ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

LABORATORY MANUAL
19EC2105 ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS

II B.TECH 2020-21 ODD SEMESTER

K L UNIVERSITY| ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS-19EC2105
ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS (19EC2105) LABORATORY MANUAL 2020-21

LABORATORY MANUAL
19EC2105 ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

STUDENT NAME

REG.NO

YEAR

SEMESTER

SECTION

FACULTY

Department of ECE| KLEF (Deemed to be University), NAAC - “A++”, Guntur, AP

ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS (19EC2105) LABORATORY MANUAL 2020-21

COURSE INTRODUCTION
Course Title : ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
Course Code : 19EC2105
L-T-P-S structure : 3-0-3-0
Credits :4
Pre-Requisite : Nil
Course Coordinator : Dr. K.S.Ramesh
Team of Instructors : Dr.Arjuna Muduli, Dr. M.V.D.Prasad, Mr.Syed
Shameem, Mr. Ali Baig Mohammad, Mr. Saleem Akram
P, Ms. Pronami Bora, Mr. Avinash Nayak, Mr. T.
Penchala Naidu

Team of Associates : NIL

Course Objective:
This course is intended for understanding of the basic principles of analog and digital
communication systems involving in different communication systems. This course focuses
on understanding of Analog to Analog, Analog to digital, Digital to digital, Wireless and data
communication systems from their application perspective. This course provides broad
knowledge of how these systems work from a system engineering viewpoint and understand
real -world applications of analog to digital communication systems.

Course Rationale:
This course focuses on the analysis and design of analog to analog and analog to
digital communication systems and builds an understanding of its applicability for real world
applications. The course begins with analog communication systems where linear and angle
modulation systems are discussed, and further application of these techniques to wireless and
data communications will be explored in the rest of the course from an industrial application
perspective.

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ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS (19EC2105) LABORATORY MANUAL 2020-21

List of experiments

S. # Title of the Experiment Mode of conduction

1 Generation & Detection of Amplitude Remote lab using NI ELVIS
Modulated Signals III kit / NI Multisim
2 Generation & Detection of Frequency Remote lab using NI ELVIS
Modulated Signals III kit / NI Multisim
3 Conversion of Pulse Width Modulator into Remote lab using NI ELVIS
Pulse Position Modulator III kit / NI Multisim
4 Design of Amplitude Shift Keying circuit Remote lab using NI ELVIS
III kit / NI Multisim
5 Design of Frequency Shift Keying circuit Remote lab using NI ELVIS
III kit / NI Multisim
6 Design of Phase Shift Keying circuit Remote lab using NI ELVIS
III kit / NI Multisim
7 Demonstrate conversion of NRZ signal to Remote lab using NI ELVIS
Manchester line coding signal and NRZ to RZ III kit
line coding signal
8 Design of Alternate Mark Inversion Coder Remote lab using NI ELVIS
Circuit III kit
9 Design & Implementation of Time Division Remote lab using NI ELVIS
Multiplexing Circuit III kit

10 Study the characteristics of Phase locked Loop Remote lab using NI ELVIS
III kit
11 Design of Analog to Digital Converter Remote lab using NI ELVIS
Circuit(Extra Experiment) III kit
12 Design of Digital to Analog Converter Circuit Remote lab using NI ELVIS
(Extra Experiment) III kit

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ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS (19EC2105) LABORATORY MANUAL 2020-21

Software for the conduction of virtual lab: NI MULTISIM

Plan of action for the conduction of virtual labs:

a) Contents of all ten experiments of ADC lab will be delivered to the students using
online resources like Webex, etc. by our course instructors using NI ELVIS III kit, NI
Multisim.
b) Utilization of NI ELVIS III kit for the conduction of all experiments of ADC Lab .

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ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS (19EC2105) LABORATORY MANUAL 2020-21

Organization of the Student Lab Manual

The laboratory framework includes a creative element but shifts the time-intensive aspects
outside of the Two-Hour closed laboratory period. Within this structure, each laboratory
includes three parts: Prelab, In-lab, and Post-lab.
A. Pre-Lab
The Prelab exercise is a homework assignment that links the lecture with the laboratory
period - typically takes 2 hours to complete. The goal is to synthesize the information they
learn in lecture with material from their Textbook to produce a working piece of software.
Prelab Students attending a two-hour closed laboratory are expected to make a good-faith
effort to complete the Prelab exercise before coming to the lab. Their work need not be
perfect, but their effort must be real (roughly 80 percent correct).
B. In-Lab
The In-lab section takes place during the actual laboratory period. The First hour of the
laboratory period can be used to resolve any problems the students might have experienced in
completing the Prelab exercises. The intent is to give constructive feedback so that students
leave the lab with working Prelab software - a significant accomplishment on their part.
During the second hour, students complete the In-lab exercise to reinforce the concepts
learned in the Prelab. Students leave the lab having received feedback on their Prelab and In-
lab work.
C. Post-Lab
The last phase of each laboratory is a homework assignment that is done following the
laboratory period. In the Post-lab, students analyse the efficiency or utility of a given system
call. Each Post-lab exercise should take roughly 120 minutes to complete.

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 ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS (19EC2105)
2020-21 ODD SEMESTER LAB CONTINUOUS EVALUATION

S DATE NAME OF THE PRE- IN-LAB POST- VIVA TOTAL FACULTY

. EXPERIMENT LAB LAB SIGNATURE
(30M)
N
WITH DATE
O Design Execution Result Analysis
(10M) (5M) (10M) (5M)
(10M) (5M) (5M) (50M)
1

4
 ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS (19EC2105) LABORATORY MANUAL 2020-21

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 ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS (19EC2105) LABORATORY MANUAL 2020-21

S.NO DATE NAME OF THE PRE- IN-LAB POST- VIVA TOTAL FACULTY
EXPERIMENT LAB LAB SIGNATURE
(30M)
WITH DATE
Design Execution Result Analysis
(10M) (5M) (10M) (5M)
(10M) (5M) (5M) (50M)
7

10

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ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS (19EC2105) LABORATORY MANUAL 2020-21

1. Generation & Detection of Amplitude Modulated Signals

Name: Branch: Lab Section:

ID No:
Pre-Lab Session Work In-Lab Session Post-Lab Session VIVA Total Marks
(10M) Work (30M) Work (5M) (5M) (50M)

Remarks:

Date: Signature of the Instructor Marks awarded

Learning Objectives

After completing this lab, you should be able to complete the following activities.
1. Generate a real AM signal
2. Examine a real AM signal with scope and compare it to its original message
3. Use multiple message sources in your AM examination
4. Describe the term “depth of modulation”
5. Generate DSB-SC signal.

Pre-Lab Work:

You should have completed Labs 1 and be familiar with the NI ELVIS III equipment, its use
and the handling precautions for the equipment.
1. Basic theory of AM and DSB-SC
2. Understand Modulation Index
3. Understand working of different IC used in the circuit.
4. Understanding the data sheets of components used in the experiment.
6. Computer simulations (Multisim / pSpice) are performed and the objectives are
obtained prior to the hardware experiment.

Required Tools and Technology

Platform: NI ELVIS III,
MULTISIM

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Instruments used in this lab:

● Oscilloscope-Time
● Oscilloscope-FFT
● Function Generator
Hardware: ICs
AD633 -01
uA741 -01
Disk capacitors (0.1uF) – 03
½W Resistors (10Kfi) – 03
Diode (OA79) -01
BNC connectors to CRO - 02
BNC Connectors to FG – 02

BASIC Theory:

In this lab you will create an amplitude modulated signal from a variety of message sources,
calculate the modulation index and confirm the frequency spectrum of this signal type.

In an amplitude modulation (AM) communications system, speech and music are converted
into an electrical signal using a device such as a microphone. This electrical signal is called
the message or baseband signal. The message signal is then used to electrically vary the
amplitude of a pure sinewave called the carrier. The carrier usually has a frequency that is
much higher than the message’s frequency.

