YCDC Disposal

Feasibility Studies on Joint Crediting Mechanism
Projects towards Environmentally Sustainable

Cities in Asia
FY2013
“Supporting low-carbon Yangon city through Joint Crediting
Mechanism (JCM) project formulation”
Commission Report
March, 2014
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies

Table of Contents
1. Introduction 1
2. Supporting low-carbon waste management of Yangon 2
2.1 Current status on waste management in Yangon 2
2.2 Policy recommendations for sustainable waste management in Yangon 5
2.3 International workshop on sustainable waste management in Yangon 7
2.4 Capacity building for Yangon on waste management 11
2.5 Reference materials:

Presentations by YCDC and IGES on Yangon’s waste management 13
3. Research on the potential of off-grid renewable energy in Myanmar 38
3.1 Executive summary 38
3.2 Stakeholders’ Consultation Workshop 42
3.3 Reference materials: Presentation by TERI 47
4. Organising working group of low-carbon Myanmar 68
4.1 1st Meeting 68
4.2 2nd Meeting 69
4.3 3rd Meeting 70
4.4 Participation to the 3rd Green Economy Green Growth (GEGG) Forum 72
4.5 Reference material:

Summary of 3rd Green Economy Green Growth Forum 78
1. Introduction
In fiscal year 2013 (April-2013 to March 2014), Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
(IGES) implemented “Supporting low-carbon Yangon city through Joint Crediting Mechanism
(JCM) project formulation” project funded by Ministry of the Environment of Japan. This report
summarizes the output of this project.
The project aimed to contribute to sustainable development of the city of Yangon through Joint
Crediting Mechanisms (JCM) project formulation and mass diffusion of relevant technologies. The
project was implemented in strong partnership with Japanese private firms and local governments.
The partnership was important because private firms possess technologies capability to implement
JCM projects, and local governments possess experience and know-how on environmental
management in urban context.
The project consisted of three major components.
Supporting low-carbon waste management of Yangon

In Yangon, waste management was identified as an area where 1) the host country demand is present,
2) greenhouse gas emission can be abated, and 3) there is interest from Japanese firms. The project
contributed to the capacity development of the Yangon City Development Committee (YCDC)
through organization of an international workshop in Yangon and a study tour in Japan on waste
management.
Research on the potential of off-grid renewable energy in Myanmar

A research on application of off-grid renewable energy sources in Myanmar was conducted in
partnership with The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) of India. A range of renewable energy
sources, including solar, wind, biomass and hydropower were analysed, as well as their possible
delivery models in off-grid environment.
Organising working group of low-carbon Myanmar

In order to accelerate JCM project formation in Myanmar, “Low-carbon Myanmar Working Group”
has been organized with participation from local governments, private firms and other related
institutions. The WG meetings were organized three times in Tokyo. In addition, some members of
the WG participated in the 3rd Myanmar Green Economy Green Growth Forum.
1
2. Supporting low-carbon waste management of Yangon
2.1 Current status on waste management in Yangon
Yangon is the most densely populated city in Myanmar and it covers 759km2 land area. Yangon is
the former capital of Myanmar and remains as the most important centre of commerce, politics and
culture. As of December 2012, total population in Yangon City Development Committee (YCDC) is
about 4.72 million. There are 33 townships in Yangon region and divided into four districts – North,
South, East and West.
Waste management in YCDC is a responsibility of Pollution Control and Cleansing Department

(PCCD). They are responsible for both daily management and pollution control. Waste collection,
transportation and the disposal at the final disposal sites are the major daily management activities.
Total waste generation in YCDC is amounted to 1,650 tonnes/day, and 92% of generated waste is
being collected. YCDC assumes that the uncollected 140 tonnes of waste go to the recycling fraction
and illegal dumping. According to the composition, more than 75% of weight is organic
There are various waste collection approaches such as bell ringing, collection at street dump yards,
hand carts etc. In YCDC, waste is separated into two major groups; wet and dry. However, all the
separated waste are transported together and disposed at the open dump sites. Waste collection fee is
charged from the households and commercial centers, etc. and the service fees vary depending upon
the distance from the city center. For instance, monthly fee for waste collection from old suburbs,
sub-urban and central business district are 300kyat, 450kyat and 600 kyat per month per household
respectively. As far as waste transportation is concerned, there are different types of vehicles such as
compactor trucks, tipper trucks are used in the waste collection, and these vehicles are being used
more years than the designed lifetime. Total numbers of workers employed in waste collection and
transportation system in YCDC is 884.
Open dumping is the major disposal method in YCDC and the collected waste is transported and
disposed at 6 dumpsites which are located in different townships. The collected and transported
waste is disposed at the nearest dumpsite. There are 6 dumpsites are used for final disposal, and the
specification of those dumpsites are presented in the table below. According to the composition,
organic fraction is amounted to more 75% of the mass followed by plastic (10%), others (10%) and
paper and textile (0.1%). All the dumpsites are causing a huge damage to environment as generated
methane and other toxic gases are directly emitted into the atmosphere, and the highly polluted
leachate contaminates surface and ground water table.
2
Table 1: Specifications of the dumpsites in YCDC
No Location of final disposal site Disposal capacity Remark

(tonnes/day)
1 HtainBin 847 Depth 15m
2 Htwei Chaung 612 Depth 15m
3 Dala 10 Depth 9m
4 Seikkyi Khanaung To 5 Depth 9m
5 Mingalardon 25 Depth 9m
6 Shwe Pyi Thar 50 Depth 9m
Total amount of disposal waste 1550
Besides, a small amount of daily generated waste is recycled, which is amounted to 86 tonnes/day.
Valuable recyclables are stored at household level and sold to the nearby junkshops. However, there
are no big junk shops in the townships to collect the recyclables from small junkshops and transport
to the appropriate recycling centers which have caused the inefficiencies of recycling system. YCDC
is running a small-scale plastic recycling plant and green and blue plastics bag is produced using the
waste plastic.
3
Figure 1: Plastic recycling process at the recycling plant in YCDC
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the existing waste management in Yangon
Current waste management activities in Yangon have a significant climate impact as well as other
environmental impacts. Therefore, quantification of climate impact from current waste management
system is very important for planning and designing the future waste management.
There are two ways that the current waste management system can contribute for climate impacts.
One is utilization of fossil fuel for waste collection and transportation. YCDC uses 128,704 L diesel
and 900 L of gasoline for waste transportation. GHG emissions from fuel burning for transportation,
it is amounted 349 tonnes of CO2-eq.
The major climate impact is caused due to degradation of waste in open dump sites under anaerobic
condition which create methane. By using IGES GHG calculation tool methane emission potential is
estimated. It is amounted to 22.8 kg of CH4 for each tonne of disposal waste. As the climate impact
of methane is 25 times higher than CO2, overall climate impact from each tonne of waste disposal
would be 480 kg CO2 eq. Based on values, total monthly carbon emission from current open
dumping in Yangon would be 22,342 tonnes of CO2-eq.
Material recovery from current recycling activities in Yangon contributes to GHG mitigation.
Monthly total GHG reduction from recycling activities in Yangon is 4593 tonnes of CO2-eq. All in
all, total climate impact from the waste management system in Yangon amounts to 18,000 tonnes of
CO2-eq per month, see Figure 2.
Figure 2: GHG emission from waste sector in Yangon
25000 22,342
20000 18,098
Tonnes of CO2-eq.month
15000
10000
5000
349
0
GHG emissions GHG emissions GHG reduction Overall GHG
-5000 from from opendumping from recycling emissions from
transportation -4593 waste
-10000 management
4
Intended plan of waste management in Yangon city
PCCD is planning to move towards waste-to-energy technologies as a solution to existing poor waste
management. Landfill gas-to-energy recovery system will be implemented to replace the HtainBin
site, which is the biggest open dumpsite. To replace the other dumpsites, incineration plants will be
installed (one big incineration plant with electricity recovery to replace Htwei Chaung site and four
small incinerators to replace other small 4 dumpsites). As the initial step, four small incinerators will
be implemented by 2015 and electricity production from these incineration plants is very unlikely
due to its small capacity. Revenue generation via service fee from households and by selling
electricity from incineration plant would not be sufficient to cover the operational costs. Therefore,
YCDC is expecting 80% of operation costs from the central government budget in order to run
intended waste-to-energy plants.
2.2 Policy recommendations for sustainable waste management in Yangon
YCDC is in the process of development of improved waste management system. Careful planning is
very important in this stage for designing of sustainable waste management options that are suitable
for local conditions in Myanmar in order to avoid the failure that may happen after the
implementation.
Waste-to-energy technologies have been selected as the most preferable options for the waste
management in Yangon. For instance, landfill gas to energy recovery (to replace the biggest open
dumpsite) and incineration (one big incineration plant with electricity recovery and four small
incineration plants without electricity recovery) are chosen as the treatment options for Yangon
waste management. However, still there is no clear understanding on how to deal with financial
matters such as setting a suitable tipping fee in Myanmar context, dealing with operation and
maintenance costs, etc. Further discussion is required between the stakeholders to find appropriate
solutions to these issues. In order to develop a successful project, PCCD should pay attention on
issues listed below and need to take necessary actions in order to avoid the problems during the
functioning phase.
- How to manage a constant waste flow input to the incineration plants?

- How to improve the efficiencies of proposed waste-to energy technologies to extract the
maximum amount of energy from waste?
- How to reduce fossil fuel input in proposed waste-to-energy technologies?
5
- How to deal with the high operational cost of incineration technology? What are the
possibilities for applying JCM?
Composition and the moisture content of the waste can greatly affect the efficiency of the
incineration plant. Therefore, operating companies should focus on possible pre-treatment methods
to reduce the moisture content waste prior to combustion.
In addition, improving the efficiency of the landfill gas recovery is the key to mitigate GHG and also
to enhance the financial benefits of the project. Therefore, the operating companies should find
possibilities to start gas recovery soon while waste tipping continues, and extending the duration of
the gas recovery project to cover the peak production period of methane
Despite all the waste-to-energy technologies, development of a proper recycling scheme in Yangon
would contribute to significant environmental, economic and social benefits. Therefore,
development of proper recycling scheme, including collection points, processing plants and
treatment plants is necessary for improved waste management in Yangon.
Waste management in Yangon has been improving gradually. With recent involvements with
different stakeholders, YCDC officials have a much better understanding of the real issues with
respect to the current waste management. However, still much focus has been given to
implementation of final treatment facilities and less attention given to initiation of effective waste
collection and transportation system, implementation of a formal recycling scheme, etc. In order to
develop a sustainable waste management, equal attention should be given to all the phases of waste
management.
Furthermore, adequate training and capacity-building programs are necessary for the officials on
data recording and maintaining the records. Such information is very useful to measure the overall
progress of waste management towards sustainability. Also, opportunities should be created to bring
all the stakeholders who are involved in the intended waste management in Yangon to discuss the
common issues and prospects (e.g. political support, technology needs, financial barriers,
cooperation among the stakeholders)
For long term sustainability, development of appropriate integrated systems, designed for maximum
resource recovery would be the key driving force towards greenhouse gas mitigation as well as for
getting maximum economic and social benefits from waste management in Yangon.
6
2.3 International workshop on sustainable waste management in Yangon
Date: 20 December 2013, 12:00-17:00

Venue: Yangon City Hall
Participants: Mayor of Yangon, Directors of YCDC, Yangon Regional Government, Ministry of
Environmental Conservation and Forestry, CESVI, JFE Engineering, City of Tokyo
Agenda
12:00-12:30 Registration
Opening
12:30-13:00 -U Hla Myint, Mayor of Yangon
-Kenta Usui, Climate and Energy area, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
Photo session
13:00-13:15 Tea break
13:15-14:00 Part 1: Introduction to Myanmar’s waste policies

Chair: YCDC
(45mins) Ͳ Yangon’s waste management policies, Than Lwin Oo, Head of Department,
Pollution Control and Cleansing Department, YCDC
Ͳ Myanmar’s pathway for national waste management policies, MOECAF
Q&A
14:00-15:00 Part 2: Towards low-carbon waste management: an opportunity of integrated

waste management system:
(60mins) Chair: Kenta Usui, IGES
- The potential of integrated municipal solid waste management to reduce climate

impacts of low-carbon management, Nirmala Menikpura, IGES
- Feasibility of incineration technologies, and setting the right tipping fee – Gen
Takahashi, JFE Engineering.
- Mechanisms to engage local communities for waste management, Takanobu
Iwasaki, Tokyo Metropolitan Government
Q&A
15:00-16:00 Part 3: Understanding the full picture of international cooperation

(60 mins) Chair: Kenta Usui, IGES
(5-10 mins each, max 2 slides)

Ͳ Japanese Joint Crediting Mechanism, Kenta Usui, IGES
Ͳ Yangon-Tokyo Cooperation on Waste Management, Takanobu Iwasaki, Tokyo
Metropolitan Government
Ͳ GIZ’s initiative
Ͳ CESVI’s assistance on Yangon’s waste management, Gaetano Romano, CESVI
Q&A
7
16:00-16:45 Discussion: the way forward for Myanmar
(45mins) Co-chaired by Nirmala Menikpura, IGES and YCDC
Panelists (5 mins each):

