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REMOTE LEARNING MODULE

APP5 – PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
Course Code – Course Title

MODULE 1
Module Number

STUDENT NAME: ____________________________________________________

ADDRESS: _________________________________________________________

CONTACT NUMBER: _____________________ EMAIL: ___________________

GRADE LEVEL: __________________ STRAND: _______________

SUBJECT TEACHER: ________________________________________________

CLASS ADVISER: ___________________________________________________

SCHOOL YEAR: ______________________ SEMESTER: _____________

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

LESSON 1: Nature of Inquiry and Research 4

YOUR OBJECTIVES

Activity 1 4
Discussion: Quantitative Research Defined 5
Activity 2 5

Discussion: Strengths and Weaknesses of Quantitative Research 6

Activity 3 6

Discussion: Importance of Quantitative Research 7

Activity 4 10

EVALUATION 11

LESSON 2: Identifying the Inquiry and Stating the Problem 12

YOUR OBJECTIVES

Discussion: Choosing a Research Topic 12

Activity 5 15

Activity 6 16
Discussion: Writing the Research Introduction 17
Activity 7 20
Activity 8 (Performance Task 1) 21

Activity 9 22
Discussion: Research Questions and Hypotheses 23
Activity 10 25
Activity 11 (Performance Task 2) 26

Activity 12 27
Discussion: Writing the Scope and Delimitations 27
Activity 13 28
Activity 14 (Performance Task 3) 28

Activity 15 29
Discussion: Formulating Conceptual Framework 29
Activity 16 31
Activity 17 (Performance Task 4) 32
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Activity 18 32
Discussion: Defining the Terms 33
Activity 19 34
Activity 20 34
Activity 21 (Performance Task 5) 35

EVALUATION 36

CASE ANALYSIS 37
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LESSON 1: NATURE OF INQUIRY AND RESEARCH

YOUR OBJECTIVES

Performance Standards:
decide on suitable quantitative research in different areas of interest

Content Standards
You are expected to demonstrate your understanding of:
1. the characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and kinds of quantitative research;
and
2. the importance of quantitative research across fields.

Learning Competencies
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. describe the characteristics, and strengths and weaknesses of quantitative
research; and
2. illustrate the importance of quantitative research across fields.

ACTIVITY 1
Identify the nature of the following research titles by writing QN for Quantitative and QL
for Qualitative before the number.
______ 1. The Use of Progressive Relaxation and Hypnosis to increase Tennis Skill
Learning: A Pilot Study
______ 2. Through the Lens of a Rebellious Child: A Multiple Case Study
______ 3. Job Satisfaction and Employee Turnover Intention among Private Companies
______ 4. The Relationship between News Consumption and Individual Perceptions of
Security in Iraq
______ 5. No Pain, No Gain: Portraits of Working Students in Davao City
a) Which titles are quantitative in nature? _______________
b) What are your bases for determining which titles are quantitative?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DEFINED

According to Price & Oswald (2009), quantitative research is a systematic scientific
investigation of data and their relationships and are structurally scientific methods,
utilizing deductive reasoning in forms of hypotheses. Other authors also, Aliaga &
Gunderson (2000) and Chico & Matira (2016), pointed out the quantitative research
explains phenomena by collecting numerical data that are analyzed using mathematically
based methods (statistics, in particular). From the term itself quantitative, you will be
dealing and solving problems that you will try to work, together with statistics.
Though the definition is clear on one thing: that quantitative research involves
numerical data and will be processed via different testing tools, it is also important that as
a researcher, you have the ability to determine the design of the study, whether it is
quantitative or qualitative by observing the given title. To do this, one must be critical in
observing the variables involved. The variables will serve as your cue to distinguish the
nature of the study. If the variable identified can be measured through numerical
descriptions such as likert scales, scores, ratings, etc., most likely, the research has a
quantitative aspect. However, be careful also as there are studies which includes
numerical descriptions that serve as their bases for their observations and descriptions
of cases or phenomena, which is more likely present in a qualitative research. There
are also instances that both functions are present in a single paper, as it has the mixed-
method design.

ACTIVITY 2

Write S on the space provided if a quantitative approach is SUITABLE for the given
question, and NS if NOT.

_____1. Does the financial literacy of an individual increase with age?

_____2. What are the challenges experienced by the indigenous people?
_____3. Can admission test predict the academic success of a student?
_____4. What are the features of hate tweets about the government?
_____5. Is there a relationship between milk consumption and incidence of osteoporosis?
_____6. Is online education effective in your barrio?
_____7. What are the struggles of gamers?
_____8. Do eTextbooks enhance the critical thinking skills of the students?
_____9. Does the length of exposure to online games affect the gamer’s behavior?
_____10. How did Manny Pacquiao change his wheel of fortune?
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STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

No matter how carefully planned and designed the research is, there are still some
limitations to it, which makes the process of research, cyclical. These limitations are
according to Barrot (2017):

STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES
1. The researcher may replicate or repeat 1. The research cannot provide in-depth
the study in other contexts for information for describing and
validation. explaining a phenomenon.

2. The findings are generalizable to large 2. The research lacks the ability to
population. provide a comprehensive textual
description of human experience.
3. The process of gathering the data are 3. Responses of participants are strictly
generally less demanding. limited to what has been asked.
4. The researcher can use software for 4. The study design is inflexible due to
easier data analysis. the rigidity and robustness of the
instrumentation.
5. The validity and reliability of the results 5. Self-reported data may not be very
can be measured which will lessen the accurate due to overestimation or
degree of subjectivity. underestimation of their skills during
the assessment.

ACTIVITY 3

Point out at least one (1) strength and one (1) weakness of the following research plans:

1. The class planned to conduct a research that would determine whether a diet of
blueberries influence aging which will involve 19-month-old rats. In the study, one
group of rats will be fed with their standard diet, while the other three groups will be
fed with diet supplemented with blueberry, strawberry, and spinach powder. After eight
weeks, the rats were given with memory test and motor skill test.