Figure below shows a simple message signal and an unmodulated carrier. It also shows the
result of amplitude modulating the carrier with the message. Notice that the modulated
carrier’s amplitude varies above and below its unmodulated amplitude. (Figure 1)

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Figure 1: Amplitude Modulated signal

Figure 2 shows the AM signal but with a dotted line added to track the modulated carrier’s
positive peaks and negative peaks. These dotted lines are known in the industry as the signal’s
envelopes. If you look at the envelopes closely, you’ll notice that the upper envelope is the
same shape as the message. The lower envelope is also the same shape but upside-down
(inverted).

In telecommunications theory, the mathematical model that defines the AM signal is:

AM = (DC + message) × the carrier

When the message is a simple sinewave the equation’s solution (which necessarily involves
some trigonometry that is not shown here) tells us that the AM signal consists of three
sinewaves:

▪ One at the carrier frequency

▪ One with a frequency equal to the sum of the carrier and message frequencies
▪ One with a frequency equal to the difference between the carrier and message
frequencies

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Figure 2: Message envelopes

In other words, for every sinewave in the message, the AM signal includes a pair of
sinewaves – one above and one below the carrier’s frequency. Complex message signals such
as speech and music are made up of thousands of sinewaves and so the AM signal includes
thousands of pairs of sinewaves straddling carrier. These two groups of sinewaves are called
the sidebands and so AM is also known as double-sideband, full carrier (DSBFC).

Importantly, it is clear from this discussion that the AM signal doesn’t consist of any signals
at the message frequency. This is despite the fact that the AM signal’s envelopes are the same
shape as the message.

Section 1: Amplitude Modulation

For this experiment you will use the AD633 is an Analog quadrant multiplier to generate a
real AM signal by implementing its mathematical model. Am equation can be expressed as:
[1 + m(t)]Carrier
so [1+m(t)] can be generated by adding 1 V offset voltage to m(t). Multiplication of [1+m(t)]
and carrier can be achieved by Ad633JN IC. DSB-SC signal can be generated by making
offset 0 v.

You will examine the AM signal using the scope and compare it to the original message. You
will do the same with speech for the message instead of a simple sinewave.

Following this, you will vary the message signal’s amplitude and observe how it affects the
modulated carrier. You will also observe the effects of modulating the carrier too much.
Finally, you will measure the AM signal’s depth of modulation using a scope.

It should take you about 1 hour to complete this experiment.

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ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS (19EC2105) LABORATORY MANUAL 2020-21

Applications of AM
2. AM is still widely used for broadcasting on the long, medium, and short-wave bands. It
is simple to demodulate, and this means that radio receivers capable of demodulating
amplitude modulation are cheap and simple to manufacture
3. Amplitude modulation in the form of single sideband is still used for HF radio links.
4. AM is widely used for the transmission of data in everything from short range wireless links
such as Wi-Fi to cellular telecommunications and much more.
5. AM is used for ground to air radio communications as well as two-way radio links
for ground staff as well.

6. AM enables frequency division multiplexing by using different carrier frequency for

different stations.

Design of Amplitude Modulation & Demodulation Circuit

Figure 3: AM Generation & Detection

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Procedure

1. Ensure that the NI ELVIS III Application Board power button at the top left
corner of the unit is OFF (not illuminated).

2. Carefully wire the circuit shown Figure 3 into the NI ELVIS III .

3. Ensure that you have connected the NI ELVIS III to the PC using the USB cable
and that the PC is turned on.

4. Turn on the Application Board Power button by pressing it once and confirm
that it is illuminated. The LEDs on the board should also be illuminated. If they
are not, then switch the unit off immediately and check for connection or
insertion errors.

5. Open the Instrument Launcher software in your browser and select the required
instruments.

6. Use the ELVIS III Function Generator output Ch02 to create a carrier signal Sine
voltage of 1Vpk of frequency 100 KHz.

7. Use the ELVIS III Function Generator output Ch01 to create a message signal
Sine voltage of .5Vpk of frequency 1 KHz. Add 1 V dc offset to message
signal.

8. Observe the message signal and carrier signal in Ch01 & Ch02 of
scope, respectively.

9. Now observe the AM signal in Scope Ch02 and measure 2Vmax (P) and 2Vmin
(Q) and note down in Table-01 and calculate depth of modulation. Capture a
screenshot of the scope and append to your report.

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Table-01
% depth of
2Vmax(P) 2Vmin(Q) modulation m=
S.No Comment
Volts Volts P−Q
X100
P+Q

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

10. Enable the FFT mode of the Oscilloscope instrument. Change the scope’s time
base to 1ms/div. Set the frequency span for the FFT displayed from say 90kHz to
110kHz for a close of the frequency domain of interest.
11. Capture a screenshot of the FFT and append to your report.
12. Observe DSB-SC signal in CRO by removing 1 V DC offset given to message
signal.
13. Implement: Detecting Amplitude modulation (AM)
14. Now connect the scope Ch02 to detector output. Now vary the 10K pot such that
in scope Ch02 you observe perfect sine wave. Measure its amplitude and
frequency. Tabulate them in Table-02.Capture a screenshot of the detected
signal.
Table-02
S.No Amplitude Frequency

15. Repeat step-08 to step-13.

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16. Use the ELVIS III Function Generator output Ch01 to create a message signal
Sine voltage of 11VPP of frequency 1 KHz.
17. Repeat step-08 to step-13.
Post Lab Requirements

1. Save the screenshot of waveforms obtained and bring printout of waveforms in next lab.
2. Note the readings as instructed by your advisor.
3. Submit practical report in next lab for correction

Results:

AM and DSB-SC circuit has been designed and output waveform has been verified.

Precautions:

1. Check the connections before switching on the kit.

2. Connections should be done properly.
3. The components must be identified properly before giving the circuit connections.
4. Observation should be taken properly.

Viva Questions
1. Define modulation
2. What are the types of analog modulation?
3. Define depth of modulation
4. What are the degrees of modulation?
5. What is under modulation
6. What is over modulation
7. What is critical modulation
8. What is the need for modulation?
9. What is Multiplexing
10. Write formula for MI
11. Define Modulation index and percent modulation for an AM wave
12. Define Single sideband suppressed carrier AM
13. Define Single sideband suppressed carrier AM
14. What are the advantages of single sideband transmission?
15. Discuss in detail about DSB-SC
16. Discuss in detail about DSB-FC
17. Give the Classification of Modulation.
18. Explain analog modulation.
19. What is the bandwidth of AM?
20. Write formula for bandwidth of AM.
21. Define Detection.
22. What is single tone modulation?
23. What is multi tone modulation?
24. Compare AM with DSB-SC
25. Define Demodulation
26. Define Frequency Division Multiplexing
27. What is frequency translation?
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28. What is narrow banding

29. What is the carrier frequency selected in experiment?
30. What is message signal frequency selected in experiment?
31. What happens to modulated wave if you change message amplitude?
32. What happens to modulated wave if you change carrier amplitude?
33. What happens to modulated wave if you change message frequency?
34. What change you observe in modulated wave if you change carrier frequency?
35. What is the IC used?
36. What is the value of VCC taken?
37. How you can power on the Elvis kit?
38. Where is power supply in Elvis kit?
39. How to see waveform through elvis kit?
40. What is peak to peak voltage?
41. What is peak voltage?
42. Write formula for modulation index.
43. How many function generators are present in AM?
44. Why diode is used in the circuit?
45. Draw over modulated AM waveform.
46. Draw under modulated AM waveform.
47. Draw AM waveform in critical modulation.
48. Why OPAM is used in the circuit?
49. Why variable resistor is used in the circuit?
50. Can carrier be square wave?

