Isa S75 01 PDF

STANDARD
ISA–S75.01–1985 (R1995)
Flow Equations for

Sizing Control Valves
Reaffirmed 18 October 1995
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ISA-S75.01 — Flow Equations for Sizing Control Valves
ISBN 0-87664-899-5
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Copyright 1995 by the Instrument Society of America. All rights reserved. Printed in the United
States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
otherwise), without the prior written permission of the publisher.
ISA
67 Alexander Drive
P.O. Box 12277
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
Preface
This preface, as well as all footnotes and annexes, is included for informational purposes and is
not part of ISA-S75.01.
This standard has been prepared as part of the service of the ISA, the international society for
measurement and control, toward a goal of uniformity in the field of instrumentation. To be of
real value, this document should not be static, but should be subject to periodic review. Toward
this end, the Society welcomes all comments and criticisms, and asks that they be addressed to
the Secretary, Standards and Practices Board, ISA, 67 Alexander Drive, P.O. Box 12277,
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, Telephone (919) 990-9227; Fax (919) 549-8288;
E-mail: standards@isa.org.
The ISA Standards and Practices Department is aware of the growing need for attention to the
metric system of units in general, and the International System of Units (SI) in particular, in the
preparation of instrumentation standards, recommended practices, and technical reports. The
Department is further aware of the benefits to USA users of ISA standards of incorporating
suitable references to the SI (and the metric system) in their business and professional dealings
with other countries. Toward this end, this Department will endeavor to introduce SI-acceptable
metric units in all new and revised standards to the greatest extent possible. The Metric Practice
Guide, which has been published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers as
ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992, and future revisions, will be the reference guide for definitions,
symbols, abbreviations, and conversion factors.
It is the policy of ISA to encourage and welcome the participation of all concerned individuals and
interests in the development of ISA standards, recommended practices, and technical reports.
Participation in the ISA standards-making process by an individual in no way constitutes
endorsement by the employer of that individual, of ISA, or of any of the standards, recommended
practices, and technical reports that ISA develops.
The following people served as original members of ISA Subcommittee SP75.05:
NAME COMPANY
L. Driskell, Chairman Consultant

J. Arant E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Inc.
H. Baumann H. D. Baumann Associates, Ltd.
*C. Beard
G. Borden Bechtel Power Corporation
L. Griffith Consultant
F. Harthun Fisher Controls International, Inc.
R. Jones Upjohn Company
A. McCauley Chagrin Valley Controls, Inc.
J. Ozol Omaha Public Power Company
R. Quance Walsh Inc.
W. Rahmeyer Colorado State University
*Deceased
ISA-S75.01-1985 (R 1995)
COPYRIGHT 2002; The Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society Document provided by IHS Licensee=INSTITUTO MEXICANO DEL PETROLEO/3139900100, 3
K. Schoonover Con-Tek
J. Simonsen Valtek, Inc.
H. Sonderregger ITT Grinnell Corporation
F. Volpe Masoneilan Division, McGraw-Edison Company
W. Weidman Gilbert Commonwealth, Inc.
L. Zinck Union Carbide Corporation
The following people served as members of ISA Subcommittee SP75.01, who reaffirmed
ISA-S75.01 in 1995:
NAME COMPANY
H. Boger Masoneilan/Dresser
W. Weidman Consultant
H. Baumann H. D. Baumann Inc.
G. Borden, Jr. Consultant
B. Bosserman Boyle Engineering Corporation
S. Boyle Neles-Jamesbury, Inc.
R. Brodin Fisher Controls International, Inc.
L. Driskell Consultant
A. Dvorak Fisher Controls International, Inc.
J. George Richards Industries
A. Glenn Valtek
L. Griffith Retired
H. Hoffmann Samson AG
P. Mariam FlowSoft, Inc.
A. McCauley, Jr. Chagrin Valley Controls, Inc.
J. Ozol Commonwealth Edison
W. Rahmeyer Utah State University
J. Reid Cashco, Inc.
M. Riveland Fisher Controls International, Inc.
K. Schoonover Con-Tek
D. Van Staveren Bechtel
F. Volpe Masoneilan
The following people served as original members of ISA Subcommittee SP75:
NAME COMPANY
L. Driskell, Chairman Consultant

R. Terhune, Vice-Chairman Consultant
K. Schoonover, Secretary Con-Tek
J. Arant E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Inc.
H. Backinger John F. Kraus & Company
G. Barb Muesco, Inc.
H. Baumann H. D. Baumann Associates, Ltd.
4
COPYRIGHT 2002; The Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society ISA-S75.01-1985 (R 1995)
Document provided by IHS Licensee=INSTITUTO MEXICANO DEL PETROLEO/3139900100,
*C. Beard
N. Belaef Consultant
G. Borden Bechtel Power Corporation
**R. Brodin Fisher Controls International, Inc.
E. Brown Dravo Engineers, Inc.
E. Cooney Air Products & Chemicals, Inc.
W. Dewart Rockwell International
J. Emery Honeywell, Inc.
H. Fuller Worcester Controls Corporation
A. Hanssen Fluid Controls Institute, Inc.
F. Harthun Fisher Controls International, Inc.
H. Illing Kieley & Mueller, Inc.
R. Jones Upjohn Company
M. Kaye M. W. Kellogg Company
R. Louviere Creole Engineering
O. Lovett, Jr. ISIS Corporation
A. McCauley Chagrin Valley Controls, Inc.
T. Molloy Pacific Gas & Electric
J. Muller Leslie Company
H. Nickerson Resistoflex Company
J. Ozol Omaha Public Power Company
R. Quance Walsh Inc.
W. Rahmeyer Colorado State University
J. Reed Masoneilan Division, McGraw-Edison Company
G. Richards Jordan Valve Div., Richards Industries, Inc.
J. Rosato Rawson Company
H. Schwartz Flexible Valve Corporation
**W. Scull Leslie Company
F. Seger Willis Division, Smith International, Inc.
J. Simonsen Valtek, Inc.
H. Sonderregger ITT Grinnell Corporation
N. Sprecher DeZurik
R. Stanley Retired
**G. Stiles Fisher Controls International, Inc.
R. Tubbs Copes-Vulcan
W. Weidman Gilbert Commonwealth, Inc.
R. Widdows Cashco, Inc.
L. Zinck Union Carbide Corporation
*Deceased
**One vote per company
ISA-S75.01-1985 (R 1995)
The following people served as members of ISA Committee SP75, who reaffirmed ISA-S75.01
in 1995:
NAME COMPANY
*D. Buchanan, Chairman Union Carbide Corporation

W. Weidman, Managing Director Consultant
K. Schoonover, Secretary Con-Tek
*T. Abromaitis Red Valve, Inc.
J. Addington Fluid Controls Institute
H. Backinger J. F. Kraus & Company
G. Baenteli Bechtel
G. Barb Consultant
K. Black Cashco, Inc.
H. Boger Masoneilan/Dresser
G. Borden, Jr. Consultant
S. Boyle Neles-Jamesbury, Inc.
R. Brodin Fisher Controls International, Inc.
F. Cain Valtek, Inc.
C. Corson Fluor Daniel, Inc.
*C. Crawford Union Carbide Corporation
L. Driskell Consultant
*J. Duhamel Red Valve Company, Inc.
H. Fuller Consultant
*J. George Richards Industries, Inc.
B. Hart M. W. Kellogg Company
F. Harthun Consultant
B. Hatton Honeywell, Inc.
R. Jeanes TU Electric
C. Koloboff Chevron Research & Technology Company
G. Kovecses Yarway Corporation
C. Langford Consultant
J. Leist Dow Chemical USA
A. Libke DeZurik Valve Company
R. Louviere Creole Engineering Sales Company
O. Lovett, Jr. Consultant/Retired
H. Miller Control Components, Inc.
T. Molloy CMES
L. Ormanoski Frick Company
J. Ozol Commonwealth Edison
W. Rahmeyer Utah State University
*One vote per company
6
J. Reed Norriseal
*G. Richards Richards Industries, Inc.
A. Shea Copes-Vulcan, Inc.
E. Skovgaard Leslie Controls
H. Sonderegger Grinnell Corporation
R. Terhune Cranmoor
R. Tubbs Consultant
This published standard was approved for publication by the ISA Standards and Practices Board
on October 18, 1995.
NAME COMPANY
M. Widmeyer, Vice President The Washington Public Power Supply System