Strength:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Weakness:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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2. A research wanted to interview the school principal to find out the joys, challenges,
and triumphs in running a rural school.

Strength:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Weakness:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

IMPORTANCE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ACROSS DIFFERENT FIELDS

Quantitative research has been present since time immemorial. Our ancestors,
from the earliest civilizations have been doing various experiments in order to make our
living better. Because of their efforts, the results of their laborious works, undeniably, have
offered various solutions to our problems which caused great impact in our society. For
instance, in educational settings, especially in higher education are engrossed in
conducting researches in order to identify the degree of problems and provide
suggestions that could improve pedagogical practices and policies which later, will be
passed to the future educators. Also, these educator-researchers could help validate,
test, and challenge the existing pedagogical practices in order to contextualize and
localize those practices to cater the needs of the learners (Faltado, Bombita, Boholano,
& Pogoy, 2016).
Listed below are the benefits that quantitative research can offer to specific
strands, as well as the field of interest you wanted to explore.

1. Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM)

Try to consider this: a pandemic which suddenly broke out and has been
spreading to neighboring countries which affected the lives of people – no
medicine available yet; a machine that could predict today’s weather; accuracy
and precision of building’s measurements, as well as the sustainability of the
ecology that will be affected. Quantitative research can help alleviate the
burdens of the people working and benefiting from the sectors involved. In
medical settings, quantitative research can help determine if the newly
developed medicine is effective through number of trials before being
administered and consumed by the public.
Another is peoples’ dependency on technology. Almost everything can be
accessible through technology. Without it, computing large numbers without
the help of super-computers would be a tragedy for an accountant. Also, there
would be millions of lives taken away due to unpreparedness whenever a
typhoon comes, as no one can predict where would it land next. One of the
necessities nowadays, cellular phones or smart phones. Before, you have to
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wait for a month for you to receive the reply of your loved one in abroad. Now,
in just a second, you can even talk to them via phone applications.
What about the building that you are residing in? Without proper knowledge
on engineering and architecture, you might not be able to see the sun the next
day when a strong earthquake hits your place.
The materials used in building our houses, making and processing our food,
and designing our clothes are products of countless experiments – a type of
quantitative research. And these things are basically the building blocks of our
society.

You might be interested or inspired to make a research from the following

pool of topics, as suggested by IGI Global:

▪ Artificial Intelligence ▪ Medical and Life Sciences

▪ Robotics ▪ Infrared Astronomy
▪ Sustainable ▪ Theoretical Astrophysics
Infrastructure ▪ Radio Astronomy
▪ Mass Customization ▪ Renewable Energy
▪ Health Information ▪ Durability and Sustainability of
Systems Materials
▪ Medical Ethics ▪ Architecture and Urban Planning
▪ Environmental Science ▪ Biosensors
▪ Agricultural Science ▪ Electrical Power System

2. Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS)

As part of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, people need to establish

relationship within the society. Consider the old adage, “no man is an island.”
In relation to research, quantitative research helps us understand the degree
of behavioral and social interactions in our environment, whether it is in our
community, our workplace, and even in religious places. This even extends to
our relationships via social media. Also, you can conduct a quantitative
research to investigate or explore the methods and approaches that enhance
one’s creativity. We can also investigate the relationship between humans and
arts.

You might want to consider the following topics as your interest in research:

▪ Civic Engagement ▪ Gender Discrimination

▪ Cyber Behavior ▪ Political Correctness
▪ Digital Humanities ▪ Communication Theory
▪ Ethics and Social ▪ Cancel Culture
Responsibility ▪ Government and Law
▪ Gender Studies ▪ Freedom of Speech
▪ Generation Studies
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3. Accountancy, Business, and Management (ABM)

Quantitative research can also be of help to companies and organizations

as it assesses the approaches that will help companies in their decision-making
policies. Researches in this area would not only help the organizations to
survive, but also to thrive. The following topics might interest you in your
research:

▪ Accounting and ▪ Lifelong Learning in the

Financing Workforce
▪ Business Information ▪ Internal Communications
Systems ▪ Consumer Anxiety
▪ e-Commerce ▪ Labor Standards
▪ Gender Economics and ▪ Human Resources Development
Consumption ▪ Hospitality, Travel, and Tourism
▪ Government Management
Regulations ▪ Aging Workforce
▪ Organizational ▪ Business and Organizational
Behavior Research
▪ Risk Assessment ▪ Economics and Economic Theory
▪ Operations and Service ▪ Digitization of Services
Management ▪ Entrepreneurship
▪ Micro-Entrepreneurship ▪ eSports Industry
▪ Online Business

4. Technical-Vocational (TechVoc – ICT, Animation, Programming)

Conducting quantitative research in this field would help examine the trends
and tendencies in the use of information technology. The following topics might
perk your interest to conduct a research on this:

▪ Cryptography ▪ Library Information System

▪ Hacking and ▪ Mobile Apps/Payment
Hacktivism Systems/Wallets
▪ Information Security ▪ Internet of Things
▪ Internet Safety ▪ eBooks and Audiobooks
▪ Internet Data and ▪ Flexible Mobile Devices
Social Media Privacy ▪ Digital Communications
▪ IT Security and Ethics ▪ Artificial Intelligence in Library
▪ Authentication ▪ Global Information Technology
Technology ▪ Media Communication

For more research topics, you may visit the following site:

https://www.igi-global.com/publish/research-areas/
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You may not now realize it but conducting researches (either quantitative or
qualitative) would put you into so much advantage due to institutions who are tied-up with
several organizations looking for interesting researches and would generously provide
the funding required for the said project. Also, there are academic institutions in the
national and international arena which are offering academic scholarships for
undergraduate, graduate, and post-graduate studies. By creating a research, not only you
can help the sectors, but you can also enjoy travelling while sharing your paper to others.