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ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS (19EC2105) LABORATORY MANUAL 2020-21

2.Generation & Detection of Frequency Modulated Signals

Name: Branch: Lab Section:

ID No:
Pre-Lab Session In-Lab Session Post-Lab Session VIVA Total Marks
Work (10M) Work (30M) Work (5M) (5M) (50M)

Remarks:

Date: Signature of the Instructor Marks awarded

Objectives:
1. To Generate FM signal using LM2206.
2. To determine Modulation index of FM signal
Pre-Lab Work:
1. Understand Basic theory of Frequency Modulation techniques.
2. Understanding the circuit diagrams of FM generation.
3. Understanding the data sheets of components used in the experiment.
Equipment and Components:
1. Signal generator
2. CRO
3. IC LM-2206
4. Resistors
5. Capacitors.
6. Connecting wires & probes
Basic Theory:
Modulation is concerned with changing some characteristics of a high frequency carrier wave in
accordance with the amplitude of the modulating signal to be transmitted. Frequency modulation is a
system in which the frequency of the carrier is varied in accordance with the amplitude variations of the
message signal, whereas the amplitude of the carrier remains unaltered. In FM, the information is being
carried by the carrier in its frequency variations and not in amplitude. This is a great advantage in FM
because the noise generally affects the amplitudes of the waveform. LM2206 is also known as function
generator IC, it has capability to produce Sine, triangular , Square wave, and FM modulated wave

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ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS (19EC2105) LABORATORY MANUAL 2020-21

Circuit diagram for FM generation:

Fig 1: FM generation using LM2206

Procedure for FM generation

1. Connect the Frequency Modulation circuit diagram shown in above Fig 1.
2. Measure the frequency of the carrier signal at the FM output
terminal when the modulating signal is zero.
3. Apply the modulating signal of 500HZ with1Vp-p.
4. Observe the modulated wave on the C.R.O
5. Find the modulation index by measuring minimum and
maximum frequency deviations from the carrier frequency
using CRO.
6. Determine the bandwidth of FM wave
7. Repeat the steps 5 and 6 by changing the amplitude and /or
frequency of the modulating Signal.

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Observations:

S.No Am fc fm fmax fm Modulation

Hz (fmax-fmin)/2 index
Volts Hz Hz in
Hz = Δf

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Output waveforms:

Fig 2: Frequency of carrier changing with respect to carrier (FM wave)

Precautions:
1. Connections should be made according to the circuit diagram.
2. The components must be identified properly before giving the circuit connections.
3. The components must be properly inserted into the breadboard.

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Post Lab Requirements

1. Save the screenshot of waveforms obtained and bring printout of waveforms in
Next lab.
2. Note the readings as instructed by your advisor.
3. Submit practical report in next lab for correction

Results: FM modulated wave has been generated using LM 2206 IC.

Viva Question:

1. Define frequency deviation in FM.

2. Give different FM generation methods.
3. Carrier swing defined as
4. Define sensitivity.
5. Compare FM with AM
6. Compare different FM generation methods.
7. What is FM
8. What is AM
9. Compare different modulations.
10. Define bandwidth of FM
11. Define theoretical bandwidth of FM.
12. Theoretical bandwidth of FM how much?
13. Define angle modulation
14. Write about direct method
15. Classify the different types of waves.
16. What are the disadvantages of balanced slope detector?
17. What is the maximum frequency deviation allowed in commercial FM
broadcasting?
18. What is the maximum modulating frequency allowed in commercial FM?
19. Define percentage modulation?
20. What is the range of modulating frequency for Narrow band FM?
21.Which IC is used in experiment.?
22. How much VCC is applied in experiment?
23. What is the formula for MI?
24. What is the message frequency taken?
25. What is carrier frequency taken?
26. Why carrier frequency is always higher than message?
27. Differentiate between AM and FM
28.Explain bandwidth of FM.
29. How FM is different from PM?
30. What is duty cycle?
31. From which pin you will get square wave?
32. From which pin you will get sine wave?
33. From which pin you will get triangular wave?
34. In which pin message signal is applied for FM generation
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35. How will you see frequency spectrum of FM.?

36. What is the use of curser in CRO?
37. Draw circuit diagram of FM generation.
38. Draw circuit diagram of Sine signal generation
39. Draw circuit diagram of Square signal generation
40. Draw circuit diagram of triangular signal generation
41. Can XR2206 can be used as function generator?
42. How you can vary the frequency of sine wave generated?
43. Which has more bandwidth: AM or FM

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ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS (19EC2105) LABORATORY MANUAL 2020-21

3. Conversion of Pulse Width Modulator into Pulse Position Modulator

Name: Branch: Lab Section:

ID No:
Pre-Lab Session In-Lab Session Post-Lab Session VIVA Total Marks
Work (10M) Work (30M) Work (5M) (5M) (50M)

Remarks:

Date: Signature of the Instructor Marks awarded

Objectives:
1. To construct and study the Pulse Width Modulation technique.
2. To examine the time displays of PWM signal.
3. To study the demodulating PWM signals.
4. To construct and study the Pulse Position Modulation technique.
5. To examine the time displays of PPM signal.

Pre-Lab Work:
1. Basic theory of PWM and PPM techniques. Time and Frequency analysis of PAM
waves.

2. Understand working of 555 Timer.

3. Basic theory of PWM demodulation techniques.
4. Understanding the data sheets of components used in the experiment.
5. Computer simulations (Multisim / pSpice) are performed and the objectives are
obtained prior to the hardware experiment.

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Equipment and Components:

1. Function generator
2. CRO
3. ICs:555
4. Bread Boards
5. Resistors
6. Capacitors.
7. Connecting wires &probes
8. Power Supply

Applications of PWM
1. PWM can be used to adjust the total amount of power delivered to a load without
losses normally incurred when a power transfer is limited by resistive means.
2. A Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Signal is a method for generating an analog
signal using a digital source.
3. PWM can controls speed of DC motor. By increasing or decreasing pulse width, the
controller regulates energy flow to the motor shaft.
4. PWM AC chopper provides sinusoidal input current with near unity power factor.
5. PWM can also be used to control valves, pumps, hydraulics, and other mechanical
parts.

Fig.1. PWM

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Basic Theory
Pulse Time Modulation is also known as Pulse Width Modulation or Pulse Length
Modulation. In PWM, the samples of the message signal are used to vary the duration of the
individual pulses. Width may be varied by varying the time of occurrence of leading edge,
the trailing edge or both edges of the pulse in accordance with modulating wave. It is also
called Pulse Duration Modulation. In Pulse width modulation, the amplitude of the pulses is
constant. In generation of PWM, the input modulating signal is applied to non - inverting
terminal of op-amp. The op-amp now compares this modulating signal with internally
generated saw tooth signal. The output of the comparator is high only when instantaneous
value of input modulating signal is grater then that of saw tooth waveform. When saw tooth
waveform voltage is grater then input modulating signal at that instant the output of the
comparator remains zero i.e. in negative saturation. Thus, output of comparator is PWM
signal. A low pass filter is used to demodulate the PWM modulated signal as shown in Fig.2.

Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per the PWM circuit diagram shown in Fig.2.
2. Set the modulating frequency to 200HZ, magnitude 2Vp-p and 1 V DC offset.
3. Observe the PWM wave output on CRO (Fig 1).
4. Now wire the demodulation circuit as shown in Fig.2.
5. Observe the demodulated output.
6. Now vary the magnitude of the input sinusoidal signal (the frequency is remains
constant).
7. Observe the PWM output and corresponding demodulated output (Fig 1).
8. Now increase the frequency of the input sinusoidal (the amplitude and offset remain
the same) to 400 Hz, 500 Hz and 600 Hz. Comment on the PWM modulated
waveforms.
9. Observe demodulation output for increase the frequency of the input signal.

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Circuit Diagram:

Fig 2. Circuit diagram of Pulse Position Modulation using PWM

Basic Theory:
In Pulse Position Modulation, both the pulse amplitude and pulse duration are held
constant, but the position of the pulse is varied in proportional to the sampled values of
the message signal. Pulse time modulation is a class of signalling techniques that encodes
the sample values of an analog signal on to the time axis of a digital signal and it is
analogous to angle modulation techniques. The two main types of PTM are PWM and
PPM. In PPM, the analog sample value determines the position of a narrow pulse relative
to the clocking time. In PPM rise time of pulse decides the channel bandwidth. It has low
noise interference. Generation of PPM is carried out by giving the pulse width modulated
output to mono-stable multi-vibrator as shown in Fig.2.

Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per the PPM circuit diagram shown in Fig.2.
2. PWM is generated first and given to the input of PPM circuit.
3. Observe the PWM and PPM wave output on CRO (Fig 4).
4. Observe message signal in CRO
5. Observe how position of pulses are changing with respect to message signal.

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Fig 3. Pulse Width Modulated wave(top) and Pulse Position modulation(Bottom)

Applications of PPM
1. Pulse position modulation is a signal modulation technique that allows computers to
share data by measuring the time each data packet takes to reach the computer.
2. It is often used in optical communication, such as fiber optics, in which there is little
multi-pathway interference.
3. Pulse position modulation exclusively transfers digital signals and cannot be used
with analog systems
4. Pulse position modulation has many purposes, especially in RF (Radio Frequency)
communications.
5. Pulse position modulation is used in remote controlled aircraft, cars, boats, and other
vehicles and is responsible for conveying a transmitter’s controls to a receiver.

Post-Lab Requirements
1. Create the illustration for PWM and PPM
2. Compare the results are obtained in hardware lab with that of computer
simulations.
3. Submit your illustration to the lab instructor at next week's lab.

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Precautions:
1. Connections should be made carefully.
2. The components (resistors, capacitors, and ICs ) must be identified
properly before giving the circuit connections.
3. The components must be properly doped into the bread board.

Results: PWM and PPM circuit has been designed and output is verified.

PWM Viva Questions:

1. What are the different types of PTM systems?
2. What is the other name of Pulse width modulation?
3. What do you mean by pulse time modulation?
4. What is the comparison between the PAM and PWM?
5. What is the definition of PWM?
6. What is the transmission bandwidth of PWM signal?
7. Which type sampling technique is used in PWM?
8. What are the applications of PWM modulation technique?
9. What is natural sampling?
10. What is flat top sampling?
11. Why 555 timer is used to generate PWM?
12. Explain the working of 555 timer based PWM generator.
13. Which pins in 555 are shorted to generate PWM
14. From which pin output is taken?
15. From which pin trigger is applied?
16. From which pin PWM is taken?
17. What is the value of VCC used?
18. Explain internal block diagram of 555.
19. Why 555 timer has 555 in it?
20. How will you demodulate PWM?
21. Why capacitor is used in demodulation circuit?
22. What are the advantages of PWM?
23. How noise effects PWM signal?
24. Does PWM demodulation requires any synchronization between transmitter and receiver?
25. What are the power contents in PWM signal?
26. Comment on bandwidth of PWM.
27. What is the frequency of message signal?
28. Draw the spectrum of PWM signal
29. Differentiate between PWM and PPM
30. Differentiate between PWM and PAM

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PPM VIVA QUESTIONS

1. Define PPM?
2. What are the differences between PPM & PWM?
3. Which type of sampling technique is used in PPM?
4. The multivibrator used in PPM is?
5. Pulse duration of PPM is?
6. In PPM, the position is proportionally varied in which parameter of the
modulating signal.
7. What is the input to PPM circuit?
8. Why diode is required in PPM circuit?
9. Which diode you have used in PPM circuit?
10. Draw the waveform of PPM.
11. Compare PPM with PAM
12. Explain the positions of pulses in PPM.
13. Comment on the bandwidth of PPM
14. Comment on instantaneous power of PPM signal.
15. What is the effect of noise in PPM?
16. Is PPM circuit more complex than PWM. Comment.
17. What are the advantages of PPM?
18. What are the disadvantages of PPM?
19. Differentiate between PPM and PAM.
20. What effect you see in PPM signal when amplitude of message signal varies?
21. What effect you see in PPM signal when frequency of message signal varies?

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4. Design of Amplitude Shift Keying circuit

Name: Branch: Lab Section:

ID No:
Pre-Lab Session In-Lab Session Post-Lab Session VIVA Total Marks
Work (10M) Work (30M) Work (5M) (5M) (50M)

Remarks:

Date: Signature of the Instructor Marks awarded

Objectives:
1. To understand the operation theory of BASK,
2. To understand the signal waveforms of BASK
3. Design and implementation of BASK.

Pre-Lab Work:
1. Basic theory of digital carrier switching techniques.
2. Understand Concept of switching.
3. Understand working of different IC used in the circuit.
4. Understanding the data sheets of components used in the experiments.
5. Computer simulations (NI Multisim) are performed and the objectives
are obtained prior to the hardware experiment.
Theory of BASK:

The binary ASK system was one of the earliest forms of digital modulation used in
wireless telegraphy. In a binary ASK system binary symbol 1 is represented by
transmitting a sinusoidal carrier wave of fixed amplitude Ac and fixed frequency fc for the
bit duration Tb whereas binary symbol 0 is represented by switching of the carrier for Tb
seconds. This signal can be generated simply by turning the carrier of a sinusoidal
oscillator ON and OFF for the prescribed periods indicated by the modulating pulse train.
For this reason, the scheme is also known as ON-OFF shift Keying (OOK).
Let the sinusoidal carrier can be represented by Ec(t) =Ac cos (2vfct) then the
binary ASK signal can be represented by a wave S(t) given by S(t) = Ac cos (2vfct),
symbol 1 ASK signal can be generated by applying the incoming binary data and the
sinusoidal carrier to the two inputs of a product modulator. The resulting output is the
ASK wave. The ASK signal which is basically product of the binary sequence and carrier
signal has a same as that of base band signal but shifted in the frequency domain by ±fc.

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The band width of ASK signal is infinite but practically it is 3/Tb.

Circuit Diagram of BASK

Figure 1: Circuit Diagram of ASK Modulator

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as given in Figure1.

2. From the ELVIS3, FG1 feed a sinusoidal switching signal of 10Vpp and 1 kHz at the pin
no3 of LF398IC.
3. From the ELVIS3, FG2 feed a square wave (data signal) of 10Vpp and 200Hz at
the pin no8 of LF398IC.
4. Connect the switching, data and ASK output to the different channels of
scope of NI ELVIS3.
5. Observe output and take screen shot with proper specification.

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Waveforms:

Post Lab Requirements

1. Save the screenshot of waveforms obtained and bring printout of waveforms in next lab.
2. Note the readings as instructed by your advisor.
3. Submit practical report in next lab for correction.

Results:

ASK Modulation circuit has been designed and output is verified.

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Precaution:

1. Check the connections before switching on the ELVIS3 application board power.
2. Connections should be done properly.
3. The components must be identified properly before giving the circuit connections.
4. Observation should be taken properly.

Viva Questions

1. What is an ASK modulator?

2. What are the advantages of ASK over FSK?
3. What are the applications of ASK?
4. What is OOK in digital communication?
5. What are the advantages of ASK?

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ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS (19EC2105) LABORATORY MANUAL 2020-21

5. DESIGN OF FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING CIRCUIT

Name: Branch: Lab Section:

ID No:
Pre-Lab Session In-Lab Session Post-Lab Session VIVA Total Marks
Work (10M) Work (30M) Work (5M) (5M) (50M)

Remarks:

Date: Signature of the Instructor Marks awarded

Objectives:
1. To understand the operation theory of BFSK,

2. To understand the signal waveforms of BFSK

3. Design and implementation of BFSK.

Pre-Lab Work:
1. Basic theory of digital carrier switching techniques.
2. Understand Concept of switching.
3. Understand working of different IC used in the circuit.
4. Understanding the data sheets of components used in the
experiments.

Basic Theory of BFSK:

FSK signaling schemes find a wide range of applications in low-speed digital
data transmission system. FSK schemes are not as efficient as PSK in terms of power
and bandwidth utilization. In binary FSK signaling the waveforms are used to convey
binary digits 0 and 1 respectively. The binary FSK waveform is a continuous, phase
constant envelope FM waveform. The FSK signal bandwidth in this case is of order
of 2MHz, which is same as the order of the bandwidth of PSK signal.
In frequency-shift keying, the signals transmitted for marks (binary ones) and
spaces (binary zeros) are
S1(t) = Ac cos (2vf1t) ------ for binary1
S0(t) = Ac cos (2vf0t) ------ for binary0
respectively. This is called a discontinuous phase FSK system because the phase of the signal
is discontinuous at the switching times.

