Sids Decline
Sids Decline
Sids Decline
Lessons from the Lockdown
Why are so many fewer children dying?
A White Paper from Health Choice
By Amy Becker and Mark Blaxill
June 18, 2020
Covid19 is a serious public health issue, but the breathless reporting among the media of positive tests
and an ever‐rising death toll does little to instruct us about the true nature of the virus and the
unprecedented steps taken to prevent its impact. As in many complex and pervasive health phenomena,
there are many ways to measure health effects, but in our view the proper measure of impact is not a
narrow or intermediate metric, but rather total health outcomes. In the case of a pandemic virus
affecting large populations and where the immediate concern is sharp increases in deaths, the best
measure of outcomes is not a selective measure of deaths somehow attributed to the disease but
instead is deaths from all causes. For perspective, these deaths must be compared to historical death
rates from all causes in prior years (Percent of Expected Deaths). As we will show, a balanced view of the
broader American Covid19 experience demonstrates both the scale and variability of its negative
outcomes in older American, especially the elderly, but also some unexpected positives. Surprisingly,
U.S. mortality rates have declined among young people during the lockdown, especially among infants.
These trends have gone largely unnoticed and remain unexplained.
Death rates from all causes vary widely and somewhat predictably. The most pronounced variation
occurs by age cohort (most deaths occur in the elderly) and by time of year and to a lesser extent by
geography. All‐cause deaths are cyclical, commonly rising in the winter months and “flu season” and
then falling to lower levels as warmer weather arrives. To the extent that death rates vary by region, this
is mostly a result of differences in the age mix of residents. In the case of Covid19, death rates are not
yet known to be cyclical but they do vary significantly by age and geography.
In the analysis that follows we have examined the evidence on total death rates by geography (mostly
by state), by age group and by week (and flu season). We have extracted eight main lessons. Some of
these are part of the ongoing conversation around Covid19; others are unexpected or at least have not
been widely circulated. Why this discrepancy? Since the infectious disease establishment has controlled
the “pandemic” narrative, the variance between this evidence and conventional wisdom is largely driven
by longstanding bias and error patterns among the experts in that community.
1. Overall US trend.
The Covid19 impact on all‐
cause deaths has been sharp
and clear. Tens of thousands
more Americans than
expected died in a brief
period. (1)
Before mid‐March, overall
U.S. deaths were trending at
a level no different from
recent years at between 55‐
60,000 per week. Beginning
in the week ending on March
28, all‐cause deaths began
rising sharply, peaking in the
week ending April 11 at
around 75,000, or 137% of
Expected Deaths for the
week. Immediately
thereafter, all‐cause deaths
began dropping sharply.
Within five weeks, all‐cause
deaths were back to their
typical range. By the week
ending May 16, the
measurable pandemic death
impact had ended even
though Covid19‐related
deaths most certainly had
not. (2)
Attributing a Cause of Death
(COD) to COVID‐19 is not
always clear‐cut, due to
significant overlap among
COVID‐19, Pneumonia,
Influenza, and presumably
other primary CODs. (2)
That said, the spike in deaths
officially attributed to COVID‐
19 occurred in tandem with
the spike in all‐cause deaths,
leaving little doubt that
Covid19 was the main
contributor to the excess of
expected deaths between
March 22 and May 9.
At least in this 8‐week period,
the Covid19 pandemic was
considerably worse than a
typical flu season. To the extent
that all‐cause deaths fell back to
expected levels during May, the
excess mortality attributable to
the pandemic has passed. (1)
2. Localization. Increases in all‐cause death rates during the pandemic have been extremely localized,
varying widely by state/jurisdiction. For the 3 ½ month period surrounding the pandemic, starting on
February 1 through May 16 (the most recent period with 100% reporting), total deaths in the US came in
at 105% of expectations. (2)
Many states actually saw lower than expected deaths during the period. To be sure, an excess death rate
of 5% for the entire U.S. is considerable but also far short of the apocalyptic narrative the pandemic has
received.
Greater‐than‐expected death rates were heavily concentrated in the Northeastern corridor. New York
City and its surrounding area,
including New Jersey, New York
State (although possibly not
upstate New York), Connecticut,
Massachusetts, Maryland and the
District of Columbia have so far
comprised 6 of top 8 jurisdictions
with excess all‐cause deaths. New
York City was hit especially hard.