Ͳ Takanobu Iwasaki, Tokyo Metropolitan Government
Ͳ Gen Takahashi, JFE Engineering
Ͳ MOECAF
Ͳ YCDC
List of possible questions:

Ͳ How to promote efficient waste collection
Ͳ How to make waste management financially sustainable
Ͳ How to promote low carbon waste management in Yangon with international
cooperation
Ͳ How to effectively coordinate increasing international support
Ͳ How to engage communities to work on waste management
16:45 – 17:00 Closing Remark

(15min) Than Lwin Oo, Head of Department, Pollution Control and Cleansing Department,
YCDC
International workshop on sustainable waste management in Yangon was held at City Hall, Yangon
on 20 December 2013. The summary of the workshop is as follows:
More than 50 people participated in this workshop representing different government organizations,
privet sectors, NGOs etc. The mayor of the YCDC, Secretary, Joint-Secretory, Committee members,
Head of twenty departments of YCDC, Deputy Heads of departments, Assistant heads of
departments, and Sub-division officers participated from YCDC. In addition, YCDC has invited
Assistant director of MOECAF, a member from Mandalay City Development Committee, a member
from Naypyitaw Development Committee, a member from Environmental Conservation
Sub-Committee Yangon Regional Government, and members from CESVI. Further experts from
Tokyo Metropolitan Government, JFE engineering also joined this workshop.
The mayor of the Yangon and Mr. Kenta Usui from IGES, delivered the welcome remarks on behalf
of two organizers of the workshop.
The first session of the workshop was to cover the Myanmar’s waste management policies. Than
Lwin Oo, the Head of Department of YCDC presented the overview of the waste management in
Yangon such as the current situation of waste management, budget constraints and other limitations
in waste management. Then assistant director of MOECAF, Mr. U Hla Maung Thein presented
Myanmar’s pathway for national waste management policies. The assistant director highlighted the
need of specific rules, regulations and guidelines, national waste management strategies, monitoring
8
system, technology requirement, coordination mechanism, institutional strengthening, and financial
mechanism for developing sustainable waste management system in Myanmar.
The next session of the workshop was on “Towards low-carbon waste management: an opportunity
of integrated waste management system”. Dr. Nirmala Menikpura, IGES, presented the importance
of an integrated waste management for GHG mitigations showing practical examples from other
countries, such as Thailand. Mr. Gen Takahashi from JFE Engineering spoke about the feasibility of
incineration technologies, and setting the right tipping fee since it would be a key issue on setting
new incineration plants in Yangon to replace the existing open dumping. Then Mr. Takanobu
Iwasaki from Tokyo Metropolitan Government presented the Mechanisms to engage local
communities for waste management by showing historical experience in the context of Japan.
Third session of the workshop focused on “Understanding the full picture of international
cooperation”. In this session, Mr. Kenta Usui from IGES presented the concept of Japanese Joint
Crediting Mechanism. Mr. Takanobu Iwasaki from Tokyo Metropolitan Government spoke about the
Yangon -Tokyo Cooperation on Waste Management, and the shared experiences, and joint work
between two organizations. Then assistant head of YCDC presented GIZ’s initiative on waste
management in Yangon on behalf of GIZ.
The last session was the panel discussion, and this session was to hear the opinion from experts on
“the way forward for Myanmar," specially focusing future waste management in Yangon. In this
session, a distinguished panel of experts (Mr. Takanobu Iwasaki from Tokyo Metropolitan
Government, Mr. Gen Tahakashi from JFE engineering, Mr. U Hla Maung Thein from MOECAF,
Mr. Gaetano Romano from CESVI, Mr. Kin win from YCDC) discussed some key issues related to
sustainable waste management in Yangon. The speakers expressed their opinions and suggestions
related to how to promote an efficient waste collection system, how to make waste management
financially sustainable, how to promote low carbon waste management in Yangon with international
cooperation and how to effectively coordinate increasing international support, and how to engage
communities to work on waste management. Many speakers agreed that international cooperation is
very important and public-private partnership is essential for sustainable waste management.
Collaboration at national level and international level is another important issue. Life cycle
management is lacking, and it should be considered for enhancing sustainable waste management.
9
Invited people for the workshop Introducing IGES’s publication to the Mayor
Presentation at the workshop
10
2.4 Capacity building for Yangon on waste management
Two staff from YCDC Pollution Control and Cleansing Department were invited to Japan to undergo
at study tour on waste management practices.
Participants from YCDC:

(1) U Ko Ko Kyaw Swar, Divisional Head of Pollution Control and Cleansing Department
(2) U Khin Ohn Thein, Sectional Head of Pollution Control and Cleansing Department
Programme:
Date Activities
24 February Arrival in Tokyo
25 Ͳ Meeting with MOEJ

Ͳ Participation to the 3rd working group meeting on low-carbon
Myanmar
26 Study tour in Nerima-ku, Tokyo
Ͳ Visiting waste collection sites
Ͳ Lecture of Nerima’s work on waste management
Ͳ Visiting Resource Recovery Center and Incineration Plant of Nerima
27 Study tour in Kawasaki-shi
Ͳ PET Refine Technology (recycling)
Ͳ Kureha Ecology Management (Hazardous waste treatment)
28 In-house seminar at IGES
29 Ͳ Departing Tokyo
Photos during the study tour
11
12
䛆㻾㼑㼒㼑㼞㼑㼚㼏㼑㻌㼙㼍㼠㼑㼞㼕㼍㼘㼟㻌㻦㻌㻼㼞㼑㼟㼑㼚㼠㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㼎㼥㻌㼅㻯㻰㻯䛇
10-Mar-14 2
2
13
The administrative boundary of YCDC,in 1985 ( 133.643 Sq-Miles)

and now a day ( 292.426 ) Square Miles. 3
Organizational Chart of YCDC

Mayor
Secretary
Joint-Secretary
2 persons of
Committee Members
20-- Departments
( Including Pollution Control and Cleansing Department )
4
14
Organizational Chart of
Pollution Control and Cleansing Department
-Officer = 37
-Other Rank = 1040 HeadofDept.
-Labor = 3500
DeputyHead(East+South) DeputyHead(North+West)
Assistant head Assistant head

Assistanthead Assistanthead Assistanthead Assistanthead Assistanthead Assistanthead
Pollution Control Pollution Control
East South Admin Vehicle North West
1Divisional 2Divisional
1 Divisionall 2Divisional head 2Divisional 2Divisional 1 Divisional
2Divisional head
heads heads (Admin.) heads heads heads
heads (Vehicles)
(Pollution (SouthDistrict) (North) (West) (Pollution
(EastDistrict)
Control) Control)
7Township 9Township 7Township 9Township Final Disposal

Final Disposal
Cleansing Cleansing Cleansing Cleansing Site
Site
Forces Forces Forces
3/10/2014 Forces (Htainbin)
((Dawei Chaung))
5
Duties and Function

Daily Cleansing .
Waste Collection (House Holds, Markets,
Kerbshops, Commercials, Clinics and others)
Waste Transportation.
Disposed To Final Disposal Site.
Pollution Control.
Final Disposal Site Management
Cemeteries Management
Recycling Activities(YCDC and Privates)
Green Composting
Awareness Program for Local Communities and
Schools
15
Waste Flow in Yangon (2012)

Generation Collection and Transportation Disposal
Direct Haul
East District
Transfer Point FDS
South District 25 m3 Containers Dawei Chaung
Bell collection
Hand Carts
North District Residents FDS
Collection Point Htainpin
West District Brick Tanks
Cemetery
Private Recycling Industries
Recycling Center of PCCD
Hospital Waste Compactor Truck
Hazardous Waste Direct Haul and Special Treatment, on call 7
Solid Waste Management
Bellringcollection,Manual
Loading,Transportand
disposetoFDS.
TemporaryBrickTanks
(617)Nos
16
SolidWasteManagement
DustBin,transfertopushcart,
ͳʹͲǡ loadingtowastetruck,

αͳͺ͸Ǧ
TransportanddisposetoFDS.
ʹͶͲǡ
αʹͲͷ͸Ǧ
͸͸Ͳǡ

αͳʹͻͷǦ
10-Mar-14 9
9
WastecollectionVehicleonRoad =294Nos
Therearevarioustypesofvehicles,usedintransportationofsolid
waste.Manytrucksaretooobsoletetouseforlongterm.Itshouldbe
replacedwithnewones.
10
17
Activities and facility in

Disposal Sites
PCCD have two main FDS and

each site only one Dozer for
dozing all waste. 10-Mar-14 11
Thecollectedsolidwasteswere
transportedanddisposedtothetwo
MainFDS.Bothofthemare30km
and26kmawayfromCBD.
TotalArea=55.77Acre
UsedArea=47.4Acre
TotalArea=150Acre
UsedArea=70Acre 2
3/10/2014
12
18
0.395 Kg/capita/day
TOWNSHIP OF CITY
0.312 Kg/capita/day 0.396 Kg/capita/day
DATA BASED ON C.B.D OF CITY 7.5 % OF CITY POPULATION
0.287 Kg/capita/day
2% OF CITY POPULATION
0.267 Kg/capita/day
3.2% OF CITY POPULATION
2001-2002
2003-2004
2006-2007
2010-2011
2011-2012
1540-TPD
1690-TPD
2012Ǧ2013,CurrentGenerationis(1690)TonsPerDay
3/10/2014
Wastecollectionis(1550)TonsPerDay 13
3/10/2014 14
14
19
Existing Used Main ( 2 ) Final Disposal Sites & ( 4 ) Temporary Small

FDS
N Location of Constructed Planned Site ( Plant) Dispose Ton Remark
O FDS site Year Capacity Area Per Day
( Current)
1 HtainBin 2002 - 150- Acre 847 Open

Used- 70 Ac Dumping
2 Htwei 2001 - 55.77 – Acre 612 Open
Chaung Used-47.4 Ac Dumping
3 Dala 2003 - 1.3- Acre 10 Low Landfill

Temporary site
4 Seikkyi 2003 - 0.25 - Acre 5 Low Landfill

Temporary site
Khanaung
To
5 Mingalardon 2003 - 0.91 - Acre 25 Low Landfill
Temporary site
6 Shwe Pyi 2005 - 1 - Acre 50 Low Landfill

Temporary site
Thar
15
Plastic Paper & Organic

( 10 %) Textile(4%) Waste(76 %)
Others (10 %)
1. Woods
2. Rubbers and Leathers
3. Metals
4. Glasses
5. Crockery and Stones
Baseoncommoncompositionwhichafewdifferentpercentage.
(DependupontheWetSeasonandDrySeason) 16
20
Infectious Wastes
are dispose to the
Incineration Process Sharp Wastes are
dispose to the
Deep Well Process
Daily Medical Waste

about 1 ton
10-Mar-14 17
17
IndustrialZonesInYangonCity
¾IndustrialZonesinCity =24Number
¾TotalFactories =3562
¾Garments =126
¾Foodstuff =334
¾Chemical =56
¾IronandMelting =519
¾ColdStorageandFishProcessing =45
¾PaperandCardboard =105
¾Distillery =9
¾ForestProduct =148
¾PublicUseGoods =709
¾Others =1511
10-Mar-14
18
21
DailyWasteGeneratedofIndustrialZones
Sr IndustrialZone No.ofZones No.ofFactories Collected Remark
No Location
1 East Dagon 1 41 3 Foodandbyproductof

sites
2 NorthDagon 1 95 11 “
3 DagonSeikam 2 94 4 “
4 SouthDagon 3 2356 13 “
5 NorthOkkalapa 2 342 57 “
6 SouthOkkalapa 1 85 0.4 “
7 Thaketa 1 123 3 “
8 Mingalardon 2 40 6 “
9 Shwe Pyi Thar 4 249 6 “
10 Hly Thar Yar 7 137 6 “
TOTAL 24 3562 109.4
OnCallSystem
Wastecollected=109.4TonPerDay 19
MonthlyFeeof
HouseholdWaste
Collection
Satellite(300)kyatpermonthͲ(7)TSP
Satellite TSP 300 Kyat per day
SubͲUrban(450)kyatpermonth– (10)TSP
CBDͲ (600)kyatpermonth– (15)TSP
20
20
22
HouseHoldand
Waste Generator
Household Collector/
Collectors LocalBuyer
WholeSellers
Factory/Recycle
Export Domestic User

21
Manufacturing Process of Recycle Product

Domestic
Waste
Container
Infectious, Sharp, &
Domestic Waste Bags
Infectious
Plastic Waste Waste
Container
( After Melt ) Sharp
Waste
Container
Pre-heating
Plastic Bags WET
DRY
10-Mar-14
Plastic Resin Waste Bags Production
22
23
RecycleandReuseMaterials;DirecttoWholeSale
LocalBuyers;DataBaseon2012
Particular Weight (T) Unit
Plastic 5.1 Ton
Paper 8.94 Ton
Cardboard 11 Ton
Leather .1 Ton
Iron 0.5 Ton
Metal 0.3 Ton
Copper 0.3 Ton
Lead 0.1 Ton
Glass 40.5 Ton

