CHANAKYA NATIONAL LAW

UNIVERSITY

SOCIOLOGY PROJECT

TOPIC:URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN BIHAR : A CASE

STUDY OF MITHAPUR

SUBMITTED TO: Dr. SANGEET KUMAR

SUBMITTED BY: SHUBHAM KUMAR

SEMESTER: 1st

ROLL NO. : 1765

SESSION: 2017-22
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
2. AIMS & OBJECTIVE
3. HYPOTHESIS
4. LIMITATION
5. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
6. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
a) METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
b) TOOLS OF DATA COLLECTION
7. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
8. CHAPTERIZATION
a) INTRODUCTION
b) HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF BIHAR
c) PRESENT STATUS OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN BIHAR
d) LEGAL ASPECT AND DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECT
e) FIELD WORK AND DATA ANALYSIS
f) CONCLUSION & SUGGESTION
9. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I owe the present accomplishment. Any project completed or done in isolation is
unthinkable. This project, although prepared by me, is a culmination of efforts of a lots of
people.

Firstly, I would like to thank our teacher Dr. SANGEET KUMAR “SIR” for her valuable
suggestions towards the making of this project.

Further to that, I would also like to express my gratitude towards my seniors who were
a lot of help for the completion of this project. The contribution made by my classmates
and friends are, definitely, worth mentioning. I would like to express my gratitude
towards my family members help also.

Last, but far from the least, I would express my gratitude towards the Almighty for
obvious reasons.

THANK YOU.
 AIMS & OBJECTIVE
The researcher intends to find out

i. To find out the status of urban development in Bihar.

ii. To find out the status of implementation of acts for urban development in Bihar.
iii. To find out the present status urban planning in Mithapur.

HYPOTHESIS

The researcher presumes that the :

 Urban development in Bihar is still not satisfactory.

 Other areas of concern like absence of modern waste collection technique and
instruments, poor drainage system resulting water logging during rainy season, bad road
conditions etc.

LIMITATION
 The present research is confined to a time limit of one month. The research contain both
doctrinal and non - doctrinal works.The researcher will talk to few people related to
urban development in Bihar.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
 The researcher has examined the primary and secondary sources of data in the project.
The primary sources is field work. The secondary sources are books, journals, magazines,
newspaper etc.
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
 The research methodology adopted for the purpose of this project is the doctrinal
method of research.
 The researcher will include both the qualitative and quantization analysis.

METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION :

The researcher will use the following methods of data collection :-

i. Interview
ii. Observation
iii. Questionairre
iv. Case study

TOOLS OF DATA COLLECTION :

i. Interview schedule
ii. Observation guide
iii. Questionairre
iv. Camera
v. Sound recorder
vi. Notepad
vii. Diary

SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
 Researcher have used purposive and convenient method of sampling due to paucity of
time and various limitations of Research.
 Collections of certain units is respondents.
 INTRODUCTION

Urban Development is a technical and political process concerned with the development and
use of land, planning permission, protection and use of the environment, public welfare and the
design of the urban environment including air, water and the infrastructure passing into and out
of urban areas, such as transportation, communications and distribution networks. Urban
development is also referred to as urban and regional planning, regional planning, town
planning, city planning, rural planning or some combination in various areas worldwide. It takes
many forms and it can share perspectives and practices with urban design.

In this age of urbanization, the state of Bihar is still fundamentally rural. When half of the
world’s population and three-fourth of the population in developed countries have become
urbanized, almost ninety percent of Bihar’s population dwells in rural areas. All other societal
changes in the present times, for example, levels of economic development, industrialization,
character of the family and fertility situations, indeed civilization itself, are contingent on the
urban factor. Experiences of developed countries prove that urbanization has close links with
the process of economic development especially industrialization. But the urbanization process
in developed regions, particularly in a state like Bihar conveys a completely different story. It is,
therefore, imperative to probe into the exact reasons behind a region’s underdevelopment;
whether the backward traits of the rural areas or the non-availability of adequate basic
infrastructure and amenities in urban areas stand as impediments, responsible for obstructing a
state’s development prospects. In case of Bihar, one of the underdeveloped states in India, it is
an amalgamation of both the factors that have hindered any prospects of urbanization.

The process of urbanization, as defined by the various scholars is the movement of rural
population to the urban areas. Taylor (1953) has used the term in the same way and stated that
‘Urbanization is a shift of people from village to city’. Ehrlich (1956) has defined urbanization
as a process of population concentration at the place, i.e. urban. Davis and Golden (1954) have
also explained urbanization in an elaborate way. According to them, “Urbanization represents a
revolutionary change in the whole pattern of social life and itself is a product of basic economic
and technological developments.” Prakasa Rao (1983) has expressed a similar thought about
urbanization and has also stated that urbanization involves the transformation of rural attributes
to urban ones, the concentration of people at a point and also the multiplication of points of
concentration, i.e. urban settlements.

In view of these definitions and descriptions, the process of urbanization in Bihar neither can be
defined wholly as the shift of people from rural to urban areas nor is it a resultant of
industrialization and economic development. Actually urban growth taking place in Bihar is
primarily out of the natural increase of urban population. According to 2001 census, the decadal
growth of urban population was 29.80 per cent and the share of natural increase of urban
population to the total urban population growth was 60 per cent. As far as the contribution of
industrialization and economic development in the process of urbanization is concerned, these
factors definitely have not been able to accelerate the pace of urbanization in the state. The
economic growth rate of the state during the 1990s was lowest in India. During 1990s, in the
non-agricultural sector, the growth rate of Bihar was only 3.19, while for India it was 7.25 per
cent. This gets reflected in the per capita income as well. The per capita income of Bihar grew
only 0.12 per cent as against 4.08 per cent in India during the same period.

