Arrays

P. Gupta
Arrays
• Many applications require multiple data items
that have common characteristics.
▫ In mathematics, we often express such groups of
data items in indexed form:
 x1, x2, x3, …, xn

• Array is a data structure which can represent a

collection of data items which have the same data
type (float/int/char)
Example: Finding Minima of Numbers

3 numbers 4 numbers
if ((a <= b) && (a <= c)) if ((a <= b) && (a <= c) && (a <= d))
min = a; min = a;
else else
if (b <= c) if ((b <= c) && (b <= d))
min = b; min = b;
else else
min = c; if (c <= d)
min = c;
else
min = d;
The Problem
• Suppose we have 10 numbers to handle; or 20;
or 100.
• Where do we store the numbers ? Use 100
variables ??
• How to tackle this problem?

• Solution:
▫ Use arrays.
Using Arrays

• All the data items constituting the group

share the same name.
int x[10];

• Individual elements are accessed by

specifying the index.

x[0] x[1] x[2] x[9]

X is a 10-element one
dimensional array
Declaring Arrays

• Like variables, the arrays that are used in a

program must be declared before they are used.

• General syntax: type array-name [size];

▫ type specifies the type of element that will be

contained in the array (int, float, char, etc.)
▫ size is an integer constant which indicates the
maximum number of elements that can be stored
inside the array.
int marks[5];

marks is an array containing a maximum of 5 integers.

• Examples:
int x[10];
char line[80];
float points[150];
char name[35];

• If we are not sure of the exact size of the array,

we can define an array of a large size.
int marks[50];
though in a particular run we may only be using,
say, 10 elements.
How an array is stored in memory?
• Starting from a given memory location, the
successive array elements are allocated space in
consecutive memory locations.
Array a

 x: starting address of the array in memory

 k: number of bytes allocated per array element
▫ a[i]  is allocated memory location at address x + i*k
Accessing Array Elements
• A particular element of the array can be
accessed by specifying two things:
▫ Name of the array.
▫ Index (relative position) of the element in the
array.
• In C, the index of an array starts from zero.
• Example:
▫ An array is defined as int x[10];
▫ The first element of the array x can be accessed as
x[0], fourth element as x[3], tenth element as
x[9], etc.
Contd.
• The array index must evaluate to an integer
between 0 and n-1 where n is the number of
elements in the array.

a[x+2] = 25;
b[3*x-y] = a[10-x] + 5;
A Warning
• In C, while accessing array elements, array
bounds are not checked.
• Example:
int marks[5];
:
:
marks[8] = 75;
▫ The above assignment would not necessarily cause
an error.
▫ Rather, it may result in unpredictable program
results.
Initialization of Arrays
• General form:
type array_name[size] = { list of values };
• Examples:
int marks[5] = {72, 83, 65, 80, 76};
char name[4] = {„A‟, „m‟, „i‟, „t‟};
• Some special cases:
▫ If the number of values in the list is less than the
number of elements, the remaining elements are
automatically set to zero.
float total[5] = {24.2, -12.5, 35.1}
total[0]=24.2, total[1]=-12.5, total[2]=35.1,
total[3]=0, total[4]=0
Contd.
▫ The size may be omitted. In such cases the
compiler automatically allocates enough space for
all initialized elements.

int flag[] = {1, 1, 1, 0};

char name[] = {„A‟, „m‟, „i‟, „t‟};
Character Arrays and Strings
char C[8] = { 'a', 'b', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'i', 't', '\0' };

• C[0] gets the value 'a', C[1] the value 'b', and so on. The last (7th)
location receives the null character „\0‟.

• Null-terminated character arrays are also called strings.

• Strings can be initialized in an alternative way. The last declaration is

equivalent to:

char C[8] = "abhijit";

• The trailing null character is missing here. C automatically puts it at

the end.

• Note also that for individual characters, C uses single quotes,

whereas for strings, it uses double quotes.
Example 1: Find minimum of a set of 10 numbers
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int a[10], i, min;

for (i=0; i<10; i++)

scanf (“%d”, &a[i]);

min = 99999;
for (i=0; i<10; i++)
{
if (a[i] < min)
min = a[i];
}
printf (“\n Minimum is %d”, min);
}
Alternate
Version 1 #include <stdio.h>
#define size 10

main()
{
int a[size], i, min;

Change only one for (i=0; i<size; i++)

line to change the scanf (“%d”, &a[i]);
problem size
min = 99999;
for (i=0; i<size; i++)
{
if (a[i] < min)
min = a[i];
}
printf (“\n Minimum is %d”, min);
}
Alternate
#include <stdio.h>
Version 2
main()
{
int a[100], i, min, n;

scanf (“%d”, &n); /* Number of elements */

for (i=0; i<n; i++)
Define an array of scanf (“%d”, &a[i]);
large size and use
only the required min = 99999;
number of elements for (i=0; i<n; i++)
{
if (a[i] < min)
min = a[i];
}
printf (“\n Minimum is %d”, min);
}
Example 2: #include <stdio.h>
#define nsub 6
Computing gpa
main()
{
int grade_pt[nsub], cred[nsub], i,
gp_sum=0, cred_sum=0, gpa;

