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Basic Linux/Unix Commands with Examples Unix Tutorials

1) Introduction
File Management becomes easy if you know the right commands.
2) Installation

Sometimes, commands are also referred as "programs" since whenever you run a command, 3) The Big Switch
it's the corresponding program code, written for the command, which is being executed. 4) Terminal V/s GUI

5) Imp Commands
Let's learn the must know Linux commands.
6) File Permissions

What You Will Learn: [hide] 7) Redirection

8) Pipes , Grep & Sort

1. Listing files (ls)
2. Listing Hidden Files 9) Regular Expressions
3. Creating & Viewing Files 10) Environment
4. Deleting Files Variables
5. Moving and Re-naming files
11) Communications
6. Directory Manipulations
7. Removing Directories
8. Renaming Directory
9. The 'Man' command
10. The History Command
11. The clear command

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 12. Pasting commands into the terminal
13. Printing in Unix/Linux
14. 'pr' command
15. Installing So ware
16. Sending E-mails
17. Cheat Sheet

Important Linux Commands for Beginners: …

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 Listing files (ls)
If you want to see the list of files on your UNIX or Linux system, use the 'ls' command.

It shows the files /directories in your current directory.

Note:

Directories are denoted in blue color.

Files are denoted in white.
You will find similar color schemes in di erent flavors of Linux.

Suppose, your "Music" folder has following sub-directories and files.

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 You can use 'ls -R' to shows all the files not only in directories but also subdirectories 

NOTE: The command is case-sensitive. If you enter, "ls - r" you will get an error.

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 'ls -al' gives detailed information of the files. The command provides information in a columnar
format. The columns contain the following information:

1st Column File type and access permissions

2nd Column # of HardLinks to the File

3rd Column Owner and the creator of the file

4th Column Group of the owner

5th Column File size in Bytes

6th Column Date and Time

7th Column Directory or File name

Let's see an example - 

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 Listing Hidden Files
Hidden items in UNIX/Linux begin with - at the start, of the
file or directory.

Any Directory/file starting with a '.' will not be seen unless you request for it.  To view hidden
files, use the command.

ls -a

Creating & Viewing Files

The 'cat' command is used to display text files. It can also be used for copying, combining and
creating new text files.  Let's see how it works.

To create a new file, use the command

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 1.  cat > filename
2.  Add content
3.  Press 'ctrl + d' to return to command prompt.

To view a file, use the command -

cat filename

Let's see the file we just created -

Let's see another file sample2

The syntax to combine 2 files is -

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 cat file1 file2 > newfilename

Let's combine sample 1 and sample 2.

As soon as you insert this command and hit enter, the files are concatenated, but you do not see
a result. This is because Bash Shell (Terminal) is silent type.  It will never give you a confirmation
message like "OK" or "Command Successfully Executed". It will only show a message when
something goes wrong or when an error has occurred.

To view the new combo file "sample" use the command

cat sample

Note: Only text files can be displayed and combined using this command.

Deleting Files
The 'rm' command removes files from the system without confirmation.

To remove a file use syntax -

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 rm filename

Moving and Re-naming files

To move a file, use the command.

mv filename new_file_location

Suppose we want to move the file "sample2" to location /home/guru99/Documents. Executing

the command

mv sample2 /home/guru99/Documents

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 mv command needs super user permission. Currently, we are executing the command as a
standard user. Hence we get the above error. To overcome the error use command.

sudo command_you_want_to_execute

Sudo program allows regular users to run programs with the security privileges of the superuser
or root.

Sudo command will ask for password authentication. Though, you do not need to know the
root password. You can supply your own password. A er authentication, the system will invoke
the requested command.

Sudo maintains a log of each command run. System administrators can trackback the person
responsible for undesirable changes in the system.

guru99@VirtualBox:~$ sudo mv sample2 /home/quru99/Documents

[sudo] password for guru99: ****
guru99@VirtualBox:~$

For renaming file:

mv filename newfilename

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 NOTE: By default, the password you entered for sudo is retained for 15 minutes per terminal.
This eliminates the need of entering the password time and again.

You only need root/sudo privileges, only if the command involves files or directories not owned
by the user or group running the commands

Directory Manipulations

Enough with File manipulations! Let's learn some directory commands.

Creating Directories

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 Directories can be created on a Linux operating system using the following command

mkdir directoryname

This command will create a subdirectory in your present working directory, which is usually
your "Home Directory".

For example,

mkdir mydirectory

If you want to create a directory in a di erent location other than 'Home directory', you could
use the following command -

mkdir

For example:

mkdir /tmp/MUSIC

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 will create a directory 'Music' under '/tmp' directory

You can also create more than one directory at a time. 

Removing Directories
To remove a directory, use the command -

rmdir directoryname

Example

rmdir mydirectory

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 will delete the directory mydirectory

Tip: Ensure that there is no file / sub-directory under the directory that you want to delete.
Delete the files/sub-directory first before deleting the parent directory.

Renaming Directory
The 'mv' (move) command (covered earlier) can also be used for renaming directories. Use the
below-given format:

mv directoryname newdirectoryname

Let us try it:

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 Other Important Commands

The 'Man' command

Man stands for manual which is a reference book of a Linux operating system. It is similar to
HELP file found in popular so ware.