D. Bishop Chevron USA Production Company
P. Brett Honeywell, Inc.
W. Calder III Calder Enterprises
H. Dammeyer The Ohio State University
R. Dieck Pratt & Whitney
W. Holland Southern Co. Services Inc.
A. Iverson Lyondell Petrochemical Company
K. Lindner Endress + Hauser GmbH + Company
T. McAvinew Metro Wastewater Reclamation District
G. McFarland Honeywell Ind. Automation & Control
E. Montgomery Fluor Daniel, Inc.
D. Rapley Rapley Engineering Services
R. Reimer Rockwell Automation A-B
R. Webb Pacific Gas & Electric Company
W. Weidman Consultant
J. Weiss Electric Power Research Institute
J. Whetstone National Institute of Standards & Technology
H. R. Wiegle Canus Corp
C. Williams Eastman Kodak Company
G. Wood Graeme Wood Consulting
M. Zielinski Fisher•Rosemount
*One vote per company
ISA-S75.01-1985 (R 1995)
Contents
1 Scope ............................................................................................................................... 11
2 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 11
2.1 Flow variables and fluid properties ........................................................................ 11
3 Nomenclature .................................................................................................................. 12
4 Incompressible fluid — flow of nonvaporizing liquid ................................................... 13
4.1 Equations for turbulent flow ................................................................................... 14
4.2 Numerical constants N .......................................................................................... 14
4.3 Piping geometry factor Fp ....................................................................................... 15
4.4 Equations for nonturbulent flow ............................................................................. 16
5 Incompressible fluid — choked flow of vaporizing liquid............................................ 17
5.1 Liquid choked flow equations ................................................................................ 18
5.2 Liquid pressure recovery factor FL ......................................................................... 19
5.3 Combined liquid pressure recovery factor FLP ....................................................... 20
6 Compressible fluid — flow of gas and vapor ............................................................... 20
6.1 Equations for turbulent flow ................................................................................... 21
6.2 Numerical constants N .......................................................................................... 21
6.3 Expansion factor Y ................................................................................................ 22
6.4 Choked flow ........................................................................................................... 23
6.5 Pressure drop ratio factor xT .................................................................................. 23
6.6 Pressure drop ratio factor with reducers or other fittings xTP ................................. 23
6.7 Ratio of specific heats factor Fk .............................................................................. 23
6.8 Compressibility factor Z ......................................................................................... 24
Annexes
A — Use of flow rate equations for sizing valves ................................................................. 25
B — Derivation of factors Fp and FLP .................................................................................... 27
C — Control valve-piping system head changes ................................................................. 30
D — Representative values of valve capacity factors .......................................................... 33
E — Reynolds number factor FR .......................................................................................... 35
F — Equations for nonturbulent liquid flow .......................................................................... 39
G — Liquid critical pressure ratio factor FF ........................................................................... 43
H — Derivation of factor xTP .................................................................................................. 45
I — Control valve flow equations — SI notation (International System of Units) ................ 47
J — References .................................................................................................................. 49
ISA-S75.01-1985 (R 1995)
Figures
1 — Reynolds number factor............................................................................................. 17
2 — Liquid flow rate versus pressure drop for a typical valve
(constant upstream pressure and vapor pressure) .................................................... 18
C-1 — Head changes in a control valve-piping system ........................................................ 32
E-1 — Reynolds number factor for valve sizing .................................................................... 36
Tables
1 — Numerical constants for liquid flow equations............................................................ 14
2 — Numerical constants for gas and vapor flow equations ............................................. 22
C-1 — Definitions of head terms........................................................................................... 31
D-1 — Representative values of valve capacity factors ........................................................ 33
E-1 — Reynolds number factor FR for transitional flow ......................................................... 38
10
1 Scope
This standard presents equations for predicting the flow of compressible and incompressible
fluids through control valves. The equations are not intended for use when mixed-phase fluids,
dense slurries, dry solids, or non-Newtonian liquids are encountered. In addition, the prediction
of cavitation, noise, or other effects is not a part of this standard.
2 Introduction
The equations of this standard are based on the use of experimentally determined capacity
factors obtained by testing control valve specimens according to the procedures of ANSI/ISA
S75.02, “Control Valve Capacity Test Procedure” (see Annex J—References).
The equations are used to predict the flow rate of a fluid through a valve when all the factors,
including those related to the fluid and its flowing condition, are known. When the equations are
used to select a valve size, it is often necessary to use capacity factors associated with the fully
open or rated condition to predict an approximate required valve flow coefficient (Cv). This
procedure is further explained in Annex A.
2.1 Flow variable and fluid properties

The flow rate of a fluid through a control valve is a function of the following (where applicable):
a) Inlet and outlet conditions
1) Pressure
2) Temperature
3) Piping geometry
b) Liquid properties
1) Composition
2) Density
3) Vapor pressure
4) Viscosity
5) Surface tension
6) Thermodynamic critical pressure
c) Gas and vapor properties
1) Composition
2) Density
3) Ratio of specific heats
d) Control valve properties
1) Size
2) Valve travel
3) Flow path geometry
ISA-S75.01-1985 (R 1995)
3 Nomenclature
Symbol Description
Cv Valve flow coefficient

d Valve inlet diameter
D Internal diameter of the pipe
Fd Valve style modifier
FF Liquid critical pressure ratio factor, dimensionless
Fk Ratio of specific heats factor, dimensionless
FL Liquid pressure recovery factor of a valve without attached
fittings, dimensionless
FLP Product of the liquid pressure recovery factor of a valve with
attached fittings (no symbol has been identified) and the piping
geometry factor, dimensionless
FP Piping geometry factor, dimensionless
FR Reynolds number factor, dimensionless
Fs Laminar, or streamline, flow factor, dimensionless
g Local acceleration of gravity
Gf Liquid specific gravity at upstream conditions [ratio of density of
liquid at flowing temperature to density of water at 60°F (15.6°C)],
dimensionless
Gg Gas specific gravity (ratio of density of flowing gas to density of
air with both at standard conditions, which is equal to the ratio of
the molecular weight of gas to the molecular weight of air),
dimensionless
k Ratio of specific heats, dimensionless
K Head loss coefficient of a device, dimensionless
KB Bernoulli coefficient, dimensionless
Ki Velocity head factors for an inlet fitting, dimensionless
M Molecular weight, atomic mass units
N1, N2, etc. Numerical constants for units of measurement used
p1 Upstream absolute static pressure, measured two nominal pipe
diameters upstream of valve-fitting assembly
p2 Downstream absolute static pressure, measured six nominal
pipe diameters downstream of valve-fitting assembly
∆p Pressure differential, p1 – p2
pc Absolute thermodynamic critical pressure
pr Reduced pressure, dimensionless
pv Absolute vapor pressure of liquid at inlet temperature
pvc Apparent absolute pressure at vena contracta
q Volumetric flow rate
qmax Maximum flow rate (choked flow conditions) at a given upstream
condition
12
Symbol Description
Rev Valve Reynolds number, dimensionless

Tr Reduced temperature, dimensionless
Tc Absolute thermodynamic critical temperature
T1 Absolute upstream temperature (in degrees K or R)
U1 Velocity at valve inlet
w Weight or mass flow rate
x Ratio of pressure drop to absolute inlet pressure ('p/p1),
dimensionless
xT Pressure drop ratio factor, dimensionless
xTP Value of xT for valve-fitting assembly, dimensionless
Y Expansion factor, ratio of flow coefficient for a gas to that for a
liquid at the same Reynolds number, dimensionless
Z Compressibility factor, dimensionless
γ1 (gamma) Specific weight, upstream conditions
µ (mu) Viscosity, absolute
ν (nu) Kinematic viscosity, centistokes
ρ (rho) Density
Subscripts
1 Upstream conditions
2 Downstream conditions
s Nonturbulent
t Turbulent
4 Incompressible fluid — flow of nonvaporizing liquid
The flow rate of a liquid through a given control valve at a given travel is a function of the
differential pressure (p1 – p2) when the liquid does not partially vaporize between the inlet and
outlet of the valve. If vapor bubbles form either temporarily (cavitation) or permanently (flashing),
this relationship may no longer hold. (Refer to Section 5 for choked flow equations that apply
when extensive vaporization occurs.) In the transitional region between nonvaporizing liquid flow
and fully choked flow, the actual flow rate is less than that predicted by either the equations in
this section or those in Section 5. Cavitation that occurs in this transitional region can produce
physical damage to the valve and/or to the downstream piping and equipment.
ISA-S75.01-1985 (R 1995)
4.1 Equations for turbulent flow
The equations for determining the flow rate of a liquid through a valve under turbulent,
nonvaporizing flow conditions are:
1 2 p –p
q = N 1 Fp C -----------------
-
v Gf
or (Eq. 1)
q Gf
C v = ------------- -----------------
N 1 F p p 1 – p2
w = N 6 Fp C v ( p1 – p 2 )γ1
or (Eq. 2)
w
Cv = ---------------------------------------------
N 6 Fp ( p 1 – p2 )γ 1
4.2 Numerical constants N

The numerical constants N are chosen to suit the measurement units used in the equations.
Values for N are listed in Table 1.
Table 1 — Numerical constants for liquid flow equations
Constant Units Used in Equations

