
( C u , , Zna) 16,000 126 82
(Fe, A l . ) 25,100 449 186
( F e , Si)
3 -20,000 -119 -713
(Mg , Al )
4 3 49,000 504 606
(Mg, Zn,) 13,150 541 104
(Na, H g ) 2 18,500 805 46
(Na, Hg, .s) 7 19,600 852 4
( N a , Hg oo) 4 20,070 872 0
(Pb, Hgioo) -2,500 -12 0
(Sn, B i ) 370 3 2
(Sn, B i , ) -170 - 2 - 1
(Sn,, B i ) -120 - 1 - 1
(Sn, H g ) 6 0 -2,540 -21 0
(Zn, H g ) 6 6 -2,300 -37 0
( Z n , Sn,) -6,000 -92 -25
(Zn, Sn .i)0 -5,000 -77 -422
 422 METALLURGICAL PROBLEMS

TABLE L . — N E T HEATS OF COMBUSTIÓN ( L O W C A L O E I F I C P O W E E S ) OF GASEOUS A N D

LIQUID FUELS 1

( W a t e r v a p o r f o r m e d i n combustión n o t condensed) 1

A. Gases

Kilogram-calories B . t . u . per
Formula Ñame
per cubic m e t e r 2 cubic f o o t 2

H 2 Hydrogen 2,582 290

H S 2 H y d r o g e n sulphide 5,514 620
CO Carbón monoxide 3,034 341
NH S Ammonia 3,385 380
CH 4 Methane 8,560 962
C H 2 2 Acetylene 13,440 1,510
C H 2 4 Ethylene 14,480 1,627
C H6
2
Ethane 15,110 1,698
CaH 4
A l l y l e n e (propyne) 19,420 2,182
C H6
S
Propylene 20,670 2,322
CaHs Propane 21,650 2,433
C4H8 Butylene 27,060 3,041
C Hio
4
B u t a n e (isobutane) 28,220 3,171
CeHe Benzene (benzol) 33,490 3,763

B . Liquids

Kilogram-calories
Formula Ñame B . t . u . per p o u n d
per k i l o g r a m

OeHfi Benzene (benzol) 9,632 17,340

C7H8 Toluene (toluol) 9,708 17,470
CH4O M e t h y l alcohol 4,676 8,417
C H 0
2 6 E t h y l alcohol 6,435 11,580
C H 0
3 6 Acetone 6,810 12,260
cs 2 Carbón bisulphide 2,880 5,185

1 T o o b t a i n t h e gross or h i g h c a l o r i f i c p o w e r ( w a t e r v a p o r c o n d e n s e d ) , a d d t h e f o l l o w i n g :
F o r g a s e s , 4 7 1 C a l . p e r c u b i c m e t e r o r 5 3 B . t . u . p e r c u b i c foot for e a c h m o l of H2 i n t h e g a s .
F o r l i q u i d s , 1 0 , 5 6 0 C a l . p e r k i l o g r a m - m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t or 1 9 , 0 0 0 B . t . u . p e r p o u n d - m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t for
e a c h m o l of H2 i n t h e l i q u i d .
2 V o l u m e s m e a s u r e d a t s t a n d a r d c o n d i t i o n s ( 0 ° C , 7 6 0 m m . , or 3 2 ° F . , 2 9 . 9 2 i n . ) .
 TABLES 423

i ASIK LI.—THERMAL RESISTIVITY OF VARIOUS MATERIALS 1

( M o s t of t h e valúes m u s t be regarded as t y p i c a l , subject t o v a r i a t i o n i n different

samples)

Resistivity, °F.
Density in Resistivity, Temperature
per B . t . u . per
bulk, grams thermal ohms 2 at which
Material B q u a r e foot p e r
per cubic per centimeter determined,*
inch thickness
centimeter cube 3 °C.
per second