ACTIVITY 4
The following is an excerpt of Senator Cynthia Villar’s statement on research:
1. Based on her statement, discuss the importance of conducting a research in the field
of agriculture.

“One hundred fifty million sa research, P265 million sa calamity assistance, and then
P468 (million) ’yung sa machinery out of your budget na P1.2 billion. So ibig mong
sabihin, bakit parang lahat ng inyong budget puro research? Baliw na baliw kayo sa
research. Aanhin niyo ba ’yung research? Ako, matalino akong tao pero ’di ko
maintindihan ’yung research ninyo, lalo na ’yung farmer. Gusto ba ng farmer ’yung
research? ’Di ba ang gusto nila eh tulungan niyo naman sila?”
– Cynthia Villar on Department of Agriculture’s Budget on Research
Retrieved from: https://onenews.ph/dissecting-villar-s-baliw-sa-research-statement

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. Should the policies from government agencies need to be research-based? Why or
why not?

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
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EVALUATION
1. How can quantitative research be of help in the field of medicine, technology, and
politics?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. Cite at least 2 strengths and 2 weaknesses from the given abstract and provide an
explanation for your basis.

Beauty Sleep: Experimental Study on the Perceived Health

and Attractiveness of Sleep Deprived People
(Axelsson, J., Sundelin, T., Ingre, M., Van Someren, E.J.W., Olsson, A., Lekander, M., 2010)
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c6614

The researchers investigated whether sleep deprived people are perceived

as less healthy, less attractive, and more tired than after a normal night’s sleep.
The study was experimental in nature and was performed in a Sleep laboratory in
Stockholm, Sweden. The participants were 23 healthy, sleep deprived adults (age
18-31) who were photographed and 65 untrained observers (age 18-61) who rated
the photographs. The participants were photographed after a normal night’s sleep
(eight hours) and after sleep deprivation (31 hours of wakefulness after a night of
reduced sleep). And the photographs were presented in a randomized order and
which were rated by the untrained observers. The difference in observer ratings of
perceived health, attractiveness, and tiredness between sleep deprived and well
rested participants was done through a visual analogue scale (100 mm). Their
findings show that sleep-deprived people appear less healthy, less attractive, and
more tired compared with when they are well rested.

STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES

1. 1.

2. 2.
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LESSON 2: IDENTIFYING THE INQUIRY AND STATING THE PROBLEM

YOUR OBJECTIVES

Performance Standards:

1. formulate clearly the statement of research problem and research hypothesis (if
appropriate); and
2. formulate clearly conceptual framework, research hypotheses (if appropriate), and
define terms used in study

Content Standards
You are expected to demonstrate your understanding of:

1. The range of research topics in the area of inquiry;

2. The value of research in the area of interest; and
3. The specificity and feasibility of the problem posed; and
4. the research hypotheses (if appropriate).
5. the formulation of conceptual framework
6. the definition of terms as used in the study

Learning Competencies
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. write a research title;

2. describe background of research;
3. state research questions; and
4. list research hypotheses (if appropriate).
5. indicate scope and delimitation of study;
6. present written statement of the problem;
7. illustrate and explain conceptual framework; and
8. define terms used in study.

CHOOSING A RESEARCH TOPIC

You have already known the principles on how to write the qualitative research
titles. In this lesson, you will know how to craft quantitative research titles according to
various researchers.
One of the most important things to consider first in writing your title is the selection
of your topic or your problem. The topic is the central idea of the research that you want
work on. In order choose a research topic, Leavvy (2017) proposed these steps for
considering an initial research topic:
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1. Select a general topic about which you are interested in learning more.
o It is an imperative for you to be interested in the topic that you are trying to
work so that you will not be led into astray while you are in the process of
building your paper.

2. Summarize your topic in no more than a few words.

o From the general topic that you have chosen, narrow it down into a more
specific one. It is best to use a graphic organizer in order to properly lay
down and map out the concepts.

3. Consider the feasibility of researching your topic.

o Feasibility means possibility. Out of the concepts that you want to work with,
ensure the possibility of your topic to be conducted. Consider the
constraints such as duration, population, existing studies, and most of all,
your financial capability.

4. Consider if it is a worthwhile project (how the research will benefit

others).
o One of the purposes of conducting a research is to contribute to the body
of science, as well as to the humanity. Most of the students are compelled
to do research since it is a requirement. However, even if it just a
requirement, consider also what can people gain from your study, as
working on a research project is an arduous and tedious task.

5. Consider your emotional connection to the topic.

o This is related to the first item. If you are not interested in your topic, a
possibility of you getting easily distracted and demotivated in crafting your
research is very high. Thus, it is important that your topic is something that
is very close to your heart.

After choosing which topic you would want to work, the next step to do is to know
your topic if it is a problem or not. For you to find out, consider the criteria that would help
tell you if it is a problem.
CRITERIA YES NO
1. Does the topic perk up a person’s curiosity and interest?
2. Does the topic show some trend or pattern?
3. Does the topic involve the experience of any kind of an
individual?
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4. Does the topic display a gap between theory and practice?

5. Does the topic have a perceived difficulty in broad subjects
like family affairs, home management, and leadership system?
6. Conveys a feeling of discomfort or difficulty

If majority of your answers are YES, then you may consider that topic as your research
project. The following can be steppingstone in exploring your desired topic:
• Actual problems encountered
• Technological changes and curricular developments
• Academic experience
• Consultations
• Consideration of existing practices and needs
• Repetition or extension of investigation
• Studies underway

WRITING A RESEARCH TITLE

After carefully scrutinizing and choosing your research topic, you may now proceed
in writing your research title. Creswell (2009) formulated steps in crafting a research title:
1. Draft a brief title of your interest.
o This brief title of your interest is based on your chosen topic, as this will
serve as your working title. This working title will help you keep grounded
and focused on the topic as your project progresses.

