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    Organic Chemistry Summary

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    Zeath Elizalde
    This document provides an overview of organic chemistry, including definitions of organic compounds and exceptions. It describes hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes, and methods for naming compounds within each category. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain single carbon-carbon bonds. Common techniques like hydrogenation and hydration are discussed for reacting alkenes. The document also touches on aromatic compounds such as benzene and rules for substituent naming.

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    Organic Chemistry Summary

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    Zeath Elizalde
    85 views8 pages
    This document provides an overview of organic chemistry, including definitions of organic compounds and exceptions. It describes hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes, and methods for naming compounds within each category. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain single carbon-carbon bonds. Common techniques like hydrogenation and hydration are discussed for reacting alkenes. The document also touches on aromatic compounds such as benzene and rules for substituent naming.

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    This document provides an overview of organic chemistry, including definitions of organic compounds and exceptions. It describes hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes, and methods for naming compounds within each category. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain single carbon-carbon bonds. Common techniques like hydrogenation and hydration are discussed for reacting alkenes. The document also touches on aromatic compounds such as benzene and rules for substituent naming.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    85 views8 pages

    Organic Chemistry Summary

    Uploaded by

    Zeath Elizalde
    This document provides an overview of organic chemistry, including definitions of organic compounds and exceptions. It describes hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes, and methods for naming compounds within each category. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain single carbon-carbon bonds. Common techniques like hydrogenation and hydration are discussed for reacting alkenes. The document also touches on aromatic compounds such as benzene and rules for substituent naming.

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    Organic Chemistry

    Part 1

    Organic compound
     Contains carbon and hydrogen, and sometimes other nonmetals such as oxygen,
    sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, or a halogen.

    Organic compound that have Exceptions:


     Carbon monoxide
     Carbon dioxide
     Carbonates (e.g. Calcium carbonate)
     Carbides (calcium carbide)
     Pure carbon compound

    Hydrocarbons
     an organic chemical compound that consist only carbon and hydrogen atoms.

    2 types of Hydrocarbon
    1. Saturated
     Alkanes
    2. Unsaturated
     Alkenes
     Alkynes

    Alkanes
     a type of hydrogen carbon in which the carbon atoms are connected by single
    bond
     names for alkanes ends with anes (e.g. ethane, methane, propane).

    IUPAC Names and Formulas of the First Ten Alkanes


    Number of Molecular
    carbon IUPAC Name Formula Condensed Structural Formula Line-angular Formula
    atoms

    n/a because it has only 1 carbon


    1 Methane CH4 CH44

    2 Ethane C2H6 CH3 - CH3

    3 Propane C3H8 CH3 - CH2 - CH3

    4 Butane C4H10 CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3

    5 Pentane C5H12 CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3

    6 Hexane C6H14 CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3

    7 Heptane C7H16 CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3

    8 Octane C8H18 CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3

    9 Nonane C9H20 CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3

    10 Decane C10H22 CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3

    Condensed Structural Formula


     Carbon atoms and its attached hydrogen atoms are written as a group.
     Subscripts indicates the number of hydrogen atoms bonded to each.
    Line-angle Formula
     A zigzag line which carbon atoms are represented as the ends of each line and
    as a corner
     Arranged in zigzag when an organic molecule consists of a chain of three or
    more carbon atoms.

    Example: Pentane (C5H12)

    H H H H H

    H C C C C C H Expanded Structural Formula

    H H H H H

    CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3 Condensed Structural Formula

    Line-angle Formula

    Substituents in Alkanes

    Alkyl Group
     An alkane that is missing one hydrogen atom
     Named by replacing the ane ending of the corresponding alkane yl

    Writing IUPAC names for Alkanes with Substituents

    Write the IUPAC name for the following alkane:

    SOLUTION GUIDE
    Given: six-carbon chain, two methyl groups, one bromo group
    Need: IUPAC name
    Connect: position of substituents on the carbon chain

    Cycloalkanes
     Hydrocarbons in a cyclic or ring structure.
     Have two fewer hydrogen atoms than the corresponding alkanes
     Named by adding the prefix cyclo to the name of the alkane with the same
    number of the carbon atoms.

    Formula for Some Common Cycloalkanes


    Alkenes and Alkynes

    Alkenes
     Contain one or more carbon-carbon double bonds that form when an adjacent
    carbon atoms share two pairs of valence electrons.

    Alkyne
     A triple bonds form when two carbon atoms share three pairs of valence
    electron.

    Naming Alkenes and Alkynes

    The IUPAC names for alkenes and alkynes are similar to those of alkanes. Using the
    alkane name with the same number of carbon atoms, the ane ending is replaced with
    ene for an alkene and yne for an alkyne. Cyclic alkenes are named as cycloalkenes.

    Comparison of Names for Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes

    SOLUTION GUIDE
    Given: five-carbon chain, double bond, methyl group
    Need: IUPAC name
    Connect: replace the ane of the alkane name with ene
    Naming Cycloalkenes

    Some alkenes called cycloalkenes have a double bond within a ring structure. If there is
    no substituent, the double bond does not need a number. If there is a substituent,
    the carbons in the double bond are numbered as 1 and 2, and the ring is numbered in
    the direction that will give the lower number to the substituent.

    Cis-trans Isomers
     The atoms or group are attached to the carbon atoms in the double bond on
    one side or another, which gives two different structures.
    Cis Isomer – same side of the double bond
    Trans Isomer – opposite sides

    Addition Reaction for Alkenes

    Summary of Addition Reaction


    Hydrogenation
     In a reaction called hydrogenation, H atoms add to each of the carbon atoms
    in a double bond of an alkene. During hydrogenation, the double bonds are
    converted to single bonds in alkanes. A catalyst such as finely divided
    platinum (Pt), nickel (Ni), or palladium (Pd) is used to speed up the reaction.
    The general equation for hydrogenation can be written as follows:

    Hydration
     In hydration, an alkene reacts with water (H ¬ OH). A hydrogen atom (H ¬ )
    from water forms a bond with one carbon atom in the double bond, and the
    oxygen atom in ¬OH forms a bond with the other carbon. The reaction is
    catalyzed by a strong acid such as H 2SO4, written as H+. Hydration is used to
    prepare alcohols, which have the hydroxyl ( ¬ OH) functional group. When
    water (H ¬ OH) adds to a symmetrical alkene, such as ethene, a single
    product is formed.

    However, when H2O adds to a double bond in an asymmetrical alkene, two products
    are possible. We can write the prevalent product by attaching the H - from H 2O to the
    carbon that has the greater number of H atoms and the - OH from H 2O to the other
    carbon atom from the double bond. In the following example, the H - from H2O attaches
    to the end carbon of the double bond, which has more hydrogen atoms, and the -OH
    adds to the middle carbon atom:
    Aromatic Compound
     Another hydrocarbon is called benzene, because it consists of C and H. it is a
    ring of six carbon atoms with one hydrogen atom attached to each carbon.
    They have fragrant odors, hence the name aromatic compound.

    Naming Aromatic Compound

    When benzene has only one substituent, the ring is not numbered. When there are two
    or more substituents, the benzene ring is numbered to give the lowest numbers to the
    substituents.

    When aniline, phenol, or toluene has substituents, the carbon atom attached to the
    amine, hydroxyl, or methyl group is numbered as carbon 1 and the substituents are
    named alphabetically.

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