Tin Can 5.1 Ton
RecycleWasteGenerated=85.84Ǧ TPD 23
Htainbin Final Disposal Site,

Tender Invited, Propose Location of (800) TPD
Can dispose Domestic Waste of YCDC area,
Sanitary Landfill Facilities, Bio-Gas to Electricity or CNG
Remarks
TotalArea=150Acre
UsedArea=70Acre 1. DailyDisposed=800ǦTPD
2. Tenderinvitedat2012
3. ProposedCompanies=43ǦNo
4. Preselected=5ǦNo
5. FinalFullProposal=(07Ǧ 08Ǧ 2013)
6. Finishedselected=1no(00.10.13)
7. SanitaryLandfillFacility
8. Output=Electricity
24
24
24
Htawe Chaung Final Disposal Site

Tender Invited, Propose Location of (600) TPD
Incineration Plant, WTE
Remarks
TotalArea=55.77Acre ͳǤ α͸ͲͲȂȋȌ
UsedArea=47.4Acre ʹǤ αͳͲͲǦ
͵Ǥ ʹͲͳʹ
ͶǤ αͶ͵Ǧ
ͷǤ αͳǦ
͸Ǥ αȋͲ͹Ǧ ͲͺǦ ʹͲͳ͵Ȍ
͹Ǥ αͳǡȋͲͷǦͳͲǦʹͲͳ͵Ȍ
ͺǤ
ͻǤ α
Proposed Area of Incineration Plant From JICA ,

( Hazardous Waste- 100 TPD from SEZ ) 25
ExtendArea
Proposed Area
About (338) acres,
Total = 400 Acres
Current Used Cemetery Area, 62

Acre
26
25
Proposed Area
About (100) acres
Kyi Su
Cemetery
27
Htainbin Cemetery,
Medical Waste Propose Location
Proposed Area
About (100’ x 100’)
10-Mar-14 28
28
26
PublicAwareness School
program 3Rs Activities Awareness
program
10-Mar-14 29
29
1. Lack of Detailed Planning of SWM
2. Inefficient Waste Collection System
3. Old Equipment for Waste Collection and

Transportation.
4. Improper Final Disposal
5. Unclear Enforcement of Hazardous/Infectious

Waste Management
6. Weakness of SWM Registration

10-Mar-14
30
27
¾Toresearchanddeveloponcleanair,cleanland,
cleanwater.
¾Tointegratetheactionplansforambientand
indoorairqualitymonitoringandupgrading.
¾ToupdatethelegislativesystemforEIApractices.
¾Toenhancethetechniqueson“WasteToEnergy”
WTEprocesses.
¾Topromotegreaterawarenessofenvironmental
andhealthrisksfrompoorenvironmental
planningandmanagement.
¾Toupgradethecitygreencleanandhealthy
livable.
31
3/10/2014
32
28
䛆㻾㼑㼒㼑㼞㼑㼚㼏㼑㻌㼙㼍㼠㼑㼞㼕㼍㼘㼟㻌㻦㻌㻼㼞㼑㼟㼑㼚㼠㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㼎㼥㻌㻵㻳㻱㻿䛇
Integrated Solid Waste

Management: Towards Low-
carbon Waste Management in
Yangon - Myanmar
Nirmala Menikpura, PhD

Sustainable Consumption and
Production (SCP) Group
Institute for Global Environmental
Strategies (IGES)
Open Dumping is the Major Disposal

Method in Yangon
57 Hlaw Gar
Shwe Pyi Thar

6 Htawe Chaung
2
Htain Bin
Kyi Su
1
3
30 Km 26 Km
Da La
2
4 2
29
Present Situation of Waste Management in Yangon

This is the biggest open dumpsite in YCDC
847 tonnes of incoming waste is disposed per day
Dumpsite at HtainBin
Future
• PCDC is planning to implement a landfill gas-to-energy recovery plant to
replace this open dumpsite

This is the second biggest open dumpsite
612 tonnes of incoming waste is disposed per day
Dumpsite at Htwei Chaung
Future
• YCDC is considering installation of waste-to energy incineration plant.
4
30
Dumpsite at Shwe Pyi Thar Dumpsite at Hlaw Ger

Disposal capacity – 50 tonnes/day Disposal capacity 25 tonnes/day
Future
• YCDC is considering installation of small incineration (without electricity
production) plants to replace these dumpsites .
Situation of Waste Recycling in Yangon

According to Yangon City Development Committee (YCDC) 86
tonnes/day generated waste is recycling
Valuable recyclables are stored at household level and sell to the
nearby junkshops
YCDC is also running a small-scale plastic recycling plant and
green and blue plastics bag is produced using the waste plastic.
Composition of recyclables
in Yangon
Plastic recycling activities at YCDC 6

31
Environmental Damage and Health Issues from

Current Waste Management in Yangon
Global warming Health
hazards
CH4 Acid rain
NH3
H2S
VOCs
Leachate
PO4-3 Zn, Cd, Hg

NO3-
Ground water 7
Eutrophication contamination
Climate Impact from Current Waste Management in

Yangon
IGES GHG calculation tool was used to estimate the climate impacts
from current waste management in Yangon
GHG emissions from Waste Transportation
YCDC uses 128,704 L diesel and 900 L of gasoline for waste transportation
GHG emissions from transportation 7.51 kg of CO2-eq/tonne of waste
Monthly GHG emission from transportation 349 tonnes of CO2-eq/month
GHG emissions from open dumping

Emission of CH4 from open dumping 22.88 kg of CH4/tonne
Direct GHG emission from mixed waste open dumping 480.48 kg of CO2-eq/tonne of mix waste
GHG emission from open dumping from monthly disposed waste 22,342 Tonnes of CO2-eq/month
4
monthly disposed waste)
CH4 generation (Gg from
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Year (after disposal) 8

32
Climate Impact from Current Waste Management in

Yangon
GHG emissions from recycling activities in Yangon
Direct GHG emissions from recycling 866.42 kg of CO2-eq/tonne of mixed recyclables
Avoided GHG emissions from recycling via materials recovery 2646.79 kg of CO2-eq/tonne of mixed recyclables
Net GHG emissions from recycling (life cycle perspective) -1780.37 kg of CO2-eq/tonne of mixed recyclables
Monthly total GHG reduction from recycling -4,593 Tonnes of CO2-eq/month
Overall GHG emissions from waste management in Yangon
25000
22,342
20000 18,098
Tonnes of CO2-eq.month
15000
10000
5000
349
0
GHG emissions from GHG emissions from GHG reduction from Overall GHG
-5000 transportation opendumping recycling emissions from waste
-4593 management
-10000
Is the Current Waste Management in Yangon

Sustainable?
The conventional practice of ‘collection and disposal’ is
unsustainable in term of resource inefficiency,
environmental impacts and socio-economic impacts
•Difficulties in finding suitable landfill sites/dumping sites

•Large costs associated with collection and disposal
•Recovery of resources (material and energy) is very low and so on
To overcome these drawbacks development of

sustainable solid waste management methods is
crucial
10
33
Integrated Solid Waste Management: A Practical

Solution Towards Sustainable Waste Management
•ISWM would be the most promising approach to solve the waste
management problems since it provides multiple benefits from waste
Social benefits
Environmental benefits
Improve the well-being of
the local community Improve the efficiency
-Creation of jobs waste management and
- Improving the indirect reduce the emissions to
income generation ways air, water, soil
Integrated
Economic benefits waste Environmental benefits
Creation of ways of management Recovery of materials
revenue generation to all and energy from waste
the stakeholders in waste and replace the
management process conventional production
chain processes
•These benefits from ISWM can be achieved by selecting and adapting
the best suited technologies to a particular municipality 11
Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM): A Practical

Solution Towards Sustainable Waste Management
Intended integrated system for Kolkata Metropolitan, India

(Source: Menikpura, PhD thesis, 2011)
12
34
Integrated Waste Management: Towards Low

A case studyCarbon Waste Municipality
in Muangklang Management
A case study Muangklang Municipality, Thailand
The Muangklang Municipality is located in Rayong Province (190

km from East Bangkok)
It has a total of 13 communities and covers 14.5 km2
The registered population within the Municipality -17,200 (Dec
2010)
This municipality has initiated an integrated waste management
system as a sustainable solution by incorporating effective waste
collection and transportation service, waste sorting facility for
recovery of recyclables, anaerobic digestion facility, composting
facility, raising some farm animals to feed organic waste and so on
13
Existing Integrated System in Mungklang Municipality,

Thailand
14
35
GHG Emissions and Savings Potential from Individual

Technologies and Integrated System
•Net GHG emission from the integrated system is still positive due to high
fraction of waste landfilling (69.6%) 15
GHG Emission Reduction from Existing Integrated

System as Compared to the BAU Practice
GHG emissions (kg CO2-eq/tonne of collected
717 66% GHG emissions reduction

800
600 17% GHG emissions

reduction
344
waste)
400 287
200 .
0
Sanitary landfilling Open dumping Existing IMSWM
without gas recovery system
Treatment method
•This integrated system achieved a considerable reduction in GHG emissions

by utilising only 30% of collected waste for resource recovery
•Development of integrated systems would be a local initiative that could make
meaningful contributions to global climate-change mitigation
•In addition there is a high potential for obtaining socio-economic benefits via
integrated waste management
16
36
Summary: Towards Sustainable Waste Management

in Yangon
Landfill gas-to-energy recovery and incineration would be the two
major technologies in the intended waste management system in
Yangon.
To enhance the efficiencies:
-Careful planning is very important in the designing phase to avoid the

failure that may happen after the implementation
-Composition and the moisture content of the waste can be greatly
effected on the efficiency of the incineration plant. Pre-treatment
would be necessary
-Development of proper recycling scheme in Yangon would contribute
for significant GHG reduction and then to attain the target of low
carbon city
For long term sustainability, development of appropriate integrated

systems, which designed for maximum resource recovery would be
the key driving force towards greenhouse gas mitigation as well as
for getting maximum economic and social benefits from waste
management in Yangon
17
Nirmala Menikpura, PhD

Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP) Group
Institute of Global Environmental Strategies (IGES)
E-mail: menikpura@iges.or.jp
37
3. Research on the potential of off-grid renewable energy in Myanmar
A research on the application of off-grid renewable energy sources in Myanmar was conducted in
partnership with The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) of India. A range of renewable energy
sources, including solar, wind, biomass and hydropower were analysed, as well as their possible
delivery models of in off-grid environment.
3.1 Executive summary
With a total area of 676, 578 km², Myanmar is the largest country in Southeast Asia and borders
Bangladesh, India, China, Lao PDR and Thailand. The total population of Myanmar is around 61
million, spread across 14 states and divisions. With regard to the electricity access situation, IEA
statistics indicate that overall 49% have access to electricity in Myanmar. The rural electrification
scenario is further dismal, with only around 29% of the rural population having access to electricity.
In absolute terms, almost 25 million people were living without the electricity in 2011 in the country.
While Myanmar is reportedly focusing on hydro power and gas based power to boost energy supply
in the country, renewable energy, especially solar, wind, and biomass, can play a major role in
enhancing electricity access through decentralized options. As an off-grid solution, its significance in
creating energy access is vital for Myanmar that faces challenges such as geographical constraints as
well as limited financing.
With this background, TERI with support from IGES, Japan conducted a technical assessment study,
focusing on cleaner and sustainable options for electricity production and distribution in Myanmar to
enhance electricity access especially in the rural areas of the country. The study further aimed to
provide a road map and recommend ways and means for disseminating renewable energy based
distributed generation systems and suggest delivery model(s) and implementation arrangements,
taking experiences South Asia. In addition to the above, the study also attempted to explore possible
scope of capacity building support and possibility of engaging Japanese private entities using Joint
Crediting Mechanism (JCM) promoted by the Japanese government. The methodology adopted for
the study consisted of extensive review of literature, a mission to Myanmar to meet key stakeholders
and learn from their experiences about the local situation in the electricity sector, data compilation,
analysis and preparation of the road map based on the analysis.
The literature survey and discussion with key stakeholders indicate that the development of
electricity infrastructure in Myanmar has been low, with only small percentage of the country
connected to power grid. The central region of Myanmar has predominant grid connection,
especially the areas on both sides of the highway from Yangon to Mandalay. The national power grid
38
network covers only 5.3% of the country's 62,218 villages, whereas 20.5% villages are electrified by
off-grid means, leaving around 74% of the villages un-electrified. The areas with lowest
electrification ratios are: Rakhine (6%), Ayeyarwaddy (9%), west of Yangon in the Ayeyarwaddy
delta; and Tanintharyi (9%) in the southeast. On the other hand, the urban areas of Yangon City has
the highest electrification ratio (67%), followed by Nay Pyi Taw (54%), Kayar (37%), and Mandalay
(31%). While the average grid access rate was less than 50 villages per year during the 2003 to 2008,
it is now being done rapidly (average 800 villages per year). As per verbal consultation with
MOLFRD during the TERI Mission, it is reported that 22% of the electrification in the country is
through grid electricity, 59% is through diesel based generators in villages, 10% through small-hydro
power, 6% is through biomass gasifier and only 3% is through solar power. The per capita energy
consumption grew from 45 kWh per capita in 1987 to 99 kWh in 2008 and is currently around 121
kWh per capita as compared to consumption of over 879 kWh per capita in India and nearly 680
kWh per capita in Indonesia.
The off-grid is taken forward by both government and private sector, through a network of diesel
generators and small hydro power plants. Renewable energy technologies mainly solar and biomass
gasification (rice husk based) are also used in the off-grid areas. Many donor funded projects have
also been installed, mainly based on solar PV. The equipment for solar PV, especially panels are
mainly imported from China, Japan and Korea. Apart from this, off-electrification efforts are also
being carried forward by village level committees by raising fund from amongst themselves or by
local private developers, who set up biomass gasification or diesel based micro power plants to
provide electricity services in a particular territory. It is reported during the TERI mission that
various bilateral and multilateral organizations have also funded rural electrification activities by
setting-up battery charging station, community based solar PV plants etc.
The study also attempted to assess the availability of renewable energy resources using secondary
sources such as NASA satellite weather database and various research publications from peer
reviewed journals. The resource assessment indicate that most of the region in Myanmar receive an
abundant and reliable solar radiation ranging between 4.4 – 5.2 kWh/m2/day all the year round. The
country is rich in biomass resources such as woody biomass as well as agricultural waste (rice husk)
and can potentially produce about 1,000 MW of power from the available biomass resources. The
wind energy is abundantly available in the hilly regions of Chin and Shan States, western region,
costal region and some central parts of the country. The average wind speed in most of these
locations varies in between 2 – 4.2 m/s at 10 m hub height with literature indicating a gross potential
for 360.1 TWh of wind energy per year. There is potential for Solar-Small Wind Turbine hybrid
power projects in the country especially in areas such as Akyab, Arakan, Mergui and Ye. There is
39
also immense opportunity for solar/wind - biomass hybrid and solar- wind-biomass hybrid power
projects. Further, Myanmar is topographically endowed with abundant hydropower resources due to
numerous river systems that are found throughout the country. The potential for micro-hydro is
around 29 MW and that for small hydro projects is about 168 MW.
While currently the electricity situation in the country may not be encouraging, the Government of
Myanmar is strongly committed to achieving Universal Access to Electricity with the goal to achieve
atleast 50% coverage by 2016 and 80% coverage by 2030. In the short term, the Ministry of Electric
Power proposes to cover around 4793 villages with electricity grid by 2016. On the other hand, the
Ministry of Livelihood, Fishery and Rural Development (MOLFRD) has made provision of
electrification of an additional 1300 villages through off-grid technologies by end of the 2015. A
Rural Electrification and Potable Water Resource Committee, led by the MOLFRD, has been
established in 2013 through a Presidential Decree, where one of the mandate is to promote
renewable energy for rural electrification in complimentary to grid electrification. A Myanmar
National Electrification Plan is currently being prepared and is supported by the Energy Sector
Management Assistance Programme of the World Bank. In addition, the ADB is also supporting
implementation of grid connected and off-grid renewable energy in phases.
Based on the situation analysis and resource assessment study, it can be said that different technical
and delivery models of off-grid electrification have to be undertaken, depending on the local
socio-economic situation of state/region, in addition to the grid based electrification efforts to
achieve the objective of universal access to electricity by 2030. Some of the models which can be
attempted in the country includes among others, Standalone Charging Station Model and Solar
Charging Station with DC micro-grids in medium to low density areas with poor affordability to pay,
Mini-grids for densely populated areas with potential for productive load and Solar Home Systems
for isolated and sparsely populated areas.
To achieve the above objectives and for success of any electricity access program, it is also
important to have the government’s commitment in creating an enabling environment, which
includes having a clear cut policy framework and milestones, systems for defining and enforcing
appropriate standards, financial support mechanisms and support for capacity building. Some of the
policy measures which are expected to assist in scaling up the dissemination of renewable energy
interventions for enhancing electricity access in off-grid areas are:
• Coordinated approach for scaling up off-grid interventions
• Innovative financing of off-grid projects
• Adoption of international standards on technologies
40
• Regulation of the off-grid sector
• Establishment of service and training centres
• Multi stakeholder capacity building & collaborative research
• Regional Cooperation for transfer of technology and knowledge
• Harnessing NGOs’ experiences for policy support activities
With the objective of setting up potential demonstration projects with Japanese engagement, the
study suggests that Rakhine, Sagaing and Tanintharyi could possibly be considered for the
demonstration project(s). One cluster (4-8 villages per cluster or a township) from each of these
regions could be identified, in consultation with the local regional government, for preparing the
feasibility report. The stakeholders’ workshop, organised in Yangon on March 4, 2013, was also
consensus in suggesting that village clusters in Sagaing state should be considered for demonstration
project implementation as logistically it will be easier to manage projects in Sagaing, the people are
most vulnerable with poor economic condition and do not have access to electricity and there is
availability of different type of renewable energy resources in the state. Based on the analysis and
experience from projects implemented in South Asian countries, a project developer led institutional
model (with either single resource driven standalone or a hybrid technology based mini-grid project)
has been conceptualised for implementation as the demonstration project. The detail analysis of the
suggested model, taking inputs from different stakeholders such as probable project developer in
Myanmar, Regional Governments, MOLFRD, MOEP, Financial Institutions in Myanmar and IGES,
can be done as phase 2 of this project. Accordingly, a concrete model can be developed for delivery
of electricity services in off-grid regions of Myanmar.
41
3.2 Stakeholders’ Consultation Workshop
Agenda:
Stakeholder Consultation Workshop on Off-grid Electricity Access in

Myanmar
March 04, 2014,
Myanmar Engineering Society Building, Hlaing Universities Campus, Yangon,
Myanmar.
This half-day workshop is being organized as part of the ongoing research

study on off-grid delivery options titled "Delivering energy access through
clean energy in Myanmar – A technical assessment for off-grid energy supply”.
The project is executed by TERI, New Delhi with support from Institute for
Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), Japan. Myanmar Engineering Society
(MES). The objectives of the study are to:
Undertake a technical feasibility assessment for identifying alternative

technical and delivery model, especially through solar and biomass energy,
for enhancing rural electricity access in Myanmar;
Provide a road map and recommend ways and means for disseminating
renewable energy based distributed generation systems and suggest
delivery model(s) and implementation arrangements, taking experiences
from India and South Asia.
The aim of this workshop is to present the findings from the research study to key
stakeholders in the rural electricity sector in Myanmar and to brainstorm for developing
the off-grid electricity sector road map for the country.
Program Schedule
42
09.00 – 09.30: Registration (with tea/coffee)
10.00 – 10.10: Welcome Remarks – Mr U Win Khaing, President, Myanmar
Engineering Society
10.10 – 10.30: Presentation on Joint Crediting Mechanism and Objectives of the study:
Mr Kenta Usui, Policy Researcher, Institute for Global Environmental
Strategies (IGES), Japan
10.30 – 11.00: Presentation on the off-grid study and its findings by Mr Ankit Narula,
Research Associate, TERI, New Delhi
11.00 – 12.30: Moderated Discussion
Chair: Dr Win Khaing Moe, Director General, Myanmar Scientific and
Technological Research Department, Ministry of Science & technology, Union
Govt. of Myanmar
Co-Chair: Mr U Thoung Win, Vice President Myanmar Engineering Society
12.30 – 13.30: Lunch and Wrap up
Summary:
A stakeholders’ workshop was organised in Yangon on March 4 to present the findings from the
research study to key stakeholders in the rural electricity sector in Myanmar and to brainstorm for
developing the off-grid electricity sector road map for the country. The workshop was organised in
association with the Myanmar Engineering Society and was attended by around 18 key experts form
the rural electricity sector. TERI professional made a presentation on the project and thereafter the
participants contributed to a lively discussion. The comments of some of the key participants are
produced in below:
The introductory remarks began with Mr Khaing, President of Myanmar Engineering Society,
sharing that the government of Myanmar has the objective of electrifying 75% of households by
2030. The government is planning to electrify 4500 villages with its funds and more villages to be
electrified by way of grants and other assistance. He opined that rural electrification in Myanmar is a
vital task to be achieved under poverty alleviation program, for which community based projects
need to be devised. These projects will not just be beneficial in economic terms but also good from
sustainability point of view and will be formulated in such a way that they could be linked to other
activities in villages embedding livelihood and thus enhancing greater participation. He also opined
that women should be made a vital constituent of such projects to help achieving a goal of women
empowerment. Further, Mr. Khaing threw light on the need of telecommunication development
which will promote electrification in their rural area of operation. In all of this, a need to evolve
43
micro financing was also felt to support in achieving the above mentioned goals.
Subsequently, while taking part in the round table discussion, Mr. Khaing further reflected on the
coordination problems between the ministries working for the same developmental project and a
grave requirement for the adequate practices on minimum resource estimation. Further, he stated that
Myanmar government is taking assistance from Thai government to carry out detailed on-ground
renewable energy resource estimation. However, Myanmar government must undertake detail
studies to evaluate the assessments made by private parties on renewable energy before going ahead
and also there is a need of correlating the studies and specifying clear objectives of the studies taking
place by the government.
He also shared that currently, Myanmar Engineering Society (MES) is doing a household survey for
their energy requirement with GESS which has drawn some vital information and MES feels that
government should also intervene in it as this information would be of significant value to the
national repository. Also, it was further discussed that National Energy Management Committee
(NEMC) will decide on the ministry which will look into rural electrification in future.
Mr. Kenta Usui of Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) highlighted the working of
JCM (Joint Crediting Mechanism) and future prospect of Myanmar being a signatory to it. JCM
provides financial assistance and latest technologies meant for providing clean and efficient energy
systems or services to the nations working on climate change mitigation measures. Myanmar
government instituted a committee in December 2013 to formulate strategies to control climate
change. However, climate change as an issue is not a priority for Myanmar government as its
greenhouse gas emission is negative but the government feels that these strategies will attract
benefits of using renewable energy, which will help in curbing indoor air pollution and hence
Japanese JCM was thought as a prospective mechanism. So far JCM has 10 countries as its
signatories and Japanese government are planning to double such agreements in future and expecting
Myanmar as a soon-to-be signatory. Once signed-up for JCM, a committee shall be constituted
which will have members from both Japan and Myanmar to work jointly on the schemes meant for
the purpose.
Col Thoung, head of the renewable energy working group in Myanmar Engineering Society and a
member of NEMC reflected upon the discussion of putting rural electrification under the Ministry of
Electric Power (MOEP) and extracting out that responsibility from the Ministry of Livestock,
Fishery and Rural Development (MOLFRD). This discussion gave rise to skepticism in the minds of
few concerned that MOEP may not be able to look after the rural electrification on a same scale as it
44
looks after other areas such as grid extension and power plants under its arena. The discussion
further stressed upon the need for effective renewable energy assessment in the country.
Mr. Aung Myint,General Secretary of Renewable Energy Association, Myanmar talked about the
need to encourage private participation (such as IPPs – independent Power Producers, SPPs – Small
Power Producers, and VSPP – Very Small Power Producers) in renewable energy based projects. He
stressed on the government requirement to build strategic guidelines in order to channelize the
assistance from the funding organizations, such as ADB and UNDP, to support and build their plans.
He also said that there are many government installed mini-grids in the country which are in bad
condition and either not efficient or not functioning. The government and related organizations needs
to work on capacity building and up-gradation to have efficient mini grids. This can be done through
implementing on-ground trainings, teaching mini-grids to locals of Myanmar and technicians. For
this purpose, a proposal can be built and submitted to JICA. Public-Private Partnership (PPP) has
proved to be an extremely successful mechanism in developing renewable energy systems/services
in many countries and thus should be tried in Myanmar.
Mr. Myo Myint from Earth Renewables Pvt Ltd, opined that the manufacturing of solar PV systems
in Myanmar can be initiated as cheap labour is available and the government can reduce the cost of
solar PV systems. There are many investors interested in investing in the solar energy sector, if
government is willing to help. There are households in Myanmar installed with Solar Home Systems
(SHS). However, consumers often buy low quality solar panels due to lack of awareness. To deal
with this situation, NGOs can play an important role with the help of a system where NGO collects
money from the user and the company installs the system and both government and NGO ensures
the quality of the system.
Like, under a program for village electrification by ADB and the World Bank, 400 villages were
chosen as pilot projects for installation of SHS and battery charging stations. In this project, the
regional government coordinated with villages to invest their money and the quality, design and
technical aspects were decided among ADB and the government. In this program, 10% funds came
from regional govt., 40% from user and 50% from ADB.
Ms. Aye san Dar Myo from Electricity Supply Enterprise under MOEP highlighted the importance of
extensive and effective research and development (R & D) in the country regarding renewable
energy sector. For this purpose, the government should also collaborate with university and research
institutions to enhance the scale of R & D. Also, to understand the ground reality regarding the
demand and actual requirement of the people, government should focus on studies supplemented
45
with surveys.
Participant List
S. No Name Organization
1. Dr Sew Alyint Myanmar Engineering Society
2. Goe Pyae Aung Myanmar Engineering Society
3. U Aung Myint Renewable Energy Association
Myanmar
4. U Aung Aung Thwin Ministry of Industries
5. U Sein Aung Ministry of Electric Power
6. Ankit Narula TERI, India
7. Daw Than Than Lin Myanmar Engineering Society
8. Dr Aye San Dar Myo YESB, Ministry of Electric Power
9. Dr Su Su Win EP, YTA
10. Dr Than Law Htune EP, YTD
11. U Sein Lin Directorate of Industrial Planning
12. U Myo Mynt Earth Renewable Energy Co Ltd
13. U Aung Thet Paing ESRE GM : Myanmar Engineering
Society
14. Daw Gya Laing Tin Department of Electric Power
15. U Tin Maung Cline -
16. Uttun Naing Aung Kaung Kyaw San Group of Companies
17. Col Thoung Win (Retd.) Myanmar Engineering Society
18. U Win Khaing Myanmar Engineering Society
19. Kenta Usui IGES, Japan
46
䛆㻾㼑㼒㼑㼞㼑㼚㼏㼑㻌㼙㼍㼠㼑㼞㼕㼍㼘㼟㻌㻦㻌㻼㼞㼑㼟㼑㼚㼠㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㼎㼥㻌㼀㻱㻾㻵䛇
DeliveringenergyaccessthroughcleanenergyinMyanmarͲ
AtechnicalassessmentforoffͲgridenergysupply
Technical Lead
The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)
Research Collaboration
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES)
Ankit Narula
TheEnergyandResourcesInstitute(TERI)
ankit.narula@teri.res.in
StructureofPresentation
• AboutTERI
• Objectiveofthestudy
• Situationanalysisofruralelectricitysector
• RenewableenergyresourcesinMyanmar
• RoadmapforoffͲgridelectrificationin
Myanmar
47
WhatisTERI
• AnotͲforͲprofitresearch&developmentandpolicythinktank;
• Establishedin1974inNewDelhi;
• Morethan1000professionals,withcentersspreadacross5
citiesinIndia;OverseaspresenceinLondon,WashingtonDC,
Tokyo,DubaiandAddisAbaba
WorkingAreas
• Energy(inc. RE)&
Power
• Regulatorypractices
• Habitatsand
transport
• Environment
• WaterandNRM
AddisAbaba*
• Climatepolicy
• Biotechnology
• SocialTransformation
ObjectiveoftheStudy
• Undertakefeasibilityforidentifyingalternative
technicalanddeliverymodels,especiallythrough
solarandbiomassenergy;
• Providearoadmapforrenewableenergybased
ruraloffͲgridelectrificationprogramfor
Myanmar;
Thisworkshopaimstopresentthestudyfindingstokeystakeholders
ofMyanmarandbrainstormfordevelopingtheoffͲgridelectricity
sectorroadmap
48
Methodology
• ExtensivereviewofLiterature
• ScopingMissiontoMyanmar(20Ͳ28Nov,2013)
• Meetingwithkeystakeholders(Met24experts)
• Dataanalysis
• Stakeholderworkshop(4th March2014)
• AboutTERI
• Situationanalysisoftherural
electricitysector
• RoadmapforoffͲgridelectrificationinMyanmar
49
ProfileofMyanmar
Myanmar Cambodia Laos Thailand Indonesia India