2. Complete the sentence:

My study is all about _____________________________.

o Your answer on this will be: My study is all about the anxiety of students in
Mathematics or based on the topic that you have chosen. Frame your
answer based on the completed sentence so that the researchers can easily
grasp the meaning of your project.

3. Write straightforward titles, uncomplicated thoughts, easy to read and

understand.
o After completing the sentence, you may now re-frame your sentence in
this manner to formulate your research title:
Anxiety of Students in Mathematics
o Notice that it does not require a creative title. This title will now become
your working title.
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Leavvy (2017) also provided this framework in formulating your working title:
General Topic Identified Problem Working Title
anxiety of students in Math
Anxiety anxiety in Math problems
problems

ACTIVITY 5
Among the titles below, evaluate those titles according to the guidelines provided by
Creswell (2009) and Leavvy (2017).
1. A Cultural-Psychological Approach to Analyze Intercultural Learning: Potential
and Limits of the Structure Formation Technique
2. Design and Analysis of the Student Strengths Index (SSI) for Non-Traditional
Graduate Student
3. Effectiveness of Home Visits by Specialist Nurses in Preventing Infections for
Patients Undergoing Home Immunoglobulin Therapy as Opposed to those Not
Receiving Such Home Visits

Do the titles follow the recommendations of Creswell and Leavvy? If yes, how were the
titles crafted? If not, how should it be written?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________
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ACTIVITY 6
Read the introduction of the following study:
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STUDENTS’ BEHAVIOR TOWARD MATHEMATICS AND ACADEMIC
PERFORMANCE OF BUSINESS MATHEMATICS STUDENTS

Raffy S. Centeno, Danilo B. Hilarzo Jr., and Jovanni B. Silagan

1Mathematics relates everything in this universe from the smallest to the largest. That’s how important
it is. But hardly does one see any child that can boast that Mathematics is his or her favorite subject. The poor
performance of students in Mathematics has become a source of worry to many. Worldwide, people, especially
girls, tend to run away from it. With this phenomenon, experts conducted several researches to find its possible
cause (Mefor, 2011).
2
In Nigeria, the same problem was observed where many of its people despise the subject that resulted
to their poor performance in Math. This scenario caused an alarm to this country because at present they are not
producing teachers anymore. In an interactive session with journalists held last 2011, the director-general of the
National Mathematical Centre (NMC), Prof Sam Ale, identified various factors which he said has brought about
mass failure in the subject. One of which was students’ behavior toward the subject. They became pessimistic
that they could not do it since they were bullied that they can’t do it, they felt that their parents can’t do
mathematics, and they were confronted by the pressures given by the teachers through solving those nerve
breaking problems. Another factor that might affect the behavior of the students toward math was that some of
the schools in the said country taught mathematics only once a week (Mefor, 2011). With those reasons, students
overlooked the importance of mathematics in the field of science and technology that may greatly contribute to
the development of their nation.
3In the Philippines, poor performance in Math was also observed as manifested in the students’
performance in the National Achievement Test (NAT) in 2005. From the results of Third International Mathematics
and Science Study (TIMSS) conducted during 2003, Abad, the former secretary of education, noted that from
among the 45 countries for both science and mathematics assessments, the Philippines emerged 23rd or just
three rungs from the lowest country. The DepEd chief added that in the second-year high school level (Grade 8
in other countries), the Philippines placed 42nd in Science and Mathematics among 45 participating nations. Dr.
Nelia Benito, director of DepEd’s National Educational Testing and Research Center (NETRC), revealed that
many fourth-year high school students have difficulty in understanding basic scientific concepts, making
inferences, classifying biological and physical matters and solving scientific problems (Rimando, 2005). The
Department of Education (DepEd) reported that the 2009 National Achievement Test (NAT) showed that there
was an improvement over the previous years' result. In the 2009 the mean percentage score for public school
students who took the test was 66.33, from 64.81 percent in 2008 and 54.66 in 2006. Private school students,
who were mandated to take the NAT only this year, posted a 52.47 mean percentage score (MPS). However,
Kabataan Partylist Rep. Raymond “Mong” Palatino said that the slight improvement cannot be a huge cause for
celebration, as the 66.33 was still off the passing grade of 75. Palatino noted that this below passing grade was
a marker of the government's lack of funding for the education sector, forcing students to learn in bad conditions
such as makeshift classrooms, erroneous textbooks and underpaid teachers ("2009 National Achievement Test
scores improve - DepEd," 2009).
4In the Holy Cross College of Calinan (HCCC), the poor performance in mathematics was observed in
the results of their diagnostic test in mathematics administered by the Center for Educational Measurements, Inc.
and conducted to all first-year students in the college department. The school garnered a result of 55 as the
Average Difficulty Level from the population of 221. Most of them were considered below average in Mathematics.
5Evidence showed that there was a problem in the performance of the students toward Mathematics.

Thus, the researchers found the need to identify the cause of the phenomenon.
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1. What is the problematic situation posed in the study?

______________________________________________________________________
2. How did the researchers write the contents of:
Paragraph 1: ___________________________________________________________
Paragraph 2: ___________________________________________________________
Paragraph 3: ___________________________________________________________
Paragraph 4: ___________________________________________________________
Paragraph 5: ___________________________________________________________

3. Is the premise of the introduction convincing? In what manner?

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

WRITING THE RESEARCH INTRODUCTION

One of the problems of those who are not into academic writing, is on how to
ground their arguments. In academic writing, the researchers present their argument as
part of the introduction. Thus, introduction is the most sought out part of the research by
the readers in order to investigate if the problem posed in the study is viable. Because of
this, one must write an effective introduction to capture the interest of various sectors that
are interested in the study. For you to write an effective introduction, Swales (1990)
recommends ‘Creating A Research Space’ (CARS) Model in writing your research
introduction. CARS Model was a result of Swale’s genre analysis on research
introductions. This model has 3 moves which will be discussed in the next sections,
together with some examples.