Bihar is an agricultural state where agricultural and allied activities predominates the overall
economy. The data for the sectoral distribution of workers (across primary, secondary and
tertiary sectors) clearly indicates that until the present about 75 per cent of total workforce of the
state is engaged in agricultural and allied activities as compared to 59.28 per cent for India.
Likewise, the share of secondary sector is merely 8 per cent to the total workforce of Bihar. The
services sector also is not well developed in Bihar, as it generates only 17 per cent of
employment. However, in 2005, the largest share of non-agricultural employment has been
generated by the government sector. Overall, the state economy is not well-diversified, leaving
little opportunities to the people for gainful employment. Therefore, it is impossible for the state
to create additional employment opportunities for the surplus labour of rural areas.
While in many parts of the world, urbanization is being accelerated by a new global economy,
Bihar is struggling to get into this contemporary developmental race. While most of the cities
from other states have been benefited by this global economic integration, cities and towns of
Bihar remained isolated and depended on the leftovers from the rural economy. Bihar is a state
that has been continuously experiencing out-migration of people to other states. People from
small towns have been leaving the state to escape poverty and to secure any sort of employment
in states like Delhi, Maharashtra, Gujarat and the like. In the long run, this large scale out-
migration from the state will have an immeasurable socio-economic repercussions on the rural
economy as it would create immense shortage of labour force.

Another primary reason for the low level of urbanization in the State is the lack of investment in
infrastructure and basic services, particularly in the urban areas. In general, piped water supply,
telecommunications, sanitation and sewerage, solid waste management, piped gas, urban
transport (road, railway, waterway and airport), power supply, health services, banks, post
offices form the basic infrastructures and services for efficient functioning of a city (World
Development Report, 1994). However, they are in poor condition in the state. Several other
contributing factors, for instance, weak financial condition of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs), low
access to credit, shortage of skilled urban planners, poor law and order, etc. are also adding to the
problems that hinder the path of smooth urban development. If the towns and cities of Bihar do
not enter the mainstream of national economic growth and prosperity, the state level performance
and disparities will continue to widen significantly.
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF BIHAR

Bihar is an Indian state considered to be a part of Eastern 1 as well as Northern India.2 It is the
13th-largest state of India, with an area of94,163 km2 (36,357 sq mi). The third-largest state of
India by population, it is contiguous with Uttar Pradesh to its west, Nepal to the north, the
northern part of West Bengal to the east, with Jharkhand to the south. The Bihar plain is split by
the river Ganges which flows from west to east. Bihar is an amalgamation of three main distinct
regions, these are Magadh, Mithila and Bhojpur.3

On 15 November 2000, southern Bihar was ceded to form the new state of Jharkhand. 4 Only
11.3% of the population of Bihar lives in urban areas, which is the lowest in India after Himachal
Pradesh.5 Additionally, almost 58% of Biharis are below the age of 25, giving Bihar the highest
proportion of young people of any Indian state. The official languages of the state are Hindi and
Urdu. Other languages commonly used within the state include Bhojpuri, Maithili, Magahi,
Bajjika, and Angika (Maithili is the only one of these to be officially accepted by the
government).

In ancient and classical India, the area that is now Bihar was considered a centre of power,
learning, and culture. From Magadha arose India's first empire, the Maurya empire, as well as
one of the world's most widely adhered-to religions, Buddhism. Magadha empires, notably under
the Maurya and Gupta dynasties, unified large parts of South Asia under a central rule. Another
region of Bihar is Mithila which was an early centre of Brahmanical learning and the centre of
the Videha kingdom. There is an ongoing movement in the Maithili speaking region of Bihar for
a separate Indian state of Mithila. What will be the capital of the state has yet to be decided

1
"State Profile" (http://gov.bih.nic.in/Profile/default.htm). Government of Bihar. Retrieved.(October 5, 2017 ; 4:45
P.M.)
2
12. "The Hindu (NOIDA Edition)" (https://www.dropbox.com/sh/12qm2uzgokj3n74/AAB8MYR9brTeCt77
uHCtK13ka?dl=0). Dropbox Retrieved.(October 5, 2017 ; 5:00 P.M.)
3
"India's 2004 Elections: Grass-Roots and National Perspectives" (https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=
WYiHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA212&dq=mithila+magadh+bhojpur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjD78_3m
6LTAhXFCsAKHdfwBDsQ6AEIJDAC#v=onepage&q=mithila%20magadh%20bhojpur&f=false).
p. 212. Retrieved .(October 5, 2017 ; 5:10 P.M.)
4
Dutt, Ashok K. "Jharkhand" (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/736533/Jharkhand).
Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved.(October 5, 2017 ; 5:14 P.M.)
5
"At 11.3%, it has the lowest urban population among big states and the second lowest if one counts the
small mountainous state of Himachal Pradesh (10%). 2011 census" (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/el
ections/bihar-elections-2015/news/Bihar-election-BJPs-campaign-found-no-resonance-in-villages/articles
how/49742959.cms). Retrieved.(October 5, 2017 ; 5:14 P.M.)
however Darbhanga is the most likely candidate. Other potential capitals include Muzaffarpur,
Purnia, Madhubani and Begusarai.6

Since the late 1970s, Bihar has lagged far behind other Indian states in terms of social and
economic development.7 Many economists and social scientists claim that this is a direct result of
the policies of the central government, such as the Freight equalisation policy, its apathy towards
Bihar, lack of Bihari sub-nationalism, and the Permanent Settlement of 1793 by the British East
India Company.8 The state government has, however, made significant strides in developing the
state.9 Improved governance has led to an economic revivalin the state through increased
investment in infrastructure, better health care facilities, greater emphasis on education, and a
reduction in crime and corruption.

