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Popular Vim Commands - Comprehensive

Vim Cheat Sheet
By Cody Arsenault Updated on July 13, 2020

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Vim was made available in 1991 and is a free, open source software. Available both as a command line interface
and as a standalone program with a GUI, Vim is a text editor that is a modal version of the vi editor created for
Unix in the 1970s; Vim stands for vi improved. While it was designed with Unix in mind, versions of it are
available for most operating systems and Vim is also available for Android and iOS smartphones.

While you may be familiar with the concept of a text editor, the modal part may throw you. A modal editor is one
that allows you to edit text in different modes, and in the case of Vim, the mode determines what the
alphanumeric keys on your keyboard do and how Vim editor commands work.

For example, in insert mode, your keyboard behaves normally, so what you type in is what you see, just like with
a standard text editor. However, if you switch to command mode, the letters on your keyboard will allow you use
Vim commands to move within the text. If you play video games that use the left-hand keys on the keyboard to
move your character around, this concept is probably familiar to you.

To open a file using Vim you can use the following command (simply replace filename.css with your actual file
name).

vim filename.css

The idea behind having a modal text editor is that it allows you to write and edit text, including code, without
requiring your hands leave the keyboard. Vim isn't for everyone, and it requires you to learn a variety of Vim editor
commands to get the most out of it. That said, many people who have started using it and become comfortable
with it won't even consider another editor. The image below shows an exampe of what a css file looks like when
viewed using Vim.
This text editor is particularly well-suited for people who are programmers, coders, system administrators or
individuals looking for a streamlined way to edit text. The editor allows you to edit text in multiple windows,
which can be helpful to programmers and editors alike. If you're interested in giving Vim a shot, the following is a
basic explanation of Vim modes and a list of frequently used Vim commands, along with a definition of what
they do.

Vim modes
There are some arguments as to how many modes that Vim has, but the modes you're most likely to use are
command mode and insert mode. These modes will allow you to do just about anything you need, including
creating your document, saving your document and doing advanced editing, including taking advantage of
search and replace functions.

Command mode
This is the default mode that you'll be in once you open Vim. If you're in a different mode and want to go back to
command mode, just hit the Escape key. This mode allows you to use Vim commands and move through your
document. From command mode, you can also use last-line commands, which generally start with the use of a
colon. For example, :w saves your file and :q allows you to exit Vim.

Insert mode
This mode allows you to enter text into your document. You can enter insert mode by pressing the i key. Keep
in mind that to save your document, you'll need to go back to command mode since only text input is allowed in
this mode.

Installing Vim
There are a few ways to install Vim and the one you end up using will sometimes depend on which system you're
using.

Install Vim using Git:

According to Vim themselves, install Vim via Git is the simplest and most efficient method. Simply use the
following commands:

git clone https://github.com/vim/vim.git

cd vim/src
make

If you already have Vim installed but want to update to the latest version, you may need to use additional Git
commands which can be found here.
Install Vim on Ubuntu/Debian:

If you're using Ubuntu or Debian use apt-get to install Vim, like so:

sudo apt-get install vim

Install Vim on CentOS/Fedora:

If you're using CentOS or Fedora, use yum to install Vim:

sudo yum install vim

If you want a more advanced set of features on CentOS/Fedora, you'll need to install vim-enhanced , to do this,
run the following command instead:

sudo yum install -y vim-enhanced

Vim commands
The following is a list of frequently used commands and what they do. Many of the commands can be made to
repeat by adding a number to the command. This is not an exhaustive list because more advanced commands,
such as how to use multiple buffers, are not included. However, just about all of the basic commands for
opening, editing and saving documents are included as well as commands that enable you to find and replace
text and work with multiple documents.

1. Basic Vim commands

The most simple commands allow you to open and close documents as well as saving them. As with most other
text editors, there are protections in place to help you avoid exiting the editor without having saved what you're
working on.