Circuit Diagram of BFSK

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Circuit Diagram of FSK Modulator

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as given above.

2. From the ELVIS3, FG1 feed a sinusoidal switching signal of 8Vpp and 2 KHz at
the pin no4 of CD4016IC.
3. From the ELVIS3, FG2 feed a sinusoidal switching signal of 8Vpp and 1 KHz at
the pin no1 of CD4016IC.
4. From the NI myDAQ, feed a square wave (data signal) of 10Vpp and 200Hz at the
pin no13 of CD4016IC.
5. From the NI myDAQ, feed a square wave (data signal) of 10Vpp and 200Hz at
the pin no2 of 741IC.
6. Connect the switching, data and FSK output to the different channels of
scope of NI ELVIS3.
7. Observe output and take screen shot with proper specification.

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Waveforms:

Post Lab Requirements

1. Save the screenshot of waveforms obtained and bring printout of waveforms in next lab.
2. Note the readings as instructed by your advisor.
3. Submit practical report in next lab for correction

Results:

FSK Modulation circuit has been designed and output is verified.

Precaution:

1. Check the connections before switching on the ELVIS3 application board power.
2. Connections should be done properly.
3. The components must be identified properly before giving the circuit connections.
4. Observation should be taken properly.

Viva Questions

1. What is an FSK modulator?

2. What are the advantages of FSK over PSK?
3. What are the applications of FSK?
4. What is CWFSK in digital communication?
5. What are the advantages of FSK?

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6. DESIGN OF PHASE SHIFT KEYING CIRCUIT

Name: Branch: Lab Section:

ID No:
Pre-Lab Session In-Lab Session Post-Lab Session VIVA Total Marks
Work (10M) Work (30M) Work (5M) (5M) (50M)

Remarks:

Date: Signature of the Instructor Marks awarded

Basic Theory:
BPSK:

The phase of carrier is shifted between two values is called Phase Shift Keying. The
amplitude of carrier remains constant. Phase Shift Keying is also called Phase Reversal
Keying. The performance of PSK is more than ASK. PSK is a nonlinear modulation. PSK
needs a complicated. Synchronous circuit at the receiver. The bandwidth of PSK is 2fm.

Circuit Diagram of BPSK

Figure 1: Circuit Diagram of PSK Modulator

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as given.
2. From the ELVIS3, FG1 feed a sinusoidal switching signal of 5Vpp and 1 KHz
at the pin no2 of 741IC.
3. From the ELVIS3, FG1 feed a sinusoidal switching signal of 5Vpp and 1
KHz at the pin no14 of CD4052IC.

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4. From the ELVIS3, FG2, feed a square wave (data signal) of 10Vpp and
200Hz at the pin no10 of CD4016IC.
5. Connect the switching, data and PSK output to the different channels
of scope of NI ELVIS3.
6. Observe output and take screen shot with proper specification.

Waveforms:

Post Lab Requirements

1. Save the screenshot of waveforms obtained and bring printout of waveforms in next lab.
2. Note the readings as instructed by your advisor.
3. Submit practical report in next lab for correction.

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Results:
PSK Modulation circuit has been designed and output is verified.

Precautions:

1. Check the connections before switching on the ELVIS3 application board power.
2. Connections should be done properly.
3. The components must be identified properly before giving the circuit connections.
4. Observation should be taken properly.

Viva Questions

1. What is a PSK modulator?

2. What are the advantages of PSK over FSK?
3. What are the applications of PSK?
4. What is DPSK in digital communication?
5. What are the advantages of PSK?

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ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS (19EC2105) LABORATORY MANUAL 2020-21

7. DEMONSTRATE CONVERSION OF NRZ SIGNAL TO MANCHESTER

LINE CODING SIGNAL AND NRZ TO RZ LINE CODING SIGNAL

Name: Branch: Lab Section:

ID No:
Pre-Lab Session In-Lab Session Post-Lab Session VIVA Total Marks
Work (10M) Work (30M) Work (5M) (5M) (50M)

Remarks:

Date: Signature of the Instructor Marks awarded

Objectives:
1. To demonstrate the conversion of NRZ signal to Manchester line coding signal.
2. Demonstrate Conversion of NRZ to RZ line coding signal.
Pre-Lab Work:
1. Basic theory of NRZ, RZ and Manchester line coding signals.
2. Understanding Important Electrical Characteristics and pin configuration of
74LS04N, 74LS08N, 74LS32DICs.
3. Understanding the data sheets of components used in the experiment.
4. Computer simulations (Multisim / pSpice) are performed and the objectives are
obtained prior to the hardware experiment.
Components/Equipment:

1. Function generators
2. CROs
3. DAC
4. Diodes-74LS04N, 74LS08N, 74LS32D, 7408N
5. Connecting wires
6. CRO and Function generator probes
7. NI ELVIS Kit

Basic Theory:

(a). NRZ Line coding signal

i. Unipolar Non-Return to Zero (NRZ)
In this type of unipolar signaling, a High in data is represented by a positive pulse
called as Mark, which has a duration T0 equal to the symbol bit duration. A Low in data input

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has no pulse. The following figure 1 depicts this well.

Figure 1: Unipolar Non-Return to Zero (NRZ)Line coding signal

ii. Polar NRZ
In this type of Polar signaling, a High in data is represented by a positive pulse, while
a Low in data is represented by a negative pulse. The following figure 2 depicts this well.

Figure 2: Polar Non-Return to Zero (NRZ) Line coding signal

(b). RZ Line coding signal
i. Unipolar Return to Zero (RZ)

In this type of unipolar signaling, a High in data, though represented by a Mark pulse, its
duration T0 is less than the symbol bit duration. Half of the bit duration remains high, but it
immediately returns to zero and shows the absence of pulse during the remaining half of the bit
duration. It is clearly understood with the help of the following figure 3.

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Figure 3: Unipolar Return to Zero (RZ) Line coding signal

ii. Polar RZ
In this type of Polar signaling, a High in data, though represented by a Mark pulse,
its duration T0 is less than the symbol bit duration. Half of the bit duration remains high, but
it immediately returns to zero and shows the absence of pulse during the remaining half of
the bit duration.
However, for a Low input, a negative pulse represents the data, and the zero level remains
same for the other half of the bit duration. The following figure 4 depicts this clearly.

Figure 4: Polar Non-Return to Zero (RZ) Line coding signal

(c) Manchester or Bi-phase Encoding
The signal level is checked twice for every bit time, both initially and in the middle.
Hence, the clock rate is double the data transfer rate and thus the modulation rate is also
doubled. The clock is taken from the signal itself. The bandwidth required for this coding is
greater.
There are two types of Manchester Encoding.
i. Bi-phase Manchester
ii. Differential Manchester

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i. Bi-phase Manchester
In this type of coding, the transition is done at the middle of the bit-interval. The
transition for the resultant pulse is from High to Low in the middle of the interval, for the
input bit 1. While the transition is from Low to High for the input bit 0.
ii. Differential Manchester
In this type of coding, there always occurs a transition in the middle of the bit interval.
If there occurs a transition at the beginning of the bit interval, then the input bit is 0. If no
transition occurs at the beginning of the bit interval, then the input bit is 1.The following figure
illustrates the waveforms of Bi-phase Manchester and Differential Manchester coding for
different digital inputs.