N w q p, ∆p d, D γ1 ν
N1 0.0865 — m3/h kPa — — —
0.865 — m3/h bar — — —
1.00 — gpm psia — — —
N2 0.00214 — — — mm — —
890 — — — in — —
N4 76 000 — 3
m /h — mm — centistokes*
17 300 — gpm — in — centistokes*
N6 2.73 kg/h — kPa — kg/m3 —
27.3 kg/h — bar — kg/m3 —
63.3 lb/h — psia — lb/ft3 —
2 2 6
*To convert m /s to centistokes, multiply m /s by 10 . To convert centipoises to centistokes, divide centipoises by Gf .
14
4.3 Piping geometry factor Fp
The piping geometry factor Fp accounts for fittings attached to either the valve inlet or the outlet
that disturb the flow to the extent that valve capacity is affected. Fp is actually the ratio of the flow
coefficient of a valve with attached fittings to the flow coefficient (Cv) of a valve installed in a
straight pipe of the same size as the valve.
For maximum accuracy, Fp must be determined by the test procedures specified in ANSI/ISA
S75.02 (see Annex J—References). Where estimated values are permissible (see Baumann
reference, Effect of Pipe Reducers on Control Valve Capacity), Fp may be determined by using
the following equation:
2 –1 ⁄ 2
 Σ KC 
F p =  --------------4v- + 1 (Eq. 3)
 N2 d 
(See Annex B for the mathematical derivation of Fp .)

In many instances, the nominal sizes for valve and pipe (d and D) may be used in Equations 3, 5,
6, and 7 without significant error.
The factor Σ K is the algebraic sum of the effective velocity head coefficients of all fittings
attached to but not including the valve. For instance,
Σ K = K 1 + K2 + KB 1 – KB 2 (Eq. 4)
where K1 and K2 are the resistance coefficients of the inlet and outlet fittings, respectively, and KB1
and KB2 are the Bernoulli coefficients for the inlet and outlet fittings, respectively. The Bernoulli
coefficients compensate for the changes in pressure resulting from differences in stream area
and velocity.
When the diameters of the inlet and outlet fittings are identical, KB1 = KB2, both factors drop out of
the equation. When the diameters of the inlet and outlet fittings are different, KB is calculated as
follows:
4
K B = 1 –  ----
d
(Eq. 5)
D
The fittings most commonly encountered are standard, short-pattern concentric pipe reducers.
These fittings have little taper, and their pressure loss will not exceed that of an abrupt
contraction with a slightly rounded entrance. On that basis, if experimental values for the
resistance coefficients K1 and K2 are unavailable, estimated values may be computed as follows:
Inlet reducer only:
 d 
2 2
K 1 = 0.5  1 – ------ (Eq. 6)
 D 1
2
Outlet increaser only:
 2 2
d 
K 2 = 1.0  1 – ------
- (Eq. 7)
 D2 
2
ISA-S75.01-1985 (R 1995)
When the reducer and increaser are the same size:
2
 d
2
K 1 + K 2 = 1.5  1 – ------- (Eq. 8)
 D 
2
(See Annex C for a graphic representation of system head changes around a valve with attached
reducers.)
4.4 Equations for nonturbulent flow

Nonturbulent flow occurs at high fluid viscosities and/or low velocities. In these circumstances,
the flow rate through a valve is less than for turbulent flow, and the Reynolds number factor FR
must be introduced. FR is the ratio of nonturbulent flow rate to the turbulent flow rate predicted by
Equations 1 or 2. The corresponding nonturbulent equations then become,
respectively:
p1 – p2
q = N 1 FR C v ----------------
-
Gf
or (Eq. 9)
q Gf
C v = -------------- ----------------
-
N 1 F R p1 – p 2
w = N6 FR C v ( p 1 – p 2 )γ1
or (Eq. 10)
w
C v = ----------------------------------------------
N 6 FR ( p1 – p 2 )γ 1
Note the absence of the piping geometry factor in the above equations. For nonturbulent flow,
the effect of close-coupled reducers or other flow-disturbing fittings is unknown. Thus, Equation
3 applies to turbulent flow only.
Tests (see Stiles reference, Liquid Viscosity Effects on Control Valve Sizing, and McCutcheon
reference, A Reynolds Number for Control Valves) show that FR can be found by using the valve
Reynolds number and Figure 1. The shading around the central curve indicates the scatter of
test data and the range of uncertainty of flow rate prediction in the nonturbulent regimes.
The valve Reynolds number is defined as:
2 2 1⁄4
N 4 Fd q  FL C v 
Rev = ------------------------  -------------- + 1 (Eq. 11)
ν FL Cv  N2 d 
1/2 1/2 4
The valve style modifier Fd in Equation 11 correlates data from tests of several valve styles with
different hydraulic radii, so that a single curve represents all the styles tested. (See Annex D for
representative values of Fd .) Caution must be used in applying the curve in Figure 1 to valve
styles for which Fd has not been established.
16
Figure 1 — Reynolds number factor
The bracketed term in Equation 11 accounts for the velocity of approach*. Except for wide-open
ball or butterfly valves, this term has only a slight effect on the Rev calculation and can generally
be omitted.
Most flow streams in process plant control valves are turbulent, with valve Reynolds numbers in
excess of 104, where the Reynolds number factor is 1.0. When the flow regime is questionable,
Equation 11 should be used to find Rev . For additional information on nonturbulent flow, see
Annexes E and F.
5 Incompressible fluid — choked flow of vaporizing liquid
Choked flow is a limiting, or maximum, flow rate. With fixed inlet (upstream) conditions, it is
manifested by the failure of decreasing downstream pressure to increase the flow rate. With
liquid streams, choking occurs as a result of vaporization of the liquid when the pressure within
the valve falls below the vapor pressure of the liquid. Choked flow will be accompanied by either
cavitation or flashing. If the downstream pressure is greater than the vapor pressure of the liquid,
cavitation occurs. If the downstream pressure is equal to or less than the vapor pressure of the
liquid, flashing occurs. This relationship between flow rate and pressure drop for a typical valve is
shown in Figure 2.
*The flow rate through a valve is a function of the velocity of the jet stream at the vena contracta and the area of the jet
at that location. This velocity is a function of the pressure drop across the valve orifice and also the valve inlet
velocity, or velocity of approach. The velocity of approach factor is included in the valve flow coefficient Cv .
ISA-S75.01-1985 (R 1995)
Figure 2 — Liquid flow rate versus pressure drop for a typical valve (constant
upstream pressure and vapor pressure)
5.1 Liquid choked flow equations

The equations for determining the maximum flow rate of a liquid under choked conditions for
valves in straight pipes of the same size are as follows:
p 1 – pvc
qmax = N 1 F L C v -------------------
-
Gf
or (Eq. 12a)
q max Gf
C v = ------------
- -------------------
-
N 1 F L p 1 – pvc
where
pvc = FF pv (see Annex G for FF ) (Eq. 13a)
giving
p1 – FF p v
q max = N 1 FL C v -----------------------
-
Gf
or (Eq. 14a)
qmax Gf
C v = ------------
- -----------------------
-
N 1 F L p1 – FF p v
18
The equations for determining the maximum flow rate of a liquid under choked conditions for
valves with attached fittings are:
p1 – p vc
q max = N 1 FLP C v -------------------
-
Gf
or (Eq. 12b)
q max Gf
C v = ---------------- -------------------
-
N 1 F LP p1 – p vc
where
pvc = FF pv (see Annex G for FF ) (Eq. 13b)
giving
p 1 – F F pv
q max = N 1 FLP C v -----------------------
-
Gf
or (Eq. 14b)
qmax Gf
C v = ---------------- -----------------------
-
N 1 FLP p 1 – F F pv
5.2 Liquid pressure recovery factor FL

The liquid pressure recovery factor F L applies to valves without attached fittings (see Baumann
reference, The Introduction of a Critical Flow Factor for Valve Sizing). This factor accounts for
the influence of the internal geometry of the valve on its capacity at choked flow. Under
nonvaporizing flow conditions, it is defined by the equation:
p1 – p2
FL = -------------------
- (Eq. 15a)
p1 – p vc
Representative FL values for various valve styles are listed in Annex D.
ISA-S75.01-1985 (R 1995)
5.3 Combined liquid pressure recovery factor FLP
When a valve is installed with reducers or other attached fittings, the liquid pressure recovery of
the valve-fitting combination is not the same as that for the valve alone. For calculations
involving choked flow, it is convenient to treat the piping geometry factor (Fp) and the FL factor for
the valve-fitting combination as a single factor, F LP.. The value of FL for the combination is then
FLP /Fp , where
FLP p1 – p 2
--------- = -------------------
- (Eq. 15b)
Fp p 1 – pvc
(Refer to Section 4.3 and Annex B.)

