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    Q1) Solve Any Five A) What Is The Difference Between Inferential and Descriptive Statistics? Sample

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    Amar Nath Babar
    Inferential statistics makes inferences about a population based on a sample. It incorporates sampling error by defining the population, drawing a representative sample, and using analyses that account for sampling error. The main difference between an array and a matrix is that an array has one dimension while a matrix has two or more dimensions. In R, you can load a CSV file by using the read.csv() function, specifying the file path and name. The t-test is used to determine if the means of two groups are equal. Preloaded datasets in R can be listed using the data() function after loading the relevant package.

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    Q1) Solve Any Five A) What Is The Difference Between Inferential and Descriptive Statistics? Sample

    Uploaded by

    Amar Nath Babar
    43 views6 pages
    Inferential statistics makes inferences about a population based on a sample. It incorporates sampling error by defining the population, drawing a representative sample, and using analyses that account for sampling error. The main difference between an array and a matrix is that an array has one dimension while a matrix has two or more dimensions. In R, you can load a CSV file by using the read.csv() function, specifying the file path and name. The t-test is used to determine if the means of two groups are equal. Preloaded datasets in R can be listed using the data() function after loading the relevant package.

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    Inferential statistics makes inferences about a population based on a sample. It incorporates sampling error by defining the population, drawing a representative sample, and using analyses that account for sampling error. The main difference between an array and a matrix is that an array has one dimension while a matrix has two or more dimensions. In R, you can load a CSV file by using the read.csv() function, specifying the file path and name. The t-test is used to determine if the means of two groups are equal. Preloaded datasets in R can be listed using the data() function after loading the relevant package.

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    43 views6 pages

    Q1) Solve Any Five A) What Is The Difference Between Inferential and Descriptive Statistics? Sample

    Uploaded by

    Amar Nath Babar
    Inferential statistics makes inferences about a population based on a sample. It incorporates sampling error by defining the population, drawing a representative sample, and using analyses that account for sampling error. The main difference between an array and a matrix is that an array has one dimension while a matrix has two or more dimensions. In R, you can load a CSV file by using the read.csv() function, specifying the file path and name. The t-test is used to determine if the means of two groups are equal. Preloaded datasets in R can be listed using the data() function after loading the relevant package.

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    Q1) Solve any Five

    a) What is the difference between inferential and descriptive


    statistics?
     Descriptive statistics describe a sample. That’s pretty
    straightforward. You simply take a group that you’re
    interested in, record data about the group members, and
    then use summary statistics and graphs to present the group
    properties. With descriptive statistics, there is no uncertainty
    because you are describing only the people or items that you
    actually measure. You’re not trying to infer properties about a
    larger population

    Inferential statistics takes data from a sample and makes


    inferences about the larger population from which the sample was
    drawn. Because the goal of inferential statistics is to draw
    conclusions from a sample and generalize them to a population,
    we need to have confidence that our sample accurately reflects the
    population. This requirement affects our process. 

    1. Define the population we are studying.


    2. Draw a representative sample from that population.
    3. Use analyses that incorporate the sampling error.

    b) What is the main difference between an Array and a matrix?


     Arrays have only one dimension, a row of elements while
    a matrix has more dimensions, mostly 2 but can have more
    than that, and its elements are either column or
    row arrays which are here called vectors for a matrix with two
    dimensions or matrices with dimension n-1 for a matrix of n
    dimensions.

    c) How can you load and use csv file in R?

     Go to drive , open the folder , click the file , copy the


    location , go to r studio type the code read.csv( ) copy the
    location in bracket.type the blacklash(//) and mention the file
    name and give the extension .csv

    Example I want a call a file matrix in D drive in piyush folder


    Read.csv(“D://piyush//matrix.csv”)
    If u want to analysis in it you have to take a variable we take a variable
    matrix
    Matrix<- Read.csv(“D://piyush//matrix.csv”)

    e) What is t-tests() in R?
     One of the most common tests in statistics is the t-test, used
    to determine whether the means of two groups are equal to
    each other

    f) How do you list the preloaded datasets in R?


