The poem explores how relationships and perceptions of love can change over time through the use of extended metaphors about memory and the flow of time.
Time is depicted as an 'irreversible river' that flows constantly, with moments represented as droplets that briefly catch the light before falling into memory. Past experiences are committed to a 'dark pool of memory' that cannot be revisited.
Initially the speaker feels an intense love, represented through vivid sensory imagery, but over the years their feelings soften into a gentle companionship and appreciation of kindness. However, when separation seems possible again, her love is reawakened with intensity.
Waterfall
Lauris Dorothy Edmond
“I do not ask for youth, nor for delay in the rising of time's irreversible river that takes the jewelled arc of the waterfall….”
(Full poem unable to be reproduced due to copyright restrictions)
VOCABULARY
Delay - p utting something off, something taking longer than it should Irreversible - u nable to be reversed Arc - a curved shape Glimpse - c atch sight of Glinting - s hining, catching light Bracken - f ern plants that have died back and turned brown Astringent - s harp, bitter Shrewd - judging strictly, but not necessarily unfairly Chastened - being restrained or softened, also punished or disciplined Nostalgia - l ooking back at the past with longing and sadness Jauntiness - happiness, positive energy Sinewed - strengthened (sinews are the tissue that holds muscle together) Resolution - determination Luminous - bright, glowing
STORY/SUMMARY
The speaker doesn’t ask to return to youth, or to slow down the passage of time which is like a river flowing, creating a waterfall which arcs as it falls, each droplet in flight is like a minute which catches the light and she is able to see it clearly for brief a moment, before it falls. In it she sees everything she has, and everything that she is losing.
She doesn’t dream for her and her partner to be young again, and they get to relive the love they felt in youth - the memory of this is tied up with natural landscape, bracken and moss, and still water that holds their reflection forever as it does not move.
It’s enough for the speaker to enter a room and find her partner looking back at her with kindness, this is what they now call ‘love’, his eyes are ‘shrewd’, judgemental but fair and trustful, his face has become more disciplined over the years of careful decision making, they sit in mild conversation in the afternoons and talk without longing for the past.
But when the partner leaves her, with his happiness made stronger by determination rather than strength, suddenly she feels an intense, quick love for him. This is because she remembers (as described in the poem’s opening) that bright, luminous moments of joy pass quickly and you only get to experience them once before they drop into the ‘dark pool’ of memory and vanish forever.
SPEAKER/VOICE
The speaker uses the first person singular pronoun ‘I’ to show that she is talking from a personal point of view, and direct address ‘you’ to demonstrate that the poem is intended for a private audience - her partner. The ‘you’, however, comes in the second stanza, so the effect is for the poem to shift in perspective from talking generally about time and memory, to personally about the speaker’s partner and her relationship with him.
LANGUAGE
● Extended metaphor - Throughout the poem, an extended metaphor is used to depict time as an ‘irreversible river’ which flows onwards and cannot be stopped. Moments and experiences are like droplets that suddenly come into view, as if they are catching light as they flow down a waterfall. This creates a beautiful and complex metaphor about the nature of time - finishing with the visual image of the ‘dark pool’ which represents past experiences that have been committed to memory.
● Alliteration - ‘I do not dream that you, young again,’ - the plosive ‘d’ sounds are emphatic and definite, demonstrating that the speaker is sure she doesn’t feel nostalgic or wish to return to a state of youth. The ‘y’ and ‘g’ sounds that come later in the line feel a little softer as the speaker thinks of her partner. ● There is also fricative alliteration in the line ‘sunlight lights each drop fast, fast falling’, using a range of ‘l’ and ‘f’ sounds to imitate the fluidity of the light and water, as well as the quickly changing way in which they interact.
● Imagery - there is a blending of visual and olfactory imagery in the second stanza to create a strong impression of a dark, almost primeval forest which is either a direct memory of the initial love that the speaker and her partner shared, or perhaps a symbolic representation of how their love felt at first. The imagery - ‘darkly in love’s green darkness’, ‘dust of the bracken spices the air’, ‘moss, crushed … astringent sweetness’ - also is strongly reminiscent of the rich and vibrant New Zealand landscape that must have surrounded the couple where they lived.
● Symbolism - much of the poem works on a symbolic level, but one particular instance is the reference to the ‘jewelled arc of the waterfall’, it references the idea that a waterfall creates a rainbow of light as it falls, seeming to be filled for a moment with colourful jewels. As the droplets of water in the poem represent experiences or moments in time, we could also extend this interpretation to say that the speaker views these moments as precious and beautiful, perhaps rich and rare too, as jewels are commonly thought to be.