For maximum accuracy, FLP must be determined by using the test procedures specified in
ANSI/ISA S75.02 (see Annex J—References). When estimated values are permissible,
reasonable accuracy may be obtained by using the following equation to determine FLP :
2 2 –1 ⁄ 2
 Ki F L Cv 
F LP = FL  -------------------
- + 1 (Eq. 16)
 N2 d 4 
In this equation, Ki is the head loss coefficient (K1 + KB1) of any fitting between the upstream
pressure tap and the inlet face of the valve only. (See Annex B for the mathematical derivation of
FLP.)
6 Compressible fluid — flow of gas and vapor
The flow rate of a compressible fluid varies as a function of the ratio of the pressure differential to
the absolute inlet pressure (∆p/p1), designated by the symbol x. At values of x near zero, the
equations in this section can be traced to the basic Bernoulli equation for Newtonian
incompressible fluids. However, increasing values of x result in expansion and compressibility
effects that require the use of appropriate correction factors (see Buresh and Schuder reference,
The Development of a Universal Gas Sizing Equation for Control Valves, and Driskell reference,
New Approach to Control Valve Sizing).
20
6.1 Equations for turbulent flow
The flow rate of a gas or vapor through a valve may be calculated by using any of the following
equivalent forms of the equation:
w = N 6 Fp C v Y xp 1 γ1
or (Eq. 17)
w
C v = ------------------------------------
N 6 Fp Y xp 1 γ1
x
q = N 7 F p C v p 1 Y -----------------
GgT1 Z
or (Eq. 18)
q Gg T 1 Z
C v = ------------------------ -----------------
N 7 Fp p 1 Y x
xM
w = N 8 Fp C v p1 Y ---------
-
T1Z
or (Eq. 19)
w T1 Z
C v = ------------------------ ---------
-
N 8 Fp p 1 Y xM
x
q = N 9 F p C v p 1 Y --------------
-
MT1 Z
or (Eq. 20)
q MT1 Z
C v = ------------------------ --------------
-
N 9 Fp p 1 Y x
Note that the numerical value of x used in these equations must not exceed the choking limit
(FKxTp), regardless of the actual value of x. (See Section 6.4.)
6.2 Numerical constants N

The numerical constants N are chosen to suit the measurement units used in the equations.
Values for N are listed in Table 2.
ISA-S75.01-1985 (R 1995)
Table 2 — Numerical constants for gas and vapor flow equations
Constant Units Used in Equations
N w q* p,∆p γ1 T1 d, D
N5 0.00241 — — — — — mm
1000 — — — — — in
N6 2.73 kg/h — kPa kg/m3 — —
27.3 kg/h — bar kg/m3 — —
63.3 lb/h — psia lb/ft3 — —
N7 4.17 — m3/h kPa — K —
417 — m3/h bar — K —
1360 — scfh psia — °R —
N8 0.948 kg/h — kPa — K —
94.8 kg/h — bar — K —
19.3 lb/h — psia — °R —
N9 22.5 — m3/h kPa — K —
2250 — m3/h bar — K —
7320 — scfh psia — °R —
*q is in cubic feet per hour measured at 14.73 psia and 60°F, or cubic meters per hours measured at 101.3 kPa and 15.6°C.
6.3 Expansion factor Y

The expansion factor Y accounts for the change in density of a fluid as it passes from the valve
inlet to the vena contracta and for the change in area of the vena contracta as the pressure drop
is varied (contraction coefficient). Theoretically, Y is affected by all of the following:
1) Ratio of port area to body inlet area
2) Internal geometry of the valve
3) Pressure drop ratio, x
4) Reynolds number
5) Ratio of specific heats, k
The influence of items 1, 2, and 3 are defined by the factor xT. Test data (see Driskell reference,
New Approach to Control Valve Sizing) indicate that Y may be taken as a linear function of x, as
shown in the following equation for a valve without attached fittings:
x
Y = 1 – --------------- ( Limits 1.0 ≥ Y ≥ 0.67 ) (Eq. 21)
3 Fk x T
For a valve with attached fittings, xTP shall be substituted for xT .
22
For all practical purposes, Reynolds number effects may be disregarded in the case of
compressible fluids. The effect of the ratio of specific heats is considered in Section 6.7.
6.4 Choked flow

If all inlet conditions are held constant and the differential pressure ratio (x) is increased by
lowering the downstream pressure (p2), the mass flow rate will increase to a maximum limit. Flow
conditions where the value of x exceeds this limit are known as choked flow. Choking occurs
when the jet stream at the vena contracta attains its maximum cross-sectional area at sonic
velocity. This occurs at pressure ratios (p1/pvc) greater than about 2.0.
The value of x at the inception of choked flow conditions varies from valve to valve. It also varies
with the piping geometry and with the thermodynamic properties of the flowing fluid. The factors
involved are xT (Section 6.5), xTP (Section 6.6), and Fk (Section 6.7).
Choking affects the use of Equations 17 through 21 in the following manner: The value of x used
in the equations must not exceed Fk xT or Fk xTP , regardless of the actual value of x. The
expansion factor Y at choked flow (x ≥ Fk xTP) is then at its minimum value of 2/3.
6.5 Pressure drop ratio factor xT

For maximum accuracy, the pressure drop ratio factor xT must be established by using the test
procedures specified in ANSI/ISA S75.02 (see Annex J—References). Representative xT values
for valves are tabulated in Annex D. These representative values are not to be taken as actual.
Actual values must be obtained from the valve manufacturer.
6.6 Pressure drop ratio factor with reducers or other fittings xTP
When a valve is installed with reducers or other fittings, the pressure drop ratio factor of the
assembly (xTP ) is different from that of the valve alone (xT ). For maximum accuracy, xTP must be
determined by test (see reference ANSI/ISA S75.02). When estimated values are permissible,
the following equation may be used to determine xTP:
2 –1
xT  xT Ki Cv 
x TP = ------  ------------------- + 1 (Eq. 22)
Fp  N5 d 
2 4
In this equation, xT is the pressure drop ratio factor for a given valve installed without reducers or
other fittings, and Ki is the sum of the inlet velocity head coefficients (K1 +KB1) of the reducer or
other fitting attached to the valve inlet. This correction to xT is usually negligible if d/D is greater
than 0.5 and Cv /d 2 is less than 20, where d is in inches.
See Annex H for the mathematical derivation of xT .
6.7 Ratio of specific heats factor Fk