Figure 5: Manchester Line coding signal

Figure 6: Conversion of NRZ signal to Manchester line coding signal

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Figure 7: Conversion of NRZ signal to RZ line coding signal

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Procedure
1. Connect the conversion of NRZ signal to Manchester line coding signal circuit as per
the circuit diagram shown in Figure 6.
2. Switch ON the power supply.
3. Give the NRZ input signals V1 as 100 Hz with 10V and V2as 10110010. Observe the
corresponding output.
4. Connect the Conversion of NRZ signal to RZ line coding signal circuit as per the
circuit diagram shown in Figure 7.
5. Switch ON the power supply.
6. Give the NRZ input signals V1 as 100 Hz with 10V and V2 as 10110010. Observe the
corresponding output.

Post-Lab Requirements
1. Illustration of NRZ, RZ and Manchester line coding signals.
2. Compare the results are obtained in hardware lab with that of computer simulations.
3. Submit your illustration to the lab instructor at next week's lab.

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Viva Questions:
1. Define NRZ line coding signal?
2. Name the different types of NRZ line coding signals.
3. State the unipolar NRZ line coding signal?
4. List the advantages of unipolar NRZ signal.
5. List the disadvantages of unipolar NRZ signal.
6. Draw the unipolar NRZ line coding signal waveform for the signal 101011.
7. Define polar NRZ line coding signal?
8. Name the different types of RZ line coding signals.
9. List the advantages of polar NRZ signal.
10. List the disadvantages of polar NRZ signal.
11. Draw the polar NRZ line coding signal waveform for the signal 101011.
12. Compare the RZ and NRZ signaling schemes.
13. Define Manchester line coding signal?
14. Name the different types of Manchester line coding signal.
15. State the bi-phase Manchester line coding signal?
16. List the advantages of bi-phase Manchester line coding signal.
17. List the disadvantages of bi-phase Manchester line coding signal.
18. Draw the bi-phase Manchester line coding signal waveform for the signal 101011.
19. Define the differential Manchester line coding signal?
20. List the advantages of differential Manchester line coding signal.
21. List the disadvantages of differential Manchester line coding signal.
22. Draw the differential Manchester line coding signal waveform for the signal 101011.
23. Compare the RZ, NRZ and Manchester signaling schemes.
24. What is the difference between Source coding and Line coding?
25. What is Line coding and what are the different line coding techniques?

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 8. DESIGN OF ALTERNATE MARK INVERSION CODER CIRCUIT

Name: Branch: Lab Section:

ID No:
Pre-Lab Session In-Lab Session Post-Lab Session VIVA Total Marks
Work (10M) Work (30M) Work (5M) (5M) (50M)

Remarks:

Date: Signature of the Instructor Marks awarded

Objectives
1. To understand the operation theory of Alternate Mark Inversion Coder (AMI).

2. To understand the signal waveforms of AMI

3. Design and implementation of AMI Coder

4. To understand AMI circuit

Pre-Lab Work:
1. Basic theory of AMI
2. Understand Concept of step size
3. Understand working of different IC used in the circuit.
4. Understanding the data sheets of components used in the experiment.
Equipment and Components:
1. Function generator
2. CRO
3. IC 4013D-Flip Flop
4. Bread Boards
5. IC 4016, IC 4081
6. Resistors
7. Capacitors.
8. Connecting wires &probes
9. Power Supply
Basic Theory:

Quad Bilateral Switch (4016)

The 4016 contains 4 analog bilateral switches, each with an active-high enable input
ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS (19EC2105) LABORATORY MANUAL 2020-21

(A) and two input/outputs (X and Y). When the enable input is HIGH, the X and Y
terminals are shorted. This is the ON condition. When the enable is low, the X and Y
terminals are open, and the switch is off. This IC can be used as an analog switch.

The 4066 is pin-compatible with the 4016, but has a significantly lower on impedance and
more constant on resistance over the full range of input voltage. Therefore, the 4066 is
preferable to the 4016 in most cases.

CMOS D-Flip Flop

(4013)
The 4013
contains two
independent D-type flip-flops with asynchronous set/reset inputs. When the set is ONE,
then the Q is ONE and when the reset is ONE, then the Q is ZERO. When set and reset
are low, they are in “don’t care condition”. Q shifts the data at D during low-to-high
clock transition. This is then held until the next low-to-high clock transition.

Figure 2. CMOS D Flipflop(4013)

CMOS AND GATE (4081)

The 4081 is a member of the 4000 Series CMOS range, and contains four independent
CMOS AND gates, each with two inputs. The pinout diagram, given on the right, is the
standard two-input logic gate IC layout:
● Pin 7 is the negative supply
● Pin 14 is the positive supply
● Pins 1&2, 5&6, 8&9, 12&13 are gate inputs

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ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS (19EC2105) LABORATORY MANUAL 2020-21

● Pins 3, 4, 10, 11 are gate outputs

Figure 3. CMOS and GATE (4081)

This chip is widely available, and usually comes in a DIL-14 or SOIC-14 package. This
chip is different in pinout to the TTL 7408 and 7409.

Procedure
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the voltage in power supply, to give the biasing voltage to IC 4013 (D-FF)
and IC 4030 (EX-OR Gate).

3. Set the voltage in power supply for V1 and V2 as +5V and -5V.
4. Also, Connect +12V to the pin no.14 of IC 4016 and -5V to the pin no.7 of IC 4016.
5. Connect all the unused input pins of CMOS IC to the ground.
6. Observe the output signal from CRO.
Circuit Description

Alternate mark inversion (AMI) is a bipolar signal. If the input to an AMI coder is zero,
the output is also zero. If the input contains ones, alternate ones are inverted at
the output as +V and –V bipolar signals. The waveforms in the figure illustrate
this. The data stream of AMI signal is shown in figure. when the data bit is
"1", the first signal amplitude at 1/2 bit time is positive voltage level and the
other 1/2 bit time is 0 V; then the second signal amplitude at 1/2 bit time is
negative voltage level and the other 1/2 bit time is 0 V, therefore, the only
different between AMI and RZ is the alternate "1" are inverted. When the data
bit is "0", the signal amplitude is 0 V. this type of encode is commonly used by
telephone industry which is pulse coding modulation (PCM).

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Figure 4. AMI Waveform

Hardware Implementation

The RZ data output from AND gate is fed to a AMI flip flop. The successive ONEs at
the clock toggle the flip flop. The zeros will not toggle the flip flop.

It is obvious, for all odd ones (1, 3, 5, etc.) Q will be ONE and for all even ones (2, 4, 6,
etc.) ̅Q̅ will be ONE. Thus, odd ONEs stream and even ONEs streams are separated.

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RZ data Waveforms:

Circuit Diagram:

Switches IC3-A and IC3-B are deal with “Odd ONEs” Stream. Switches IC3-C and
IC3-D are deal with “Even ONEs” Stream. IC3 –A and IC3-B form an AND gate and
IC3-C and IC3-D form another AND gate. The output will be a +5V pulse if the RZ
data AND “Odd ONEs” stream is ONE. The output will be -5V pulse if the RZ data
AND “Even ONEs” stream is ONE.

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AMI Waveforms:

Post Lab Requirements

1. Save the screenshot of waveforms obtained and bring printout of waveforms in
next lab.
2. Note the readings as instructed by your advisor.
3. Submit practical report in next lab for correction.
Result:

Thus, the AMI signal using IC 4013 (D-FF) and IC 4016 (Quad Bilateral Switch)
is designed, generated and its output is verified.
Viva Questions
1. What is AMI ?
2. What are the advantages of AMI ?
3. What are the disadvantages of AMI ?
4. Give the list of ICs used in this AMI Circuit.
5. What is the supply voltage given for different types of IC’s ?
6. Which type of encoding is used in AMI ? Explain.
7. How the DC component and synchronization problem is handled by AMI.
8. Whether negative voltage is applied for AMI?
9. Explain Inter symbol interference.
10. What is Eye pattern ?
11. Why matched filters are used ?
12. Explain data signaling rate.
13. What is Manchester Encoding ?
14. Advantages of Manchester Encoding.
15. Disadvantages of Manchester Encoding
16. Compare Manchester and AMI Encoding.