6
"Small States Syndrome in India" (https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nKqF_AgDd4gC&pg=PA148&d
q=mithila+india+state&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiL0fDo2pXSAhVEKcAKHej6AicQ6AEIGjAA#v
=onepage&q=mithila%20india%20state&f=false). p. 146. Retrieved 5 october 2017, 5:15 pm
7
"Bihar's 'first' Economic Survey Report tabled" (http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-03-07/p
atna/27879796_1_bihar-capita-income-revenue-account). The Times of India. 7 March 2007. Retrieved 5 october
2017, 5:20pm
8
Goswami, Urmi A (16 February 2005). " 'Bihar Needs an Icon, a person who stands above his caste' (Dr
Shaibal Gupta – Rediff Interview)" (http://www.rediff.com/election/2005/feb/16inter2.htm). Rediff.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20050220065240/http://www.rediff.com/election/2005/feb/16inter
2.htm) from the original on 20 February 2005. Retrieved 5 october 2017, 5:25 pm
9
Phadnis, Aditi (26 July 2008). "Lalu in the red" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110607173041/http://ww
w.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=329655). Business Standard. Archived from the
original (http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=329655) on 7 June 2011.
Retrieved 5 october 2017, 5:30 pm
The name Bihar is derived from the Sanskrit and Pali word, Vihara, meaning "abode". The
region roughly encompassing the present state was dotted with Buddhist vihara, the abodes of
Buddhist monks in the ancientand medieval periods. Medieval writer Minhaj al-Siraj Juzjani
records in the Tabakat-i-Nasiri that in 1198,Bakhtiyar Khalji committed a massacre in a town
now known as Bihar Sharif, about 70 km away from Bodh Gaya.10

History :

Ancient:

Chirand, on the northern bank of the Ganga River, in Saran district, has an archaeological record
from the Neolithic age (about 2500–1345 BC).11 Regions of Bihar—such as Magadha, Mithila
and Anga are mentioned in religious texts and epics of ancient India.

Mithila first gained prominence after being settled by Indo-Aryan peoples who established the
Videha Kingdom.12 During the later Vedic period (c. 1100-500 BCE), Videha became one of the
major political and cultural centers of South Asia, along with Kuru and Pañcāla. The Kings of
the Videha Kingdom where called Janakas. Sita, a daughter of one of the Janaks of Mithila is
mentioned as the consort of Lord Rama, in the Hindu epic, Ramayana, written by Valmiki. The
Videha Kingdom later became incorporated into the Vajji confederacy which had its capital in
the city of Vaishali, which is also in Mithila. 13 Vajji had a republican form of government where
the king was elected from the number of rajas. Based on the information found in texts
pertaining to Jainism and Buddhism, Vajjiwas established as a republic by the 6th century BCE,
before the birth of Gautama Buddha in 563 BCE, making it the world's first republic

The region of modern-day southwestern Bihar called Magadha remained the centre of power,
learning, and culture in India for 1000years. The Haryanka dynasty, founded in 684 BC, ruled
Magadha from the city of Rajgriha (modern Rajgir). The two well-known kings from this
dynasty were Bimbisara and his son Ajatashatru, who imprisoned his father to ascend the throne.
10
Minhaj writes that the inhabitants were 100,000 Brahmins.--Bodh Gaya; by Frederick M. Asher; p. 14 Retrieved 5
october 2017,5:35 pm
11
"BIHAR: A QUICK GUIDE TO SARAN" (http://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/destinations/bi
har_a_quick_guide_to_saran/). Retrieved 5 october 2017,5:39 pm
12
http://gov.bih.nic.in/Profile/default.htm Retrieved 5 october 2017,5:40 pm
13
Raychaudhuri Hemchandra (1972), Political History of Ancient India, Calcutta: University of Calcutta,
pp.85-6 Retrieved 5 october 2017,5:45 pm
Ajatashatru founded the city of Pataliputra which later became the capital of Magadha. He
declared war and conquered the Vajji. The Haryanka dynasty was followed by the Shishunaga
dynasty. Later the Nanda Dynasty ruled a vast tract stretching from Bengal to Punjab.

The Nanda dynasty was replaced by the Maurya Empire, India's first empire. The Maurya
Empire and the religion of Buddhism arose in the region that now makes up modern Bihar. The
Mauryan Empire, which originated from Magadha in 325 BC, was founded by Chandragupta
Maurya, who was born in Magadha. It had its capital at Pataliputra (modern Patna). The
Mauryan emperor, Ashoka, who was born in Pataliputra (Patna) is believed to be one of the
greatest rulers in the history of the world.14
The Gupta Empire, which originated in Magadha in 240 AD, is referred as the Golden Age of
India in science, mathematics, astronomy, commerce, religion, and Indian philosophy. 15 Bihar
and Bengal was invaded by Rajendra Chola I of the Chola dynasty in the 11th century.16

Medieval:
14
49. Panth, Rabindra (2007). India's Perception Through Chinese Travellers (https://books.google.com/books/
about/India_s_Perception_Through_Chinese_Trave.html?id=BPdtAAAAMAAJ). Nava Nalanda
Mahavihara. p. 61. ISBN 9788188242122. Retrieved 5 october 2017,5:50 pm
15
"The Gupta Period of India" (http://www.ushistory.org/civ/8e.asp). Ushistory.org. Retrieved 5 october 2017,6:00
pm
16
Ali, A. Yusuf (1925). The Making of India. A. & C. Black. p. 60.
Buddhism in Magadha went into decline due to the invasion of Muhammad Bin Bakhtiar Khilji,
during which many of the viharas and the famed universities of Nalanda and Vikramashila were
destroyed. It was claimed that thousands of Buddhist monks were massacred during the 12th
century.17 D. N. Jha suggests, instead, that these incidents were the result of Buddhist-Brahmin
skirmishes in a fight for supremacy. In 1540, the great Pathan chieftain, Sher Shah Suri, from
Sasaram, took northern India from the Mughals, defeating the Mughal army of Emperor
Humayun. Sher Shah declared Delhi his capital.