The ratio of specific heats of a compressible fluid affects the flow rate through a valve. The factor
Fk accounts for this effect. Fk has a value of 1.0 for air at moderate temperatures and pressures,
where its specific heat ratio is about 1.40. Both theoretical and experimental evidence indicate
that for valve sizing purposes, Fk may be taken as having a linear relationship to k. Therefore:
k
Fk = ---------- (Eq. 23)
1.40
ISA-S75.01-1985 (R 1995)
6.8 Compressibility factor Z
Equations 18, 19, and 20 do not contain a term for the actual specific weight of the fluid at
upstream conditions. Instead, this term is inferred from the inlet pressure and temperature based
on the laws of ideal gases. Under some conditions, real gas behavior can deviate markedly from
the ideal. In these cases, the compressibility factor Z shall be introduced to compensate for the
discrepancy. Z is a function of both reduced pressure and reduced temperature. For use in this
section, reduced pressure pr is defined as the ratio of the actual inlet absolute pressure to the
absolute thermodynamic critical pressure for the fluid in question. The reduced temperature is
defined similarly. That is:
p
pr = -----1 (Eq. 24)
pc
T
Tr = -----1- (Eq. 25)
Tc
Absolute thermodynamic critical pressures and temperatures for most fluids, and curves from
which Z may be determined, can be found in many reference handbooks of physical data.
24
Annex A — Use of flow rate equations for sizing valves
Laboratory tests are conducted on actual valves in a prescribed test setup (see reference
ANSI/ISA S75.02). The test fluid is usually water or air. The flow coefficient Cv and the factors
FL , xT, etc. are determined at the rated valve travel. These data, along with factors to account for
the actual fluid and the pipe configuration (Fk , FF , Fp , etc.), are used in the equations of this
standard to predict the flow rate with the valve fully open.
The principal use of the flow equations is to aid in the selection of an appropriate valve size for a
specific application. In this procedure, the numbers in the equations consist of known values for
the fluid and flow conditions and known values for the selected valve type at its rated opening.
With these factors in the equation, the unknown (or product of unknowns, e.g., FpCv) can be
computed. Although these computed numbers are often suitable for selecting a valve from a
series of discrete sizes, they do not represent a true operating condition, because the factors are
mutually incompatible. Some of the factors used in the equation are for the wide-open valve
while others relating to the operating conditions are for the partially open valve.
Once a valve size has been selected, the remaining unknowns, such as Fp, can be computed
and a judgment can be made as to whether the valve size is adequate. It is not usually
necessary to carry the calculations further to predict the exact valve opening. To do this, all the
pertinent sizing factors must be known at fractional valve openings.
Additional information on the use of the flow equations, along with example problems, is
available in ISA Handbook of Control Valves and Driskell reference, Control Valve Selection and
Sizing.
ISA-S75.01-1985 (R 1995)
Annex B — Derivation of factors Fp and FLP
If a valve is installed between reducers, the Cv of the entire assembly is different from that of the
valve alone. If the inlet and outlet reducers are the same size, the only effect is the added
resistance of the fittings, which creates an additional pressure drop. If there is only one reducer
or if there are reducers of different sizes, there will be an additional effect on the pressure due to
the difference in velocity between the inlet and outlet streams.
The velocity head expressed in feet of fluid equals U2/2g, where U is the velocity of the stream
and g is the acceleration of gravity. Expressed in U.S. customary units, psi, gpm, and inches, the
velocity pressure becomes:
2
q G
p = --------------f- (Eq. B-1)
4
890 d
For a resistance coefficient K, the pressure difference then becomes:
2
 q Gf 
∆ p = K  ---------------4 (Eq. B-2)
 890 d 
From Equations 1 and B-2, the resistance coefficient for a valve is:
4
d
K valve = 890
--------------- (Eq. B-3)
2
Cv
The change in velocity pressure across a reducer with diameters d and D is
2 2 2
q G q G q Gf  d 
4
--------------f- – ---------------f- = ---------------  1 – ------ (Eq. B-4)
890 d  D
4 4 4 4
890 d 890 D
From Equations B-2 and B-4, we have the factor KB, which has been called the Bernoulli
coefficient.
Here,
 d
4
KB =  1 – ------ (Eq. B-5)
 D 
4
By definition:
2
q G
2
( F P C v ) = ------------f (Eq. B-6)
∆p
From Equations B-2 and B-6, adding all K factors:
4
2 890 d
( FP C v ) = ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (Eq. B-7)
K valve + K 1 + K 2 + K B 1 – K B 2
ISA-S75.01-1985 (R 1995)
Substitute Kvalve from Equation B-3:
4
2 890 d
( F P C v ) = ----------------------------- (Eq. B-8)
4
890 d Σ
--------------- + K
2
Cv
where
Σ K = K1 + K 2 + K B 1 – KB 2 (Eq. B-9)
Then, rearranging Equation B-8, we have:
2 –1 § 2
 Σ KC 
F p =  --------------v4- + 1 (Eq. B-10)
 890 d 
It should be noted in Equation B-9 that Σ K is the sum of all the effective velocity head
coefficients. If the inlet and outlet reducers are the same size, KB1 = KB2, and in Equation B-9
both drop out because of the difference in their sign. For K1 and K2, see Equations 6 and 7.
By definition, from Equation 15:
2 p1 – p 2 ∆pa
FL = -------------------
- = -----------
- (Eq. B-11)
p 1 – pvc ∆ pvc
where ∆pa is the pressure drop across the valve, and ∆pvc is the drop to the vena contracta.
Also, from Equation 1:
2 2 ∆p 2 ∆p
q = ( FP C v ) ---------b- = C v ---------a- (Eq. B-12)
Gf Gf
where ∆pb is the drop across the valve with reducers.
From Equation B-12:
2
∆ pa = FP ∆ p b (Eq. B-13)
Substituting this expression into Equation B-11, we have:
2 2 ∆pb
FL = FP -----------
- (Eq. B-14)
∆ p vc
By definition:
2 ∆pb
( FL )p = --------------------------
- (Eq. B-15)
∆ p vc + ∆ p i
where (FL) P is the pressure recovery factor for the valve with reducers, and ∆pi is the drop across
the inlet reducer.
28
From Equation B-2:
2
K i q Gf
∆ pi = -----------------
4
(Eq. B-16)
890 d
where Ki = K1 + KB1 .
Substituting the expression for q 2 from Equation B-12 into Equation B-16, we have:
2 2
Ki F p C v ∆ p b
∆ p i = --------------------------------
- (Eq. B-17)
4
890 d
Substituting Equations B-14 and B-17 into B-15, we have the following development:
2 ∆pb
( F L ) p = -----------------------------------------------------
2 2
-
FP ∆ pb K i Fp C v ∆ p b
2
----------------- + -----------------------------
2 4
FL 890 d
2 –1 ⁄ 2
1 1 Ki Cv 
( F L )p = ------  ------ + --------------
-
Fp  F 2 890 d 4
L
2 –1 ⁄ 2
K i  C v
1- + --------
F LP = ( F L ) p F P = ----- -  -----2-
FL
2 890 d 
2 2 –1 ⁄ 2
F L K i  C v
FLP = FL ------------  ------2  + 1 (Eq. B-18)
N2  d 
ISA-S75.01-1985 (R 1995)
Annex C — Control valve-piping system head changes
An understanding of the various loss mechanisms involved in a control valve-piping system can
be obtained by looking at the energy grade lines and the hydraulic grade lines for a liquid flow
system containing abrupt contractions and expansions in the form of concentric reducers. These
are shown schematically in Figure C-1. For ease of comprehension, the curves are displayed as
straight line segments. The energy grade line includes only the available energy and excludes
internal energy. Each point of pressure change associated with this figure is defined below.
Some of the pressure drops are nonrecoverable and some are recoverable, as shown in the
hydraulic grade line. The terms below also define the various coefficients associated with the
system. The Bernoulli coefficients, KB1 and KB2, account for the change in the velocity pressure
of the stream and relate the total kinetic energy to that calculated with the valve inlet velocity U1.
Table C-1 — Definitions of head terms (Refer to Figure C-1)
Reference
Letter (See
Fig. C-1) Head Terms* U.S. Units SI Units
A Inlet pressure head p1 / γ p1 / ρ g
B Inlet velocity head (d/D1)4(U12/2g) (d/D1)4(U12/2g)
C Reducer drop (K1+KB1)(U12/2g) (K1+KB1)(U12/2g)
D Differential to vena (E) / (1–FL2) (E) / (1–FL2)

contracta
E Pressure recovery at (D) – (H) (D) – (H)

valve
F Increaser recovery (KB2 – K2) (U12 / 2g) (KB2 – K2) (U12 / 2g)
G Reducer loss K1(U12/2g) K1(U12/2g)
H Valve loss N 2(d4/C v2)(U12/2g) N2(d4/C v2)(U12/2g)
I Increaser loss K2(U12/2g) K2(U12/2g)
J Outlet pressure head p2 / γ p2 / ρ g
K Outlet velocity head (d/D2)4(U12/2g) (d/D2)4(U12/2g)
L Total head loss (p1 – p2) / γ (p1 – p2) / ρg

* All units are absolute and consistent: pound, foot, and second in U.S. customary units; SI for metric units.
ISA-S75.01-1985 (R 1995)
Figure C-1 — Head changes in a control valve-piping system
32
Annex D — Representative values of valve capacity factors
The values in Table D-1 are typical only for the types of valves shown at their rated travel for full-
size trim. Significant variations in value may occur because of any of the following reasons:
reduced travel, trim type, reduced port size, and valve manufacturer.
Table D-1 — Representative values of valve capacity factors
Flow
Valve Type Trim Type Direction* xT FL Fs Fd** Cv /d 2†
GLOBE
Single port Ported plug Either 0.75 0.9 1.0 1.0 9.5
Contoured plug Open 0.72 0.9 1.1 1.0 11

Close 0.55 0.8 1.1 1.0 11
Characterized cage Open 0.75 0.9 1.1 1.0 14

Close 0.70 0.85 1.1 1.0 16
Wing guided Either 0.75 0.9 1.1 1.0 11
Double port Ported plug Either 0.75 0.9 0.84 0.7 12.5
Contoured plug Either 0.70 0.85 0.85 0.7 13
Wing guided Either 0.75 0.9 0.84 0.7 14
Rotary Eccentric spherical plug Open 0.61 0.85 1.1 1.0 12