MOVE 1: ESTABLISHING A TERRITORY

This move helps the researcher ground the problematic situation that is necessary
in the study. To further solidify one’s argument, there are steps to be followed:
Step 1: Claiming Centrality
Ask your readers to accept your research by claiming its significance in the
research arena.

“Understanding the concept of x has garnered the attention of the

researchers as…”

“Recently, there has been a spate of interest in…”

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Step 2: Making Topic Generalizations

Make statements about current knowledge, practices, or phenomena in the field.

“Despite the sudden interest of the researchers in this field, there are
concepts of x, which are not yet completely understood.”

“For instance, x is always observed in the environment, yet lack of empirical

evidences is still a problem.”

Step 3: Reviewing Previous Items of Research

Incorporate literatures on what has been found relating to the topic and who found
it. You may also use different types of verbs (especially reporting verbs, “shows”
or “claims”) and use past, present perfect tenses.

“Both Centeno and Nares (2020) claim that there are

misrepresented in the concept of x.”1

“Several studies suggested that…(Albay, 2019; Josio, 2020).”2

1integral 2non-integral
citation citation

MOVE 2: ESTABLISHING A NICHE

Swales (1990) argues that there is an open "niche" in the existing research, a
space that needs to be filled through additional research. The author can establish a niche
in one of four ways:
1. COUNTERCLAIMING
If you will use counterclaiming, you will be refuting or challenging the earlier
research/es by making a counter claim:

“While Centeno and Nares (2020) believe that method X is

effective in grounding the concept of X, a close examination
was demonstrated and found out that there are inconsistencies
in their procedure and sampling.”

2. INDICATING A GAP
This method, you will be demonstrating that the earlier research does not
sufficiently address all existing questions or problems.

“Though an intricate method was employed in the study on

X, however, they failed to address Y.”
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3. QUESTION-RAISING
From its name itself, you will be asking question about previous research,
suggesting that additional research needs to be done.

“Even if Centeno and Nares (2020) have proposed the

notion of X, it has raised some concerns in the field of research,
as…”

4. CONTINUING A TRADITION
The recommendation of the researchers is important as it is also a good source
of research problem. The recommendation section provides suggestions for
future researchers of the same topic, in relation to the constraints that they have
had. Thus, this makes the research process a cyclical one. Hence, if you will
employ this method, you will be presenting your research as a useful extension
of existing research, in relation to the previous researches.

“Most of the earlier studies lead to the finding that X is…

In order to establish generalizability, more work is needed to
verify its veracity.”

MOVE 3: OCCUPYING A NICHE

In this move, the author turns the niche established in Move 2 into the research
space that he or she will fill; that is, the author demonstrates how he or she will
substantiate the counter-claim made, fill the gap identified, answer the question(s) asked,
or continue the research tradition. The author makes this move in several steps,
described below. The initial step (lA or 1B) is obligatory, though many research articles
stop after that step.
Step 1A: Outlining Purposes
Indicates the main purpose/s of the current research
“In this research, I argue that…”
The present research tries to clarify...”

Step 1B: Announcing Present Research

Describes the research in the current paper

“This paper reviews literature of the topic X from 2015-2020.”

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Step 2: Announcing Principal Findings

Presents the main conclusions of their research

“The results of the study suggest that…”

“After the close examination of X, we found that...”

Step 3: Indicating the Structure of the Research Paper

Previews the organization of the research paper

“This paper is structured as follows.”

ACTIVITY 7
Evaluate the research introduction from Activity 6 using the checklist below. Put
an X if the research introductions followed the moves and steps. As for Move 2, select
only 1 way of establishing a niche. For Move 3, Steps 2 and 3 might not be present. If so,
put NA (not applicable).

Moves and Steps Research 1 Research 2 Res

Move 1. Establishing a Territory
Step 1: Claiming Centrality
Step 2: Making Topic Generalizations
Step 3: Reviewing Previous Items of Research
Move 2. Establishing a Niche
Counterclaiming
Indicating a Gap
Question-raising
Continuing a Tradition
Move 3. Occupying a Niche
Step 1A: Outlining Purposes
Step 1B: Announcing Present Research
Step 2: Announcing Principal Findings
Step 3: Indicating the Structure of the Research Paper

Do you think that the given research introduction can be further improved? If YES, why
and how? If NO, why?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
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ACTIVITY 8 (Performance Task 1)

Write your research introduction by following the CARS Model of Swales. Do not
worry about the citations. Just make up your own.

Research Title: ________________________________________________________

*Move 1: Establishing a Territory (General Problem)

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

**Move 2: Establishing a Niche

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

**Move 3: Occupying a Niche

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
*Move 1 – composed of 3-4 sentences **Moves 2 and 3 – composed of 2-3 sentences

RUBRICS FOR WRITING RESEARCH INTRODUCTION

10 pts 7pts 5pts 2pts

Task (Very Good) (Good) (Satisfactory) (Poor)
creates a strong creates a weak
lacks thesis
creates a strong thesis statement that thesis statement that
statement that will
thesis statement that will lead to the does not lead to the
cite a problematic lead to the
will lead to the discussion of the discussion of the
situation of the discussion of the
discussion of the problematic problematic
chosen field and problematic
problematic situation though it situation, and has
relate it to global, situation, and has
situation, and has has only been only been
national, and local not been
been contextualized contextualized into contextualized into
settings contextualized into
into global, national, 1 or 2 of these 1 or 2 of these
global, national, and
and local settings settings: global, settings: global,
local settings
national, and local national, and local
 22
22

The research gap is

establish the
carefully written by
research gap by No research gap is
pointing out what is
stating the included in the
present in the
difference/s of the background of the
current study that
current study to study.
the existing studies
existing studies
do not have.