     Command library loads the package MASS (for Modern
    Applied Statistics with S) into memory. Command data()
    will list all the datasets in loaded packages. The command
    data(phones) will load the data set phones into memory.

    Q.2 Answer any two from the following


    a) What are the different data structures in R? Briefly explain about them?

     Data structures are used to store data in an organized


    fashion in order to make data manipulation and other data
    operations more.
    There are five types of Data Structures in R Programming
    which are mentioned below:

     Vector
     List
     Matrix
     Data Frame
     Factor

    Vector is one of the basic data structures in R programming. It is


    homogenous in nature, which means that it only contains elements of
    the same data type. Data types can be numeric, integer, character,
    complex or logical.
    The vector in R programming is created using the c() function. Coercion
    takes place in a vector from lower to top, if the elements passed are of
    different data types from Logical to Integer to Double to Character.
    The typeof() function is used to check the data type of the vector, and
    class() function is used to check the class of a vector.

    List in R Programming

    A list in R programming is a non-homogenous data structure, which


    implies that it can contain elements of different data types. It accepts
    numbers, characters, lists, and even matrices and functions inside it. It is
    created using the list() function.

    Matrix in R Programming

    The matrix in R programming is a 2-dimensional data structure that is


    homogenous in nature, which means that it only accepts elements of the
    same data type. Coercion takes place if elements of different data types
    are passed. It is created using the matrix()function.
    The basic syntax to create a matrix is given below:
    matrix(data, nrow, ncol, )
    Data Frame

    A data frame in R programming is a 2-dimensional array-like structure


    that also resembles a table, in which each column contains values of
    one variable and each row contains one set of values from each column.
    A data frame has the following characteristics:

     The column names of a data frame should not be empty.


     Row names should be unique.
     Data stored in a data frame can be numeric, factor or character
    type.
     Each column should contain the same number of data items.

    Factor

    Factors in R programming are used in data analysis for statistical


    modeling. They are used to categorize unique values in columns, like
    “Male, “Female”, “TRUE”, “FALSE”etc., and store them as levels. They
    can store both strings and integers. They are useful in columns that have
    a limited number of unique values.
    Factors can be created using the factor() function and they take vectors
    as inputs.
    2) Write about all summary commands in R?
    max()- show maximum value
    min() show minimum value
    mean() show the average
    median()show the median (middle value)
    nrow() show the total rows
    ncol()show the total column
    head() top 5 entries
    tail()bottom 5 entries

    q.3 What are the six steps of hypothesis testing?

    Answer-1. HYPOTHESES

    State in order:

    Research Hypothesis

    Null Hypothesis

    Alternate Hypothesis
    Recall the difference between a general research hypthesis which will
    not be overturned by a single investigation and a simple null and
    alternate hypothesis.

     2. ASSUMPTIONS

    include:

    1. measurement level of data,

    2. distributions underlying the data,

    3. knowledge or lack of about population characteristics

    4. sample size and method,

    5. sample characteristics necessary for applying the test statistic,

    6. level of significance for testing

    3. TEST STATISTIC (or Confidence Interval Structure)

    1. structure to be used to test significance levels or set of confidence


    intervals (be sure to include the equations & notation)

    2. special conditions to be met by statistic

    4. REJECTION REGION (or Probability Statement)

    Expected measure of the test statistic as generated from tables or critical


    valve for a confidence interval.

    5. CALCULATIONS
    Actual test statistic measure or confidence interval generated including
    specification of all additional equations used plus notation. May also
    include sample calculations.

    6. CONCLUSIONS

    Statement of results or the acceptance, or rejection of the null


    hypothesis & future direction of research.

    Should include summary of results in tabular, graphical, or mapped form,


    plus a discussion of where this research has led you.

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