Close 0.40 0.68 1.2 1.0 13.5
ANGLE Contoured plug Open 0.72 0.9 1.1 1.0 17

Close 0.65 0.8 1.1 1.0 20
Characterized cage Open 0.65 0.85 1.1 1.0 12

Close 0.60 0.8 1.1 1.0 12
Venturi Close 0.20 0.5 1.3 1.0 22
BALL Segmented Open 0.25 0.6 1.2 1.0 25
Standard port (diameter # 0.8d) Either 0.15 0.55 1.3 1.0 30
BUTTERFLY 60-Degree aligned Either 0.38 0.68 0.95 0.7 17.5
Fluted vane Either 0.41 0.7 0.93 0.7 25
90-Degree offset seat Either 0.35 0.60 0.98 0.7 29
* Flow direction tends to open or close the valve, i.e., push the closure member away from or towards the seat.
** In general, an Fd value of 1.0 can be used for valves with a single flow passage. An Fd value of 0.7 can be used for
valves with two flow passages, such as double-ported globe valves and butterfly valves.
†
In this table, d may be taken as the nominal valve size, in inches.
ISA-S75.01-1985 (R 1995)
Annex E — Reynolds number factor FR
The information contained in this annex is an elaboration of the discussion presented in Section
4.4. It presents a method used for resolving laminar and transitional flow problems.
Figure E-1 shows the relationships between FR and the valve Reynolds number Rev for the three
types of problems that may be encountered with viscous flow. These are:
a) Determining the required flow coefficient when selecting a control valve size
b) Predicting the flow rate that a selected valve will pass
c) Predicting the pressure differential that a selected valve will exhibit
In Figure E-1, the straight diagonal lines extending downward at an FR value of approximately 0.3
indicate conditions under which laminar flow exists. At a valve Reynolds number of 40 000, all
three curves in Figure E-1 reach an FR value of 1.0. At this number and at all higher Rev values,
fully turbulent flow conditions exist. Between the laminar region, indicated by the straight
diagonal lines of Figure E-1, and the turbulent region, where FR = 1.0, the flow regime is
transitional (i.e., neither laminar nor turbulent).
Equation 11 for determining the valve Reynolds number Rev is:
2 2 1⁄4
N4 F d q  F L C v 
-  ------------- + 1
Re v = -------------------------- (Eq. 11)
1⁄2 1⁄2
ν FL C v  N 2 d 
4
FR values and the solutions to the three classes of problems may be obtained by using the
following procedures.
ISA-S75.01-1985 (R 1995)
Figure E-1 — Reynolds number factor for valve sizing
(See Figure 1 for the range of uncertainty.)
Determining required flow coefficient (selecting valve size)

The following treatment is based on valves without attached fittings; therefore, Fp = 1.0.
a) Calculate a pseudo valve flow coefficient Cvt, assuming turbulent flow, using:
q
C vt = ----------------------------- (Eq. E-1)
p1 – p2
N 1 ---------------- -
Gf
b) Calculate Rev by using Equation 11, substituting Cv t from Step 1 for Cv . For FL, select
a representative value for the valve style desired.
c) Find FR as follows:
1) If Rev is less than 56, the flow is laminar, and FR may be found by using either the
curve in Figure E-1 labeled "For Selecting Valve Size" or by using the equation
FR = 0.019 (Rev)0.67 (Eq. E-2)
2) If Rev is greater than 40 000, the flow may be taken as turbulent, and FR = 1.0.
3) If Rev lies between 56 and 40 000, the flow is transitional, and FR may be found by
using either the curve in Figure E-1 or Table E-1 in the column headed "Valve Size
Selection."
36
d) Obtain the required Cv from:
C vt
C v = -------
- (Eq. E-3)
FR
e) After determining Cv , check the FL value for the selected valve size and style. If this
value is significantly different from the value selected in Step 2, use the new value and
repeat Steps 1 through 4.
Predicting flow rate
a) Calculate qt, assuming turbulent flow, using:
p 1 – p2
qt = N 1 C v ----------------
- (Eq. E-4)
Gf
b) Calculate Rev by using Equation 11, substituting qt for q from Step 1.
c) Find FR as follows:
1) If Rev is less than 106, the flow is laminar, and FR may be found by using the curve
in Figure E-1 labeled "For Predicting Flow Rate" or by using the equation
FR = 0.0027 Rev (Eq. E-5)
using the curve in Figure E-1 or Table E-1 in the column headed "Flow Rate
Prediction."
d) Obtain the predicted flow rate from:
q = FR q t (Eq. E-6)
Predicting pressure drop
a) Calculate Rev according to Equation 11.
b) Find FR as follows:
1) If Rev is less than 30, the flow is laminar, and FR may be found by using the curve in
Figure E-1 labeled "For Predicting Pressure Drop" or by using the equation
FR = 0.052 (Rev)0.5 (Eq. E-7)
using the curve in Figure E-1 or Table E-1 in the column headed "Pressure Drop
Prediction."
c) Obtain the predicted pressure drop from:
q 2
∆p = G f  --------------------- (Eq. E-8)
 N 1 FR C v
ISA-S75.01-1985 (R 1995)
Table E-1 — Reynolds number factor FR for transitional flow
Valve Reynolds Number, Rev*