Totalpopulation(million) 61 15 6.5 66.8 246.9 1237
Electrificationrate(%) 49 31 63 88 73 75
Totalpopulationwithout
electricity(million) 24.7 10 2.2 8 63 293
Ruralelectrificationrate
(%) 28 16 51 82 56 67
Percapitaelectricity
consumption(kWh) 121 144 NA 2,335 639 879
GDPpercapita($) 1,126 944 1,369 5,775 3,557 1,516
HDIrank 149 138 138 103 121 136
Source:IEA,2012;UNDP,2013;PIDS,2013;MOSPI,2013;UNSTATS,2012
ElectricitysituationinMyanmar
• Morethan70%ofrural
populationdependsondiesel
lamps,batteriesorcandlefor
NumberofvillagesinMyanmar 62,218
lighting(typicalexpenseUS$9Ͳ
Electrifiedvillages(gridconnected) 4520
12permonth)
Electrifiedvillages(offͲgrid) 14,195
• Nationalpowergridcoversonly UnͲelectrifiedvillages 43,503
4.5%ofthevillages;23%byoffͲ
Source:MOEP,2013;
gridmeans
• Gridcoversmostlycentralpartof
Myanmaralongthehighway
fromYangontoMandalay
50
Regionwiseelectrification
Percent
State/Region NoofVillages
Electrified
Grid
UnͲ
electrific OffͲgrid
electrified
ation
KayarState 41 53 42 416
MandalayRegion 35 738 189 2313
MonState 31 254 318 628
KachinState 26 1 283 2295
BagoRegion 23 309 2070 2416
KayinState 23 46 79 1938
Sagaing Region 22 624 3060 2295
ChinState 16 Ͳ 326 1026
Ayarwadi Region 10 343 2992 8602
ShanState 9 374 786 13424
Tanintharyi Region 9 573 1611 2588
RakhineState 6 Ͳ 1033 2827
Source:Palang
Source:MOEP,2013; Thai,2013
ElectricityTariffs
• Gridconnectedtariff:
– 35kyats(3.6USCents/kWh)&perkWhforresidential,municipalusersand
– 75kyats(9UScents/kWh)forpublicindustryandenterprises.
– Tariffreportedlytobeincreasedto50kyats(5.15USCents/kWh)for
residential(ifconsumptionexceeds100kWh)and150kyats(15.4US
Cents/kWh)forpublicindustryandenterprises(ifconsumptionexceeds
5,000kWh)
• OffͲgrid:
– PrivatePowerProviders:
• Diesel:200to500kyats/kWh(US$24– 60cents)or2,000kyats/point/month(US$
2.5).
• Gasifier:200– 700kyats/kWh(US$24– 85cents)or1,000kyats/point/month
(US$1.2)
51
TrendofelectrificationinMyanmar
• 50villagesperyearfrom2003Ͳ08
• 800villagesperyearisbeingcurrently
electrified(since2009)
• Consideringthecurrenttrend,itmay
take50yearstoelectrifyallthevillages
• Consideringtheelectrificationtargetby
2030,therateofelectrificationwillhave
tobeincreasedto2600villagesperyear
Source:MOEP,2013 • REbasedOffͲgridoptionsthushavea
verybigroletoplaybecauseof:
• Lowgestationperiod
• Canuselocallyavailableresources,
whichareinplentyinMyanmar
ExperiencesofOffͲgridElectrificationin
Myanmar
• GovernmentSupportedProjects:
– Smallhydro(1kWto10MWpowerplants):32smalland
minihydroplantsinstalledbyESE.Regionalgovt.– 17
mini/29micro/6pico hydroplants.Irrigationdept.installed
870kWhydor projects.
– Dieselgenerators:645plantbyMOEP(77.6MW)
electrifying312villages.
– Biogas:Powergenerationfrombiogasupto19MW
– Solar&wind:116kWp &519kWe resp.(by2009)
• SPVbasedcommunitybatterychargingstationincollaboration
withYoma bank&EnergyPlanningDept.
• DemoprojectswithassistancefromNEDO,MOEP,MSTRD&Dept.
ofPhysics
• Systeminstalledinschools&instituteswithassistance
• WindturbinesinstalledatTechnologicalUniversity(Kyaukse),
Govt.TechnicalHighSchool(Ahmar)etc.
52
Myanmar– Cont’d
• PrivatelyOperatedProjects:Diesel,hydro,solar&
biomassgasifier
– 2to5kWhydrosystemsinstalledforownuseandsupply
– Solarbasedhomesystems(SHS),batterycharging,water
pumping,resortsetc.installed
– 50to75Wp SHSinvillages;comesatUS$300to500
– ManySPVcompanies:EarthRenewables,Sunlabob,
BennuͲSolar,ProximityDesignsetc
– Around1,096biomassgasifieroperating(ason2010)
basedonwoodchips&ricehuskforelectrification.
Myanmar– Cont’d
• Donorfundedprojects:
– Hydropower,solarPVandbiomassgasifier
– SPVbasedchargingstationsareinstalled
– ManyoperatingonVECmodelinSagaing,
Mandalay,Ayarwaddy,Shan&Monstates
– ADB,UNDP,UNIDOetc.havefundedthese
projects
53
Targetsforelectrification
• Gridconnected
Term Projecte 5HTXLUHG TargetforRural
d *HQHUDWLRQ Electrification
Populati *:K (%)
on
(million) 2013Ͳ14 2014Ͳ15 2015Ͳ16
2011Ͳ12 60.44 27
2012Ͳ 16 63.14 34
Villages 3575 4116 4793
2016Ͳ21 66.69 45
2021Ͳ26 70.45 60
2026Ͳ31 74.42 80
• OffͲgrid:
– MOLFRDwillelectrify1300villagesby2014Ͳ15
REAchievement&Target
Windpowertargets
Solarpowertargets
Source:Khaing,2013
54
IssuesandChallenges
• Multipleministriesinvolvedinruralelectrification–
mayleadtononclarityinroles,therebyproject
execution
• Whilelongtermtargetforgridextensionandinstalled
capacityexist,OnlyshorttermtargetforoffͲgrid
electrification
• Tariffimparity– thismayslowtheprocessofoffͲgrid
electrification
• UncertaintyinpolicyframeworkͲ privatesectormay
notbewillingtoinvestinoffͲgridoptionsunlessthere
isclarityonthelongtermreturnsfromtheproject
ChallengesinREbasedoffͲgrid
electrification
• Technical:
– Lackofregulations,codes,standardsetc.
– LackoftrainedhumanresourcestoscaleupoffͲgrid
– Wastedisposalfromgasifier
– LimitedR&D
• Financial:
– Limitedfunds
– Lackofproperfinancingmechanisms/ruralenergyfinancing
marketdonotexist
• Institutional:
– Complicatedframework
– Communication&coordination
55
• AboutTERI
• Situationanalysisofelectricitysector
• Renewableenergyresources
inMyanmar
• RoadmapforoffͲgridelectrificationinMyanmar
SolarResource
• Annualaveragedailysolarradiation
between4.4– 5.2kWh/m2/day
• Centralportionreceiveshighest
radiation.Otherregionsalsoreceive
adequatesolarradiation
• Totalpotential:51973TWh/yr.
Source:Janjai et. al. 2013
Source:AdaptedfromKhaing, 2013
56
BiomassResource
Mixeddeciduous
4%
5% Hillandtemperate
Type Quantity 3RZHU evergreen
(million JHQHUDWLR 10%
Tropicalevergreen
ton/year) Q 38%
SRWHQWLDO
0:H 16% Dry
RiceHusk 4.40 t Deciduousindaing