From the 11th century to the 20th century, Mithila was ruled by various indigenous dynasties.
The first of these where the Karnatas, followed by the Oinwar dynasty, Raghuvanshi and finally
Raj Darbhanga. It was during this period that the capital of Mithila was shifted to Darbhanga.

The tenth and the last Guru of Sikhism, Guru Gobind Singh was born in Patna.

Colonial Era:

After the Battle of Buxar (1764), the British East India Company obtained the diwani rights
(rights to administer, and collect revenue or tax) for Bihar, Bengal and Odisha. The rich
resources of fertile land, water and skilled labour had attracted the foreign imperialists,
particularly the Dutch and British, in the 18th century. A number of agriculture-based industries
had been started in Bihar by foreign entrepreneurs. 18 Bihar remained a part of the Bengal
Presidency of British India until 1912, when the province of Bihar and Orissa was carved out as
a separate province. Since 2010, Bihar has celebrated its birthday as Bihar Diwas on 22 March.19

Pre- and post-Independence:

Farmers in Champaran had revolted against indigo cultivation in 1914 (at Pipra) and 1916

(Turkaulia). In April 1917, Mahatma Gandhi visited Champaran, where Raj Kumar Shukla

17
The Maha-Bodhi By Maha Bodhi Society, Calcutta (page 8)
18
"Early Agro based Industries" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110910142241/http://www.bihargatha.in/e
arly-agriculture-based-enterprenureships). Bihargatha. 2011. Archived from the original (http://www.bih
argatha.in/early-agriculture-based-enterprenureships) on 10 September 2011. Retrieved 5 october 2017,6:30 pm
19
Welcome to Bihar!! | Bihar Diwas 2012 (http://www.bihardiwas.in/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20121117050222/http://www.bihardiwas.in/) 17 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
had drawn his attention to the exploitation of the peasants by European indigo planters. The
Champaran Satyagraha that followed received support from many Bihari nationalists, such as
Rajendra Prasad ,Anugrah Narayan Sinha & Dr.Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi.20

In the northern and central regions of Bihar, the Kisan Sabha (peasant movement) was an
important consequence of the independence movement. It began in 1929 under the leadership of
SwamiSahajanand Saraswati who formed the Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha (BPKS), to mobilise
peasant grievances against the zamindari attacks on their occupancy rights. The movement
intensified and spread from Bihar across the rest of India, culminating in the formation of the All
India Kisan Sabha (AIKS) at the Lucknow session of the Indian National Congress in April
1936, where Saraswati was elected as its first president.21

Bihari migrant workers have faced violence and prejudice in many parts of India, such as
Maharashtra, Punjab and Assam after independence.22

Geography and climate:

Bihar has a diverse climate. Its temperature is subtropical in general, with hot summers and cool
winters. Biharis a vast stretch of fertile plain. It is drained by the Ganges River, including its
northern tributaries Gandak and Koshi, originating in the Nepal Himalayas and the Bagmati
originating in the Kathmandu Valley that regularly flood parts of the Bihar plains. The total area
covered by the state of Bihar is 94,163 km2 (36,357 sq mi). the state is located between 24°-20'-
10"N ~ 27°-31'-15" N latitude and between 83°-19'-50" E ~ 88°-17'-40"E longitude. Its average
elevation above sea level is 173 feet (53 m).

The Ganges divides Bihar into two unequal halves and flows through the middle from west to
east. Other Ganges tributaries are the Son, BudhiGandak, Chandan, Orhani and Phalgu. Though
the Himalayas begin at the foothills, a short distance inside Nepal and to the north of Bihar, the
mountains influence Bihar's landforms, climate, hydrology and culture. Central parts of Bihar
20
Brown, Judith Margaret (1972). Gandhi's Rise to Power, Indian Politics 1915–1922: Indian Politics
1915–1922. New Delhi: Cambridge University Press Archive. p. 384. ISBN 978-0-521-09873-1. Retrieved 5 october
2017,6:50 pm
21
Bandyopādhyāya, Śekhara (2004). From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India. Orient
Longman. pp. 406–407. ISBN 978-81-250-2596-2. Retrieved 5 october 2017 7:00 pm
22
Kumod Verma (14 February 2008). "Scared Biharis arrive from Mumbai" (http://articles.timesofindia.ind
iatimes.com/2008-02-14/patna/27756096_1_mumbai-bound-trains-mns-activists-passenger-trains). The
Times of India. Retrieved 5 october 2017,7:15 pm
have some small hills, for example the Rajgir hills. To the south is the Chota Nagpur plateau,
which was part of Bihar until 2000 but now is par tof a separate state called Jharkhand.