Valve
Size Flow Pressure Drop
F R* Selection Rate Prediction Prediction
0.284 56 106 30
0.32 66 117 38
0.36 79 132 48
0.40 94 149 59
0.44 110 167 74
0.48 130 188 90
0.52 154 215 113
0.56 188 253 142
0.60 230 298 179
0.64 278 351 224
0.68 340 416 280
0.72 471 556 400
0.76 620 720 540
0.80 980 1100 870
0.84 1560 1690 1430
0.88 2470 2660 2300
0.92 4600 4800 4400
0.96 10 200 10 400 10 000
1.00 40 000 40 000 40 000
* Linear interpolation between listed values is satisfactory.
38
Annex F — Equations for nonturbulent liquid flow
The following method for handling liquid nonturbulent flow permits a direct solution for the
unknown — flow rate, Cv , or ∆p — without using tables or curves and without first computing a
Reynolds number. It is especially useful with programmable calculators or computers. The
results are in conformance with Section 4.4.
Figure 1 in Section 4.4 has the following features:
a) A straight horizontal line at FR = 1.0, representing the turbulent flow region. Here, the
flow rate varies as the square root of differential pressure (Equation 1).
b) A straight diagonal line, representing the laminar flow region. Here, the flow rate varies
directly with the differential pressure.
c) A curved portion, representing the transitional flow region.
d) A shaded envelope to indicate the scatter of the test data (see Stiles reference, Liquid
Viscosity Effects on Control Valve Sizing, and McCutcheon reference, A Reynolds
Number for Control Valves) and the uncertainty to be expected in the nonturbulent flow
region.
From Equation 9:
p 1 – p2
q = N 1 F R C v ----------------
- (Eq. 9)
Gf
and Equation 11:
2 2 1⁄4
N 4 Fd q  F L C v 
-  -------------- + 1
Re v = -------------------------- (Eq. 11)
1⁄2 1⁄2
vFL C v  N 2 d 
4
For the laminar flow region, an equation can be written for the straight line found in Figure 1, such
that:
Rev 1 ⁄ 2
F R =  ---------- (Eq. F-1)
370
Combining these three equations, we obtain:
3⁄2 ∆p
q = N s ( F s Cv ) -------
µ
or (Eq. F-2)
1 qµ 2 ⁄ 3
C v = ------  --------------
F s N s ∆p
ISA-S75.01-1985 (R 1995)
where,
2⁄3 2 2 1⁄6
F d F LC v 
-  ------------- + 1
F s = ---------- (Eq. F-3)
1⁄3
F L  N 2d 
4
and
µ = absolute viscosity, centipoises
Ns = a constant that depends on the units used, i.e.,
Ns q ∆p
47 gpm psi
1.5 m3/hr kPa
15 m3/hr bar
Fs is generally a function of a specific manufacturer's valve style and varies little from size to size.
This variation is usually no greater than the uncertainty in the value of the factor Fd that accounts
for the hydraulic radius. Representative values of Fs are listed in Annex D. Once a particular
valve has been selected, the actual values of Fd , FL, and Cv /d 2 may be used to compute Fs .
Equation F-2 may be solved directly for the unknown if the flow is fully laminar. In the transitional
region, to avoid using a curve or table, the following equations have been established for
determining FR :
C vs 0.655
FR = 1.044 – 0.358  --------
- (Eq. F-4)
C vt 
∆p 0.336
F R = 1.084 – 0.375  --------s- (Eq. F-5)
∆p t
q 0.588
F R = 1.004 – 0.358  -----t  (Eq. F-6)
qs
In these equations,the subscript s denotes a value computed from Equation F-2 assuming
laminar flow conditions, and the subscript t denotes a value computed from Equation 9 assuming
turbulent flow conditions (FR = 1.0).
When the value FR calculated by the above equations is less than 0.48, the flow may be taken as
laminar, and Equation F-2 governs. When FR is greater than 0.98, the flow may be taken as
turbulent, and Equation 9 governs (FR is ≅ 1.0). The piping geometry factor Fp should not be used
in either Equation 9 or Equation F-2, because the effect that close-coupled fittings have on
nonturbulent flow through control valves has not been established. Also, the equation used in
this standard for Fp is based on turbulent flow only. For maximum accuracy, a valve must be
installed with a straight inlet pipe the same size as the valve. The length of the straight pipe
should be sufficient for the stream to attain its normal velocity profile, a condition upon which the
research data are based.
The following examples demonstrate how problems may be solved.
PROBLEM 1. Find the valve size.
Given: q = 500 gpm, Gf = 0.9, ∆p = 20 psi, µ = 20 000 cp
40
Selected valve: Butterfly, Cv / d 2 = 19, Fs = 0.93 (from a manufacturer's catalog or Annex D)
Using Equation 9 for turbulent flow:
∆p 1 ⁄ 2
q = N 1 F R C vt  -------
Gf
20 1 ⁄ 2
500 = ( 1.0 ) ( 1.0 ) C vt  ----------
0.90
Cvt = 106
Using Equation F-2 for laminar flow:
qµ  2 ⁄ 3
1-  -------------
C vs = ----- -
F s  N s ∆p
( 20 000 ) 2⁄3
1 -  500
-----------------------------
-
C vs = ---------  = 520
0.93 47 ( 20 ) 
Using Equation F-4 for transitional flow,
0.655
FR = 1.044 – 0.358  ---------
520
= 0.03
106
This value for FR is less than the 0.48 limit for transitional flow, so the flow is laminar. The Cv
required is 520. To meet this requirement, a representative 6-inch valve has a Cv = 19d 2 = 684,
or as listed in the manufacturer's catalog.
PROBLEM 2. Find the differential pressure.
Given: q = 1070 gpm, Gf = 0.84, µ = 5900 cp, C v = 400, Fs = 1.25
Using Equation 9 assuming turbulent flow:
∆p 1⁄2
q = N1 ( 1.0 ) C v  --------t
Gf
∆p t 1⁄2
1070 = ( 1.0 ) ( 1.0 )400  ----------
0.84
∆pt = 601 psi
Using Equation F-2 assuming laminar flow:
3⁄2 ∆p s
q = N s ( Fs C v ) ---------
µ
3⁄2 ∆p s
1070 = 47 [ 1.25 ( 400 ) ] -----------
-
5900
∆ ps = 12.0 psi
ISA-S75.01-1985 (R 1995)
Using Equation F-5 for transitional flow:
0.336
F R = 1.084 – 0.375  ----------
12.0
= 0.61
6.01
Because FR is between 0.48 and 0.98, the flow is transitional.
Find the pressure drop using Equation 9:
∆p 1⁄2
q = N 1 F R C v  -------
Gf
∆p 1 ⁄ 2
1070 = 1.0 ( 0.61 ) ( 400 )  ----------
 0.84
∆p = 16 psi
Note that the pseudo values of ∆p, assuming turbulent (6 psi) or laminar flow (12 psi), are not
applicable, because the flow is actually transitional.
PROBLEM 3. Find the valve size.
Given: q = 17 m3/h, ρ = 1100 kg/m3, ∆p = 69 kPa, µ = 1000 N⋅s/m 2 (or 106 cp)
Selected valve: Ball, Cv / d 2 = 30, Fs = 1.3
Using Equation 9 for turbulent flow:
∆p 1 ⁄ 2
q = N 1 F R C vt ------- 
 Gf 
1⁄2
17 = 0.0865 ( 1.0 ) C vt  -------
69
1.1
Cvt = 24.8
Using Equation F-2 for laminar flow:
1 qµ 2 ⁄ 3
C vs = ------  --------------
F s  N s ∆p
6 2⁄3
1 17 ( 10 )
C vs = ------- -------------------
1.3 1.5 ( 69 )
Cvs = 2310
For transitional flow:
2310 0.655
FR = 1.044 – 0.358  ------------ = – 5.9
 24.8 
A value less than 0.48 indicates laminar flow. Therefore, the required Cv is 2310. To meet this
requirement, a 250-mm (10-in) valve has a Cv = 30(10)2 = 3000.
42
Annex G — Liquid critical pressure ratio factor FF
Flow rate is a function of the pressure drop from the valve inlet to the vena contracta. Under
nonvaporizing liquid flow conditions, the apparent vena contracta pressure (pvc) can be predicted
from the downstream pressure (p2), because the pressure recovery is a consistent fraction of the
pressure drop to the vena contracta. The effect of this pressure recovery is recognized in the
valve flow coefficient (Cv).
Under choked flow conditions, there is no relationship between p2 and pvc because vaporization
affects pressure recovery. The liquid critical pressure ratio factor is used to predict pvc. It is the
ratio of the apparent vena contracta pressure under choked flow conditions to the vapor pressure
of the liquid at its inlet temperature.
An equation for predicting FF has been published in previous standards. A theoretical equation
based on the assumption (see Allen reference, Flow of a Flashing Mixture of Water and Steam
through Pipes and Valves) that the fluid is always in thermodynamic equilibrium states that:
p 1⁄2
FF = 0.96 – 0.28  -----v (Eq. G-1)
pc
Because a liquid does not remain in thermodynamic equilibrium as it flashes across a valve (see
Bailey reference, Metastable Flow of Saturated Water), the actual flow rate will be greater than
that predicted by the use of Equation G-1.
In experiments with nonvalve restrictions (see Burnell reference, Flow of Boiling Water through
Nozzles, Orifices and Pipes), the following equation for FF was derived:
σ
FF = 1 – ------ (Eq. G-2)
Fo
where σ is the surface tension of the liquid in N/m and FO is an experimentally determined orifice
factor for the restriction or valve in the same units. This equation allows for the fact that liquids
vaporizing across a restriction are not in thermodynamic equilibrium, but become metastable and
choke at a critical vena contracta pressure. The equation has been tested only for deaerated
water. Limited data indicate that values of FO for values at rated travel range from around 0.2 N/
m for a streamlined angle valve to nearly 1.0 for a more tortuous double-ported globe valve. The
surface tension of water in N/m can be approximated based on the Othmer equation:
( 374 – °C ) 1.05
σ = -------------------------- (Eq. G-3)
4080
or
( 705 – °F ) 1.05
σ = -------------------------- (Eq. G-4)
7340
ISA-S75.01-1985 (R 1995)
Annex H — Derivation of factor xTP
The slope of the Y versus x curve for any specific valve is determined using air or gas as the test
fluid, and is designated by the value of x at Y = 2/3. This value, known as xT, is the pressure drop
ratio factor. For most valves, it is less than 1.0, but it may be greater for some valve styles.
If a valve is installed with a fitting at the inlet and/or outlet, the pressure drop ratio factor for the
combination of the valve plus the fitting (xTP) usually differs from that of the valve alone.
Let us consider a valve with reducers operating at choked flow
[x = xTP , Y = YT for an ideal gas (Z = 1)]
From Equation 18, the volumetric valve flow equation (in U.S. customary units) is:
x TP
qT = 1360 F P C v p 1 Y T ------------- (Eq. H-1)
G g T1
where the subscript T indicates the terminal or choked condition. For the valve alone at choked
flow, the equation is:
xT
q T = 1360 C v p i Y T ------------- (Eq. H-2)
G g T1
where p i is the valve inlet pressure. From Equations H-1 and H-2, we have:
x TP
pi = Fp p 1 --------
- (Eq. H-3)
xT
From the gas laws, the mean specific weight across the inlet reducer is:
p1 – pi M 144 ( p 1 + p i ) 28.97 G g 
γ 1 =  ---------------- ---------- = -------------------------------
- ---------------------
2 RT1 2  1545 T 1 
G
γ 1 = 1.350 ( p 1 + p i ) ------g- (Eq. H-4)
T1
ISA-S75.01-1985 (R 1995)
Since the pressure drop, expressed in feet of head, is K (U 2 /2q),
144 ( p 1 – p i ) K 2 144 ( p 1 – pi )
------------------------------ = ------ U or ------------------------------------------
-
γ 2g Gg
1.350 ( p1 + p i ) -------
T1
K q T1 4 ( 144 ) 2
14.73 ----------------
= ------ ------------ ---------------------------- - -----------------
2 g 3600 0.5 ( p1 + p i ) 519.69 πd 2
Simplifying:
2 2 –9 2 –4
p1 – p i = 1.214 ( 10 ) KG g T1 q d (Eq. H-5)
Substituting the expression for pi from Equation H-3, we have:
2 2 x TP
p 1 – F p p1  --------
2
- = 1.214 ( 10–9 ) KGg T1 q 2d –4 (Eq. H-6)
 xT 
From Equation H-1:
2 T 2
qT G g -----21- = ( 1360 Fp C v Y T ) x TP (Eq. H-7)
p1
Substituting this into Equation H-6, with q = qT and K= Ki , we have:
9 2 x TP 2 x TP
1.214 ( 10 ) ( 1360 F p C v Y T ) K i --------
- = 1 – Fp --------
- (Eq. H-8)
d
4 xT
Solving for xT p , with YT = 2/3, we have:
2 –1
x  Ki xT Cv 
x TP = -----T-  -----------
- ------ + 1 (Eq. H-9)
Fp 
2 1000 4
d 
46
Annex I — Control valve flow equations — SI Notation
(International System of Units)
The valve flow coefficient that is compatible with SI units is Av (see IEC reference, Industrial
Process Control Valves). At the present time, Av does not have wide acceptance by the technical
community. This annex has been included for the benefit of those who wish to use pure,
coherent SI units.
In the following equations, certain symbols commonly associated with SI practice differ from
those listed in Section 3. These are:
2 –6
Av Valve flow coefficient, m [ A v = C v × 24 ( 10 )]
ζ (Zeta) Head loss coefficient (ζ = K), dimensionless

