Emergence of New Forms of Developments

EMERGENCE OF NEW FORMS OF DEVELOPMENTS
CITY FORM
A city is a group of people and a number of permanent structures within a limited

geographical area, so organized as to facilitate the interchange of goods and services among
its residents and with the outside world. The settlements grew into villages, villages
transformed into cities.
Cities created when large number of people live together, in a specific geographic location
leading to the Creation of urban areas.
Cities exist for many reasons, and the diversity of urban forms depends on the complex
functions that cities perform.
Urban Form refers to the-
• physical layout and design of the city
• spatial imprint of an urban transport system
• adjacent physical infrastructures.
Jointly, they confer a level of spatial arrangement to cities. Urban form or city form
defined as- ‘ the spatial pattern of human activities at a certain point in time’.
FACTORS INFLUENCING CITY FORM

 Period of development
 Geography
 Impact of natural environment
 Social, political and economic forces
 Trade practised
DIFFERENT FORMS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

CIRCULAR FORM OR THE RADIO CENTRIC (CONCENTRIC) CITY FORM
• Towns with geographical possibility of spreading in all directions on a relatively level site
have usually tend to grow in a roughly circular form with inner and outer ring roads, linked
together by radiating roads emanating from the centre.
• The residential areas in such towns are located around the core, between the ring and radial
roads.
• The core itself forms the main business area and the early industry is usually mixed up with
residential localities.
• As the town grows, new ring and radial roads come into existence simultaneously with
peripheral growth. Periphery has green belts.
Example : Washington DC, Pre-industrial Baghdad in Iraq.
THE GRID IRON CITY FORM

• It is composed of straight streets crossing at right angles to create many regular city blocks.
• This form is typical of cities built after the industrial revolution – because only then did cities
place such importance on economic activity.
• A city grid iron plan facilitates the movement of people and product throughout the city.
Example : Chandigarh, San Francisco
THE LINEAR CITY FORM
• The Linear City concept is a Conscious Form Of Urban Development with Housing And
Industry Growing Along The Highway Between existing cities and contained by the
continuous open space of the rural countryside.
• Geographical features often dictate the form and a linear city form sometimes results there
from. Such elongated city are not convenient to live, more particularly if the population
exceeds 2 to 3 lakhs, because the distances to be covered to reach the town centre where
the major amenities are located are too long and the journey thereto causes fatigue.
Example : Stalingrad in Russia
RADIAL CITY, FINGER CITY, THE URBAN STAR OR STAR SHAPED CITY FORMS
• A star shaped plan having green wedges of agricultural fields, fruit orchards, forests and park
radiates from the centre of the town.
• These wedges alternate with compact residential localities served by commuter rail lines
having populations of 25000 to 75000, depending upon the size of the city.
• At the outer edges, the green wedges merge into the country side, which serve the purpose
of the green belt without any of its disadvantages.
• Copenhagen, capital of Denmark, has a plan based on the same principle, but with water on
three sides, its development can take place only in one direction.
• Due to this, the shape of the plan looks like the fingers of the hand and hence its
development plan is called the “ Finger plan” of Copenhagen.
Example : Copenhagen
CITY GROWTH
According to urbanist HANS BLUMENFELD, cities can grow in any of three ways:
1.Outward (expanding horizontally)
2. Upward (expanding vertically)
3. Toward greater density (expanding interstitially)
As long as intra city traffic moved only by foot or hoof, possibilities vertical expansion were
strictly limited. Growth was mainly interstitial, filling up every square yard of vacant land left
between buildings. With the advent of the elevator and the steel frame, the vertical growth
of skyscrapers began. Suburbs spread out horizontally along streetcar and bus lines and
around suburban railroad stations, surrounded by wide-open spaces.

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EMERGENCE OF NEW FORMS OF DEVELOPMENTS

A city is a group of people and a number of permanent structures within a limited

Urban Form refers to the-

• physical layout and design of the city

• spatial imprint of an urban transport system

• adjacent physical infrastructures.

FACTORS INFLUENCING CITY FORM

DIFFERENT FORMS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

Example : Washington DC, Pre-industrial Baghdad in Iraq.

THE GRID IRON CITY FORM

Example : Chandigarh, San Francisco

THE LINEAR CITY FORM

Example : Stalingrad in Russia

1.Outward (expanding horizontally)

2. Upward (expanding vertically)

3. Toward greater density (expanding interstitially)

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