forest
Lumberwaste 1.50 t 25% Tidal,beach,dune
andswamp
Bagasse 2.10 t
Molasses 0.24 t
Livestockwaste 34.4
:RRG\%LRPDVV
MES,2012;TERI,2014
WindEnergyPotential
• 2930MW:Monstate,Kayin
state,Thanintharyi region,
Shanstate,Kayastate
• 1102MW:Chinstate,Rakhaing
state,Ayeyawaddy regionand
Yangonregion
• Overallpotentialof360.1TWh
Source:MOEP,2012
57
Small/microhydroPowerPotential
• Small/micro
hydropotential Stateand
division
Microhydrocapacity
(1kWto1MW)
Smallhydrocapacity
(1to10MW)
• Worldbank Numberof
projects
Projects
capacity
Numberof
projects
Projects
capacity
estimates KachinState 17
(MW)
5.33 14
(MW)
48.18
100,000MW Chinstate
Shanstate
11
35
3.48
10.64
2
24
2.8
63.9
potentialfor Sagaingstate 5 0.806 3 13.3
thecountry Mandalay
division
3 0.65 2 6.25
• ESEinstalled33
Magwaydivision 1 0.1 2 11
Rakhinestate 6 1.915 Ͳ Ͳ
MWSHPin Kayahstate
Bagodivision
2
4
0.158
1.89
Ͳ
Ͳ
Ͳ
Ͳ
additionto6.51 Kayinstate 3 0.864 1 3
MWinstalledby Monstate
Taninthayidiviso
5
9
1.248
1.706
Ͳ
2
Ͳ
19.5
otheragencies n
Total 101 28.787 50 167.93
Source:MOEP,2006
Challenges– REresourceassessment
• Technical:
– Inadequategroundmeasuredresourcedata
– Whilemanyorganisationhasindependentlydone
resourceassessmentstudies,allinformationhave
notbeencompiledandavailableatacentral
depositary
– Validationofsatellitebaseddataisrequired
58
• AboutTERI
• Situationanalysisofelectricitysector
• RoadmapforoffͲgrid
electrificationinMyanmar
Technicalanddeliverymodel
• Decentralized/standͲaloneinterventions
• CentralizedminiͲgrids(solar,gasifier,MHP,hybrid)
• Multipledeliverymodels,dependingonlocal
conditions
– VillageEnergyCommittee
– Entrepreneurialapproach/PrivateSectorled
– MicrofinancingofstandͲaloneproducts
59
StandͲalonechargingstation
– Suitableforareaswherepurchasingpoweris
low(Ref.LaBL,India);
– Demandisonlylimitedtolighting&mobile
phonecharging;
– Feeforservicemodel(userpayforthe
serviceandnotbuytheproduct)
– Typically50Ͳ100lanterns/batteries
– Giventovillageentrepreneurondown
paymentandinstallment(financedbylocal
bank)
– Percentageofrevenuetorepayloanandrest
asincome
– Itisalreadyprevalentinsomeareas,hence
maybeeasytoimplement
– Localbankfinancingmayberequiredfor
infrastructuresetup
ChargingstationwithDCmicroͲgrid
– CombinationofSCSandDCmicroͲgrid,Suitableforhigh
densityareasͲonlysuitableforlightingload&mobile
chargingfacility
– MicroͲgridsuppliespowerfromcentralplantto
householdsusingDCdistributionline
– Forlowdensityareas,linelosseswillbehigh,sonot
suitable
– Fixedconnection– LEDbasedlightto20Ͳ60houses
– FeeͲforͲservice:rentinglanternsand/orweekly/dailyfees
forfixedlights–Localenterprisecanhaveoptionfor
mobilecharging,sellingLEDs,andefficientcookstoves,
actasenergyhub
– Localbankfinancingmayberequiredforinfrastructure
setup
60
GreenMiniͲgrids(AC)
– Suitablefordenselypopulatedareas;Mandalay,
valleyofAyeyarwady river,Sagaing,Bago etc.
– Canprovidebothlightingandpowerproductive
appliances(fullrangeofruralservices)
– Architecturesimilartoconventionalgrid
– CanbebasedonSolarPV,biomassgasifier,
hybridsystemofsolar,biomass,windand/or
diesel
DeliveryModel (Photo source: http://www.solarfeeds.com/)
– Bothcommunitybasedorprivatesectorled
implementationbasedonlocalconditions
– InVECmodel,activeparticipationoflocal
communityiscentral
– However,experiencefromIndiashows
beneficiarypaymentispoorinmanyplaces
becauseofpoorpayingcapacity
– Integratinglivelihoodwithresidentialservices
(Electricitysupplyforcommercialactivities)
MiniͲgrids– Cont’d
– Privatemodel– majorroleofdistrictgovernment,local
bankwithnodalministrytotrainandselectlocal
developer
– EnergyServiceProvider(ESP)ModelorBOOMcanbe
testedinnotͲsoͲremotevillages,withlargepopulation
– Districtlevelprojectdeveloperorruralenergyservice
companytakingleadinclusteringvillages
– Responsibleforsystemtheengineering,installation,
operatingandmaintenance
– VECactasregulatorandsettariff,biomassprice,redress
grievance
㻢㻝
MiniͲgrids– Cont’d
SummaryoftransactionsbetweenkeyentitiesintheESPmodel
S. Entities Offers To Expects in return Instrument
No.
Payment for fuel supply Biomass price

1 SHGs Fuel ESP
(for biomass projects only) set by VEC
Tariff set by
project
2 ESP Electricity Consumer Payment of electricity developer in
consultation
with VEC
Developer (through Connection
3 Consumer Payment Reliable Electricity
ESP) Agreement
4 OEM AMC Developer Payment AMC agreement

Lease
5. ESP Payment Developer Services and training
Agreement
ViabilityofminiͲgrids– RuleofThumb
Forminigridswithtotalloadranges>100kW
(a) Estimatednumberofpotentialconnections(N)inthecommunity,and
(b) Averagedistanceoftheruralcommunityfromthecentralizedgrid(D).
IfN/D<2connections/km– thengridextensionisnotlikelytobeviable
IfN/D>30connections/km– thenthegridextensionislikelytobeviable
Forminigridswithtotalloadranging>10kW
Calculatingthetotalnumberofconnections(N)within500mradiusfromtherural
communitycentrewheretheplantissituated.
IfN>100– thegridcouldbeaviableoption.Viabilitywouldalsodependsonloaddensity
IfN<100– inthiscase,it’llbechallengingtosustainanadequatelevelofO&Maswellas
efficientcashmanagementovertime.
62
SolarHomeSystems(SHS)
– Suitableforsparselypopulated
– Flexibleasperindividual’sdemand;canvaryfrom10
to200Wp
– Supplypoweronlyforlighting,DCfans,TVetc.
– PricevariesbetweenUS$120To160for100Wp
systems
– SolarLEDhomelightingmuchcheaper:US$100Ͳ300
– Consumerfinancingmodel,similartoIDCOL,
Bangladesh,withloanat12Ͳ15%perannum for2Ͳ3
yearswillhelpinscaleup
Recommendations
• Coordinatedapproach
– HaveadepartmentunderMOEPforruralelectrification
forgridconnectedaswellasoffͲgriddevelopmentmay
leadtobetteroutcomes
– DevelopMasterplanforruralelectrification,focusing
onbothgridandoffͲgridoptions
– Singlewindowserviceforprivatedevelopers/
concessionaireapproach
– Aspectofbestappliedtechnology.OffͲgridplantscan
beintegratedwithnationalgridwhengridreachessuch
areasavoidingtechnologyobsolescence(e.g.China)
63
Recommendations– Cont’d
• Financing
– AkeychallengeinscalingͲupandupgradationofprojects.
– Mainlyruralareashavehighupfrontcost
– DesignatedFinancialInstitutionwhocanpromotemicrofinancingofSHS,
lanternsetc.toconsumersandalsolendtovillageentrepreneurs/private
developersatlowcostofcapital
– Thismaybedonethrough:
• DesignatedfinancialinstitutiontogeneratelowcostofcapitalͲassistancefromADB,
JICA,WorldBanketc.
• CentralbankofMyanmarcanhavelowerinterestrateforcleanenergyprojectesp.,
energyaccessprojects
• Thedesignatedinstitutiontopartnerwithregionalcooperatives,MFI&NGOsin
states/regionsforenergyaccessfinancing
• Organizetrainingforlocalfinancinginstitutionsregardingtechnology,
standards/qualityassurance,businessmodeletc.
• ReducedtaxonREequipmentimports&promotionoflocalmanufacturingthrough
technologytransfer(e.g.India,Japan,etc.)tokeeptheproductcostlow
• AdoptionofInternationalStandards
– ImportantforbothendͲconsumersandenterprises
– LEDlampsavailable.Electronicsmoreproneto
expiry
– Performanceorientedtechnicalspecifications
– Incorporateenvironmentcomponentinthe
standards.
– IECstandardsshouldbeadopted
64
• EstablishServiceCenters
– Experienceindicateproductsalewithoutprovisionfor
servicemaynotyielddesiredresultsindeveloping
countries
– Needforaftersalesserviceaftertechnologydiffusion
– Trainingcentersforresponsivemaintenanceand
trainingtechnicians(involveTechnicalUniversitiesand
TechSchools,spreadoverentireMyanmar)
– Bilateral/multilateralsupportcanbetappedinthis
regards
• MultiͲstakeholdercapacitybuilding
– Trainingworkshops(inͲcountry)forstakeholdersacross
valuechainofREandenergyaccesslikegovernment
authorities,vendors,manufacturers,implementers,
researchorg.&financingagencies.
– Arenaforexploration,sharingknowledge,successstories
etc.
– ExposurevisitstosuccessfuloffͲgridelectricityaccess
projectinSouth&SouthͲeastAsiancountriesforvarious
stakeholders–
– Capacitybuildingforresearchersondatacollection,
standards,methodologiesetc.
65
• Transferoftechnicalknowledge
– PatentsandIPRconcernsmayhamperinacquiring
technologies
– TransferofknowledgearoundtechnicalknowͲhow
toassembleSHS,lanterns,picoͲhydrosystemsetc.
– E.g.Referencecircuitdesignsoftechnologiestobe
transferredtomanufacturers
• HarnessNGOexperienceforpolicyadvocacy
– InMyanmarNGOsplaysacriticalrole
– NGOsmainlyrestrictedtoservicedeliveryandlesson
policyadvocacy
– NGOshavebetterexperienceaboutruraldynamics
andenergyissues
– Training/ExposurevisitsforNGOsalongwith
Governmentofficialsforpolicylearningfromother
countries(e.g.IndianSolarMission,ThailandRural
ElectrificationProgram)Ͳ CanIGESassist?
66
Potentialdemonstrationprojects
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Pointsofdiscussion
• Feasibilityoflocation&technology
• Deliverymodelsforscaleup(Communityvs.
Private)
• Involvementoflocalpartners(suchasMES,
others)– whattypeofinvolvement
67
4. Organising working group of low-carbon Myanmar
In order to accelerate JCM project formation in Myanmar, “Low-carbon Myanmar Working Group”
has been organized with participation from local governments, private firms and other related
institutions. The WG meetings were organized three times in Tokyo. In addition, some members of
the WG participated in the 3rd Myanmar Green Economy Green Growth Forum.
4.1 1st Meeting

Organizer: Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES)
Date: 14:00 – 17:30, 31 July 2013, Wednesday
Venue: 4th floor meeting room, Japan Press Center Building
Draft agenda
14:00 - 14:10 Opening remark㸦Ministry of the Environment, Japan㸧
14:10 - 14:30 Self-introduction by participants
14:30 - 15:00 Latest status of Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM) and Yangon project㸦IGES㸧
15:00 - 15:30 Current status of the environment in Myanmar㸦IGES㸧
15:30 - 16:30 Overview of waste management practice in Yangon㸦IGES㸧
Discussant: JFE Engineering
Discussant: Tokyo Metropolitan Government
16:30 – 16:45 Tea break
16:45 – 17:15 Overall discussion

17:15 - 17:30 Wrap-up and next steps㸦IGES㸧
17:30 Closing㸦IGES㸧
68
4.2 2nd Meeting
Agenda
Date: 14:00 – 16:30, Wednesday, 26 December 2013
Venue: 4th floor meeting room, Nippon Press Center Bldg.
2-2-1 Uchisaiwai-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0011
14:00 - 14:15 Opening remarks

- Tomoki Uematsu, International Cooperation Office, International Strategy
Division, Global Environment Bureau, Ministry of the Environment of
Japan
14:15 - 14:20 Introduction of participants
14:20 - 14:50 Latest trends of climate change policies in Myanmar
(Kenta Usui, Climate change and Energy area, IGES)
- High-level Committee on climate change in Myanmar
- Climate change in the context of Green Economy Green Growth (GEGG)
conference
- How Japanese firms and local government can harness climate change-related
opportunities in Myanmar
- Q&A
14:50 - 15:20 Report from IGES- Yangon City Development Committee (YCDC) joint
workshop on waste management
(Nirmala Menikpura, Researcher, Sustainable Consumption and Production Area,
IGES)
- Waste management policies in Yangon
- Q&A
15:20 -15:30 Tea Break
15:30 - 16:00 Latest trends in Joint Crediting Mechanism and project formulation in
Yangon
(Kazuhisa Koakutsu, Climate and Energy area, IGES)

- JCM and latest trends
- Project formulation in Myanmar
- Q&A
16:00 -16:30 Overall discussion and information sharing
69
16:30 Close
4.3 3rd Meeting

Date: 13:00 – 15:30, Tuesday, 25 February 2014
Venue: Restaurant Pavillon, Fukoku-seimei Bldg,.
2-2-2 Uchisaiwai-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0011
Agenda
12:00 - 13:00 Lunch

13:00 - 13:10 Opening remarks
- MOEJ/IGES
13:10 - 13:20 Introduction of participants
13:20 - 14:00 Current situation of waste management and other environmental issues in
Yangon
Presented by Yangon City Development Committee Pollution Control and
Cleansing Department (YCDC-PCCD)
14:00 - 14:30 Energy policies in Myanmar
Kenta Usui, Researcher, Climate change and energy area, IGES
14:30 -15:00 Other presentations (tbc)

15:00 -15:30 Overall discussion and information sharing
15:30 Closing
16:00 – 17:30 Bilateral meetings with YCDC staff
70
71
4.4 Participation to the 3rd Green Economy Green Growth (GEGG) Forum
The 3rd Green Economy and Green Growth Forum took place on 20-22 November 2013. The Forum
was opened by U Thein Sein, the President of Myanmar, and was attended by 14 other Ministers of
Myanmar. The Forum spent three days – one in Nay Pyi Taw and two in Yangon – discussing the
“water-energy-food nexus”, highlighting the importance of cross-sectoral and integrated
policy-making for governing these critically important resources.
On Day 2, IGES organised a parallel session entitled “Positioning Water-Energy-Food Nexus in