Handling two arrays for (i=0; i<nsub; i++)

at the same time scanf (“%d %d”, &grade_pt[i], &cred[i]);

for (i=0; i<nsub; i++)

{
gp_sum += grade_pt[i] * cred[i];
cred_sum += cred[i];
}
gpa = gp_sum / cred_sum;
printf (“\n Grade point average: is %d”, gpa);
}
Things you cannot do
• You cannot
▫ use = to assign one array variable to another
a = b; /* a and b are arrays */
▫ use == to directly compare array variables
if (a = = b) ………..
▫ directly scanf or printf arrays
printf (“……”, a);
 How to copy the elements of one array
to another?

• By copying individual elements

for (j=0; j<25; j++)
a[j] = b[j];
How to read the elements of an array?

• By reading them one element at a time

for (j=0; j<25; j++)
scanf (“%f”, &a[j]);
• The ampersand (&) is necessary.
• The elements can be entered all in one line or in
different lines.
How to print the elements of an array?
• By printing them one element at a time.
for (j=0; j<25; j++)
printf (“\n %f”, a[j]);
▫ The elements are printed one per line.
printf (“\n”);
for (j=0; j<25; j++)
printf (“ %f”, a[j]);
▫ The elements are printed all in one line (starting
with a new line).
Modification in an Array
• In order to modify an element in an array, one
has to perform the following step:
▫ Replace the value by the new value

• This can be done as follows. Suppose we have to

modify the content of the kth location of array
A[n] by X. Then,
A[k-1] = X;
Insertion in an Array
• In order to insert an element in an array, one has
to perform the following steps:
▫ Create space for insertion
▫ Insert the element in the created space

• This can be done as follows. Suppose we have to

insert an element X at the (k+1)th location of
array A[n]. Then,
for (i = n-1; i <=k; i--) A[i+1] = A[i];
A[k] = X;
n++;
Deletion in an Array
• In order to delete an element in an array, one
has to perform the following steps:
▫ Move the element from the neighboring space
▫ Remove the last element

• This can be done as follows. Suppose we have to

delete the element available at the kth location of
array A[n]. Then,
X= A[k-1];
for (i = k; i < n; i++) A[i-1] = A[i];
n--;
Two Dimensional Arrays
• We have seen that an array variable can store a
list of values.
• Many applications require us to store a table of
values.

Subject 1 Subject 2 Subject 3 Subject 4 Subject 5

Student 1 75 82 90 65 76
Student 2 68 75 80 70 72
Student 3 88 74 85 76 80
Student 4 50 65 68 40 70
Contd.

• The table contains a total of 20 values, five in

each line.
▫ The table can be regarded as a matrix consisting
of four rows and five columns.

• C allows us to define such tables of items by

using two-dimensional arrays.
Declaring 2-D Arrays
• General form:
type array_name [row_size][column_size];
• Examples:
int marks[4][5];
float sales[12][25];
double matrix[100][100];
Accessing Elements of a 2-D Array
• Similar to that for 1-D array, but use two indices.
▫ First indicates row, second indicates column.
▫ Both the indices should be expressions which
evaluate to integer values.

• Examples:
x[m][n] = 0;
c[i][k] += a[i][j] * b[j][k];
a = sqrt (a[j*3][k]);
 How is a 2-D array stored in memory?
• Starting from a given memory location, the elements
are stored row-wise in contiguous memory locations.
 x: starting address of the array in memory
 c: number of columns
 k: number of bytes allocated per array element
▫ a[i][j]  is allocated memory location at
address x + (i * c + j) * k

a[0]0] a[0][1] a[0]2] a[0][3] a[1][0] a[1][1] a[1][2] a[1][3] a[2][0] a[2][1] a[2][2] a[2][3]

Row 0 Row 1 Row 2

How to read the elements of a 2-D array?

• By reading them one element at a time

for (i=0; i<nrow; i++)
for (j=0; j<ncol; j++)
scanf (“%f”, &a[i][j]);
• The ampersand (&) is necessary.
• The elements can be entered all in one line or in
different lines.
How to print the elements of a 2-D array?