To get help on any command that you do not understand, you can type

man

The terminal would open the manual page for that command.

For an example, if we type man man and hit enter; terminal would give us information on man
command

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 The History Command
History command shows all the commands that you have used in the past for the current
terminal session. This can help you refer to the old commands you have entered and re-used
them in your operations again.

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 The clear command
This command clears all the clutter on the terminal and gives you a clean window to work on,
just like when you launch the terminal.

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 Pasting commands into the terminal
Many times you would have to type in long commands on the Terminal. Well, it can be annoying
at times, and if you want to avoid such a situation then copy, pasting the commands can come
to rescue.

For copying, the text from a source, you would use Ctrl + c, but for pasting it on the Terminal,
you need to use Ctrl + Shi + p. You can also try Shi + Insert or select Edit>Paste on the menu

NOTE: With Linux upgrades, these shortcuts keep changing. You can set your preferred
shortcuts via Terminal> Edit> Keyboard Shortcuts.

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 Printing in Unix/Linux

Let's try out some easy commands which can print files in a format you want. What more, your
original file does not get a ected at all by the formatting that you do. Let us learn about these
commands and their use.

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 Print, Install Software and Email - Linux Tutorial 7
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'pr' command
This command helps in formatting the file for printing on the terminal. There are many options
available with this command which help in making desired format changes on file. The most
used 'pr' options are listed below.   

Option Function

-x Divides the data into 'x' columns

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 -h "header" Assigns "header" value as the report header

-t Does not print the header and top/bottom

margins

-d Double spaces the output file

-n Denotes all line with numbers

-l page length Defines the lines (page length) in a page.

Default is 56

-o margin Formats the page by the margin number

Let us try some of the options and study their e ects.

Dividing data into columns

'Tools' is a file (shown below).

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 We want its content to be arranged in three columns. The syntax for the same would be:

pr -x Filename

The '-x' option with the 'pr' command divides the data into x columns.

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 Assigning a header
The syntax is:

pr -h "Header" Filename

The '-h' options assigns "header" value as the report header.

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 As shown above, we have arranged the file in 3 columns and assigned a header

Denoting all lines with numbers

The syntax is:

pr -n Filename

This command denotes all the lines in the file with numbers.

These are some of the 'pr' command options that you can use to modify the file format.

Printing a file
Once you are done with the formatting, and it is time for you to get a hard copy of the file, you
need to use the following command:

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 lp Filename

or

lpr Filename

In case you want to print multiple copies of the file, you can use the number modifier.

In case you have multiple printers configured, you can specify a particular printer using the
Printer modifier

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 Installing So ware
In windows, the installation of a program is done by running the setup.exe file. The installation
bundle contains the program as well various dependent components required to run the
program correctly.

In Linux/UNIX, installation files are distributed as packages. But the package contains only the
program itself. Any dependent components will have to be installed separately which are
usually available as packages themselves.

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 You can use the apt commands to install or remove a package. Let's update all the installed
packages in our system using command -

sudo apt-get update

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 The easy and popular way to install programs on Ubuntu is by using the So ware center as
most of the so ware packages are available on it and it is far more secure than the files
downloaded from the internet.

Sending E-mails
For sending mails through a terminal, you will need to install packages 'mailutils'.

The command syntax is -

sudo apt-get install packagename

Once done, you can then use the following syntax for sending an email.

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 mail -s 'subject' -c 'cc-address' -b 'bcc-address' 'to-address'

This will look like:

Press Cntrl+D you are finished writing the mail. The mail will be sent to the mentioned address.

Summary

You can format and print a file directly from the terminal. The formatting you do on the files
does not a ect the file contents
In Unix/Linux,  so ware is installed in the form of packages. A package contains the program
itself. Any dependent component needs to be downloaded separately.
You can also send e-mails from terminal using the 'mail' command

Cheat Sheet
Below is a Cheat Sheet of Linux commands we have learned in this tutorial

Command Description
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 ls Lists all files and directories in the present
working directory

ls - R Lists files in sub-directories as well

ls - a Lists hidden files as well

ls - al Lists files and directories with detailed

information like permissions, size, owner, etc.

cat > filename Creates a new file

cat filename Displays the file content

cat file1 file2 > file3 Joins two files (file1, file2) and stores the
output in a new file (file3)

mv  file "new file path" Moves the files to the new location

mv filename new_file_name Renames the file to a new filename

sudo Allows regular users to run programs with the

security privileges of the superuser or root

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 rm filename Deletes a file

man Gives help information on a command

history Gives a list of all past commands typed in the

current terminal session

clear Clears the terminal

mkdir directoryname Creates a new directory in the present

working directory or a at the specified path

rmdir Deletes a directory

mv Renames a directory

pr -x Divides the file into x columns

pr -h Assigns a header to the file

pr -n Denotes the file with Line Numbers

lp -nc Prints "c" copies of the File

lpr c

lp -d lp -P Specifies name of the printer

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 apt-get Command used to install and update
packages

mail -s 'subject' -c 'cc-address' -b 'bcc- Command to send email

address' 'to-address'

mail -s "Subject" to-address < Filename Command to send email with attachment

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