There are more

All moves are well- There is at least 1
draft the research than1 missing
All moves are well- written, and at least missing move, and
introduction by move, and more
written, and all steps only 1 step in every all steps in the
following the than 1 step in the
are clearly followed. move is not included move are
CARS Model included move are
followed. clearly followed.
missing.
follow the
mechanics in
writing:
• Required
At least one of the At least two of the
sentence lengths All mechanics are All mechanics are
mechanics is not mechanics is not
• Use of followed. violated.
followed. followed
transitional
devices
• Correct spelling
and grammar

ACTIVITY 9
Read the following research questions/statement of the problems by the sample
research. Then, answer the questions after.
1. What is the students’ behavior toward Mathematics when analyzed according to:
a. student activities;
b. attitudes toward Mathematics; and
c. mathematical habits of mind?
2. What is the academic performance of the students according to their:
a. Grade point average?
3. Is there a significant relationship between students’ behavior toward Mathematics
and their Academic Performance?

1. What is the question all about in items 1 and 2? What is its importance in the study?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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23

2. What is the reason why question 3 is included in the study?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

3. How did the researchers frame their questions?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESES

Quantitative Research Questions inquire mainly about the relationship among

variables and it is commonly used in social science researches and survey studies

Quantitative Hypothesis are predictions made by the researcher about the

expected relationships among variables. It also specifies numeric estimates of population
values based on data collected from the samples which requires testing through statistical
procedures.

Guidelines in Writing Research Questions

One of the keys in formulating research questions, it must be coherent with the
research problem that you have identified. Once you have clearly identified the problem,
you may now start considering the nature of the variables involved in your study. After
that, you may do one of the following to formulate the research questions:
1. The use of variables that has 3 basic approaches that the researcher may:
a. compare groups on an independent variable to see its impact on a dependent
variable.
b. relate one or more independent variables to one or more dependent variables.
c. describe the responses to the independent, mediating, or dependent variables.

2. Usually, the variables involved in the study follows from a test of a theory and the
specification of research questions or hypotheses that are included in the theory.
Basically, your theory and variables are connected.

3. IV and DV must be measured separately; reinforces the cause-and-effect logic of

quantitative research.
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MODEL FOR RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Descriptive Questions – asks the basic information or attributes about the
respondents (demographic profile), and their levels or scores of in the given variables
(IV, DV, or both).
• What is demographic profile of the respondents in terms of: age, gender, grade
level…? (attributes of the respondents)
• What is the anxiety level of the respondents in terms of…? (IV)

Inferential Questions – draws inferences from a sample to a population and

usually follows after the descriptive questions.
• Is there a significant difference between the anxiety level (DV) of the students
when grouped according to their grade level (IV/MV)?
• Is there a significant relationship between the anxiety level (IV) and academic
performance in math (DV) of the respondents?
WRITING RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
Write either research questions or hypotheses, not both, unless the hypotheses
build on the research questions. If hypotheses are used, there are 2 forms: null and
alternative hypothesis.
NULL HYPOTHESIS makes a prediction that in the general population, no
relationship or no significant difference exists between groups on a variable.
An investigator might examine three types of reinforcement for
children with autism: verbal cues, a reward. and no reinforcement. The
investigator collects behavioral 'measures assessing social interaction of
the children with their siblings.

Ho: There is no significant difference between the effects of verbal cues, rewards,
and no reinforcement in terms of social Interaction for children with autism and their
siblings.

ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS makes a prediction about the expected outcome,

basing this prediction on prior literature and studies on the topic that suggests are
potential outcome.
Mascarenhas (1989) studied the differences between, types of
ownership (state-owned, publicly traded, and private) of firms in the offshore
drilling industry. Specifically, the study explored such differences as
domestic market dominance, international presence, and customer
orientation. The study was a controlled field study using quasi-experimental
procedures.
 25
25

H1: Publicly traded firms will have higher growth rates than privately held firms.
H2: Publicly traded enterprises will have a larger international scope than state-
owned and privately held firms.

STANDARD USE OF LANGUAGE IN HYPOTHESIS

For Null Hypothesis:
▪ There is no significant relationship between anxiety (IV) and academic performance
in math (DV) of the Grade 12 students.

▪ There is no significant difference on the anxiety of Senior High School students in

mathematics (DV) when grouped by their grade level (IV)

For Alternative Hypothesis:

▪ There is a significant relationship between anxiety (IV) and academic performance in
math (DV) of the Grade 12 students.

▪ There is a significant difference on the anxiety of Senior High School students in

mathematics (DV) when grouped by their grade level (IV)

ACTIVITY 10
Formulate and write 2 research questions (1 descriptive and 1 inferential) and 2
hypotheses (1 null and 1 alternative) from the given research titles.
RESEARCH Descriptive Inferential Null and Alternative
TITLES Questions Questions Hypothesis
The Effects of
Wife’s
Employment on
the Power
Structure of the
Family
Online Business
as Perceived by
Customers and
their Product
Preference
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Internet Exposure
and Digital
Literacy of Senior
High School
Students
Stress Level and
Productivity in
Work of Call
Center Agents

ACTIVITY 11 (Performance Task 2)

Based on the problem you introduced in Activity 6, formulate your research questions
and hypothesis/es.
1. ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

RUBRICS IN WRITING RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESES

10 pts 7pts 5pts 2pts
Tasks / Criteria
(Very Good) (Good) (Satisfactory) (Poor)
pose relevant research
questions that embodies
the problem, and
hypotheses, by All criteria are
observing: observed, though
there are There is more than
All criteria are There is at least
- SMART (Specific, grammatical one criterion
observed and one criterion
Measurable, deviations which violated and there
Attainable, Relevant, follows correct violated, yet
make the are grammatical
Time-Oriented) grammar. grammar is correct.
questions/ deviations.
- 3-5 questions hypothesis
(descriptive and ambiguous.
inferential)
- Answerable by both
descriptive and
inferential statistics
 27
27

ACTIVITY 12

Read the paragraph and answer the questions.