ρ (Rho) Density, kg/m3
Liquid Equations
Turbulent flow:
∆p 1⁄2
q = Fp A v  ------- (Eq. I-1)
ρ
1⁄2
w = F p A v ( ∆p ρ ) (Eq. I-2)
2 –1 ⁄ 2
 Σζ A v 
Fp =  ---------------
- + 1 (Eq. I-3)
 1.23 d 4
Choked flow:
p1 – p vc 1⁄2
q = FLP A v -------------------
- (Eq. I-4)
ρ
1⁄2
w = FLP A v [ ρ ( p 1 – p vc ) ] (Eq. I-5)
2 2 –1 ⁄ 2
 ζ1 F L A v
F LP = FL  ------------------
- + 1 (Eq. I-6)
 1.23 d 4 
where ζi = ζ1 + ζB1
pvc = FF pv (See Annex G for FF) (Eq. I-7)
Laminar flow (see Annex F):
3⁄2 ∆p
qs = ( Fs A v ) ------------ (Eq. I-8)
280 µ
ISA-S75.01-1985 (R 1995)
3⁄2 ∆p ρ
w s = ( Fs Av ) ------------ (Eq. I-9)
280µ
2⁄3 2 2 1⁄6
F d  F L Av 
F s = -----------
1⁄3
 ---------------- + 1 (Eq. I-10)
FL  1.23d 
4
Transitional flow:
∆p 1⁄2
q = FR A v  ------- (Eq. I-11)
ρ
1⁄2
w = FR A v ( ∆p ρ ) (Eq. I-12)
A vs 0.655
F R = 1.044 – 0.358  --------- (Eq. I-13)
A vt
∆p 0.336
F R = 1.084 – 0.375  --------s- (Eq. I-14)
∆p t
q 0.588
FR = 1.004 – 0.358  -----t  (Eq. I-15)
qs
Limits for FR = 0.48 to 1.0.
Gas and Vapor Equations

Turbulent flow:
1⁄2
w = Fp A v Y ( xp 1 ρ 1 ) (Eq. I-16)
1⁄2
q = 0.246 Fp A v p 1 Y  ---------------
x
(Normal m 3 at 0°C (Eq. I-17)
MT1 Z and 101.3 kPa)
Limit: x ≤Fk xTP (in equation only)
2 –1
x  A
x TP = -----T-  0.72 x T ζi -----v- + 1 (Eq. I-18)
Fp  d
2 4
where
ζi = ζ1 + ζB1 (Eq. I-19)
48
Annex J — References
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION (IEC)

IEC/534-1 Part 1: General Considerations, 1976
IEC/534-2 Part 2: Flow Capacity. Section One  Sizing Equations for
Incompressible Fluid Flow under Installed Conditions, 1978
IEC/534-2-2 Part 2: Flow Capacity. Section Two  Sizing Equations for

Compressible Fluid Flow under Installed Conditions, 1980
IEC/534-2-3 Part 2: Flow Capacity. Section Three  Test Procedures, 1983
Available from: ANSI
11 West 42nd Street
New York, NY 10036 Tel: (212) 642-4900
or
IEC
Bureau Centrale de la Commission Electrotechnique
International
1 rue de Varembe
Geneve, Suisse
ISA
ANSI/ISA-S75.02-1988 Control Valve Capacity Test Procedure
Baumann, H. D. "Effect of Pipe Reducers on Control Valve Capacity," Instruments and
Control Systems, December 1968, pp. 92–102.
Baumann, H. D. "The Introduction of a Critical Flow Factor for Valve Sizing," ISA
Transactions, Vol. 2, 1963, pp. 107–111.
Buresh, J. F., and C. B. Schuder, "The Development of a Universal Gas Sizing Equation
for Control Valves," ISA Transactions, Vol. 3, 1964, pp. 322–328.
Driskell, L. R. Control Valve Selection and Sizing, 1983
ISA Handbook of Control Valves, 2d ed., 1976
McCutcheon, E. B. “A Reynolds Number for Control Valves,” Symposium on Flow, Its
Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. I, Part 3, 1974, pp. 1087–1090.
Available from: ISA
67 Alexander Drive
P.O. Box 12277
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 Tel: (919) 990-9200
ISA-S75.01-1985 (R 1995)
MISCELLANEOUS
Allen, W. F., Jr., “Flow of a Flashing Mixture of Water and Steam through Pipes and Valves,”
Journal of Basic Engineering, April 1951, pp. 357–365.
Bailey, J. F., “Metastable Flow of Saturated Water,” Journal of Basic Engineering,
November 1951, pp. 1109–1116.
Burnell, J.G., “Flow of Boiling Water through Nozzles, Orifices and Pipes,” Engineering,
December 12, 1947, pp. 572–576.
Driskell, L.R., "New Approach to Control Valve Sizing," Hydrocarbon Processing,
July 1969, pp. 111–114.
Stiles, G.F., "Liquid Viscosity Effects on Control Valve Sizing," Technical Manual TM 17A,
October 1967, Fisher Governor Company, Marshalltown, IA.
50
Developing and promulgating technically sound consensus standards,
recommended practices, and technical reports is one of ISA's primary
goals. To achieve this goal the Standards and Practices Department
relies on the technical expertise and efforts of volunteer committee
members, chairmen, and reviewers.
ISA is an American National Standards Institute (ANSI) accredited
organization. ISA administers United States Technical Advisory
Groups (USTAGs) and provides secretariat support for International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) committees that develop process measurement
and control standards. To obtain additional information on the
Society's standards program, please write:
ISA
Attn: Standards Department
67 Alexander Drive
P.O. Box 12277
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
ISBN: 0-87664-899-5

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STANDARD

Flow Equations for

Reaffirmed 18 October 1995

The following people served as original members of ISA Subcommittee SP75.05:

L. Driskell, Chairman Consultant

The following people served as original members of ISA Subcommittee SP75:

L. Driskell, Chairman Consultant

*D. Buchanan, Chairman Union Carbide Corporation

*One vote per company

M. Widmeyer, Vice President The Washington Public Power Supply System

*One vote per company

2.1 Flow variable and fluid properties

Cv Valve flow coefficient

Rev Valve Reynolds number, dimensionless

4 Incompressible fluid — flow of nonvaporizing liquid

4.2 Numerical constants N

Table 1 — Numerical constants for liquid flow equations

Constant Units Used in Equations

(See Annex B for the mathematical derivation of Fp .)

Outlet increaser only:

4.4 Equations for nonturbulent flow

5 Incompressible fluid — choked flow of vaporizing liquid

5.1 Liquid choked flow equations

5.2 Liquid pressure recovery factor FL

Representative FL values for various valve styles are listed in Annex D.

(Refer to Section 4.3 and Annex B.)

6 Compressible fluid — flow of gas and vapor

6.2 Numerical constants N

Constant Units Used in Equations

N6 2.73 kg/h — kPa kg/m3 — —

27.3 kg/h — bar kg/m3 — —

63.3 lb/h — psia lb/ft3 — —

N7 4.17 — m3/h kPa — K —

417 — m3/h bar — K —

1360 — scfh psia — °R —

N8 0.948 kg/h — kPa — K —

94.8 kg/h — bar — K —

19.3 lb/h — psia — °R —

N9 22.5 — m3/h kPa — K —

2250 — m3/h bar — K —

7320 — scfh psia — °R —

6.3 Expansion factor Y

For a valve with attached fittings, xTP shall be substituted for xT .

6.4 Choked flow

6.5 Pressure drop ratio factor xT

6.7 Ratio of specific heats factor Fk

Then, rearranging Equation B-8, we have:

Substituting this expression into Equation B-11, we have:

Table C-1 — Definitions of head terms (Refer to Figure C-1)

A Inlet pressure head p1 / γ p1 / ρ g

B Inlet velocity head (d/D1)4(U12/2g) (d/D1)4(U12/2g)

C Reducer drop (K1+KB1)(U12/2g) (K1+KB1)(U12/2g)

D Differential to vena (E) / (1–FL2) (E) / (1–FL2)

E Pressure recovery at (D) – (H) (D) – (H)

G Reducer loss K1(U12/2g) K1(U12/2g)

H Valve loss N 2(d4/C v2)(U12/2g) N2(d4/C v2)(U12/2g)

I Increaser loss K2(U12/2g) K2(U12/2g)

J Outlet pressure head p2 / γ p2 / ρ g

K Outlet velocity head (d/D2)4(U12/2g) (d/D2)4(U12/2g)