MTH101: Calculus I

IBU Lecture 6: Differentiation Formulas

International Burch University
Lecture 6: Differentiation Formulas (Sections 2.3 & 2.4)

Derivative of a constant function

d
(c) = 0
dx
d
Example 1: Show that (c) = 0.
dx
f (x + h) − f (x) c −c
f 0 (x) = lim = lim =0
h→0 h h→0 h

The power rule

If n is a positive integer, then
d n
(x ) = nx n−1
dx

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 Example 2: Show that the power rule holds for n=1, n=2, and n=3.

d x +h−x h
For n=1: dx
(x) = lim = lim = lim 1 = 1
h→0 h h→0 h h→0

For n=2: For n=3:

d 2 (x + h) − x 2 2 d 3 (x + h)3 − x 3
(x ) = lim = (x ) = lim
dx h→0 h dx h→0 h
x 2 + 2xh + h2 − x 2 x 3 + 3x 2 h + 3xh2 + h3 − x 3
= lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
2xh + h 2 3x 2 h + 3xh2 + h3
= lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
h(2x + h) h(3x 2 + 3xh + h2 )
= lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
= lim (2x + h) = 2x
h→0
= lim (3x 2 + 3xh + h2 ) = 3x 2
h→0

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 Constant multiple rule
If c is a constant and f is differentiable function, then
d d
(cf (x)) = c f (x)
dx dx

(cf )0 = cf 0

d
Example 3: Find (−x 3 ).
dx
Note that −x 3 = (−1)x 3 . Applying the power rule and the constant rule, we
get

d d d
(−x 3 ) = (−1)x 3 = (−1) (x 3 ) = (−1) · 3x 3 = −3x 2
dx dx dx

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 Sum and difference rules
If f and g are differentiable functions, then
d d d
[f (x) ± g (x)] = f (x) ± g (x)
dx dx dx

(f ± g )0 = f 0 ± g 0

Example 4: Find y 0 for y = (x 7 − 12x 3 + 27π)

d 7 d 7 d d
(x − 12x 3 + 27π) = (x ) − (12x 3 ) + (27π)
dx dx dx dx
= 7x 6 − 12 · 3x 2 = 7x 6 − 36x 2

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Example 5: Find the points on the curve y = x 4 − 8x 2 + 1 where the tangent
line is horizontal.

Recall: the slope of a tangent line to a curve y = f (x) at the point P(a, f (a))
is equal to f 0 (a).

d 4
y0 = (x − 8x 2 + 1) = 4x 3 − 16x
dx
For horizontal lines the slope m=0. y = x 4 − 8x 2 + 1 will have horizontal
tangent lines at those points which satisfy the equation:

4x 3 − 16x = 0

4x(x 2 − 4) = 0

x = 0,
x = ±2

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Derivatives of sine and cosine functions

sin θ
Example 6: (a) Find lim .
θ→0 θ

From the right triangle 4ABD:

|BD|
sin θ = = |BD|
|AD|

Also, |BD| < arc DC , and

θ = arc DC

Therefore

sin θ < θ

It is also easy to see that arc DC < |EC |. From the right triangle 4ACE :
|EC |
tan θ = = |EC |, which implies that θ < tan θ.
|AC |

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The following inequalities hold:
sin θ
sin θ < θ and θ< ,
cos θ
sin θ sin θ
<1 and cos θ < ,
θ θ
sin θ
cos θ < <1
θ

sin θ
Using the squeeze theorem, we get lim = 1, since lim cos θ = 1.
θ→0 θ θ→0

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 d
(b) Find (sin x).
dx

sin (x + h) − sin x sin x cos h + sin h cos x − sin x

= =
h h
sin x(cos h − 1) + sin h cos x
= =
h
sin x(cos h − 1) sin h cos x
= +
h h
cos h − 1 cos2 (h/2) − sin2 (h/2) − 1 −2 sin2 (h/2)
lim = lim = lim =
h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h
  
sin (h/2)
= (−1) lim lim sin (h/2) = (−1) · 1 · 0 = 0
h→0 h/2 h→0

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Therefore

sin (x + h) − sin x sin x(cos h − 1) sin h cos x

lim = lim + lim =
h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h
   
cos h − 1 sin h
= (sin x) lim + (cos x) lim =
h→0 h h→0 h

= cos x

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Derivative of sine
d
(sin x) = cos x
dx

Derivative of cosine
d
(cos x) = − sin x
dx

Example 7: Find the 17th derivative of y = sin x.

y 0 = cos x
y 00 = − sin x
y 000 = − cos x
y (4) = sin x
y (5) = cos x = y 0
We can see that y (4k+j) = y (j) , for k positive integer, and j=0, 1, 2, 3.

Therefore, y (17) = y (4·4+1) = y 0 = cos x

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 sin 4x
Example 8: Find lim .
x→0 3x

sin 4x sin 4x 4 sin 4x 4 sin 4x

lim = lim = lim = lim =
x→0 3x x→0 (3/4)(4x) x→0 3 4x 3 x→0 4x
4 sin 4x 4
= lim =
3 x→0 4x 3

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The Product and Quotient Rules

Product rule
If f and g are differentiable functions, then
d d d
[f (x)g (x)] = f (x) g (x) + g (x) f (x)
dx dx dx

(fg )0 = fg 0 + f 0 g

Example 9: Find f 0 for f (x) = (x 2 + 9)(7 − x 9 )

 
d d d 2
[(x 2 + 9)(7 − x 9 )] = (x 2 + 9) (7 − x 9 ) + (x + 9) (7 − x 9 ) =
dx dx dx

= (x 2 + 9)(−9x 8 ) + 2x(7 − x 9 )

= −9x 10 − 81x 8 + 14x − 2x 10 = −11x 10 − 81x 8 + 14x

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 Quotient rule
If f and g are differentiable functions, then
d d
f (x) − f (x) dx
 
d f (x) g (x) dx g (x)
=
dx g (x) [g (x)]2

 0
f f 0 g − fg 0
=
g g2

provided that g (x) 6= 0.

x
Example 10: Find y 0 for y =
x2 + 1
   
d 2 d 2
  x (x + 1) − (x + 1) x
d x dx dx
=
dx x 2 + 1 (x 2 + 1)2

x 2 + 1 − 2x 2 1 − x2
= 2 2
= 2
(x + 1) (x + 1)2

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 x2 + 1
Example 11: Find y 0 for y = √
x3
Using power rule:
√ √ √ √ √ √ √
2x x 3 − 32 x(x 2 + 1) 2 x 5 − 32 x 5 − 32 x x2 x − 3 x
y0 = = =
x3 x3 2x 3

Example 12: Find y 0 for y = x π/2 − π 3

d π/2 d 3
y0 = (x ) − (π )
dx dx
π
= x π/2−1
2

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 √
Example 13: Differentiate y = ( x) sin x

By the product rule:

d √ √ √
[( x) sin x] = ( x)0 sin x + ( x)[sin x]0 =
dx
√ 1 √
= (x 1/2 )0 sin x + ( x)[sin x]0 = (x −1/2 ) sin x + ( x) cos x =
2
1 √
= √ sin x + ( x) cos x
2 x

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 d
Example 14: Find (tan x)
dx

By the quotient rule:

(sin x)0 (cos x) − (sin x)(cos x)0

 
d d sin x
(tan x) = = =
dx dx cos x cos2 x

(cos x)(cos x) + (sin x)(sin x) cos2 x + sin2 x 1

= 2
= = = sec2 x
cos x cos2 x cos2 x

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