This study aimed to determine the significant relationship between students’

behavior toward mathematics and academic performance of all college students
enrolled in Business Mathematics. The academic performance of the respondents in
Business Mathematics will be based on their final grades at the end of the course for
the second term of the first semester of the school year 2012 – 2013. The study was
conducted using the grades which was provided by the Registrar’s Office of Holy Cross
College of Calinan, particularly college department of the current school year. The
researchers focused on determining the behavior of the respondents and its effects to
their academic performance in Mathematics. Therefore, other factors that may affect
the behavior of the students were not included in this study.

1. What factors or dimensions will be/were involved in the assessment?

_____________________________________________________________________
2. How many respondents are involved? ____________________________________
3. Who are the involve in the study? _______________________________________
4. Where and when will be/was the study undertaken? _________________________
5. How did the researchers write the contents of the given paragraph?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

WRITING THE SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS

Scope of the Study

The scope is the coverage of the study. The researcher has to set the parameters
and boundaries of the issues, who are the target participants, time frame of the study, the
place where the study will be conducted and the type of data to be used.

Delimitation vs. Limitation

DELIMITATIONS are the definitions you set as the boundaries of your research.
This includes the objectives, research questions, variables, theories, and populations
chosen in the study. Oftentimes, delimitations are strongly related to your theory and
research questions
LIMITATIONS are the potential weaknesses in your study which really are out your
control such limited funding, choice of research design, statistical model constraints, and
etc. The limitations posed in the study cannot be reasonably ignored as it can affect the
design and results.
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ACTIVITY 13

Critique the sample scope and delimitation of the study according to the guidelines
provided in the discussion.

This study aimed to determine the significant relationship between students’ behavior
toward mathematics and academic performance of all college students enrolled in
Business Mathematics. The academic performance of the respondents in Business
Mathematics will be based on their final grades at the end of the course for the second
term of the first semester of the school year 2012 – 2013. The study was conducted
using the grades which was provided by the Registrar’s Office of Holy Cross College of
Calinan particularly college department of the current school year. The researchers
focused on determining the behavior of the respondents and its effects to their
academic performance in Mathematics. Therefore, other factors that may affect the
behavior of the students were not included in this study

Are there any missing parts/sections in the sample? How can it be improved?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

ACTIVITY 14 (Performance Task 3)

Based on your research problem, discuss its scope and delimitations.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
RUBRICS IN WRITING SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS
10 pts 7pts 5pts 2pts
Tasks / Criteria
(Very Good) (Good) (Satisfactory) (Poor)

The scope and The scope and The scope and

limitation have been limitation have been limitation have been
clearly discussed, clearly discussed, yet clearly discussed, yet No discussion of
discuss the scope
specifically the it lacks one of the it lacks 2-3 of the the scope and limit
and limits of the
variables, following: variables, following: variables, included in the
study
respondents, the respondents, the respondents, the section.
location and time location and time location and time
frame of the study. frame of the study. frame of the study.
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29

ACTIVITY 15

This is from the study of Laguatan and Reyes (2018) on Students’ Personal
Experiences and Interest in Philippine Folk Dance: Basis for Dance Program
Intervention.

1. Which of the following are the independent and dependent variables? What are your
bases?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. Discuss the connection of the diagram and the title of the study.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

3. Explain the concept of the diagram.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

FORMULATING CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Conceptual framework represents the researcher’s synthesis of literature on how

to explain a phenomenon. It also maps out the actions required in the course of the study.
According to Marghie et al. (2001), conceptual framework sets the stage for the
presentation of the particular research question that drives the investigation being
 30
30

reported based on the problem statement. In addition, Regoniel (2015) provided simplified
guidelines in crafting conceptual framework.
Step 1. Choosing your topic

Topic: Exposure to blue light from LED screens

Thesis statement: Chronic exposure to blue light from LED screens deplete
melatonin levels thus, reduce the number of sleeping hours
among middle-aged adults.

Step 2. Do a Literature Review

Topic: Exposure to blue light from LED screens

Literature: According to the literatures reviewed, those who spent too
much time working on their laptops or watching television at
night are experiencing insomnia which affected their sleep
time.

Premise: People who spent too much time on their laptops or TV

experience insomnia and affected their sleep time.

Step 3. Isolate the Important Variables

Variables: SLEEP TIME and EXPOSURE TIME

Step 4. Generate the Conceptual Framework

Consider the following questions:

What is being affected by the exposure to blue light? The sleep time
What affects the sleep time of the middle-aged man? Exposure to blue light

Then, designate the variables:

Length of Exposure – Independent (affects the sleep time)

Sleeping hours – Dependent (being affected by the exposure)
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Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Note: Both variables are expressed in HOURS.

Conceptual framework shows the overall idea of what the research project is all
about. From the example above, the diagram could actually tell two things: the study
wants to investigate the relationship of the length of exposure to blue light (which is
measured in hours) and the sleep hours of the middle-aged man, that is correlational in
nature (this will be discussed in your Module 3, Research Designs) or the study want to
examine if the independent variable can influence the dependent variable, that is
experimental.

ACTIVITY 16
Create a conceptual framework based on the given statement of the problem and
explain the concept.

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 gender; 1.2 interests in subjects?
2. What is the level of the anxiety of the respondents when measured in terms of:
2.1 high; 2.2 moderate; 2.3 low?
3. Is there a significant relationship between the demographic profile of the
respondents and their anxiety level?