Flora and fauna:

Bihar has notified forest area of 6,764.14 km2 (2,612 sq mi), which is 7.2% of its geographical
area.23 The sub Himalayan foothill of Someshwar and the Dun ranges in the Champaran district
are another belt of moist deciduous forests. These also consist of scrub, grass and reeds. Here the
rainfall is above1,600 millimetres (63 in) and thus promotes luxuriant Sal forests in the area. The
most important trees are Shorea Robusta, Sal Cedrela Toona, Khair, andSemal. Deciduous
forests also occur in the Saharsa and Purnia districts.24 Shorea Robusta (sal), Diospyros
melanoxylon (kendu), Boswellia serrata (salai), Terminalia tomentose (Asan), Terminalia
bellerica (Bahera), Terminalia Arjuna (Arjun), Pterocarpus Marsupium (Paisar), Madhuca indica
(Mahua) are the common flora across the forest of Bihar. Valmiki National Park, West
Champaran district Valmiki National Park, West Champaran district, covering about 800 km2
(309 sq mi) of forest, is the 18th Tiger Reserve of India and is ranked fourth in terms of density of
tiger population.25 It has a diverse landscape, sheltering rich wildlife habitats and floral and
faunal composition, along with the prime protected carnivores.

23
"Natural Resources" (http://gov.bih.nic.in/Profile/resources.htm). Government of Bihar. Retrieved 5 october
2017,7:45 pm
24
"Forest in Bihar" (http://forest.bih.nic.in/). Forest Ministry of Bihar. Retrieved 5 october 2017,8:00 pm
25
Valmiki Tiger Reserve (https://web.archive.org/web/20040527185358/http://projecttiger.nic.in/valmiki.ht
m) Retrieved 5 october 2017,9:00 pm
Agriculture:

Bihar is the largest producer of vegetables and the second-largest producer of fruits in India.
Bihar has high agricultural production making it one of the strongest sectors of the state. About
80 per cent of the state’s population is employed in agriculture, which is higher as compared to
India’s average.26 The main agricultural products produced in Bihar are litchi, guava, mango,
pineapple, brinjal, lady's finger, cauliflower, cabbage, rice, wheat and sugarcane. Though good
soil and favourable climatic conditions such as good rainfall favour agriculture, it has to
encounter flood threat as well, which may drain off the fertile soil, if not conserved properly. The
state (mostly southern parts) faces droughts almost every year affecting production of crops such
as paddy.

Culture:

Hindi and Urdu are the official languages of the State. Other languages of the state are Bhojpuri
(38.5 million speakers), Maithili (25 million), Magahi(20 million), Bajjika (8.7 million), and
Angika (0.7 million), of which only Maithili is recognised by the government of India. Bhojpuri
and Magahi are socio linguistically apart of the Hindi Belt languages fold, thus they were not
granted official status in the state.

Urdu is secondary to Hindi in official use. It was only recently that Maithili was also included as
one of the state's official languages, although such use of it is negligible. Presently, the Bihari
languages, except Maithili, are considered one of the five subgroups of Hindi by the government
of India. Surajpuri is spoken in northeastern districts such as Kishanganj.

Paintings:

There are several traditional styles of painting practiced in Bihar. One is Mithila painting, a style
of Indian painting used in the Mithila region of Bihar. Traditionally, painting was one of the
skills that was passed down from generation to generation in the families of the Mithila region,
mainly by women. Painting was usually done on walls during festivals, religious events, and
other milestones of the life cycle, like birth, Upanayanam (the sacred thread ceremony), and
marriage.
26
(http://www.ibef.org/states/bihar-presentation)
Mithila painting is also called Madhubani art. It mostly depicts human beings and their
association with nature. Common scenes illustrate deities like Krishna, Ram, Shiva, Durga,
Lakshmi, and Saraswati from ancient epics .Natural objects like the sun, moon, and religious
plants like tulsi are also widely painted, along with scenes from the royal court and social events
like weddings. Generally no space is left empty.
 PRESENT STATUS OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN BIHAR

Bihar is the third largest populated State of India. It comprises a total population of over 103.81
million in the recently declared 2011 Census. Though it has many important urban centres that
have flourished from time to time since 6th century B.C., it is still predominantly a rural state
even in this 21st century. Interestingly, when Jharkhand was a part of the Bihar state, many of
the industrial centers were established in different parts of the state, such as Dhanbad,
Jamshedpur, Ranchi, Bokaro, etc. In 1991, the level of urbanization of combined Bihar and
Jharkhand was 13.8 per cent. But after the bifurcation of the State in 2000, the level of
urbanization has gone down to 10 per cent. Furthermore, in 2011 Census, it has been only 10.45
per cent. At present, Patna is the only major city of the state and rest of the other towns are
small in size and depend mainly on service sector or the leftover from the rural economy.

Urban population is distributed across various size classes of settlements. A study of the growth
and distribution of various size classes reflects the changing socio-economic setting of the
region and also that of the towns and cities. For instance, higher concentration of population in a
town and city reflects the growing importance of that particular town or city in that particular
region, either through creating better employment and economic opportunities for the migrant
population or through the provision of different basic services and infrastructural facilities.

Housing and Household Amenities in the Urban Areas of Bihar

In this section, the existing infrastructure and amenities available in the urban areas of Bihar
have been investigated. The adequacy of infrastructure and basic amenities not only indicates
 the quality of life of urban population but also determine the level of development of any
region. Byoung (2006) emphasized that infrastructure is indispensable to achieve the main
development targets in developing countries. In fact, the urbanization prospect of any region
depends strongly on the extent of diversification of its economic activities and superior
infrastructure. These not only attract investment from various sectors but also help in raising
productivity by lowering costs directly through the economies of scale. If Bihar has to develop
fast, there should be rapid action taken so that the urban areas can promptly meet the demand in
infrastructure and basic amenities.