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9. DESIGN & IMPLEMENTATION OF TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING CIRCUIT

Name: Branch: Lab Section:

ID No:
Pre-Lab Session In-Lab Session Post-Lab Session VIVA Total Marks
Work (10M) Work (30M) Work (5M) (5M) (50M)

Remarks:

Date: Signature of the Instructor Marks awarded

Objectives:
1. To study the 4 channel analog multiplexing and demultiplexing.
2. To study the effect of sampling frequency on output signal.
3. To study the effect of input signal amplitude on the output signal
characteristics.
Pre-Lab Work:
1. Basic theory of multiplexing and demultiplexing
2. Understand Concept of sampling.
3. Understand working of different IC used in the circuit.
4. Understanding the data sheets of components used in the experiment.
a. Computer simulations (Multisim / pSpice) are performed and the objectives are
obtained prior to the hardware experiment.

Equipment and Components:

1. Function generators.
2. DSO.
3. IC 4052, LM 741.
4. Bread Boards.
5. Resistors.
6. LEDs.
7. Connecting wires &probes
8. Power Supply.
Basic Theory:
In PAM, PPM the pulse is present for a short duration and for most of the time

between the two pulses no signal is present. This free space between the pulses can be

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occupied by pulses from other channels. This is known as Time Division Multiplexing. Thus,

time division multiplexing makes maximum utilization of the transmission channel. Each

channel to be transmitted is passed through the low pass filter. The outputs of the low pass

filters are connected to the rotating sampling switch (or) commutator. It takes the sample

from each channel per revolution and rotates at the rate of fs. Thus, the sampling frequency

becomes fs the single signal composed due to multiplexing of input channels. These channels

signals are then passed through low pass reconstruction filters. If the highest signal frequency

present in all the channels is fm, then by sampling theorem, the sampling frequency fs must

be such that fs≥2fm. Therefore, the time space between successive samples from any one

input will be Ts = 1/fs, and Ts ≤ 1/2fm.

Block Diagram of Time Division Multiplexing:

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Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

1. Connect these four signals to four inputs of the Multiplexer. Adjust each signal
amplitude to be within +/-2V (p-p) and frequency non-over lapping within a
frequency band of 300Hz.
2. Connect A, B output of 7476 to A1, B l inputs of Multiplexer.
3. Adjust the frequency of IC 8038 (Square wave, triangular wave generator) to be
around 32 KHz, so that each of the Four channels are sampled at 8 KHz.
4. Adjust the pulse width of 555 timers to be around 10μsecs.
5. Observe the 4-output pin 11 of 7476 on one channel 1and TDM output pin 13 of
CD4052 on second channel of oscilloscope. Synchronize scope Internal-CH 1 mode.
All the multiplexed channels are observed during the full period of the clock (1/32
KHz).
6. Connect TDM output to comparator –ve input and saw tooth wave to +ve Input.
Observe the Comparator output. The PAM pulses are now converted in to PWM
pulses.
7. Connect the PWM pulses to TDM input of De multiplexer at pin 3 of second
CD4052. Observe the individual outputs Y0, Y1, Y2, and Y3 at pin 1, 5, 2 & 4 of
CD4052, respectively. The PWM pulses corresponding to each channel are now
separated as 4 streams.
8. Take one output and connect it to Low Pass Filter and the Low Pass Filter output to
Amplifier. Observe the output of the amplifier in conjunction with the corresponding
input. Repeat this for all 4 inputs. This is the Demodulated TDM output. Any slight
variation in frequency, amplitude is reflected in the corresponding output.

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Observations:

Waveforms:

Post Lab Requirements

1. Save the screenshot of waveforms obtained and bring printout of waveforms in next lab.
2. Note the readings as instructed by your advisor.
3. Submit practical report in next lab for correction

Results:

Time division multiplexing and demultiplexing circuit has been designed and output is
verified.

Viva Questions

1. Define Multiplexing?
2. What is TDM?
3. Applications of TDM?
4. What is the effect of amplitude and frequency of input signals on output?

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10. Study the characteristics of PLL

Name: Branch: Lab Section:

ID No:
Pre-Lab Session In-Lab Session Post-Lab Session VIVA Total Marks
Work (10M) Work (30M) Work (5M) (5M) (50M)

Remarks:

Date: Signature of the Instructor Marks awarded

Introduction:
Phase-locked loops (PLLs) are used extensively in communications for modulation,
demodulation, and generation of frequencies. IC PLLs can be used at relatively high
frequencies, with general-purpose PLLs available for use up to about 10 MHz and more
expensive, specialized PLLs available for higher frequencies.
The purpose of this experiment is to introduce you to the terminology and operation of a
common PLL. The NE/SE 565 can be used at up to 500 kHz and is a versatile, reliable, and
predictable device.
In this experiment you will adjust the frequency of the VCO built into the 565 PLL and
determine the characteristics of the 565 PLL, which you will use in later experiments.

After completing this experiment, the students will be able to

1. Build a 565 circuit to operate at any frequency with a desired lock range and capture range.
2. Understand how an FM input signal can be converted into an AM signal using the 565.
3. Understand the operation of a PLL.

Aim:
To measure the relevant parameters of an IC phase-locked loop (PLL).

Prelab Assignment:
1. Read the specs from the IC phase-locked loop LM565C.
2. Consider the circuit diagram in Figure (1). The manufacturers give the following
approximate- design equations:
the VCO free-running frequency, fo
fo ≈ 0.3/(R1C1) (1)

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the hold-in, tracking, or lock range, fH

fH ≈ ±8fo/(V + +|V −|) (2)

the capture, pull-in, or acquisition range, fC

(3)
where, flpf is the 3dB frequency of the lowpass filter section.

Determine:
(a) the value of R1 needed to set fo @ 10kHz, given that C1 = 0.01µF
(b) the values of fH and f C, when V + = V − = 8V and C2 = 0.047µF
(c) the values of fH and f C, when C2 is replaced by a 1.0 µF capacitor

Equipment:
• Function generators
• Oscilloscope
• Dual DC-power supply
• LPF module
• Digital voltmeter

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit in Figure (2). Display the signal waveforms @ pin 4 on the
oscilloscope; the waveform at pin 4 will be referred to as Vo(t). Adjust R1 to set
the free-running frequency of the VCO as 10 kHz. Observe the square wave
output on oscilloscope.

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Figure (2)

Figure (3)

2. Apply a 1V (p-p) square wave of frequency 10 kHz at pin 2; this signal will be
referred to as Vi(t). Display Vi(t) and Vo(t) on the oscilloscope. Note that
the traces will synchronize only when the PLL is in hold-in (tracking)
condition.

3. Gradually increase the input signal frequency, fi, and determine the frequency
fH which defines the upper edge of the lock-in range [fH is the frequency at
which the traces appear to be jittery (masked)].

4. Start the input frequency from 10kHz and decrease the frequency and observe
the frequency at which the input and output waveforms become jittery. Note
the input frequency at which this aspect happens as fL (lower edge of the lock
range). Obtain the lock range as fH - fL. This is the lock-in range of the given
PLL.

5. Start the input frequency from well beyond the upper edge of the lock-in
range (say 20kHz) and decrease the frequency and observe the frequency at
which the input and output waveforms again become jittery. Note down this
frequency as fC+.

6. Start the input frequency from well before the lower edge of the lock-in

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range (say 3kHz) and increase the frequency and observe the frequency at
which the input and output waveforms again become jittery. Note down this
frequency as fC-. Obtain the lock range as fC+- fC-. This is the capture range of
the given PLL.