In a typical spring, New York City
could expect 700‐800 all‐cause
deaths per week. From mid‐
March to mid‐May, that number
spiked sharply, by ten times that
amount, reaching over 7500
deaths in the peak week ending
April 11. (1)
Other Northeastern states saw
sharp increases in expected
deaths but nowhere near New
York City’s rate. (2) The timing of
the peaks has varied,
Massachusetts came soonest,
followed by Maryland, New York
City New York State and New
Jersey. Nevertheless, the entire
region saw declines in expected
deaths starting in May.
Many states saw no or only a
modest increase in expected
deaths, including some of the
largest states such as California,
Florida and Texas. (2) This suggests
there may have been specific
factors that influenced the
experience in New York City that
were not shared elsewhere.
3. Variation by policy
environment. To the extent that
policies have varied across the
states, it is not clear that the
imposition and/or presence of
stringent lock‐down policies had
much to do with the variation in
excess deaths. Less stringent
lockdown policies were not
associated with higher death rates.
In fact, the 5 states that chose not
to impose a lockdown are among
the roughly 20 jurisdictions with no
excess deaths at all. (2)
Several states with the most
aggressive lockdowns, including
California, Maine, Minnesota and
Pennsylvania showed almost no
excess deaths effect. Despite
huge population centers,
California looked nothing like
New York City and State. Maine,
a mostly rural state, imposed
among the more draconian
policies with essentially no
reason. Minnesota followed a far
more aggressive lockdown policy
than its neighboring states of
Iowa, South Dakota, North
Dakota and Wisconsin. Yet it’s
Covid19 deaths were among the
most concentrated in the country: roughly 80% of Minnesota’s Covid19 deaths occurred among the
infirm elderly who were residents of long‐term care facilities. (2)
Did aggressive lockdowns stave off the worst‐case scenario, preventing vulnerable states from becoming
disaster areas like New York City? No controlled experiment will give us that answer. Pennsylvania
makes the best case for that argument, with an early excess death pattern that resembled its neighbors
in the Northeaster corridor but saw that rate drop precipitously by early April.—. But Pennsylvania is
also an unusual geographic unit, with its largest city, Philadelphia, lying on the coast and separated from
the western part of the state and its second largest city, Pittsburgh, by the Appalachian Mountains. This
anomaly makes it difficult to draw clear conclusions from Pennsylvania’s Covid19 curve.
4. Age effect: elderly. One
universally accepted fact of the
Covid19 pandemic is that the
death risk is highest among the
elderly. The all‐cause death
numbers show this effect clearly,
with a stark increase in deaths
among those 65 years and older
beginning in late March, peaking
in early April and then turning
sharply downward in May, so
that by month end the excess
death rate has almost
disappeared. (1) Tens of
thousands of excess deaths in
this age group have driven a large
portion of overall US excess deaths.
Adults between 18‐64 years of
age show a similar pattern in
excess deaths as the elderly,
although the overall death toll
has been less. (1)
With a dataset that provides
more detailed age groupings, the
impact is even more clear: the
older the age cohort, the more
total deaths increased during the
pandemic. (3) The largest
number of deaths as well as
increases in deaths occur in those
aged 85 years old and older,
followed by those aged 75‐84,
next by the age group from 65‐
74. The sole remaining group
showing an increase in deaths
during the pandemic was the
group aged 55‐64, with a modest
increase in deaths during April.
For all age cohorts with ages
under 55, the impact of the
pandemic is undetectable.
Most observers believe they understand this age effect and discount it. That older people die more
frequently is no excuse not to protect them from the pandemic. But as we have deployed lockdowns as
a blunt instrument to protect the elderly from a tragic and premature loss of life‐years, we have missed
a completely unintended and beneficial benefit of the lockdowns: an unexplained collapse in excess
deaths among the young, especially children and infants.
5. Age effect: children. Deaths among children under 18 years of age are relatively rare and show
patterns that are different from their seniors. The pronounced cyclical effect in all‐cause deaths one
sees among adults is entirely absent in children. And whereas weekly deaths among adults dominate the
overall US death toll—around 13,000 deaths per week in 18‐64‐year‐olds and 35‐40,000 deaths per
week among those 65 and older—weekly deaths among children are scattered across the states and
typically fall around 700. Well over half of that occurs in infants under 1 year of age.
But the pandemic experience has
brought on a surprising effect on
this expected death rate among
children. Starting in early March,
expected deaths began a sharp
decline, from an expected level of
around 700 deaths per week to
well under 500 by mid‐April and
throughout May. (1) As untimely
deaths spiked among the elderly
in Manhattan nursing homes and
in similar settings all over the
country, something mysterious
was saving the lives of children.