In general, piped water supply, telecommunications, sanitation and sewerage, solid waste
management, piped gas, urban transport (road, rail, water and air), power supply, health
services, banks, post offices comprise the basic infrastructure and services for the efficient
functioning of a city27. However, this study covers only six indicators, such as availability of
safe drinking water, electricity, good housing condition, sanitation and sewerage and use of
LPG for cooking in order to arrive at the overall picture of urban development in the districts of
Bihar.

Availability of Safe Drinking Water

Access to safe drinking water is a fundamental human need and therefore, a basic right. From
the health perspective, access to safe water and sanitation services is a preventive intervention to
reduce the prevalence of water borne diseases and reduction in the number of deaths. However,
in States like Bihar, poor access to safe water resources within the household premises and
inadequate sanitation are the major causes of higher incidences of diseases and morbidity.
According to the Census of India, water supplied through pipe, hand pump, tube-well and
covered well comes under the safe sources of drinking water. In many parts of Bihar people are
still using open well, ponds, rivers, canals, streams and other water bodies as sources of
drinking water. 91.23 per cent of urban population are using safe source for drinking purpose;
they are Bhojpur (52.85%), Purnia (63.81%) and Siwan (64.74%). In case of Bhagalpur
(99.12%) and Vaishali (99.03%)28 almost all the urban households are using safe drinking water.

27
World Development Report, 1994 Retrieved 6 october 2017,4:00 pm
28
Census of Bihar, Housing and Household Amenities, 2001 Retrieved 6 october 2017,6:00 pm
 Using improved sources of drinking water is essential but the availability of safe drinking water
within premises is another important aspect to determine the level of urban development. In
India, women are given responsibility to fetch water. Therefore, if the source of water is located
far from the household, women have to employ hard labour to fetch the water for the entire
family. About 31.97 percent of the people of urban Bihar do not have access to safe source of
drinking water within their household premises.

Use of Electricity for Household Lighting

Electricity is a crucial factor for development of any region. Economic growth depends on a
commercially viable power sector as it helps to attract fresh investments in the region.
Electrification of households in urban areas is not only essential to improve the quality of life
but also to initiate the development activities at the local level. As of now, the electricity sector
in Bihar is characterized by chronic power shortages and low voltage supplies. The total
installed capacity of electricity generation of Bihar was only 584 MW in 2001, whereas
Maharashtra had 7571 MW and Uttar Pradesh had 6085 MW electricity generation capacity.29

Even after 70 years of independence only 59.28 per cent urban households of Bihar are able to
use electricity for lighting. In rural Bihar, condition is more pathetic, only a negligible per cent
for households have electricity connection which shows a great disparity in the provision of an
essential amenity in the state. It is quite surprising that in 2001 Census there were 20 districts in
Bihar where more than half of the urban households did not have electricity.

Distribution of Household connected to Drainage

A proper drainage system at household level is not only important for the purpose of hygiene
but also for the removal of flood water from the area or settlement and particularly for a state
like Bihar which is one of the worst flood hit states in the country. Several studies have
suggested that the chronic poverty of Bihar is also related to flood episodes, therefore, it is
important to analyse the per cent of households connected by waste water outlet.

29
Government of Bihar Reprt,2001 Retrieved 6 october 2017,7:00 pm
 Avaialbility of Toilet facility

The absence of toilet facilitates promotes the transmission of oral-fecal diseases, including
diarrhea and a range of intestinal worm infections such as hookworm and roundworm. India is
losing billions of dollars each year because of poor sanitation. Illness are costly to families, and
to the economy as a whole in terms of productivity losses and expenditures on medicines, health
care and funerals.30

Only 69.69 per cent of urban households of Bihar have toilet facility and rest of the households
have to go to the open. It is important to note that the availability of public toilet is limited in
the urban areas, therefore, the urban people who do not have toilets in their house, are forced to
go outside for hygiene practices.

Mithapur As Education Hub:

A vast plot of neglected agricultural land lying south Patna is turned into an education hub of
the city. Several new educational institutions have come up in the area and some more are likely
to establish their campuses here.

Bird view of Mithapur Area

30
Asian Development Bank Repoer,2009 Retrieved 6 october 2017,7:39 pm
Until recently, the entire Mithapur farm area, as it is better known, was almost a barren land. It
remained waterlogged throughout the year, with knee deep water dotting the landscape.

Mithapur Area before establishment of educational institution in 2006

But the scenario has completely changed with a number of premier educational institutions
coming up with their campuses in the area. The interstate transport service also operates from
this locality.

The first institution to set up its campus in the area was Chanakya National Law University
(CNLU). Set up by the state government through an Act in August 2006, the institution
functioned from the premises of A N Sinha Institute of Social Studies near Gandhi Maidan for a
few years before shifting to its own campus at Mithapur in 2010.
Aryabhatt Knowledge University (AKU), which also started functioning from the premises of A
N Sinha Institute in 2008, later shifted to CNLU premises. Its own campus is developing in the
adjacent area. The new campus is likely to come soon.
The National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT) was inaugurated at Udyog Bhawan
building near Gandhi Maidan in june 2008 and functioned from this premises until july 2014
when it shifted to its own campus Mithapur.

Chandragupta Institute of Management Patna (CIMP), which was augurated by former vice
president Md Hamid Ansari in june 2008 functioned from Hindi Bhawan at Chhajubagh locality
for some years before shifting to its own campus at mithapur.
Some government institutions like Central Soil Testing Laboratory, a division under the state
agriculture department, and Bihar Board of Open Schooling and Examination (B-BOSE) are
also functioning from this locality. The campuses of Indira Gandhi National Open University
(IGNOU) and the Tata Institute of Social Science (TISS) are also likely to be developed soon in
the locality.