Practice: Regional Cooperation for Myanmar Resource Sustainability”, which welcomed three
speakers from Myanmar, three from Thailand and India, and three from Japan. The Japanese
speakers included representatives from the City of Kitakshushu, JFE Engineering, and JICA.
Session summary
The parallel session addressed “practical solutions to address the water-energy nexus” and “The role
of regional cooperation to ensure resource security in Myanmar” and delivered the following four
key messages.
x Overarching national policy and coordination mechanisms are needed in Myanmar

Given the cross-cutting nature of environmental concerns and regional diversity in Myanmar, the need for
overarching national policies was emphasised. These include land use policy (MOECAF), energy policy
(Myanmar Engineering Society), and green national development plans (IGES). Speakers also stressed
the need to establish mechanisms to coordinate multiple authorities to work on cross-cutting
environmental concerns (Food security working group and IGES).
x Technology plays a critically important role, but needs to carefully reflect the local context
The important role of technologies was emphasised by many speakers, including some who introduced
specific technologies to address the water-energy-food nexus in Myanmar. These include waste-to-energy
incineration plants (JFE Engineering) and photovoltaic solutions for rural electrifications (TERI). In
addition, speakers noted that technologies need to carefully reflect the local context and enabling
conditions. One example put forward was that cellphones may not fully function in places where
electricity is not available (TERI).
x Climate change poses both challenges and opportunities for Myanmar

The cases of recent mega-scale typhoons in the Philippines, and Cyclone Nargis, which occurred five
years ago in Myanmar, demonstrate that the impact of climate change is a considerable threat to Myanmar.
Furthermore, given Myanmar’s dependency on hydroelectric power, climate induced seasonal changes to
72
water availability may negatively affect energy supply (IGES). At the same time, the current level of
greenhouse gas emissions by Myanmar is negative. There may be opportunities for Myanmar to harness
the increasing scale of climate change finance, including the Japanese Joint Crediting Mechanism, for
Myanmar’s sustainable development (IGES).
x Regional cooperation in Asia can assist Myanmar’s pursuit of green growth.

Several speakers noted possible options for regional cooperation with Myanmar. These include
city-to-city cooperation with the Japanese City of Kitakyushu, off-grid technology cooperation with
Indian TERI, a capacity development programme with the Thai Greenhouse gas Management
Organisation, and a Low-carbon development partnership with Japan. North-south cooperation can play a
role in providing incremental cost to finance green growth as well as advanced technologies. South-south
cooperation may also play an important role in addressing issues that are specific to developing countries,
such as rural electrification.
Session Agenda
“Positioning Energy- Water- Food Nexus in Practice: Regional Cooperation for Myanmar Resource
Sustainability.”
Final Agenda
11:00-11:20 Opening
Ͳ Opening remarks by Hideyuki Mori, President, IGES
Ͳ Honourable guest speech by Dr Rajendra K. Pachauri, Chair, The
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and Director General,
The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)
11:20-12:00 Introduction:
Ͳ Towards Myanmar’s Green Leapfrog Development: Opportunities and
Challenges with focus on Energy and Water sectors: Ikuho Miyazawa,
Policy Researcher, Integrated Policies for Sustainable Societies Area, IGES
Ͳ Resources sustainability in Myanmar: Lessons from integrated assessment of
water-energy nexus in neighbouring countries: Dr. Bijon Kumer Mitra,
Policy Researcher, Natural Resources and Ecosystem Services Area, IGES
Discussion
12:00-13:00
Lunch break
13:00-15:15 Part 1: Practical solutions to address the water-energy nexus:

Chair: Hideyuki Mori, President, IGES
Presentations:
Ͳ Opportunities of clean energy solutions in Myanmar and in the region: Dr.
U Win Khaing, President, Myanmar Engineering Society
Ͳ Smart city: Ms. Keiko SASAKI, Director, Kitakyushu Asian Center for
73
Low Carbon Society, Office for International Environmental Strategies,
Environment Bureau, City of Kitakyushu
Ͳ Implication of nexus approach for food security in Myanmar: Dr Ohnmar
Khaing, Coordinator, Food Security Working Group (FSWG)
Ͳ Waste to Energy with elaborate planning: Mr. Kuribayashi Kenji, JFE
Engineering Yangon Office
Discussion
15:15-
Break
15:30
15:30-16:50 Part 2: The role of regional cooperation to ensure resource security in Myanmar
Chair: Peter King, Senior Policy Advisor, IGES Bangkok Office
Presentation:
Ͳ Regional cooperation under the framework of Joint Credit Mechanism
(JCM) : Policy Researcher, Mr. Kenta Usui, Policy Researcher, Climate and
Energy Area, IGES
Ͳ Capacity building for low-carbon growth in ASEAN: Mr. Satoshi Iemoto/
Dr. Jakkanit Kananurak, Capacity Building and Outreach Office Thailand
Greenhouse Gas Management Organization(JICA/TGO)
Ͳ Opportunities of providing off-grid energy solutions in Myanmar and in the
region : Mr. Debajit Palit, Associate Director and Fellow, Lighting a Billion
Lives Programme, Social Transformation Division, TERI
Discussion
16:50 Closing
Ͳ Hideyuki Mori, President, IGES
Detailed Note:
In the opening remarks, Mr. Hideyuki Mori, the president of IGES, stressed the importance of
considering and addressing positive synergies and negative trade-offs between EWF nexus in the
context of Myanmar’s pathways towards green growth, and mentioned that experiences to be shared
from Japan and other countries in the region would be helpful in this sense.
Dr Rajendra K. Pachauri, Chair, The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and
Director General, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) emphasized the importance of taking
into account the culture of the society as Asia has a particular culture, which could be a good driving
force of green growth unlike the Western culture of overconsumption. In this sense, local culture
could be more reflected in national planning and implementation of green growth. He also stressed
the importance of creating skills through proper education at multi-levels (from local to national) for
accelerating Myanmar’s efforts to achieve green growth.
In introduction, Ms. Ikuho Miyazawa, Policy Researcher at IGES, presented the analysis of the
current status of environmental conditions and institutional frameworks based on the IGES Working
Paper 2013-4, and recommended 1) to mainstream the idea of green growth in Myanmar’s
74
development planning, 2) to strengthen environmental-related bodies such as the high-level
coordination body for green growth, and 3) to learn from and working with neighboring countries
through south-south cooperation.
Dr. Bijon Kumer Mitra, Policy Researcher at IGES, introduced the lessons from Thailand and India
on the water-energy nexus and suggested the following 5 points including; 1) long term energy
supply might get negatively affected due to lack of water and energy sector investment can be
jeopardized, 2) it is important to consider spatial distribution of water resources for selection of Go
and No Go areas in future power plant construction planning, 3) Diversification in energy fuel mix
reduce risk of water shortage induced blackout as well as environmental impacts, 4) End-use
efficiency improvement has potential to complement significant volume of water for other users, 5)
In general, water abundant country like Thailand and Myanmar may not face water shortage for
electricity generation. However, climate induced seasonal change of water availability may
negatively affect energy supply. The questions are raised regarding difficulties of addressing regional
cooperation as it is often driven by the needs of neighboring countries (i.e. energy exportation, water
management, and illegal logging etc), as well as the way of non-spatial cooperation.
Co-Chair, U Win Hlaing, DG of MOECAF, concluded that the government of Myanmar is currently
in the process of drafting integrated energy policy through a series of dialogue with relevant
stakeholders to tackle multiple challenges of access, affordability, and efficient use of energy and
water.
Session Part 1 focused on how to implement the concept of the nexus in practice regarding specific
issues such as clean energy, waste management, food security, and smart city. Dr. U Win Khaing,
President, Myanmar Engineering Society, presented the current status of national policy and
institutional reforms in energy sector and opportunities of clean energy solutions in Myanmar and
the region, and stressed that there are many potentials in Myanmar to improve access to energy,
energy efficiency, and renewable energy including solar and wind power, hydropower, biomass etc,
but needs proper policies, institutions, and capacity building.
Ms. Keiko SASAKI, Director, Kitakyushu Asian Center for Low Carbon Society, Office for
International Environmental Strategies, Environment Bureau, City of Kitakyushu, introduced the its
experiences in overcoming sever environmental pollutions in the 1960s and current activities on
smart city, emphasizing the importance of partnership between residents, local government, and
private enterprises, as well as a holistic approach to address not only environmental problems but
also human development. She particularly stressed it is crucial to conduct a series of dialogues with
75
local residents to ensure their ownership.
Dr Ohnmar Khaing, Coordinator, Food Security Working Group (FSWG) presented the implication
of nexus approach for food security in Myanmar and the importance of addressing sustainable use of
land. She suggested that it is indispensible to pursue a systems-based preventive approach to ensure
food security through national coordination mechanism, multi-stakeholder dialogue, strategies to
create issue based networks, sustainable use of water and energy, and centralize regional governance.
Mr. Kenji Kuribayashi, JFE Engineering Yangon Office, shared the company’s activities on waste to
energy through incineration with elaborate planning in other countries in Asia and planed activities
in Yangon region, stressing that the power generation will contribute to stabilize power supply in
residential area nearby and lower risks of unexpected environmental impacts.
Part 2 discussed the role of regional cooperation to ensure resource security in Myanmar. Mr. Kenta
Usui, Policy Researcher, Climate and Energy Area, IGES, presented the current status of Myanmar
in terms of its GHG emission and its impact on climate change and its implications for regional
cooperation under the framework of Joint Credit Mechanism (JCM). He pointed out that Myanmar’s
current level of GHG is negative, it does not make sense to reduce current level of GHG emission.
Instead, Myanmar can harness increasing flow of climate finance to benefit its own sustainable
development.
Mr. Satoshi Iemoto, JICA Expert, and Dr. Jakkanit Kananurak, Director of Capacity Building and
Outreach, Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (TGO) jointly introduced capacity
building activities for low-carbon growth in ASEAN through Thailand Greenhouse Gas
Management Organization(JICA/TGO) and Climate Change International Training Center (CITC).
The three steps of TGO/CITC were introduced; 1) design of the training course, implementation, and
share the knowledge with ASEAN countries.
Finally, Debajit Palit, Associate Director and Fellow, Lighting a Billion Lives Programme, Social
Transformation Division, TERI, shared the lessons from India on off-grid energy solutions and its
implications for Myanmar and in the region. He emphasized that off-grid energy solution is a good
practice of benefitting community, but need to carefully consider and design based on difference
local contexts.
76
77
䛆㻾㼑㼒㼑㼞㼑㼚㼏㼑㻌㼙㼍㼠㼑㼞㼕㼍㼘㼟㻌㻦㻌㻿㼡㼙㼙㼍㼞㼥㻌㼛㼒㻌㻟㼞㼐㻌㻳㼞㼑㼑㼚㻌㻱㼏㼛㼚㼛㼙㼥㻌㻳㼞㼑㼑㼚㻌㻳㼞㼛㼣㼠㼔㻌㻲㼛㼞㼡㼙䛇
30 December 2013
FINAL EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
THIRD GREEN ECONOMY GREEN GROWTH, GEGG FORUM

Energy – Water – Food
Nexus
----- For Greening & Cooperation -----
Moving Forward and Faster
NAY PYI TAW (Myanmar International Convention Center) &

YANGON (Diamond Jubilee Hall, Yangon University)
REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR
20 TO 22 NOVEMBER 2013
Organized By: GEGG Myanmar (Not for Profit) Association.