Air 0.00129 4,340 22,600 0

Alundum 30 150 650-1250
Asbestos, air-cel 0.14 1,380 7,200 25
Asbestos paper 0.8-1. 550 2,900 65
Asbestos wool 0.40 1,100-1,000 5,700-5,200 0-100
Bauxite brick 2.53 220-150 1,150-780 100-1000
Brick, common red 1.75 200 1,040 20
Carbón 1.5 2.6-1.7 13.5-8.8 360-1500
Carborundum 2.0 17 88 1135
Carborundum brick 12.5-10 65-52 1000
Charcoal 0.18 1,820 9,500 20
C h r o m e brick 2.8 42 220 1000
Concrete 2.1 110 570 0
Copper 8.9 0.26 1.35 100
Cork 0.05-0.35 3,000-1,550 15,600-8,060 20
Diatomite 0.20-0.50 1,600-970 8,300-5,000 100
F e l t , wool 0.33 1,920 10,000 30
Fire-clay brick 1.8-2.8 200-60 1,040-310 100-1500
Glass 2.6 140-130 730-680 20-100
G r a p h i t e , solid 1.8 0.70-0.87 3.65—4.53 400-1500
G y p s u m , plaster 0.74 300 I , 560 30
I r o n , sheet 7.3 1.65-1.66 8.6-8.65 18-100
Magnesia, 85 % 0.3 1,330 6,900 30
Magnesite brick 2.5 41-21 210-110 100-1200
Manganin 1.57-2.64 8.2-13.7 18-100
M e r c u r y (liquid) 13.6 16.2-12.7 84.3-66.1 0-50
Mica 170-240 880-1,250 50
Platinum 21.1 1.44-1.38 7.5-7.2 18-100
Porcelain 96 500 90
Sandstone 2.25 77 400 20
Sawdust 0.20 1,670 8,700 30
Silica, fused 2.20 100-94 520-490 20-100
Silica brick 1.6 140-75 730-390 100-1000
S i l - O - C e l brick 0.5 930 4,840 870
S i l - O - C e l powder 0.2-0.25 2.300 12,000 25
Slag wool 0.15-0.30 2,400-1,900 12,500-10,000 30
Slate, X cleavage 65-77 340-400 95
S l a t e , 1| c l e a v a g e 37-44 190-230 95
Steel 7.2 2.2 II. 4 18-100
Vacuum 0 17,000 88,000 150
Water 1.0 167 870 20
W o o d , w h i t e p i n e , JL g r a i n . . 0.45 930 4,840 60
W o o d , w h i t e p i n e , || g r a i n . 0.45 390 2,030 60
Wool 0.09 2,700-2,000 14,000-10,500 0-60

1 R e c i p r o c a l of t h e t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y . L a r g e l y from " International Critical T a b l e a , " V o l . V ,

1929.
2 One thermal ohm = 1°C. per watt = 1 ° C . p e r j o u l e p e r s e c o n d (see p. 3 1 5 ) .
3 T o c o n v e r t f r o m t h e u n i t p e r c e n t i m e t e r c u b e to t h e u n i t p e r i n c h c u b e , d i v i d e t h e v a l u é g i v e n
b y 2.54.
* T h e t h e r m a l r e s i s t a n c e of m o s t s o l i d s d e c r e a s e s w i t h r i s e of t e m p e r a t u r e ; t h a t of m o s t m e t a l a a n d
alloys increases.
424 METALLURGICAL PROBLEMS