As springtime in America came
along with massive disruptions in
family life amid near universal
lockdowns, roughly 30% fewer
children died.
Was this a protective effect of
school closures? Were teenagers
getting themselves into risky
situations at a lower rate? No.
There was very little effect among
school age children or
adolescents. (3)
Virtually the entire change came
from infants. Somehow, the
changing pattern of American life
during the lockdowns has been
saving the lives of hundreds of
infants, over 200 per week.
Deaths in infants and children
occur at a higher rate in minority
groups. (4) So the reduction in
childhood deaths during the
lockdowns has meant that the
lives of black and Hispanic infants
and children have been saved at
a higher rate.
6. Net effect in life‐years. Every untimely death is Figure 17: Average Life Expectancy per Age Cohort
tragic. But if one considers life‐years lost, the Under 1 year 78.2
premature death of an infant carries more weight than 1‐4 years 76.5
the premature death of someone whose life 5‐14 years 69.5
expectancy is 5 years or less. And whereas the median 15‐24 years 59.7
age at death of, say, a Minnesotan dying of Covid19 is 25‐34 years 50.3
83, the typical life expectancy of that senior citizen 35‐44 years 41.0
absent Covid19 might be just 2‐3 more years. By 45‐54 years 32.4
comparison, when an infant in lockdown avoids a 55‐64 years 23.5
death, the potential impact in life years saved can rise 65‐74 years 15.9
to 80 years or more. (5) 75‐84 years 9.3
85 years and over 2.5
Figure 18: Quality‐Adjusted Life‐Years (QALY) Saved or Lost When one measures the net effect of life years
by US Age Group During COVID‐19 Pandemic either lost or gained during the pandemic and
Feb 1 ‐ May 16, 2020 associated lockdowns, the net result across age
Under 1 Year 110,358 groups is unexpectedly mixed. Not surprisingly,
1‐4 Years 13,729 excess deaths are highest in the oldest seniors
5‐14 years 14,590 where life expectancy is the lowest. Combining
15‐24 Years 15,352
Age <25 Life Years Saved 154,029
the excess deaths with life expectancy by age
group (with an adjustment for the quality of
25‐34 years (53,678) those life‐years) shows the toll of the pandemic:
35‐44 years (115,648)
45‐54 years (68,264) about 540,000 life‐years lost among those 65 and
55‐64 years (234,432) older. (3) (5) (6) By comparison, the reduction in
expected deaths is highest in infants, where the
65+ Life Years Lost (540,077)
65‐74 years (341,519) life expectancy benefits are the greatest.
75‐84 years (172,317) Compared to expectations, the lives of over 200
(26,240) infants per week were saved during the month of
85 years and over
May. Combining the number of lives saved in
infants and children aged 1‐4, demonstrates a smaller but comparably large and beneficial effect:
roughly 145,000 life‐years saved among children under 5. Noting the surprising effect of the lockdown
on infants and children under 5 does nothing to negate the tragic effect of the pandemic on the elderly.
It does, however, raise a question: why are so many fewer children dying?
7. Causation? When infants die, the cause is frequently
some form of congenital condition or birth defect. Sadly, Figure 19: Postnatal Infant
accidents and homicides are frequent causes as well. Causes of Death, 2017
There are however, frequent cases in which previously (aged 1 month ‐ 1 year)
healthy infants die unexpectedly. These deaths are Cause IMR*
usually classified as “Sudden Infant Death Syndrome” or Congenital Malformation 0.32
SIDS. According to the CDC, SIDS deaths are one of the SIDS 0.32
two largest causes of death among infants aged 1 month Accidents 0.31
to 1 year. (7) Circulatory Complications 0.09
We have no specific data on the trend in SIDS deaths Homicide 0.07
during the pandemic. We have, however, heard
*Infant Mortality Rate
anecdotal reports from emergency room (ER) doctors
(Deaths per 1000 live births)
suggesting some have observed a decline in SIDS. One
doctor who says he might see 3 cases of SIDS in a typical
week has seen zero cases since the pandemic and associated lockdowns began.
What has changed during this period that might have such an effect? Are infant deaths not being
recorded? Are parents taking better care of their families while working remotely and their children are
not going to school? There are many possible hypotheses about the infant death decline.
One very clear change that has received publicity is that public health officials are bemoaning the sharp
decline in infant vaccinations as parents are not taking their infants into pediatric offices for their regular
well‐baby checks. In the May 15 issue of the CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), a
group of authors from the CDC and Kaiser Permanente reported a sharp decline in provider orders for
vaccines as well as a decline in pediatric vaccine doses administered. (8) These declines began in early
march, around the time infant deaths began declining.