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
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ACTIVITY 17 (Performance Task 4)

Based on your research questions on Activity 11, formulate your conceptual framework.

RUBRIC FOR FORMULATING CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

10 pts 7pts 5pts 2pts
Task/Criteria
(Very Good) (Good) (Satisfactory) (Poor)
create a conceptual The conceptual The conceptual The conceptual The conceptual
framework showing framework clearly framework clearly framework framework does not
how the variables shows the shows the ambiguously shows show the
interact with one interaction of the interaction of the the interaction of the interaction of the
another provided variables present in variables present in variables present in variables present in
that the variables the study, and a the study, yet the the study, and the the study, and the
are in the right detailed discussion discussion provided discussion provided discussion provided
boxes is provided. is not detailed. is not detailed. is not detailed.

ACTIVITY 18

Interest. This refers to the individual characteristics that one finds attractive,
fulfilling and enjoyable (Lowman, 2003). It also refers to the students’ attentiveness to
Philippine Folk Dances in terms of learning the dance steps, music, costume, and
dance history.
Folk Dance. folk dance is the vivid intimate bond of costumes, ideals and
traditions of the past through which a multitude of national characteristics in music,
steps and costumes are preserve (Tulio, 2015) It refers to the dance that embodies the
culture of the Filipino people. It consists of five major classifications the Ifugao dances,
Muslim dances, Rural dances, Spanish Influence dances and Tribal dances.
 33
33

Do the terms have similarities in its dictionary meaning? If not, how did the researchers
define the terms?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

WRITING THE DEFINITION OF TERMS

In the section Definition of Terms, this is where the terms or variables are clearly
defined by the researchers in order to ground its context. There are two ways on how to
define the terms: to give the conceptual definition or the operational definition.

In conceptual definition, the definition is taken from the dictionary as reference

book of everyday language. It is also known as theoretical definition because it is more
abstract and general in nature and universally accepted and understood.

Term: MARRIAGEABLE AGE

Definition: Marriageable age means that a person is old enough and suitable
for marriage.

As for the operational definition, the terms are defined using measurable
characteristics set by the research to clearly illustrate the meaning of the terms in the
study. This is the most common method of defining the terms in research.

Term: MARRIAGEABLE AGE

Definition: Marriageable age refers to the age 18 years or above between a man
and a woman to legally enter into contract for marriage. Among
Manobo tribesmen, 13 years old is the marriageable age.

When defining the terms, only the terms used in the title, in the statement of the
problem and in methodology need to be defined. Also, always define the terms
OPERATIONALLY; how can these variables be measured?
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ACTIVITY 19

Evaluate the given definition of terms according to the concepts provided in the
discussion.

Assessment refers to the wide variety of methods or tools that educators use
to evaluate, measure and document the academic readiness, learning progress, skill
acquisition, or educational needs of the students.

4Ps or (Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program) is also called as a Conditional

Cash Transfer (CCT) as Philippine government version. It provides financial assistance
for poor families to invest in their future by ensuring that mothers and children avail of
health care and that children go to school.

1. What method of definition is employed by the researcher?

______________________________________________________________________

2. Do you think the definition can still be improved? If yes, identify the things that are
needed to be improved and provided the corrected definition. If no, elaborate what
points were missing.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

ACTIVITY 20

Give the conceptual and operational definitions of the following variables.

VARIABLES CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

Learning

Preference

Attitude

Perception
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35

ACTIVITY 21 (Performance Task 5)

Based on the terms from your research title in Activity 8, write its operational definition.
1. _______________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. _______________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

3. _______________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

4. _______________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

10 pts 7pts 5pts 2pts

Task/Criteria
(Very Good) (Good) (Satisfactory) (Poor)

All variables are

At most 1 variable is
defined as to how At most 2 variables All variables are
define the terms as not defined as to how
they work in the are not defined as not defined as to
to how it operates it works in the study,
study, which also to how it works in how it works in the
in the study which also includes
includes the the study. study.
the dimensions.
dimensions.
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36

ASSESSMENT
A. Compare and contrast the ideas in writing a research title as proposed by Creswell
and Leavvy. Point out at least 3 ideas in each circle.

B. Based on the discussions and references given, how you should write your research
title. List down at least 4 ways.
1. ________________________________________________________________

2. ________________________________________________________________

3. ________________________________________________________________

4. ________________________________________________________________

C. Evaluate the given research title according to the guidelines given by Creswell and
Leavvy:

I Want to Play Games: Examining the Relationship between Graphic Designs of

MMORPG and the Excitement Level of Online Gamers in Public
and Private Secondary Students in Davao City

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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37

Is there a need for the research title to be changed? If yes, what would be the
new research title and why? If no, why does the title do not need to be changed?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

D. Short Essay. Answer the following in 4-5 sentences only.

1. Why is it important to clearly establish the problem of the study?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. What do you think are the problems you will encounter in writing your research
introduction and how will you solve it?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

3. What is the importance of hypothesis in your study?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

4. What is the difference between limitation and delimitation?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

5. Explain the concept of operational definition and provide a step-by-step process

on how to do it.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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CASE ANALYSIS

Based on the provided research article, answer the following in not less than 7 sentences:
1. Provide at least 2 strengths and 2 weakness of the research article. Explain your
basis.

STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES

1. 1.

2. 2.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. Following the guidelines in writing research titles, was it clearly written? Why and
how?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

3. Describe the problematic situation in the article. Is there really a need for the
research to be conducted? Why or why not?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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39

4. Does it follow the CARS model? How?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

5. Formulate the conceptual framework of the research article and explain the concept.

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

6. What were the statement of the problems (and hypothesis, if it has) of the article?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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40

7. What are the definitions of the concepts suicide, stigma, and public perception in
the research article and how was it written?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

8. How was the study narrowed?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________