STRUCTURE / FORM
Volta - ‘But when you leave me’ - this line creates a turning point in the poem, where the subdued and subtle emotions that the speaker and her husband feel towards one another suddenly become sharp and vivid again, she is ‘suddenly’ filled with an intense love for him at his moment of departure. The effect is to imply that when we get used to the presence of a person we may take them for granted or become slightly numb to their positive traits, yet the thought of losing them suddenly throws up a sharp response, showing that they do truly mean a lot.
End stopped stanzas - each stanza has a full stop at the end of it, which in poetry is termed ‘end stopped’. This has a sense that each stanza is complete in itself, showing or exploring a different angle on the themes and the relationship. Thought the poem is written in free verse with no set metre or rhyme scheme, the regularity of the end stopping and the six line stanzas (sestets) creates a sense of the repetition of daily life or the routine that the couple have settled into, as well as the small fluctuations they face from time to time. Dashes ‘- calling it love - ‘ the description of the abstract noun ‘kindness’ is poignant and brings up complex emotions. The speaker suggests that the kind behaviour that the couple display towards one another is equated with love, as if they feel they are the same thing. This creates a gently critical tone to the poem, as the speaker seems to find fault with the idea that kindness is thought of as love, as if to her love should feel passionate and go beyond the basic formalities and kind gestures that we extend to many members of our friendship groups and family.
CONTEXT
Lauris Edmond was a New Zealand poet, playwright and novelist. She wrote poetry from a young age but didn’t publish any until she was in her fifties. She lived quite a domestic life, marrying and raising six children, but divorced from her husband in 1984 after a difficult marriage (aged 60 at the time). Although the date of the poem is unclear, her first collection was only published when she was 51 years old, so it must have been written towards the end of her marriage, or perhaps after the divorce as a reflection upon the complex feelings that she and her husband had towards one another.
Edmond’s poetry is often sensitive, exploring personal themes such as friendship, domesticity and relationships. She was also considered a feminist, being inspired in the 1970s by a newly placed focus on female writers and female poets in society.
ATTITUDES
● Love is not a constant, it changes over time - the speaker explores her relationship with her partner as ever-changing, and also softening in intensity over time. It seems that they become more comfortable with one another’s presence over the years, and they are happy to sit in light conversation and enjoy each other’s company without any intensity of feeling. Yet, when it feels as though the partner may leave - this may be seen as a brief absence, a more permanent separation or even death - the love that the speaker felt comes flooding back with an extreme intensity. In this moment, she fully appreciates that intensity of feeling, knowing that it will be brief - whereas when she first felt that way she may have overlooked it. ● Memory is like a dark pool of experiences that have passed - the use of water to represent memory is a literary conceit which flows throughout the poem. Time is also connected in the speaker’s mind to memory, and as time flows moments move from the present into the past. In the present moment, experiences are like droplets of water that can be perceived momentarily, such as those that are seen when observing a waterfall. The experience then turns into a memory, being committed to a ‘dark pool below’. Light and dark are also used symbolically in this conceit to signify the moment as a person experiences it, and then remembered moments that linger in the mind.
● Appreciate the important and joyful moments in life - the poem refuses to be nostalgic, it doesn’t accept that our best moments are always only appreciated after they pass. Instead, the speaker intelligently learns from her past mistake of not fully engaging with the intense feelings of love that she felt early on in the relationship, and when those feelings resurface she is determined to fully appreciate them the second time around. This serves as a deep message to readers of the poem that we should always be on the lookout for important experiences in our lives, and try hard to engage with and appreciate them when they appear.
THEMES
Love Relationships Time Memory Change Habit Ephemerality Nostalgia (anti-nostalgia) Marriage
NOTES FOR TEACHERS ON THE SET POEMS For examination in June and November (Years 2013, 2014, 2015)
SONGS OF OURSELVES:
THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS ANTHOLOGY OF POETRY IN ENGLISH
IGCSE SYLLABUS 0486
IGCSE SYLLABUS 0476
O LEVEL SYLLABUS 2010
I-GCSE Poetry Coursework 'Songs of Ourselves': 'How Do Edward Thomas and Tony Harrison Explore The Theme of Mortality in Rain' and From Long Distance'?'
Access Test Bank for The Development of Children and Adolescents: An Applied Perspective by Hauser-Cram, Nugent, Thies, Travers All Chapters Immediate PDF Download