Maxbox Starter77

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Machine Learning X
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maXbox Starter 77 – Unified Machine Learning
!!!!!!!!!!!!!! final !!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Welcome to the Machine Learning concerning Confusion Matrix
In terms of the courtroom example, a type I error (false positive)

corresponds to convicting an innocent defendant.
In terms of the courtroom example, a type II error (false

negative) corresponds to acquitting a criminal.
A Machine Learning model cannot take this into account because

errors for it have symmetrical costs, rarely in real life do we
have equal costs for type I error and type II error, and whenever
the costs are different, we need to choose the right threshold.
Statistically speaking, we want that our sample keeps the

probability distribution of the population under a reasonable
significance level. In other words, if we take a look at the
histogram of the sample, it must be the same as the histogram of
the population.
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An example of this compromise exists in our domain, media
monitoring (at least traditionally), many customers expect an
almost perfect recall. They never want to miss an relevant article
about the subjects they are interested in. However precision is
not as important (albeit highly desirable), if you get a bit of
noise in the article feed with false positives to sort out, you
are usually fine.
“A sensitive test will correctly identify people with a disease.

Sensitivity measures correct positive results. A specific test
will accurately identify people without disease. Specificity
measures correct negatives.”
“If a test is 90% sensitive (recall), it will correctly identify

90% of people who ARE infected — called a true positive,”.
“However, 10% of people who are infected and tested would get a
false negative result – they have the virus, but the test said
they don’t.”
“If a test is 90% specific (precision), it will correctly identify

90% of people who are NOT infected – registering a true negative.
“However, 10% of people who are not infected will test positive
for the virus and receive a false positive.”
False positives of Covid:

https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/how-many-covid-diagnoses-are-false-
positives-
First we need a library with modules. ImageAI is a Python library

built to empower developers to build applications and systems with
self-contained deep learning and Computer Vision capabilities
using a few lines of straight forward code. But to use ImageAI you
need to install a few dependencies namely:
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• TensorFlow
• OpenCV
• Keras and ImageAI itself to install with $ pip3 install imageAI
Now download the TinyYOLOv3 model file (33.9 MB) that contains a pretrained
classification model that will be used for object detection:
https://sourceforge.net/projects/maxbox/files/Examples/EKON/EKON24/ImageDetector
/yolo-tiny.h5/download
Then we need 3 necessary folders.

– input\
– models\yolo-tiny.h5
– output
Now put an image for detection in the input folder, for example: manmachine.jpg
Open now your preferred text editor for writing Python code (in my case maXbox)
and create a new file detector3.py or some valid file name.
In line 2 we import ObjectDetection class from the ImageAI library.
from imageai.Detection import ObjectDetection
As the next thing we create an instance of the class ObjectDetection, as shown

in line 5 above:
detector = ObjectDetection()
It goes on with the declaration of the previous created paths:
model_path = "./models/yolo-tiny.h5"
input_path = "./input/manmachine.jpg"
output_path = "./output/manmachineout.jpg"
In this tutorial, as I mentioned we'll be using the pre-trained TinyYOLOv3

model, so I use the setModelTypeAsTinyYOLOv3() function to load our model:
#using the pre-trained TinyYOLOv3 model,

detector.setModelTypeAsTinyYOLOv3()
detector.setModelPath(model_path)
3/6
#loads model from path specified above using the setModelPath() class method.
detector.loadModel()
To detect only some of the objects above, I will need to call the
CustomObjects method and set the name of the object(s) we want to
detect to through. The rest are False by default.
In our example, we detect customized only person. But it detects a
fifth person as a combination of two persons sort of a man-machine
in it ;-)).
custom= detector.CustomObjects(person=True,boat=True,laptop=True,bottle=True)
detections = detector.detectCustomObjectsFromImage(custom_objects=custom, \
input_image=input_path, output_image_path=output_path,\
minimum_percentage_probability=10)
Another reason for the custom instance is that I can define the
threshold to find things. Unlike normal detectObjectsFromImage()
function, this needs an extra parameter which is “custom_object”
which accepts the dictionary returned by the CustomObjects()
function. In the sample below, we set the detection function to
report only detections we want:
for eachItem in detections:
print(eachItem["name"] , " : ", eachItem["percentage_probability"])
person : 11.582126468420029
person : 15.317463874816895
person : 25.40428638458252
person : 41.63033664226532
person : 42.076510190963745
integrate image detector compute ends...
elapsedSeconds:= 19.9037681927473
Stop with Return Key--->
4/6
So we get 5 objects as persons with color frames and corresponding
probability. But we only have 4 persons, there must be 1 false
positive; on the other side there's no false negative as a 100%
recall. Funny but really effective man-machine detection!
This is the function (detectCustomObjectsFromImage) that performs