Expressing happiness over the recent development of premier educational institutions in

Mithapur locality, Aryabhatta Knowledge University former vice chancellor Shambhu Nath
Guha suggested that this new education hub of the state capital should be named as “Gyan
Nagar” so that it could have a distinct identity of its own.

This way the barren lands at Mithapur turned into educational hub.
 LEGAL ASPECT AND DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECT

In exercise of the powers conferred by Section 321 of the Bihar Municipal Act and Section81(2)
(w) and Section 82(2)(e) of the Bihar Urban Planning and Development Act 2012and in
supersession of all the existing rules on the subject, the Government of Bihar hereby issue the
following rules applicable to all Municipal Area and all Planning areas including Gram
Panchayat Area under various Planning Authority. This shall also be applicable to all
Metropolitan areas.

The Patna Municipal Corporation was established on 15 August 1952 by the Government of
Bihar. The city is divided into 72 administrative wards, which accommodates a population of 1.7
million as per 2011 Census. This civic administrative body administers an area of 110 km2. The
functions of the PMC include water supply, drainage and sewerage, sanitation, solid waste
management, street lighting, and building regulation. The Patna Municipal Corporation is
managed through 4 Circles. Each circle is administered by an Executive officer who is deputed
by the State Government. Each Circle has Assistant Health officer to view the sanitation work.
The Circles are:
• New Capital Circle
• Kankarbagh Circle
• Bankipore Circle
• Patna City Circle.
 The Municipal Solid waste management (MSW) in Patna is done by Patna Municipal
Corporation (PMC). As survey, about 800 tonnes of MSW is produced in the Patna municipal
area per day (year 2000). At this time, there is no door to door collection system. Some years ago
door to door collection system was run by an NGO called ‘Nidan’ but it could not last long.
Some other NGOs are working in this way but on a very small scale; say on the “Muhalla” level.
On the road side there are some garbage points where people dump waste. These places are not
identified by PMC but these are randomly selected by the people. At most of the places garbage
bins are not present so, MSW can be found lying on the road side. Sometimes, it creates problem
for the traffic. It creates bottle neck on the road where traffic slows down and creates traffic jam.
Vacant land is also used for throwing the MSW, which is left unattended by the PMC workers.
The MSW thrown besides the road and apart from the garbage point is almost neglected by PMC
workers. According to PMC sources, about 90% waste is attended. Rest of the MSW is left
unattended lying beside the road, parks, playgrounds and vacant land.

The road side MSW: - the waste lying on the roadside, which is never attended by the
municipal workers. The sweepers only take care of the waste which is on the metalled
portion of the road.
 Hospital waste: - Rag picker can be seen in the picture collecting items of his own interest for
reuse and recycling. This garbage point in near Nursing Home.

Construction waste lying on the road side: - This can be used directly for building
construction, landscaping and filling instead of throwing it in dumping ground.

The PMC staffs collect the MSW from the points with the help of shovels, cat machines and JCB
machines. Latter it is collected in the tractors and trucks and is sent to the dumping site. During
the transportation the trucks and tractors go on littering the waste on the road, making the road
dirty and the travel on the road unhygienic.

The dumping ground is situated at “Ilahibagh, Bairiya” on the Patna - Jahanabad road, about four
kilometres south of zero mile. The dumping place is surrounded by the habitation. The habitants
are facing environmental problems, in summer PMC workers fire to the waste. The smoke
produced by the fire pollutes the surrounding area. The smoke changes its direction according to
the air flow and makes the habitation. The residents living near the dumping ground are facing
permanent respiratory problems. As per the Master Plan 2031, this area is again suggested as a
dumping ground. Despite the fact that, it is surrounded by the habitation.

Here it is worthy to mention that in 1975 when the population was only half million, area was
31.5 km2. At that time, there were 3496 sweepers for the PMC area. Now in 2014 when the
population has increased to 1.8 million, area has increased to 109.21 km2, there are only 2600
sweepers (permanent-1400, daily waedge-1200) working in PMC area.
(Source- Daily News paper ‘Hindustan (Hindi)’, Patna edition, September, 2017.)
 FIELD WORK AND DATA ANALYSIS

INTERVIEW SCHEDULE 1:
SECTION A
PLACE: PATNA DATE: 05-10-2017 TIME: 3:00 P.M
NAME : Dr. Amulya Singh
AGE : 54 years
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS : Ph.D in Orthopaedic
PROFESSION : Orthopaedic Consultant
WORK PLACE : Mithapur,Patna
EXPERIENCE : 30 years

SECTION B:
1. What do you think about urban development status in Bihar?
Urban development in Bihar is not satisfactory. In this age of urbanization, the state of Bihar is
still fundamentally rural.
2. What do you think about mithapur area?
I am very much happy after seeing that barren land turned into education hub. But still the
basic problem of livelihood is still there. Problems of waterlogging, bad roads, poor sewerage
system and poor waste management system is still there. Students coming from different states are
having bad impression of our state.
3. What measure can be taken to get through it?
Reuse and recycle can be a good solution to the problem. In the present waste management
system different type of waste are mixed up at the collection point. So, reuse and recycle is not
possible. The mixed waste can’t be decomposed neither can be combusted.

