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    Nuclear Forces and Energy Levels

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    bilalkhan3567
    Nuclear forces act between nucleons (protons and neutrons) within an atom's nucleus. These strong nuclear forces are much stronger than chemical forces and are responsible for binding nucleons together. There are three main models that describe nuclear structure and forces: the liquid drop model, which views the nucleus as a liquid drop composed of nucleons; the shell model, which arranges nucleons into shells like electrons in an atom; and the collective model, which incorporates aspects of the first two models. Strong nuclear forces hold nucleons together in the nucleus, while weak nuclear forces are responsible for radioactive decay through processes like neutron conversion or emission of particles.

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    Nuclear Forces and Energy Levels

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    bilalkhan3567
    47 views3 pages
    Nuclear forces act between nucleons (protons and neutrons) within an atom's nucleus. These strong nuclear forces are much stronger than chemical forces and are responsible for binding nucleons together. There are three main models that describe nuclear structure and forces: the liquid drop model, which views the nucleus as a liquid drop composed of nucleons; the shell model, which arranges nucleons into shells like electrons in an atom; and the collective model, which incorporates aspects of the first two models. Strong nuclear forces hold nucleons together in the nucleus, while weak nuclear forces are responsible for radioactive decay through processes like neutron conversion or emission of particles.

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    Details about fusion reaction

    Original Title

    Fusion

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    Nuclear forces act between nucleons (protons and neutrons) within an atom's nucleus. These strong nuclear forces are much stronger than chemical forces and are responsible for binding nucleons together. There are three main models that describe nuclear structure and forces: the liquid drop model, which views the nucleus as a liquid drop composed of nucleons; the shell model, which arranges nucleons into shells like electrons in an atom; and the collective model, which incorporates aspects of the first two models. Strong nuclear forces hold nucleons together in the nucleus, while weak nuclear forces are responsible for radioactive decay through processes like neutron conversion or emission of particles.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    47 views3 pages

    Nuclear Forces and Energy Levels

    Uploaded by

    bilalkhan3567
    Nuclear forces act between nucleons (protons and neutrons) within an atom's nucleus. These strong nuclear forces are much stronger than chemical forces and are responsible for binding nucleons together. There are three main models that describe nuclear structure and forces: the liquid drop model, which views the nucleus as a liquid drop composed of nucleons; the shell model, which arranges nucleons into shells like electrons in an atom; and the collective model, which incorporates aspects of the first two models. Strong nuclear forces hold nucleons together in the nucleus, while weak nuclear forces are responsible for radioactive decay through processes like neutron conversion or emission of particles.

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    Nuclear forces and Energy levels

    Introduction:

    Two types of particles are present in the nucleus of every atom, neutrons and protons.
    Combinely these particles are called nucleons. The force that act between these nucleons is
    knowns as nuclear force. It is also knowns as strong forces or interaction forces. It is always
    attractive and acts between proton-proton, neutron-neutron and neutron-proton. These forces
    keep the protons and neutrons binding with each other and keep the nucleus of an atom in
    stable position.
    The nuclear force is very much stronger (about 10 million times) than the chemical forces exist
    between atoms or molecules and this is the reason that the energy released during nuclear
    reactions is million times more than the energy produced in the chemical reactions.
    These forces are very short range forces i.e. only a few femtometer after which they decreases
    abruptly.
    The first theory about this force was presented by a Japanese scientist Yukawa in 1935 who said
    that the nucleons in the nucleus of an atom exchange particles called mesons between each
    other which result in this force.
    Some properties of this force are:

     This force is of short range


     It is attractive in nature within its range
     It is almost independent of charge on nucleons
     It is non-central and non-conservative.
    Nuclear Models:
    There are three models which explains the structure of nucleus and thus these nuclear forces.
    1. The liquid drop model:
    According to this nuclear model, the nucleus of an atoms acts the same as molecules in
    a liquid drop. The liquid drop in this case is made up of protons and neutrons which are
    bind together by nuclear forces.
    Also according to this model, the nuclear forces acting on nucleons are different on
    those which exist at the surfaces while different on those which exist in the interior of
    the nucleus. The reason is that the nucleons in the center are surrounded by other
    protons and neutrons also which is analogy to the same phenomenon which exist in
    liquids.
    Assumptions of this model:

     The nucleus volume is directly proportional to the total number of its nucleons
     The density of the nucleus is almost constant
     The binding energy of the nucleons increases as the number of nucleons increases
    This model is unable to explain all the characteristics of the nucleus of an atom but still is able
    to explain the nuclear binding energies.
    2. Shell model:
    It is the most simple model which explains the arrangement of nucleons i.e. protons and
    neutrons, in separate systems of shells similar to the atomic model which shows
    arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom.
    Assumptions of this model:

     Protons and neutrons are present in separate shells in both the light and heavy
    atoms.
     Each shell is occupied with a pair of neutrons or protons having opposite spin.
     The motion of each nucleon depends on the average attractive force of the other
    nucleons surrounding it.
    This model is very helpful in demonstrating the relationship between the number of nucleons
    and the stability of the nucleus.
    3. The collective model
    It is also known as unified model. This model incorporates both the aspects of liquid
    drop model and the shell model in order to describe those electric and magnetic
    properties of the nucleus which weren’t explained by the two models separately.
    This model consider both the motion of protons and neutrons i.e. outside the closed
    shells as well as the motion of protons and neutrons inside the core.
    Strong Vs Weak nuclear forces:
    Strong nuclear forces are those forces which hold the nucleons together whereas weak nuclear
    forces are those forces which result in radioactive decay of an atom.
    The strong nuclear force is a short range force which binds the protons and neutrons in the
    nucleus of an atom. Its good example is fusion process.
    Weak nuclear force is also a short range force which can convert a neutron into a proton
    resulting in the emission of light particles. Its good example is the process of nuclear decay.
    Nuclear Mass defect:
    It is the difference between the overall mass of the nucleus and the sum of the masses of
    protons and neutrons.
    It can be calculated by determining the difference between the atomic mass of an atom and the
    sum of the mass of its protons and neutrons. This difference in the mass is converted into
    nuclear binding energy which can be calculated by Einstein’s equation:
    E=mc2
    The actual mass of the nucleus of an atom is always less than the combine mass of its nucleons.
    The reason is that energy is emitted when protons and neutrons combine to form a nucleus.
    This energy has also mass according to Einstein equation which accounts for this mass defect of
    nucleus.
    Nuclear disintegration:
    The process in which a nucleus is bombarded with particles like alpha, neutrons, protons etc.
    making the nucleus unstable, which then emits a proton or neutron or any other particle along
    with some energy making the nucleus stable again, is knowns as nuclear disintegration.
    Fission reaction:

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