object detection task after the model as loaded. It can be called
many times to detect objects in any number of images.
Script detector2.py
# ImageAI is a Python library built to empower Computer Vision

from imageai.Detection import ObjectDetection
#Using TensorFlow backend.
detector = ObjectDetection()
model_path = "./models/yolo-tiny.h5"
input_path = "./input/manmachine.jpg"
output_path = "./output/manmachineout.jpg"
#using the pre-trained TinyYOLOv3 model,

detector.setModelTypeAsTinyYOLOv3()
detector.setModelPath(model_path)
detector.loadModel()
#detection = detector.detectObjectsFromImage(input_image=input_path, \
# output_image_path=output_path)
custom= detector.CustomObjects(person=True,boat=True, laptop=True,bottle=True)

detections = detector.detectCustomObjectsFromImage(custom_objects=custom, \
input_image=input_path, output_image_path=output_path,\
minimum_percentage_probability=10)
for eachItem in detections:

print(eachItem["name"] , " : ", eachItem["percentage_probability"])
print('image detector compute ends...')
#https://stackabuse.com/object-detection-with-imageai-in-python/
#https://github.com/OlafenwaMoses/ImageAI/releases/download/1.0/yolo-tiny.h5
#https://imageai.readthedocs.io/en/latest/detection/index.html
There are 80 possible objects that you can detect with the
ObjectDetection class, and they are as seen below (not ordered).
person, bicycle, car, motorcycle, airplane, bus,train, truck, boat, traffic
light, fire hydrant, stop_sign, parking meter, bench, bird, cat,dog, horse,
sheep, cow, elephant, bear, zebra, giraffe, backpack,umbrella, handbag, tie,
suitcase, frisbee, skis, snowboard, sports ball, kite,baseball bat, baseball
glove, skateboard, surfboard, tennis racket, bottle, wine glass, cup, fork,
knife, spoon, bowl, banana, apple, sandwich,range,broccoli, carrot, hot dog,
pizza, donot, cake, chair, couch, potted plant, bed, dining table, toilet, tv,
laptop, mouse, remote, keyboard, cell phone, microwave, oven, toaster, sink,
refrigerator, book, clock, vase, scissors, teddy bear, hair dryer, toothbrush.
5/6
The script and data can be found:
http://www.softwareschule.ch/examples/992_detector21_wget_integrate2.htm
http://www.softwareschule.ch/examples/detector2.htm
https://sourceforge.net/projects/maxbox/files/Examples/EKON/EKON24/ImageDete
ctor/
http://www.softwareschule.ch/examples/classifier_compare2confusion2.py.txt
Author: Max Kleiner
Ref:
http://www.softwareschule.ch/box.htm
https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/
https://realpython.com/python-histograms/
https://imageai.readthedocs.io/en/latest/detection/index.html
Doc:
https://maxbox4.wordpress.com
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!!!!!!!!!!!!!! final !!!!!!!!!!!!!!

In terms of the courtroom example, a type I error (false positive)

In terms of the courtroom example, a type II error (false

A Machine Learning model cannot take this into account because

Statistically speaking, we want that our sample keeps the

“A sensitive test will correctly identify people with a disease.

“If a test is 90% sensitive (recall), it will correctly identify

“If a test is 90% specific (precision), it will correctly identify

False positives of Covid:

First we need a library with modules. ImageAI is a Python library

Then we need 3 necessary folders.

In line 2 we import ObjectDetection class from the ImageAI library.

from imageai.Detection import ObjectDetection

As the next thing we create an instance of the class ObjectDetection, as shown

It goes on with the declaration of the previous created paths:

In this tutorial, as I mentioned we'll be using the pre-trained TinyYOLOv3

#using the pre-trained TinyYOLOv3 model,

Stop with Return Key--->

This is the function (detectCustomObjectsFromImage) that performs

# ImageAI is a Python library built to empower Computer Vision

#using the pre-trained TinyYOLOv3 model,

custom= detector.CustomObjects(person=True,boat=True, laptop=True,bottle=True)

for eachItem in detections:

print('image detector compute ends...')

Author: Max Kleiner

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