22/09/2020

GEOTECHNICAL
ENGINEERING
ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 1

a. ) Void Ratio, e
𝑺𝑶𝑰𝑳 𝑴𝑬𝑪𝑯𝑨𝑵𝑰𝑪𝑺:
𝑽
- THREE PHASE DIAGRAM e = 𝑽𝑽
𝑺

b. ) Porosity, n

𝑾𝑨 ≈ 𝟎 𝑽
𝑽𝑨 n = 𝑽𝑽
𝑨𝑰𝑹 𝑻
𝑽𝑽

𝑾𝑾 𝑽𝑾 c. ) Moisture content, 𝝎
𝑾𝑻 𝑽𝑻
𝑾𝑨𝑻𝑬𝑹
𝑾𝑾
𝝎= 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎 %
𝑾𝑺
𝑾𝑺 𝑽𝑺
𝑺𝑶𝑰𝑳 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑰𝑫𝑺
d. ) Degree of saturation, 𝑺

𝑽𝑾
S= 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎 %
𝑽𝑽
ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 2

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𝑾𝒘
𝑾 𝜸𝒘 =
𝜸= 𝑽𝒘
𝑾𝑨 ≈ 𝟎 𝑽𝑨 𝑽
𝑨𝑰𝑹 𝑊𝑤
𝑽𝑽 𝑊𝑠 𝑉𝑤 =
𝛾𝑠 = = 𝐺𝑠 𝛾𝑊 𝛾𝑤
𝑉𝑠
𝑾𝑾 𝑽𝑾
𝑾𝑻 𝑽𝑻 𝝎𝑮𝒔 𝜸𝑾
𝑾𝑨𝑻𝑬𝑹 𝑊𝑠 = 𝐺𝑠 𝛾𝑤 𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑤 =
𝛾𝑤

𝑽𝑺 1
𝑾𝑺 𝑽𝒘 = 𝝎𝑮𝒔
𝑺𝑶𝑰𝑳 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑰𝑫𝑺 𝑾𝒔 = 𝑮𝒔 𝜸𝑾

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙, 𝑉𝑠 = 1 𝑾𝑾 𝑫𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏, 𝑺

𝝎=
𝑽 𝑽𝑽 𝑾𝑺
e= 𝑽 = 𝑽𝑾
𝑽𝑺 𝟏
𝑊𝑊 = 𝜔𝑊𝑆 S =
𝑽𝑽
𝒆 = 𝑽𝑽
Porosity, n 𝑾𝑾 = 𝝎𝑮𝒔 𝜸𝑾 𝝎𝑮𝒔
S =
𝑉 𝑉𝑉 𝒆
n = 𝑉 =
𝑉𝑇 𝑉𝑠 +𝑉𝑣
Se = 𝝎𝑮𝒔
𝒆
n=
𝟏+𝒆

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 3

𝒆. ) 𝑴𝒐𝒊𝒔𝒕 𝑼𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝑾𝒕. , 𝜸𝑴 f. ) 𝑺𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑼𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝑾𝒕. , 𝜸𝑺𝒂𝒕

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙, 𝑉𝑠 = 1
𝑾𝒎
𝒆 = 𝑽𝑽 𝜸𝑴 = S = 1.0 or 100%
𝑽𝑻
𝑾𝑾
𝑾𝒔 = 𝑮𝒔 𝜸𝑾 (𝑮𝒔 +𝒆) 𝜸𝑾
=
𝑾𝒔 + 𝑾𝑽 𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 =
𝟏+𝒆
𝑾𝑾 = 𝝎𝑮𝒔 𝜸𝑾 𝑽𝒔 + 𝑽𝑽
Se
𝑮𝒔 𝜸𝑾 + 𝝎𝑮𝒔 𝜸𝑾 g.) Dry Unit Wt., 𝜸𝑫𝒓𝒚
𝑽𝒘 = 𝝎𝑮𝒔 =
𝟏+𝒆
S = 0 or 𝜔 = 0
Se = 𝝎𝑮𝒔 (𝟏+𝝎) 𝑮𝒔 𝜸𝑾
𝜸𝑴 =
𝟏+𝒆 (𝟏+𝝎) 𝑮𝒔 𝜸𝑾
𝜸𝑫𝒓𝒚 =
𝟏+𝒆
𝑮𝒔 𝜸𝑾 + Se 𝜸𝑾
=
𝟏+𝒆 𝑮𝒔 𝜸 𝑾
𝜸𝑫𝒓𝒚 =
𝟏+𝒆