TABLE LII.—TOTAL EMISSIVITIES OF VABIOUS SUBFACES 1

E a t other
Material E at 50°C. £ a t 300°C. Eat 500°C.
temperatures

Black body, theoretical. . . . 1.00 1.00 1.00

Alumina 0.10
A l u m i n u m , highly polished. 0.055 0 039 (230°)
A l u m i n u m , oxidized 0.11 (200°) 0 . 1 5 (400°) 0.19 (600°)
A l u m i n u m paint .27-0.67 0.45 (127°)
Asbestos 0.93 ' 0.95
B l a c k paint, smooth 0.68
B l a c k paper 0.64
Brass, polished 0.04 0.035
Brass, oxidized 0 . 6 1 (200°) 0.60 (400°) 0.59 (600°)
C a s t iron, liquid 0.28 (1200-1750°)
C a s t iron, new 0.21 (200°)
C a s t iron, polished 0.17
C a s t iron, oxidized 0.56 0.67 0.71 (400°) 0.78 (600°)
Chromite 0.99 0.99 (1000°)
Chromium 0.11 0 . 19 0.37 (1000°)
0.16 (1075°)
Copper, liquid 0.15 (1300°)
Copper, calorized 0.39 0.26 0.23 0.20 (1000°)
Copper, oxidized 0.77 0.70 0.73 0.70 (1000°)
Copper, polished 0.03 0.09 (1000°)
C u p r o u s oxide 0.60 0.61 (1170°)
F i r e clay, white 0.73 0.79 (400°)
Glass 0.49
Gold, enamel 0.33 0.37 (126°)
G o l d , polished 0.03 0.07
Graphite, mat 0.90 0.82 0 . 9 2 (400°)
G r a p h i t e , polished 0.65 0.95
Hematite 0.98
Iron, galvanized, bright 0.23
Iron, galvanized, gray oxidized. 0.28
Iron, sheet 0.47
Iron, R u s s i a n sheet 0.56
Iron-oxide scale 0.89 1200°)
0.91 440°)
Iron rust 0.85 ( 4 7 0' " )
Lampblack 0.95-0.
L e a d , oxidized 0.63 (200°)
Lime 0.10 0.40
Magnesia 0.06 0.09
Magnesium 0.07 0.14 0.23
0.096 (725°)
Molybdenum, filament. 0.292 (2600°)
Monel metal, b r i g h t . . . . 0.05
Monel metal, oxidized. . 0.50 0.41 0.38 0.46 (600°)
Nickel, bright 0.045 0.087 0.17 (1000°)
Nickel, oxidized 0.35 0.40 0.48 0.88 (1300°)
Plaster 0.60
0.124 (1000°)
P l a t i n u m , polished 0.035 0.08
.0.175 (1700°)
Porcelain 0.25 0.50
Silicon 0.72 0.72 (1000°)
Sil ver, polished 0.02 0.03 0.038 (600^
Silvered paper 0.07
Steel, liquid 0.28 (1600°)
Steel, calorized 0.52 (200°) 0 . 5 5 (400°) 0.57 (600°)
S t e e l , >xidized 0.79 (200°) 0 . 7 9 (400°) 0.79 (600°\
Steel, stainless, r o u g h . . . . 0.44 (200°) 0.36
Stone, building 0.60
T i n , bright 0.04
T i n píate 0.04
T u n g s t e n , aged filament. 0.032 0.39 (3250°)
Wood 0.60
Zinc, bright 0.04
Zinc, oxidized 0 . 1 1 (400°)
Zirconia 0.06 0.09

' F r o m R I C H A R D S , J O S E P H W., " Metallurgical Calculations," M c G r a w - H i l l Book Company, I n c . ,

N e w Y o r k , 1918, w i t h a d d i t i o n s . M o s t of t h e valúes m u s t be r e g a r d e d m e r e l y a s t y p i c a l , s u b j e c t t o
v a r i a t i o n w i t h s m a l l c h a n g e s i n c h a r a c t e r of t h e s u r f a c e . Sorne d a t a also from H . C . H o t t e l i n Hermán
j . Stoever's " A p p l i e d H e a t T r a n s m i s s i o n , " M c G r a w - H i l l B o o k C o m p a n y , I n c . , N e w Y o r k , 1941.
 TABLES 425

T A B L E L U I . — E L E C T B I C A L CONDUCTIVITIES A N D SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF SOLUTIONS 1

( C o n d u c t i v i t i e s i n reciprocal o h m s per c e n t i m e t e r cube, for aqueous Solutions a t 18°C.)

Specific
Temperature
Salt Per c e n t 2 Normality 3 gravity, Conductivity
coefficient 4

18°C.

AgXO, 5 0.307 1.042 0.0256 0.0218

10 0.641 1.089 0.0476 0.0217
15 1.006 1.140 0.0683 0.0215
20 1.407 1.196 0.0872 0.0212
25 1.847 1.256 0.1058 0.0210
30 2.332 1.321 0.1239 0.0209
35 2.872 1.394 0.1406 0.0207

CuSO, 2.5 0.321 1.025 0.0109 0.0213

5.0 0.658 1.051 0.0189 0.0216
10.0 1.387 1.107 0.0320 0.0218
15.0 2.194 1.167 0.0421 0.0231
17.5 2.631 1.200 0.0458 0.0236

FeS0 4 3.68 0.50 1.034 0.0154 0.0218

7.11 1.00 1.069 0.0258 0.0218
13.36 2.00 1.137 0.0390 0.0223
18.95 3.00 1.202 0.0461 0.0231
21.86 3.56 1.236 0.0470 0.0243

H SOa
2 5 1.053 1.033 0.2085 0.0121
10 2.176 1.067 0.3915 0.0128
15 3.376 1.104 0.5432 0.0136
20 4.655 1.141 0.6527 0.0145
25 6.019 1.181 0.7171 0.0154
30 7.468 1.221 0.7388 0.0162
35 9.011 1.262 0.7243 0.0170
40 10.649 1.306 0.6800 0.0178
45 12.396 1.351 0.6164 0.0186
50 14.258 1.398 0.5405 0.0193

KC1 5 0.691 1.031 0.0690 0.0201

10 1.427 1.064 0.1359 0.0188
15 2.208 1.098 0.2020 0.0179
20 3.039 1.133 0.2677 0.0168

KCN 3.25 0.506 1.015 0.0527 0.0207

6.50 1.029 1.032 0.1026 0.0193
426 METALLURGICAL PBOBLEMS

T A B L E L U I . — E L E C T B I C A L CONDUCTIVITIESA N D SPECIFIC G E A V I T I E S OF SOLUTIONS.