In Collaboration with The Ministries of: Environmental Conservation &
Forestry, Focal Ministry for GEGG Forum; National Planning and Economic
Development; Education; Energy; Science and Technology; Culture; and
Myanmar Engineering Society; Association of Myanmar Architects; National Economic
and Social Advisory Council, NESAC
Supported by: Tun Foundation, Environmental & Economic Research Institute,
Yangon Media Group, Max Myanmar Group & Ayeyarwady Foundation, First Myanmar
Investment Co. Ltd, Zaykabar Co. Ltd, Myanmar, Government of Norway, Government
of Sweden, Government of Japan, United Nations Development Programme
In Partnership with: UNDP Myanmar Country Office and Regional Resource
Center, Bangkok, Thailand, UNEP International Environmental Technology Center,
Osaka, Japan, UN Convention to Combat Desertification Global Mechanism, Rome,
Italy, The Smithsonian Institution, USA, WWF, Stockholm Environment Institute,
Stockholm & Bangkok, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, IGES, Hayama,
Japan, The Norwegian Energy Farm, Norway, Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management
Organization (Public Organization), TGO, Bangkok, Thailand, Yokohama National
University, Yokohama, Japan and UNEP regional Office for Asia Pacific
78
SUMMARY HIGHLIGHTS & RECOMMENDATIONS
THE FIERCE URGNECY OF HOW& NOW!
Outstanding Support
The Opening Statement was delivered by H.E. U Thein Sein, President of the Republic of
the Union of Myanmar, attended by H.E Dr. Sai Muak Kham, Vice President, 13 Union
Ministers, 7 Deputy Ministers , 1 Regional minister, 10 Director Generals, 10 Regional
Representatives.
Greetings were given by Prof, Dr Emil Salim, Chairman, Council of Advisors to the
President, Indonesia and Ms Julie Jacobsen Takahashi, Charges d’Affaires, Royal
Norwegian Embassy, Myanmar.
The President, Vice President, and Union Ministers viewed the winning Exhibitions of
Affordable Green Myanmar Homes Design, Cartoons and Photographs of Natural
Resource and Environment, and stayed back for Coffee and met with speakers and
participants.
¾ 282 diverse participants registered with the Ministry for Environmental Conservation
and Forestry for the Nay Pyi Taw Segment on 20 November, held at the Myanmar
International Convention Center. The participants included Members of People’s
Assembly, the Diplomatic Corps; UN and International Organizations; Private Sector,
NGOs, Media, Academia.
¾ The Yangon Segment held at Yangon University’s Diamond Jubilee Hall was opened
by H.E U Myint Swe, Chief Minister and attended by the Speaker of the Yangon
Region Government Parliament and 5 Regional Ministers.
¾ 363 and 399 equally diverse participants registered on 21 and 22 November
respectively.
¾ Over half of all registered participants were women..
¾ A large number of participants attended the Nay Pyi Taw and Yangon segment, but
did not register. At the Summary/Concluding Session in Yangon on Friday 22
November, a head count indicated 185 participants remained.
¾ The Third GEGG Forum received outstanding Myanmar private sector support. These
included complimentary air transport from Nay Pyi Taw to Yangon, coach transport
in Nay Pyi Taw and Yangon, dinners, lunches and coffee/tea breaks, and the use of
the Myanmar International Convention Center in Nay Pyi Taw.
¾ In Yangon, the Ministry of Education and Yangon University made available the
University Diamond Jubilee Hall Plenary Room and six break out rooms for the
Parallel Sessions.
¾ A large number of volunteers from MoECaF and from the organizations of GEGG
Myanmar Association Board members provided the indispensable logistic support.
¾ A CD-Rom disc containing all the Third GEGG Forum presentations was provided
every participant.
These are also available in the GEGG-Myanmar (Not for Profit) Association website:
www.geggmyanmarassociation.com.
79
The Table below shows the Profile of registered Participants at the Third GEGG Forum
PRESIDENT 1
VICE-PRESIDENT 1
CHIEF MINISTER 1
UNION MINISTERS 13
REGIONAL MINISTERS 5
DEPUTY UNION MINISTERS 7
DIRECTOR-GENERALS 10
Nay Pyi Taw (20 Nov) Registered 282

Yangon (21 Nov) Registered 363 (Women 125)
Yangon (22 Nov) Registered) 399 ( Women 150)
Yangon 22 Nov Concluding Session (Head count) 185
MEDIA 21
SPEAKERS National 38 (10 Women)

SPEAKERS International 105 (22 Women)
¾ A Design Contest for Green Affordable Myanmar Homes, in collaboration with the
Association of Myanmar Architects, Myanmar Engineering Society; a Greening
Cartoon and a Photography Contests were also organized for the Third GEGG Forum.
Sponsors were contributions by GEGG Members and the Tun Foundation. The
Winners received their prizes at the Nay Pyi Taw Lunch on 20 November and in
Yangon.
¾ At the Lunch, the establishment of two Centers of Excellence for Green, Sustainable,
Resilient, Smart, CoE GSRS, in Yangon and Mandalay Regions was announced.
These will be part of a network of CoE GSRS to increase awareness, demonstrate,
train and build capacity to accelerate green economy and green growth, that will take
into account the prevailing ecological, economic, social, and cultural norms and
practices. The Centers will have Consortiums of National and International Partners.
¾ A shared and common refrain from the Third GEGG Forum is the imperative need for
implementation, with focus on HOW.
One of the Parallel Session summed up the message “The Fierce Urgency of
HOW”
¾ The Third GEGG Forum succeeded in increasing awareness of the importance of the
Nexus of Energy-Water-Food, their inextricable linkages, the multi-faceted
interventions available to foster greater integration and coherence for increasing
greening and sustainability.
¾ The three High-level Roundtables Dialogue on Policy, Strategy, Cooperation,
Financing and Investment that were held at Nay Pyi Taw, provided insights on the
critical determinants for greening and growing the economy, providing a pathway for
80
sustainable development and importantly poverty eradication, as stated in the

Opening Statement of the President.
¾ The Roundtables were chaired by H.E U Win Tun, Union Minister of Environmental
Conservation and Forestry; H.E. Dr U Ko Ko Oo, Union Minister of Science and
Technology; and Mr. Putu M. Kamayana, Head, ADB Extended Mission in
Myanmar.
¾ The two Plenary Panels, Chaired by H.E Prof. Dr Emil Salim ( Indonesia) and Prof
Joakim Öjendal (Sweden), and 12 Parallel Sessions in Yangon on the 21 and 22
November focused on how Science, Technology, Management, Governance, Data,
Information and Capacity Building
¾ These Sessions by 105 international speakers (22 Women) and 38 national speakers
(10 Women), the discussions and questions and answers, provided in-depth
knowledge and experience for a range of Nexus Green and Sustainability
applications, with substantive Recommendations, summarized and highlighted below.
Summary Recommendations
(1) A coherent strategic framework, such as a national green development plan or
strategy, is needed. A strategic framework would enable concerted and systemic action to
be integrated in development policy, planning and implementation across the water-
energy-food security nexus.
(2) Capacity building in biodiversity conservation and natural resource management is

needed across sectors including government, academia, and civil society. Strategies
should include increasing and diversifying training opportunities, expanding academic
curriculum, outreach to communities local to protected areas and the general public,
engaging private and corporate partners, improving communication across and among
sectors, with the goal of institutionalized conservation capacity building within MoECaF
and other ministries for sustainable and long-term capacity building.
(3) Biodiversity databases can help decision makers avoid critical tipping points or
mitigate disasters.
(4) Increase application of science and technology to improve conservation and

management of natural resources, wild life and endangered species. Remote sensing and
geospatial tools are some of the technologies.
(5) In considering transformational technologies for built systems, include materials

using bio-mimicry and nano-technologies.
(6) Sustainable Land Management, SLM, is critical to make progress towards a green
economy. One of the most significant natural capital assets is productive land and fertile
soil. It is central to the nexus that links energy, food, water, and environmental health in
an interdependent loop. It is a vital resource for the provision of essential ecosystem
services such as ensuring food security, regulating hydrological regimes, providing
energy as well as conserving biodiversity, cycling soil nutrients, and storing carbon.
81
(7) Land use policies should balance community forestry opportunities and high-value
non-timber forest product areas with other options for land conversion.
(8) Reduce negative impacts of waste on public health, air, water and soil, by setting a
roadmap to assist governments and stakeholders to formulate a national waste strategy, as
well as an integrated waste management system at the city level. Some of the main
components of the national waste strategy involve international cooperation on
technology support and capacity building, designing policies and institutional framework
such as an action plan to control water quality, and creating opportunities for options to
turn waste into a resource.
(9) Protected Areas (PAs) are cornerstones of biodiversity conservation, but in isolation
cannot sustain future biodiversity and human communities. The primary sustainability
mechanism is a well-designed PA network, integrating management of land and seascape
sectors.
(10) Promote and support innovative natural resource use such as participatory forest and
mangrove management, indigenous/endemic species restoration, ecological agriculture
and non-tillage farming, agroforestry and multi-cropping agriculture, micro-hydro power
generation, labelling schemes for ecological agriculture products and bio-filtering for
drinking water,
(11) Long term national planning and strategies are needed and must take into account
the fact that small stakeholders are very vulnerable to both climate change and reform
strategies.
(12) Facilitate the decentralization of ecosystem and natural resource use management to
local communities while ensuring macro-level enabling policies and their compliance.
(13) As infrastructure is being built up, there is an imperative need for the public sector
to very consciously make the ‘right choices’ and also ensure that procurement processes
are geared towards procuring high quality and high efficiency technologies. This ‘role-
modeling behavior’ will make a huge impact and serve as a catalyst for much broader
adoption.
(14) Involve government, industry and local community partners as early as possible in
infrastructure projects and provide knowledge & information sharing in multi- directions.
(15) There is an important need for a coordination mechanism between the public, private
and local sector.
(16) Need for Demand-side management planning to better manage the timing of
consumer energy use, public awareness campaigns, setting energy efficiency standards
for buildings and appliances,
(17) Consider an Energy Efficiency Revolving Fund offering credit lines—initially at no

interest—to local banks so that they could provide loans for energy efficiency projects,
82
and other business to address the lack of awareness of the benefits of energy-efficient
technologies or the upfront investment challenges for energy efficient projects.
(18) The national Power Development Plan is vital for upgrading the existing grid. It
could be strengthened by including a priority action plan on decentralized mini-grids
powered by renewable energy.
(19) Prepare a Report on key issues on development of BioEnergy , including

establishment of an Energy Farm, and Center of Excellence.
(20) The role of the financial system is central to accompany the green growth, but
changes are needed in the sector to make this happen. It is essential to engage more
representatives from the financial industry (e.g. accountants, bankers, etc.) in upcoming
GEGG Forums.
(21) Myanmar should prepare a comprehensive and holistic capital market development
plan to be implemented in stages over a period of time. It should include: an education
programme for retail investors; developing domestic institutional investors including;
pension programmes, various savings products (e.g. mutual funds), life insurance etc;
establishing strong supporting infrastructure including; adopting international standard
accounting policies and practices, transparent legal and enforcement frame work etc.
(22) Foster enabling mechanisms to encourage responsible companies that invest in

communities and promote sustainable development
(23) Myanmar Chairing ASEAN in 2014 provides an important opportunity to increase

intra and inter-regional cooperation in pursuit of green growth.
(24) Increase Nexus thinking and application that involves interaction between resources,
sectors, actors and scale, strengthen (i) communications: transparency and openness,
fostering trust, (ii) dialogue: ongoing discussions and negotiations between key
stakeholders (as long as one talks, anything is possible), and (iii) governance: rule-based
legitimate political decisions, carried out from capable and recognizable institutions.
The 47 page Final Report with the Agenda and Abstracts; and the Parallel Sessions
Programme with the List of Speakers, their presentation topics and recommendations are
available in the GEGG ( Not for Profit) Association website:
www.geggmyanmarassociation.com.
83

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Feasibility Studies on Joint Crediting Mechanism

Projects towards Environmentally Sustainable

“Supporting low-carbon Yangon city through Joint Crediting

Mechanism (JCM) project formulation”

Institute for Global Environmental Strategies

2. Supporting low-carbon waste management of Yangon 2

2.1 Current status on waste management in Yangon 2

2.2 Policy recommendations for sustainable waste management in Yangon 5

2.3 International workshop on sustainable waste management in Yangon 7

2.4 Capacity building for Yangon on waste management 11

2.5 Reference materials:

3. Research on the potential of off-grid renewable energy in Myanmar 38

3.1 Executive summary 38

3.2 Stakeholders’ Consultation Workshop 42

3.3 Reference materials: Presentation by TERI 47

4. Organising working group of low-carbon Myanmar 68

4.1 1st Meeting 68

4.2 2nd Meeting 69

4.3 3rd Meeting 70

4.5 Reference material:

The project consisted of three major components.

Supporting low-carbon waste management of Yangon

Research on the potential of off-grid renewable energy in Myanmar

Organising working group of low-carbon Myanmar

Waste management in YCDC is a responsibility of Pollution Control and Cleansing Department

No Location of final disposal site Disposal capacity Remark

1 HtainBin 847 Depth 15m

2 Htwei Chaung 612 Depth 15m

4 Seikkyi Khanaung To 5 Depth 9m

6 Shwe Pyi Thar 50 Depth 9m

Total amount of disposal waste 1550

Figure 2: GHG emission from waste sector in Yangon

2.2 Policy recommendations for sustainable waste management in Yangon

- How to manage a constant waste flow input to the incineration plants?

Date: 20 December 2013, 12:00-17:00

13:00-13:15 Tea break

13:15-14:00 Part 1: Introduction to Myanmar’s waste policies

14:00-15:00 Part 2: Towards low-carbon waste management: an opportunity of integrated

- The potential of integrated municipal solid waste management to reduce climate

15:00-16:00 Part 3: Understanding the full picture of international cooperation

(5-10 mins each, max 2 slides)

Panelists (5 mins each):

List of possible questions:

16:45 – 17:00 Closing Remark

Presentation at the workshop

Participants from YCDC:

25 Ͳ Meeting with MOEJ

Photos during the study tour

The administrative boundary of YCDC,in 1985 ( 133.643 Sq-Miles)

Organizational Chart of YCDC

Assistant head Assistant head

7Township 9Township 7Township 9Township Final Disposal

Duties and Function

Waste Flow in Yangon (2012)

Recycling Center of PCCD

Hospital Waste Compactor Truck

Hazardous Waste Direct Haul and Special Treatment, on call 7

Solid Waste Management

Activities and facility in

To overcome these drawbacks development of

The Muangklang Municipality is located in Rayong Province (190

For long term sustainability, development of appropriate integrated