This effect may not be confined to the U.S. The World Health Organization issued a press release on May
22 noting that, “Since March 2020, routine childhood immunization services have been disrupted on a
global scale that may be unprecedented since the inception of expanded programs on immunization
(EPI) in the 1970s.” (9) Are fewer children dying because their parents are skipping their routine
childhood vaccines? If lives are being saved during the pandemic, this is a question that urgently needs
answering.
* * *
Covid19 is unique among recent pandemics in that the mortality toll is measurable, real and convincing.
It is also nearly certain to be transitory, but that won’t stop the propaganda juggernaut from rolling
forward. However, as the saying goes, “the best laid plans of mice and men often go awry.” What no
one would have predicted in advance of Covid19 is that the extreme lockdown response has produced a
natural experiment that actually calls into question the very actions—widespread, mandated vaccines
for all‐‐that the infectious disease and public health community have been pushing for years. We should
mourn the deaths of the elderly Manhattan nursing home residents but also take heed of the hundreds
of avoided infant deaths. Only with that kind of balance will we draw the proper lessons from the
pandemic and the lockdowns that have followed in its wake.
References
1. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics Mortality
Surveillance System. [Online] [Cited: June 6, 2020.] https://gis.cdc.gov/grasp/fluview/mortality.html.
2. —. Provisional Death Counts for Coronavirus Disease (COVID‐19). [Online] [Cited: June 6, 2020.]
https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/COVID19/index.htm.
3. —. Provisional COVID‐19 Death Counts by Sex, Age, and Week. [Online] [Cited: June 6, 2020.]
https://data.cdc.gov/NCHS/Provisional‐COVID‐19‐Death‐Counts‐by‐Sex‐Age‐and‐W/vsak‐wrfu.
4. —. Deaths involving coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) by race and Hispanic origin group and age,
by state. [Online] [Cited: June 6, 2020.] https://data.cdc.gov/NCHS/Deaths‐involving‐coronavirus‐
disease‐2019‐COVID‐19/ks3g‐spdg.
5. Social Security Administration. Actuarial Life Table. [Online] [Cited: June 7, 2020.]
https://www.ssa.gov/oact/STATS/table4c6.html.
6. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Weekly counts of deaths by jurisdiction and age
group. [Online] [Cited: June 7, 2020.] https://data.cdc.gov/NCHS/Weekly‐counts‐of‐deaths‐by‐
jurisdiction‐and‐age‐gr/y5bj‐9g5w.
7. —. NCHS Data Brief, Number 355. [Online] January 2020. [Cited: May 16, 2020.]
https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db355_tables‐508.pdf#4.
8. Santoli, Jeanne M et al. Effects of the COVID‐19 Pandemic on Routine Pediatric Vaccine Ordering and
Administration — United States, 2020. cdc.gov. [Online] May 15, 2020.
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6919e2.htm#F1_down.
9. World Health Organization. At least 80 million children under one at risk of diseases such as
diphtheria, measles and polio as COVID‐19 disrupts routine vaccination efforts, warn Gavi, WHO and
UNICEF. [Online] [Cited: May 23, 2020.] https://www.who.int/news‐room/detail/22‐05‐2020‐at‐least‐
80‐million‐children‐under‐one‐at‐risk‐of‐diseases‐such‐as‐diphtheria‐measles‐and‐polio‐as‐covid‐19‐
disrupts‐routine‐vaccination‐efforts‐warn‐gavi‐who‐and‐unicef.
Endnotes:
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention note the following regarding underreporting in most
recent weeks. To ensure that the signals we are reporting are not the result of these reporting lags, we
have deliberately excluded the most recent four weeks of available data (the charts are week ending
May 16, 2020, pulled June 6). Because CDC also re‐states historical data every time they refresh their
datasets, we also refreshed all reported data for two prior years with every weekly dataset update.
Provisional counts are weighted to account for potential underreporting in the most recent weeks.
However, data for the most recent week(s) are still likely to be incomplete. Only about 60% of
deaths are reported within 10 days of the date of death, and there is considerable variation by
jurisdiction and age. The completeness of provisional data varies by cause of death and by age
group. However, the weights applied do not account for this variability. Therefore, the predicted
numbers of deaths may be too low for some age groups and causes of death. For example,
provisional data on deaths among younger age groups is typically less complete than among
older age groups. Predicted counts may therefore be too low among the younger age groups.
More detail about the methods, weighting, data, and limitations can be found in the Technical
Notes.