(Concluded)

Specific
Temperature
Salt Per c e n t Normality 3 gravity, Conductivity
coefficient*
2

18°C.

NaCl 5 0.884 1.034 0.0672 0.0217

10 1.830 1.071 0.1211 0.0214
15 2.843 1.109 0.1642 0.0212
20 3.924 1.148 0.1957 0.0216
25 5.085 1.190 0.2135 0.0227

Na CO-3
2 5 0.991 1.051 0.0451 0.0252
10 2.082 1.104 0.0705 0.0271
15 3.277 1.159 0.0836 0.0294

NaOH 2.5 0.641 1.028 0.1087 0.0194

5 1.319 1.057 0.1969 0.0201
10 2.779 1.113 0.3124 0.0217
15 4.381 1.170 0.3463 0.0249
20 6.122 1.226 0.3270 0.0299
25 8.002 1.282 0.2717 0.0368
30 10.015 1.337 0.2022 0.0450

NiSO-4 3.72 0.5 1.038 0.0153 0.0231

7.19 1.0 1.076 0.0254 0.0227
13.46 2.0 1.150 0.0385 0.0241
18.47 3.0 1.222 0.0452 0.0250

ZnSQ 4 5 0.651 1.051 0.0191 0.0225

10 1.371 1.107 0.0321 0.0223
15 2.169 1.167 0.0415 0.0228
20 3.053 1.232 0.0468 0.0241
25 4.040 1.304 0.0480 0.0258
30 5.124 1.379 0.0444 0.0273

1 F r o m L A N D O L T a n d B O R N S T E I N , " P h y s i k a l i s c h - c h e m i s c h e T a b e l l e n , " J u l i u s S p r i n g e r , Berlín, 1 9 2 3 ,

Í327, 1931. Determinations mostly b y K o h l r a u s c h ; F e S C h a n d NÍSO4 b y K l e i n .
s G r a m s of s a l t o r c o m p o u n d p e r 1 0 0 g. of s o l u t i o n ,
a G r a m equivalents per liter.
* T h e c o n d u c t i v i t y a t 1 8 ° i n c r e a s e s b y t h i s f r a c t i o n of i t s e l f f o r e v e r y r i s e of I O above 1 8 (mostly
determined only to 26°).
 TA BLES 427

TABLE LIV.—UNIT CONVERSIÓN TABLES

A. L e n g t h , or L i n e a r Measure

1 millimeter = 0.03937 i n c h
1 centimeter = 0.3937 i n c h
1 decimeter = 3 . 9 3 7 inches
1 decimeter = 0.3281 foot
1 meter = 3 9 . 3 7 0 inches
1 meter = 3 . 2 8 1 feet
1 meter = 1.0936 y a r d s
1 kilometer = 3 , 2 8 1 feet
1 kilometer = 0.6214 m i l e
inch = 25.40 millimeters
inch = 2 . 5 4 0 centimeters
i n c h — 0.2540 decimeter
foot = 3 . 0 4 8 decimeters
inch = 0.0254 m e t e r
foot = 0.3048 meter
yard = 0.9144 m e t e r
foot = 0.000305 k i l o m e t e r
mile = 5,280 feet = 1.609 k i l o m e t e r s

B. A r e a , o r Square Measure
1 square m i l l i m e t e r
= 00 .00155 square i n c h
1 square c e n t i m e t e r
= 1550 square i n c h
1 square decimeter
= 15.0 . 501076square inches
1 square decimeter
= 10 .764 square feet
square foot
1 square m e t e r
= 1. 1960 square y a r d s
1 square m e t e r
=
1 square m e t e r
= 02 471 000247 acre
1 hectare
= 247. 1 acres acres
1 square k i l o m e t e r
= = 0 . 3 8 6 1 square mile
1 square i n c h = 6 4 5 . 2 square m i l l i m e t e r s
1 square inch = 6 . 4 5 2 square centimeters
1 square inch = 0.0645 square decimeter
l square f o o t = 9 . 2 9 0 square decimeters
1 square foot = 0.0929 square m e t e r
1 square y a r d = 0 . 8 3 6 1 square m e t e r
1 acre = 4 , 8 4 0 square y a r d s = 4,047 square me
1 acre = 0.4047 hectare
1 square m i l e = 640 acres = 2.590 square k i l o m e t e r s