INTERVIEW SCHEDULE 2:
SECTION A
PLACE: PATNA DATE: 6-10-2017 TIME: 3:45 P.M
NAME : Shivam Kumar
AGE : 18 years
FATHER’S NAME : Randhir Kumar Singh
FATHER’S OCCUPATION : Businessman

SECTION B
1. What do you understand by urban development?
Urban Development is a technical and political process concerned with the development and
use of land, planning permission, protection and use of the environment, public welfare and the
design of the urban environment including air, water and the infrastructure passing into and out of
urban areas, such as transportation, communications and distribution networks.
2. What do you think about urban development in Bihar?
Urban development in Bihar is not good. At present there is an inefficient collection services in
place. House-to-house collection of solid waste is not in practice. The solid waste is dumped by the
individuals in the low lying areas which are then picked up by the local body who collects the
garbage on trolley handcarts and dumps the waste in an unorganized manner into the roadside gaps
without any treatment.
3. What should be the measures for Urban development in Bihar?
The solution to this problem is reuse and recycling. Reuse and recycling is possible only when
different type of waste does not get mixed up at the collection point. Rag pickers can play very
important role in the recycling of waste. Though they are collecting and recycling the waste, but in a
very insignificant manner. They are working for their lively hood and playing role in the recycling of
the waste but they are not recognized.

INTERVIEW SCHEDULE 3:
SECTION A
PLACE: Patna DATE: 30- 07- 2017 TIME: 1:00 PM
NAME : Dhananjay Mishra
AGE : 54 years
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS : L.LB
PROFESSION : Advocate
WORK PLACE : Patna High Court
EXPERIENCE : 25 years

SECTION B:
1. What do you think about Urban status of Mithapur?
Urban status of mithapur is not satisfactory. After having so many imperial educational
institution still not satisfactory. Bad sewerage system, no collection of wastes, wastes are lying on
the road all the year.
2. What are the measures can be taken to get through this problem?
Zero waste technology (ZWT) should be introduced in all the small medium and large scale
industries. In this technology the production is done in such way that, least amount of waste is
produced in the process of production. The process of production is done in such a way that waste is
also reused during the production.

DATA ANALYSIS

Freshly released Census 2011 data which states that total population of Bihar is 103804637
and total urban population is 11729609. Growing of population of Bihar was one of the highest
 rates among all the major states of India. The urban population growth in Bihar has commenced
in a haphazard manner. In the beginning of 20th century, the population of urban Bihar was 0.8
million which reduced to 0.75 million in 1911 and further declined to 0.71 million in 1921
Census. Therefore, Bihar experienced negative growth rate in terms of its urban population
during the first two consecutive decades; i.e. -5.76 per cent during 1901-1911 and -5.41 per cent
during 1911-1921. Up to 1951, the urban growth rate of Bihar has always been lower than that of
urban India. After that, there has been a sharp increase in Bihar’s urban population and during
1951-61, for the first time Bihar recorded a higher urban growth rate than urban India which has
67.38 per cent during 1961-7; while during the same period India’s urban population growth rate
was only 38.23 per cent. Since then, there was significant decline in urban population growth
rate in Bihar during 1981-91 and 1991-2000 to 28.58 and 28.80 per cent respectively.

In Bihar, the number of urban centres has been small compared to other neighbouring states. In
1901, there were only 44 towns in Bihar. In the 1951 Census, the number of towns increased to
68. This indicates, in the first 50 years of 20 th century, only 24 new towns have been able to
evolve in Bihar. The number of towns grew from 86 in 1971 to 138 in 2001. But in 2001 Census
this number declined to 130.

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

In Bihar, the pattern and processes of urbanization have been very much governed. Data analysis has
clearly revealed that over the decades an unbalanced pattern of urban development has taken place in
Bihar. Big cities are alone account for about two-third of the total urban population of the state.
Thus, Big cities are growing at the cost of other small towns, and their growth are much faster than
other cities and towns in the state. It has been also found that the distribution of towns is quite
uneven in Bihar; most of the towns being located only in few districts.

The preceding sections also indicate that there has been a major deficiency in the provision of urban
basic amenities in the state. The spatial analysis of urban infrastructure and basic amenities also
revealed considerable inequality among the different districts of Bihar, indicating that the nature of
urban development in Bihar is highly skewed in nature, being concentrated in the biggest urban
centres. It is an established fact that urban centres play a key role in both the process of
modernization and in economic development. Adequate provision of infrastructure and basic
services help cities to become engines of development. On that note, the state government must play
an active role in providing these services uniformly across the districts so that a balanced urban
development can be attained in future.

Prevention is better than cure. We can’t prevent generation of MSW but we can reduce the total
amount of waste by reuse and recycling. By the reduction of waste we can further reduce the
handling cost and the requirement of costly land for the disposal. The local bodies can also generate
revenue by selling MSW. Various guidelines as mentioned above have been developed for solving
the problem of management of MSW for Patna. Such type of guide lines can be incorporated at
different cities of India.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOKS
  Davis, K. and Golden, H. (1954): “Urbanisation and the Development of pre-Industrial
Areas” , Economic Development and Cultural Change, p. 8.
 Ehrilich, H.T. (1956): “The Process of Urbanisation”, in J.J. Spangler and O.P. Duncan
(eds.), Demographic Analysis, Glencoe, p. 338.
 Prakasa Rao, V.L.S. (1983): Urbanism in India: Spatial Dimension, Concept Publishing
Company Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, pp. 13-18.
 Singh, A.K. (2010); Patterns and Process of Urban Development, Abhijeet Publications,
New Delhi.
 Thakur, B. (1979): Urban settlement in Eastern India, Concept Publishing Company Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi.

WEBSITES

 http://www.adb.org/documents/books/water_for_all_series/Indian-sanitation/Indian-
sanitation

 http://energy.bih.nic.in/Indicators.htm

 www.patnanagarnigam.in

 http://cmsdu.orgwww.iitk.ac.in-3inetwork-html-reports-IIR2006-Solid_Waste

 www.idabihar.com

 http://www.moud.gov.in/

NEWSPAPER
 Hindustan (Hindi), Patna edition
 Times of India(English),Patna edition