(𝑮𝒔 +𝑺𝒆) 𝜸𝑾
𝜸𝑴 =
𝟏+𝒆

𝜸𝑴 = (𝟏 + 𝝎) 𝜸𝑫𝒓𝒚

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 4

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𝑭𝑼𝑫𝑨𝑴𝑬𝑵𝑻𝑨𝑳𝑺:
Situation 1:
For a given Soil, the following are known. Gs = 2.74, moist unit weight = 19 kN/m3 , and moisture
content = 17%.

1. Determine the dry unit weight (kN/m3). 2. Determine the buoyant unit weight (kN/m3).
a. 16.2 c. 18.8 a. 10.3 c. 9.7
b. 19.5 d. 20.1 b. 12.6 d. 11.9

𝜸𝑴 = (𝟏 + 𝝎) 𝜸𝑫𝒓𝒚 buoyant unit weight = submerged unit wt. = effective unit wt.

19 = (1 + 0.17) 𝜸𝑫𝒓𝒚

𝜸𝑫𝒓𝒚 = 16.24 kN/m3

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 5

buoyant unit weight = submerged unit wt. = effective unit wt.

𝑾𝑨𝑻𝑬𝑹 𝑾𝑨𝑻𝑬𝑹
and
SOIL SOLIDS
𝑺𝑶𝑰𝑳 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑰𝑫𝑺

𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 = 𝜸𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍 + 𝜸𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓

𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 = 𝜸𝒆 + 𝜸𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓

𝜸𝒆 = 𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 − 𝜸𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓
ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 6

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2. Determine the buoyant unit weight (kN/m3). 3. Determine the void ratio.
a. 10.3 c. 9.7 a. 0.562 c. 0.655
b. 12.6 d. 11.9 b. 0.370 d. 0.351

𝜸𝒆 = 𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 − 𝜸𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 (𝑮𝒔 +𝒆) 𝜸𝑾 4. Determine the porosity.

𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 =
𝟏+𝒆 a. 0.36 c. 0.50
Gs = 2.74 b. 0.40 d. 0.26
(2.74+0.655) (9.81) 𝑒
𝜸𝑫𝒓𝒚 = 16.24 kN/m3 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = n=
1 +0.655 1+𝑒
0.655
𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 =
(𝑮𝒔 +𝒆) 𝜸𝑾
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 20.12 kN/m3 n=
1+0.655
𝟏+𝒆

𝑮𝒔 𝜸 𝑾 𝛾𝑒 = 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 n = 0.40

𝜸𝑫𝒓𝒚 =
𝟏+𝒆

16.24 =
𝟐.𝟕𝟒(𝟗.𝟖𝟏) 𝛾𝑒 = 20.12 – 9.81
𝟏+𝒆

e = 0.655 𝜸𝒆 = 10.31 kN/m3

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 7

5. Determine the degree of saturation (%). 6. Determine the weight of water in kN to be added
a. 65.89 c. 71.09 per cubic meter of soil for a 100% degree of
b. 51.33 d. 86.67 saturation.
a. 1.12 c. 1.78
𝝎𝑮𝒔
S = b. 1.29 d. 1.45
𝒆
𝜸𝑴𝒐𝒊𝒔𝒕 + 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕
𝟎.𝟏𝟕 (𝟐.𝟕𝟒)
S =
𝟎.𝟔𝟓𝟓 19 + 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 20.12
S = 0.7109 or 71.09%
Water = 1.12 kN/m3
7. Determine the weight of water in kN to be added per
cubic meter of soil for a 93% degree of saturation.
a. 1.21 c. 1.87 𝜸𝑴𝒐𝒊𝒔𝒕 + 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 = (𝑮𝒔 +𝑺𝒆) 𝜸𝑾
b. 1.92 d. 0.85 𝟏+𝒆