Applications of PLL
The phase locked loop takes in a signal to which it locks and can then output this signal
from its own internal VCO. At first sight this may not appear particularly useful, but
with a little ingenuity, it is possible to develop many phase locked loop applications.
• FM demodulation: One major phase locked loop application is that of a FM
demodulator. With PLL chips now relatively cheap, this PLL applications
enables high quality audio to be demodulated from an FM signal.
• AM demodulation: Phase locked loops can be used in the synchronous
demodulation of amplitude modulated signals. Using this approach, the PLL
locks onto the carrier so that a reference within the receiver can be generated. As
this corresponds exactly to the frequency of the carrier, it can be mixer with the
incoming signal to synchronous demodulate the AM.
• Indirect frequency synthesizers: Use within a frequency synthesizer is one of
the most important phase locked loop applications. Although direct digital
synthesis is also used, indirect frequency synthesis forms one of the major phase
locked loop applications.
• Signal recovery: The fact that the phase locked loop can lock to a signal
enables it to provide a clean signal and remember the signal frequency if there is
a short interruption. This phase locked loop application is used in several areas
where signals may be interrupted for short periods of time, for example when
using pulsed transmissions.
• Timing distribution: Another phase locked loop application is in the distribution
precisely timed clock pulses in digital logic circuits and system, for example
within a microprocessor system.

Post Lab Requirements

1. Note the readings as instructed by your advisor.

2. Submit practical report in next lab for correction.

Result: The characteristics of PLL are studied and verified.

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11. Design of Analog & Digital Converter Circuit

Name: Branch: Lab Section:

ID No:
Pre-Lab Session In-Lab Session Post-Lab Session VIVA Total Marks
Work (10M) Work (30M) Work (5M) (5M) (50M)

Remarks:

Date: Signature of the Instructor Marks awarded

Objectives:
1. To design and verify A/D converters.
2. To construct and study A/D converter.

Pre-Lab Work:
1. Basic theory of A/D converters.
2. Understanding Important Electrical Characteristics of IC 1408
3. Understanding the data sheets of components used in the experiment.
4. Computer simulations (Multisim / pSpice) are performed and the objectives
are obtained prior to the hardware experiment.

Equipment and Components:

1. Function generator
2. CRO
3. ICs: ADC 0808, LM 741, IC1408
4. Bread Boards
5. Resistors
6. Capacitors.
7. Connecting wires &probes
8. Power Supply
Basic Theory:
Analog to Digital Converter
The ADC 0808 is an 8-bit A-to-D converter, having data lines D0-D7. It works on
the principle of successive approximation. It has a total of eight analogue input channels,

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out of which any one can be selected using address lines A, B and C. Here, in this case,
input channel IN0 is selected by grounding A, B and C address lines.
Usually the control signals EOC (end of conversion), SC (start conversion), and
OE (output enable) are interfaced by means of a microprocessor. However, the circuit
shown here is built to operate in its continuous mode without using any microprocessor.
Therefore, the input control signals ALE and OE, being active-high, are tied to Vcc (+5
volts). The input control signal SC, being active-low, initiates start of conversion at falling
edge of the pulse, whereas the output signal EOC becomes high after completion of
digitization. This EOC output is coupled to SC input, where falling edge of EOC output
acts as SC input to direct the ADC to start the conversion.
As the conversion starts, EOC signal goes high. At next clock pulse EOC output again
goes low, and hence SC is enabled to start the next conversion. Thus, it provides
continuous 8-bit digital output corresponding to instantaneous value of analogue input.
The maximum level of analogue input voltage should be appropriately scaled down below
positive reference (+5V) level. The ADC 0808 IC requires clock signal of typically550
kHz, which can be easily derived from an Astable- multivibrator, constructed using 7404
inverter gates.
In order to visualize the digital output, the row of eight LEDs (LED1 through LED8)
have been used, wherein each LED is connected to respective data lines D0 through D7.
Since ADC works in the continuous mode, it displays digital output as soon as analogue
input is applied. The decimal equivalent digital output value D for a given analogue
input voltage Vin can be calculated from the relationship.

Analog to Digital Converter Circuit

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Important Electrical Characteristics for IC 1408:

Reference current: 2 mA
Supply voltage: + 5 Vcc and - 15 V

VEE Setting time: 300 ns

Full scale output current: 1.992 mA Accuracy: 0.19 %

When input = 11111111, Io is given by V0= 1.992mA x 5KΩ=9.961V

Note: The arrow on the pin 4 shows the output current direction. It is inward. This
means that IC 1408 sinks current. At (0000 0000) 2 binary input it sinks zero current
and at(11111111)2binary input it sinks 1.992 mA. This circuit can be modified to
give bipolar output.
INPUT OUTPUT
(0000 0000)2. 0
FFH (1111 1111)2. = 1.992mAx5KΩ
Bipolar
Condition 1: For binary input (00H)
When binary input is 00H, the output current Io at pin 4 is zero. Due to this current
flowing through RB (1 mA) flows through Rf giving Vo = - 5 V.

Condition 2: For binary input 80H (10000000)

When binary input is 80H, the output current Io at pin 4 is 1 mA. By applying
KCL at node- A we get,

-Ib+I0 +If = 0. Substituting values of IB and Io we get,

-(1 mA) + (1 mA) + If = 0: If = 0 and therefore Vo = 0V.

Condition 3: For binary input FFH (11111111)

When binary input is FFH, the output current I0at pin 4 is 2 mA. By applying KCL
at node- A we get,
-IB+Io+If = 0
Substituting values of IB and Io we get,
- (1 mA) + (2

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ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS (19EC2105) LABORATORY MANUAL 2020-21

mA) + If = 0 If =
- 1 mA
Therefore, Vo = + 5 V.
In this way, circuit gives output in the bipolar range.
Example: For above bipolar circuit, calculate the output voltage, V0 for digital input
word of
1. 00000000
2. 01111111
3. 10000000
4. 11111111

Current for 1 LSB is 8μA. IFS =

8μAx255=2.04mA. For 00000000 input,
I0 = 8μA x 0 = 0
I0’ =2.040mA-0=2.04mA.
V0= (0-2.04mA) (5KΩ) = -10.20V

Post Lab Requirements

1. Save the screenshot of waveforms obtained and bring printout of waveforms in next
lab.

2. Note the readings as instructed by your advisor.

3. Submit practical report in next lab for correction

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12. Design of Digital to Analog Converter Circuit

Name: Branch: Lab Section:

ID No:
Pre-Lab Session In-Lab Session Post-Lab Session VIVA Total Marks
Work (10M) Work (30M) Work (5M) (5M) (50M)

Remarks:

Date: Signature of the Instructor Marks awarded

Objectives:
1. To design and verify D/A converter.
2. To construct and study D/A converter.

Pre-Lab Work:
1. Basic theory of D/A converters.
2. Understanding Important Electrical Characteristics of IC 1408
3. Understanding the data sheets of components used in the experiment.
4. Computer simulations (Multisim / pSpice) are performed and the objectives
are obtained prior to the hardware experiment.

Equipment and Components:

1. Function generator
2. CRO
3. ICs: DAC 0808, LM 741, IC1408
4. Bread Boards
5. Resistors
6. Capacitors.
7. Connecting wires &probes
8. Power Supply

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Basic Theory:
Digital to Analog Converter

The 1408 is an 8-bit R/2R ladder type D/A converter compatible with TTL and
CMOS logic. It is designed to use where the output current is linear product of an eight-
bit digital word. The IC 1408 consists of a reference current amplifier, an R/2R ladder and
eight high speed current switches. It has eight input data lines A1 (MSB) through A8
(LSB).

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It requires 2 mA reference current for full scale input and two power supplies Vcc
= + 5 V and VEE = -15 V (VEE can range from 5V to - 15 V). The voltage Vref and resistor
R14 determines the total reference current source and R15 is generally equal to R14 to
match the input impedance of the reference current amplifier.

Important Electrical Characteristics for IC 1408:

Reference current: 2 mA
Supply voltage: + 5 Vcc and - 15 V

VEE Setting time: 300 ns

Full scale output current: 1.992 mA Accuracy: 0.19 %

Post Lab Requirements

1. Save the screenshot of waveforms obtained and bring printout of waveforms in next
lab.

2. Note the readings as instructed by your advisor.

3. Submit practical report in next lab for correction

Precautions:
1. Connections should be made carefully.
2. The components (resistors, capacitors and ICs) must be identified properly before
giving the circuit connections.
3. The components must be properly doped into the bread board.

Results: DAC circuit has been designed and output is verified.

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