:help [keyword] - Performs a search of help documentation for whatever keyword you enter

:e [file] - Opens a file, where [file] is the name of the file you want opened

:w - Saves the file you are working on

:w [filename] - Allows you to save your file with the name you've defined

:wq - Save your file and close Vim

:q! - Quit without first saving the file you were working on

2. Vim commands for movement

When using movement commands, you can put a number in front of them to make Vim complete a command
multiple times. For example, 5h will move your cursor five spaces to the left, and 90j will put your cursor at
the beginning of the 90th line down from where your cursor currently is.

h - Moves the cursor to the left

l - Moves the cursor to the right

j - Moves the cursor down one line

k - Moves the cursor up one line

H - Puts the cursor at the top of the screen

M - Puts the cursor in the middle of the screen

L - Puts the cursor at the bottom of the screen

w - Puts the cursor at the start of the next word

b - Puts the cursor at the start of the previous word

e - Puts the cursor at the end of a word

0 - Places the cursor at the beginning of a line

$ - Places the cursor at the end of a line

) - Takes you to the start of the next sentence

( - Takes you to the start of the previous sentence

} - Takes you to the start of the next paragraph or block of text

{ - Takes you to the start of the previous paragraph or block of text

Ctrl + f - Takes you one page forward

Ctrl + b - Takes you one page back

gg - Places the cursor at the start of the file

G - Places the cursor at the end of the file

# - Where # is the number of a line, this command takes you to the line specified

3. Vim commands for editing

Those who use Vim tend to use the term "yank" where most people would use the terms copy and paste.
Therefore, the command for copying a word is yw , which stands for yank word, and the command for pasting
whatever has been copied is p , meaning put. If you look up additional commands in the future, it can be
confusing if you don't know what yank and put mean when using Vim.

You also have two options for how to select text. You can either use commands like dd , which deletes a single
line, and yy , which copies a single line, or you can highlight text and then copy it to the unnamed register. The
paste commands work the same whether you've highlighted text or used a command to automatically copy it.

As with movement commands, putting a number in front of the command can increase the number of times a
task is completed. For instance, putting a number in front of yy will increase the number of lines copied, so
5yy will copy five lines.

yy - Copies a line

yw - Copies a word

y$ - Copies from where your cursor is to the end of a line

v - Highlight one character at a time using arrow buttons or the h, k, j, l buttons

V - Highlights one line, and movement keys can allow you to highlight additional lines

p - Paste whatever has been copied to the unnamed register

d - Deletes highlighted text

dd - Deletes a line of text

dw - Deletes a word

D - Deletes everything from where your cursor is to the end of the line

d0 - Deletes everything from where your cursor is to the beginning of the line

dgg - Deletes everything from where your cursor is to the beginning of the file

dG - Deletes everything from where your cursor is to the end of the file

x - Deletes a single character

u - Undo the last operation; u# allows you to undo multiple actions

Ctrl + r - Redo the last undo

. - Repeats the last action

4. Vim commands for searching text
Like many other text editors, Vim allows you to search your text and find and replace text within your document.
If you opt to replace multiple instances of the same keyword or phrase, you can set Vim up to require or not
require you to confirm each replacement depending on how you put in the command.

/[keyword] - Searches for text in the document where keyword is whatever keyword, phrase or string of
characters you're looking for

?[keyword] - Searches previous text for your keyword, phrase or character string

n - Searches your text again in whatever direction your last search was

N - Searches your text again in the opposite direction

:%s/[pattern]/[replacement]/g - This replaces all occurrences of a pattern without confirming each one

:%s/[pattern]/[replacement]/gc - Replaces all occurrences of a pattern and confirms each one

5. Vim commands for working with multiple files

You can also edit more than one text file at a time. Vim gives you the ability to either split your screen to show
more than one file at a time or you can switch back and forth between documents. As with other functions,
commands make going between documents or buffers, as they're referred to with Vim, as simple as a few
keystrokes.