• By printing them one element at a time.

for (i=0; i<nrow; i++)
for (j=0; j<ncol; j++)
printf (“\n %f”, a[i][j]);
▫ The elements are printed one per line.

for (i=0; i<nrow; i++)

for (j=0; j<ncol; j++)
printf (“%f”, a[i][j]);
▫ The elements are all printed on the same line.
Contd.
for (i=0; i<nrow; i++)
{
printf (“\n”);
for (j=0; j<ncol; j++)
printf (“%f ”, a[i][j]);
}
▫ The elements are printed nicely in matrix form.
Example: Matrix Addition
#include <stdio.h> for (p=0; p<m; p++)
for (q=0; q<n; q++)
main() c[p][q] = a[p][q] + b[p][q];
{
int a[100][100], b[100][100], for (p=0; p<m; p++)
c[100][100], p, q, m, n; {
printf (“\n”);
scanf (“%d %d”, &m, &n); for (q=0; q<n; q++)
printf (“%d ”, a[p][q]);
for (p=0; p<m; p++)
for (q=0; q<n; q++) }
scanf (“%d”, &a[p][q]); }

for (p=0; p<m; p++)

for (q=0; q<n; q++)
scanf (“%d”, &b[p][q]);
 Example: Matrix Multiplication
#include <stdio.h> for (p=0; p<n1; p++)
for (q=0; q<n3; q++)
main() {c[p][q] = 0;
{ for (r=0; r<n2; r++)
int a[100][100], b[100][100], c[p]q]= c[p][q]+a[p][r]*b[r][q];
c[100][100], p, q, r, n1, n2, n3; }

scanf (“%d %d”, &n1, &n2, &n3); for (p=0; p<n1; p++)
{
for (p=0; p<n1; p++) printf (“\n”);
for (q=0; q<n2; q++) for (q=0; q<n3; q++)
scanf (“%d”, &a[p][q]); printf (“%f ”, c[p][q]);
for (p=0; p<n2; p++) }
for (q=0; q<n3; q++) }
scanf (“%d”, &b[p][q]);
Some Exercise Problems to Try Out
• Find the mean and standard deviation of a set of
n numbers.
• A shop stores n different types of items. Given
the number of items of each type sold during a
given month, and the corresponding unit prices,
compute the total monthly sales.
Passing Arrays to Function
• Array element can be passed to functions as
ordinary arguments.
 IsFactor (x[i], x[0])
 sin (x[5])
Passing Entire Array to a Function
• An array name can be used as an argument to a
function.
▫ Permits the entire array to be passed to the
function.
▫ The way it is passed differs from that for ordinary
variables.
• Rules:
▫ The array name must appear by itself as
argument, without brackets or subscripts.
▫ The corresponding formal argument is written in
the same manner.
 Declared by writing the array name with a pair of empty
brackets.
Whole array as Parameters
#define ASIZE 5
float average (int a[]) {
int i, total=0;
for (i=0; i<ASIZE; i++)
total = total + a[i];
return ((float) total / (float) ASIZE);
}

main ( ) {
int x[ASIZE] ; float x_avg;
x = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50}
x_avg = average (x) ;
}
Contd.
main()
{
int n;
float list[100], avg;
We do not need to :
write the array avg = average (n, list);
size. It works with :
arrays of any size. }

float average (a, x)

int a;
float x[];
{
:
sum = sum + x[i];
}
Arrays as Output Parameters
void VectorSum (int a[], int b[], int vsum[], int length) {
int i;
for (i=0; i<length; i=i+1)
vsum[i] = a[i] + b[i] ;
}
int main (void) {
int x[3] = {1,2,3}, y[3] = {4,5,6}, z[3];
VectorSum (x, y, z, 3) ;
PrintVector (z, 3) ;
}
void PrintVector (int a[], int length) {
int i;
for (i=0; i<length; i++) printf (“%d “, a[i]);
}
The Actual Mechanism
• When an array is passed to a function, the values of
the array elements are not passed to the function.
▫ The array name is interpreted as the address of the
first array element.
▫ The formal argument therefore becomes a pointer
to the first array element.
▫ When an array element is accessed inside the
function, the address is calculated using the
formula stated before.
▫ Changes made inside the function are thus also
reflected in the calling program.
Contd.
• Passing parameters in this way is called
call-by-reference.
• Normally parameters are passed in C using
call-by-value.
• Basically what it means?
▫ If a function changes the values of array elements,
then these changes will be made to the original
array that is passed to the function.
▫ This does not apply when an individual element is
passed on as argument.
Passing 2-D Arrays

• Similar to that for 1-D arrays.

▫ The array contents are not copied into the
function.
▫ Rather, the address of the first element is passed.
• For calculating the address of an element in a 2-
D array, we need:
▫ The starting address of the array in memory.
▫ Number of bytes per element.
▫ Number of columns in the array.
• The above three pieces of information must be
known to the function.
Example Usage

#include <stdio.h>

main() void add (x, y, rows, cols)

{ int x[][25], y[][25];
int a[15][25], b[15]25]; int rows, cols;
: {
: :
add (a, b, 15, 25); }
:
}

We can also write

int x[15][25], y[15][25];
End of Arrays