𝜸𝑴𝒐𝒊𝒔𝒕 + 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝜸𝟗𝟑% (2.74+0.93∗0.655)(9.81)

19 + 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝟏 +𝟎.𝟔𝟓𝟓

S = 𝟗𝟑%
Water = 0.85 kN/m3

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 8

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Situation 2:
A sand fill 2 m depth has relative density of 40% with a specific gravity of 2.65. Laboratory results shown that the void
ratios at loosest and densest states are 0.90, and 0.47, respectively

2𝑚
loosest state densest state

emax = 0.90 emin = 0.47

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 9

Situation 2:
A sand fill 2 m depth has relative density of 40% with a specific gravity of 2.65. Laboratory results shown that the void
ratios at loosest and densest states are 0.90, and 0.47, respectively

𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒓 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒙, 𝑫𝒓

𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝒆
2𝑚 𝑫𝒓 =
𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒏

𝟏 𝟏
−
𝜸𝒅𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝜸𝒅
8. Determine the In-situ void ratio. 𝑫𝒓 = 𝟏 𝟏
−
a. 0.663 c. 0.559 𝜸𝒅𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝜸𝒅𝒎𝒂𝒙
b. 0.802 d. 0.728

𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝒆 0.90 − 𝑒
𝑫𝒓 = 0.40 =
𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒏 0.90 − 0.47

𝒆𝟒𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟐𝟖

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 10

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9. Determine the void ratio at relative density of 60%.

a. 0.850 c. 0.711
b. 0.642 d. 0.532

𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝒆
𝑫𝒓 =
𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒏

0.90 − 𝑒
0.60 =
0.90 − 0.47

𝒆𝟔𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟒𝟐

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 11

10. Determine the decreased in thickness (mm) of the fill if

it is compacted to relative density of 60%.
a. 79.32 c. 88.13
b. 99.54 d. 101.45

2𝑚

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 12

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𝑮𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒆𝒕𝒕𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕:
∆𝑽 = 𝑽𝒊 − 𝑽𝒇
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
∆𝑯 ∆𝑽 = (1 +𝑒𝑖 ) 𝑉𝑆 − (1 + e𝑓) 𝑉𝑆
𝑽𝑶𝑰𝑫𝑺 𝑽𝑽𝒊
𝑽𝑽𝒇 ∆𝑉 = (𝑒𝑖 − e𝑓) 𝑉𝑆
𝑯𝒊 𝑽𝒊 𝑽𝑶𝑰𝑫𝑺
𝑽𝒇
𝑽𝑺 𝑽𝑺 ∆𝑉 = (𝑒𝑖 − e𝑓)
𝑉𝑖
𝑺𝑶𝑰𝑳 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑰𝑫𝑺 𝑺𝑶𝑰𝑳 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑰𝑫𝑺 (1 + 𝑒𝑖)

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎∗𝐻𝑖
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 ∗ ∆𝐻 = (𝑒𝑖 − e𝑓)
𝑰𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆 (1 + 𝑒𝑖 )
𝑉𝑣 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆
𝑒= ; Vv = eVs 𝐻𝑖
𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑓 = 𝑉𝑆 + 𝑉𝑉𝑓 = 𝑉𝑆 + 𝑒𝑓 𝑉𝑆 ∆𝐻 = (𝑒𝑖 − e𝑓)
(1 + 𝑒𝑖 )
𝑉𝑖 = 𝑉𝑆 + 𝑉𝑉𝑖 = 𝑉𝑆 + 𝑒𝑖 𝑉𝑆 𝑽𝒇 = (1 + e𝒇) 𝑽𝑺
∆𝒆
∆𝑯 = H 𝟏+𝒆
𝑉𝑖 = (1 + 𝑒𝑖 ) 𝑉𝑆 𝒊