C. V o l u m e , o r Cubic Measure
1 cubic c e n t i m e t e r = 0.0610 cubic i n c h
1 cubic c e n t i m e t e r = 0 . 0 3 3 8 1 fluid ounce
1 liter = 6 1 . 0 3 cubic inches
1 liter - 2.1134 p i n t s
1 liter = 1.0567 q u a r t s ( l i q . )
1 liter - 0 . 2 6 4 2 gallón ( U . S.)
1 gallón ( B r i t i s h ) = 1.201 gallons ( U . S.)
1 liter = 0.9081 quart (dry)
1 liter = 0.1135 peck ( U . S.)
1 hectoliter = 2.8377 bushels ( U . S.)
428 METALL URGI CAL PROBLEMS

TABLE L I V . — U N I T CONVERSIÓN TABLES.—(Cordinued)

1 cubic m e t e r = 3 5 . 3 1 4 cubic feet
1 cubic m e t e r = 1.3079 cubic y a r d s
1 cubic i n c h = 16.387 cubic c e n t i m e t e r s
1 fluid ounce = 2 9 . 5 7 cubic c e n t i m e t e r s
1 cubic i n c h = 0.01639 l i t e r
1 pint = 2 8 . 8 8 cubic inches = 0.47318 l i t e r
1 q u a r t (liq.) = 5 7 . 7 5 cubic inches = 0.94635 l i t e r
1 gallón ( U . S . ) = 3.7854 l i t e r s
1 gallón ( U . S . ) = 0.8237 gallón ( B r i t i s h )
1 quart (dry) — 6 7 . 2 1 cubic inches = 1.1012 l i t e r s
1 peck ( U . S . ) = 8.8098 l i t e r s
1 bushel ( U . S . ) = 0.3524 h e c t o l i t e r
1 cubic f o o t = 0.02832 cubic m e t e r
1 cubic y a r d = 0.7646 cubic m e t e r

D. Weight

1 gram = 15.432 grains

1 gram = 0.03527 ounce ( a v o i r . )
1 gram = 0.03215 ounce ( t r o y )
1 gram = 0.00220 p o u n d ( a v o i r . )
1 kilogram = 2.20462 p o u n d s ( a v o i r . )
1 kilogram = 2.67923 pounds ( t r o y )
1 metric t o n = 2,204.6 pounds (avoir.)
1 metric t o n = 1.1023 s h o r t tons
1 m e t r i c t o n = 0.9842 l o n g t o n
1 grain = 0.06480 g r a m = 0.000143 p o u n d
1 ounce ( a v o i r . ) = 2 8 . 3 5 grams
1 ounce ( t r o y ) = 3 1 . 1 0 grams
1 pound (avoir.) = 14.583 ounces ( t r o y ) = 4 5 3 . 5 9 g r a m s
1 pound (avoir.) = 7,000 grains = 0.4536 k i l o g r a m
1 pound (troy) = 0.3732 k i l o g r a m
1 pound (avoir.) = 0.0004536 m e t r i c t o n
1 short t o n = 0.9072 m e t r i c t o n
1 long t o n = 2 . 2 4 0 pounds = 1.0160 m e t r i c tons

E. E n e r g y (or W o r k ) a n d Power

( E n e r g y is t h e c a p a c i t y for d o i n g w o r k . Power is t h e rate of d o i n g w o r k or t h e r a t e

a t w h i c h energy is s u p p l i e d ; power is energy per u n i t of t i m e . )

a. E n e r g y

1 gram-calorie = 0.003968 B . t . u .
1 gram-calorie = 3.091 foot-pounds
1 gram-calorie = 4.186 joules (watt-seconds)
1 kilogram-calorie = 3.968 B . t . u .
1 kilogram-calorie = 2.2046 pound-calories
1 pound-calorie = 1.8 B . t . u .
1 kilogram-meter = 7.233 f o o t - p o u n d s
1 liter-atmosphere = 101.33 joules
1 kilogram-calorie = 0.001163 k i l o w a t t - h o u r
1 kilogram-calorie = 0.00156 horsepower-hour
1 kilowatt-hour = 3,413 B . t . u .
1 B.t.u. — 2 5 2 . 0 gram-calories
 TABLES 429