:bn - Switch to next buffer

:bp - Switch to previous buffer

:bd - Close a buffer

:sp [filename] - Opens a new file and splits your screen horizontally to show more than one buffer

:vsp [filename] - Opens a new file and splits your screen vertically to show more than one buffer

:ls - Lists all open buffers

Ctrl + ws - Split windows horizontally

Ctrl + wv - Split windows vertically

Ctrl + ww - Switch between windows

Ctrl + wq - Quit a window

Ctrl + wh - Moves your cursor to the window to the left

Ctrl + wl - Moves your cursor to the window to the right

Ctrl + wj - Moves your cursor to the window below the one you're in

Ctrl + wk - Moves your cursor to the window above the one you're in

6. Marking text (visual mode)

Visual mode allows you to select a block of text in Vim. Once a block of text is selected you can use visual
commands to perform actions on the selected text such as deleting it, copying it, etc.

v - starts visual mode, you can then select a range of text, and run a command

V - starts linewise visual mode (selects entire lines)

Ctrl + v - starts visual block mode (selects columns)

ab - a block with ()

aB - a block with {}

ib - inner block with ()

iB - inner block with {}

aw - mark a word

Esc - exit visual mode

Once you've selected a particular range of text, you can then run a command on that text such as the following:

d - delete marked text

y - yank (copy) marked text

> - shift text right

< - shift text left

~ - swap case (upper or lower)

7. Tab pages
Just like any browser, you can also use tabs within Vim. This makes it incredibly easy to switch between multiple
files while you're making some code changes instead of working in one single file, closing it, and opening a new
one. Below are some useful Vim commands for using tab pages:

:tabedit file - opens a new tab and will take you to edit "file"

gt - move to the next tab

gT - move to the previous tab

#gt - move to a specific tab number (e.g. 2gt takes you to the second tab)

:tabs - list all open tabs

:tabclose - close a single tab

Simple Vim workflow example

If you haven't had a chance to play around with Vim much yet, you might be wondering what a simple workflow
looks like when using it. It's relatively simple:

1 Open a new or existing file with vim filename .

2 Type i to switch into insert mode so that you can start editing the file.

3 Enter or modify the text with your file.

4 Once you're done, press the escape key Esc to get out of insert mode and back to command mode.

5 Type :wq to save and exit your file.

Of course, there is so much more you can do with Vim, however as a beginner, the above steps are what a
simple Vim workflow looks like.

Summary
Vim is quite easy to use, it just involves memorizing Vim editor commands and remembering what mode you're
in. If you're used to using keyboard shortcuts like Ctrl + C and Ctrl + S , you shouldn't have too much
difficulty getting used to the way that Vim works. While there is a bit of a breaking in period with the editor, you
don't have to worry too much about accidentally deleting large swathes of text without being able to recover
them since you can use the undo command multiple times.

While not for everyone, functionality like being able to work on more than one document at a time in windowed
screens and the ability to do major editing without a mouse is what makes Vim so popular. You can download
the editor for free, and there are a variety of plugins and extensions that can improve its functionality and add
additional Vim commands.
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Comments

Bill 3 years ago

Nice summary to get started with Vim, but I have a few corrections for you (so we don't confuse people
trying to use vim for the first time):

Start Vim using vim filename instead of vi . Usually, vi will run vim with vi compatibility mode,
which is less user friendly.

Open a file using :e filename instead of :o filename .

90j would move the cursor down 90 lines, not 9. For that, you would use 9j .

Yanking text does not necessarily go to the clipboard. When you yank normally with yw or similar, it
goes into the "unnamed register", ready to be put with the next p command. To copy to the clipboard
(so that you can paste it in another program), specify the + register as in +yy and paste from the
clipboard with +p (See :help registers).

Deleted text also goes into the unnamed register by default (if you don't specify a register for it). So you
can delete a line with dd and then put it with p .

Replacing text uses regex patterns (see :help pattern). Replace all occurrences of a pattern without
confirming each one ( g for all occurrences in a line):

:%s/pattern/replacement/g

Replace all occurrences of a pattern but confirm each one:

:%s/pattern/replacement/gc