1 foot-pound = 0.3235 g r a m - c a l o r i e
1 B.t.u. = 0.2520 k i l o g r a m - c a l o r i e
1 pound-calorie = 0.4536 k i l o g r a m - c a l o r i e
1 B.t.u. = 0.5555 p o u n d - c a l o r i e
1 foot-pound = 0.1383 k i l o g r a m - m e t e r
1 j o u l e (watt-second) = 0.2389 g r a m - c a l o r i e
1 joule = 0.00986 l i t e r - a t m o s p h e r e
1 kilowatt-hour = 8 6 0 . 0 kilogram-calories
1 horsepower-hour = 6 4 1 . 8 kilogram-calories
1 B.t.u. = 0.000293 k i l o w a t t - h o u r

6. P o w e r
1 watt = 4 4 . 2 4 f o o t - p o u n d s per m i n u t e
1 g r a m - c a l o r i e per second = 4.186 watts
1 kilowatt = 102.0 k i l o g r a m - m e t e r s per second
1 kilowatt = 738 f o o t - p o u n d s per second
1 horsepower = 550 f o o t - p o u n d s per second
1 horsepower = 4 2 . 4 4 B . t . u . per m i n u t e
1 kilowatt = 1.341 horsepower
1 kilowatt = 860 kilogram-calories per h o u r
1 boiler horsepower evaporates 34.5 I b . of w a t e r per h o u r f r o m a n d a t 212°F.
1 boiler horsepower = 5 5 8 . 0 B . t . u . per m i n u t e = 140.7 kilogram-calories per m i n u t e
1 f o o t - p o u n d per m i n u t e = 0.0226 w a t t
1 w a t t = 0.2389 g r a m - c a l o r i e per second
1 k i l o g r a m - m e t e r per second = 0.00980 k i l o w a t t
1 f o o t - p o u n d per second = 0.00136 k i l o w a t t
1 f o o t - p o u n d per second = 0.00182 horsepower
1 B . t . u . per m i n u t e = 0.02356 horsepower
1 horsepower = 0 . 7 4 6 k i l o w a t t
1 k i l o g r a m - c a l o r i e per h o u r = 0.001163 k i l o w a t t

F. Miscellaneous
1 atmosphere pressure = 760 m i l l i m e t e r s of m e r c u r y
= 2 9 . 9 2 inches of m e r c u r y
3 3 . 9 0 feet of w a t e r
= 14.696 pounds per square i n c h
= 10,333 k i l o g r a m s per square m e t e r
1 g r a m per cubic c e n t i m e t e r = 6 2 . 4 pounds per cubic foot (weight of w a t e r )
1 g r a m w e i g h t = 9 8 1 dynes
1 B . t . u . per cubic f o o t = 8.900 k i l o g r a m - c a l o r i e s per cubic m e t e r
1 B . t . u . per p o u n d = 0.555 k i l o g r a m - c a l o r i e per k i l o g r a m
1 f a r a d a y = 96,494 coulombs
E l e c t r o c h e m i c a l e q u i v a l e n t of silver = 0.001118 g r a m per second per ampere
1 v o l t = 23,060 gram-calories per g r a m e q u i v a l e n t i n electrolysis
V o l u m e of 1 g r a m - m o l of gas at 0 ° C , 1 atmosphere pressure = 22.4146 liters
V o l u m e of 1 p o u n d - m o l of gas a t 32°F., 1 atmosphere pressure = 359.0 cubic feet
V o l u m e of 1 p o u n d - m o l of gas a t 60°F., 30 inches of m e r c u r y = 378.4 cubic feet
Valué of gas c o n s t a n t (R) per g r a m - m o l = 0.08207 l i t e r - a t m o s p h e r e per degree
centigrade = 1.987 calories per degree centigrade
Valué of gas constant (R) per p o u n d - m o l = 10.71 pounds per square i n c h X cubic
feet per degree Fahrenheit = 1.987 B . t . u . per degree F a h r e n h e i t
A-cceleration of g r a v i t y (45° l a t i t u d e a t sea level) = 980.6 centimeters per second per
second = 32.17 feet per second per second