𝑽𝑺 = 𝑽𝒊/ (1 + 𝒆𝒊 )
ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 13

10. Determine the decreased in thickness (mm) of the fill if

it is compacted to relative density of 60%.
a. 79.32 c. 88.13
b. 99.54 d. 101.45
∆𝒆
∆𝑯 = H 𝟏+𝒆
𝒊

(𝑒 − e𝑓)
2𝑚 ∆𝐻 = H 𝑖
(1 + 𝑒𝑖 )

𝒆𝟒𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟐𝟖 = ei

𝒆𝟔𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟒𝟐 = 𝒆𝒇

(0.728 − 0.642)
∆𝐻 = (2000)
(1 + 0 .728)

∆𝑯 = 99.54 mm

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 14

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Situation 3:
The volume the soil measured before drying is 120 cm3. The wet weight of soil is 215 g and dried weight is 162 g.
Gs = 2.55.

11. Determine the void ratio 12. Determine the degree of saturation (%).
a. 0.889 c. 0.689 a. 93.85 c. 97.62
b. 0.791 d. 0.942 b. 88.15 d. 79.56
𝑮𝒔 𝜸𝑾
𝜸𝑫𝒓𝒚 = 𝟏 + 𝒆 𝝎𝑮𝒔
S =
𝒆
𝑮 𝝆
𝝆𝒅𝒓𝒚 = 𝟏𝒔 + 𝒘𝒆
𝑾𝑾
𝝎=
𝑾𝑺
𝑴𝒅𝒓𝒚 𝑮𝒔 𝝆𝒘
= 𝟐𝟏𝟓 −𝟏𝟔𝟐
𝑽𝒔 𝟏+𝒆 𝝎=
𝟏𝟔𝟐
𝒈
𝟏𝟔𝟐 𝒈 𝟐.𝟓𝟓 ∗𝟏𝒄𝒄 𝝎 = 0.3271 0r 32.71%
= 𝟏+𝒆
𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒄𝒄
𝟑𝟐.𝟕𝟐% ∗𝟐.𝟓𝟓
S = = 93.85%
𝟎.𝟖𝟖𝟗
e = 0.889
ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 15

13. Determine the dry unit weight at zero air voids (kN/m3). 𝑮𝒔 𝜸 𝑾
𝜸𝑫𝒓𝒚 =
𝟏+𝒆
a. 13.64 c. 12.53
b. 15.28 d. 11.09 𝐺𝑠 𝛾𝑊
𝛾𝐷𝑧𝑎𝑣 =
1 + 𝑒𝑧𝑎𝑣
dry unit weight at zero air voids ?
𝜔𝐺𝑠
𝟎 S =
𝑒
𝑉𝑣 = 𝑉𝑤 + 𝑉𝑎
𝜔𝐺𝑠
1.0 =
𝑉𝑣 = 𝑉𝑤 𝑒

S=
𝑉𝑤 e = 𝝎𝑮𝒔 = 𝒆𝒛𝒂𝒗
𝑉𝑣

𝑉𝑤
= 𝛾𝐷𝑧𝑎𝑣 =
𝐺𝑠 𝛾𝑊
𝑉𝑤
1 +𝜔𝐺𝑠

S = 1.0 0r 100%
2.55(9.81)
zero air voids = saturated 𝛾𝐷𝑧𝑎𝑣 =
1 +0.3271(2.55)

dry unit weight at zero air voids = dry unit of the soil that is Initially saturated
𝜸𝑫𝒛𝒂𝒗 = 13.64 kN/m3
ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 16

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𝑬𝑭𝑭𝑬𝑪𝑻𝑰𝑽𝑬 𝑺𝑻𝑹𝑬𝑺𝑺 𝑪𝑶𝑵𝑪𝑬𝑷𝑻:

𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝛾𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 + 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝒈𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅 𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝑮𝑾𝑻 𝛾total = 𝛾effective + 𝛾water

𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 + 𝑃𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃𝑒 + 𝑃𝑤
𝑆𝐴𝑇𝑈𝑅𝐴𝑇𝐸𝐷 𝑆𝑂𝐼𝐿

𝑷𝒆 = 𝑷𝑻 − 𝑷𝒘
𝑯
Pe = 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 * H - 𝛾𝑤 ∗ 𝐻

Pe = (𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝛾𝑤) 𝐻

Pe = 𝛾𝑒 ∗ 𝐻
𝑷𝑺 𝑷𝑾
𝑷𝒆 = 𝜮 𝜸𝒆 ∗ 𝑯

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 17

Situation 4:
Given in figure SM 526 is a soil profile were ground water table is 4 m below the ground surface.

𝑨 14. Determine the effective stress (Kpa) at point B.

a. 70.56 c. 89.11
𝐷𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒 = 0.63 b. 63.80 d. 69.53
4𝑚
Gs = 2.65
Sand 1:
𝑮𝑾𝑻 𝜸𝑫𝒓𝒚 =
𝑮𝒔 𝜸𝑾
=
2.65 ∗9.81
= 15.949 KN/cu.m
𝑩 𝟏+𝒆 1+0.63

(𝑮𝒔 +𝒆) 𝜸𝑾 (𝟐.𝟔𝟓 +𝟎.𝟔𝟑) (𝟗.𝟖𝟏)

𝑒 = 0.49 𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 = = = 19.74 KN/cu.m
𝟏+𝒆 𝟏 +𝟎.𝟔𝟑
5𝑚 Saturated 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 Gs = 2.67
Sand 2:
(𝑮𝒔 +𝒆) 𝜸𝑾 (𝟐.𝟔𝟕+𝟎.𝟒𝟗) (𝟗.𝟖𝟏)
𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 = = = 20.805 KN/cu.m
𝑪 𝟏+𝒆 𝟏 +𝟎.𝟒𝟗

𝑷𝒆 = 𝑷𝑻 − 𝑷𝒘
= 15.949(4) – 0

Pe = 63.80 Kpa

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 18

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15. Determine the effective stress (Kpa) at point C.

a. 129.06 c. 112.45
b. 107.91 d. 118.77 𝑃𝑒 = 𝑃𝑇 − 𝑃𝑤
𝑨
=[ 15.949(4) + 20.805(5) ] – 9.81(5)

𝐷𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒 = 0.63 Pe = 118.77 Kpa

4𝑚
Gs = 2.65

𝑮𝑾𝑻
𝑩
𝑃𝑒 = 𝛴 𝛾𝑒 ∗ 𝐻
𝑒 = 0.49
5𝑚 Saturated 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 Pe = 15.949(4) + (20.805 – 9.81)(5)
Gs = 2.67
Pe = 118.77 Kpa
𝑪

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 19

16. Determine how high (m) should the water table rise so that the effective stress at C is 105 kpa.
a. 2.78 c. 2.29
b. 1.56 d. 3.11 Sand 1:
𝜸𝑫𝒓𝒚 = 15.949 KN/cu.m

𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 = 19.74 KN/cu.m

𝑨 Sand 2:
𝐷𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 4-𝐻 𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 = 20.805 KN/cu.m
𝑒 = 0.63 𝑮𝑾𝑻
4𝑚 Gs = 2.65
𝐻
𝑮𝑾𝑻
𝑩
Saturated 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑒 = 𝛴 𝛾𝑒 ∗ 𝐻
𝑒 = 0.49
5𝑚 Gs = 2.67 Pe = 15.949(4 - H) + (19.74 – 9.81)(H) + (20.805 – 9.81)(5) = 105

H = 2.29 m
𝑪

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 20

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𝑪𝑨𝑷𝑰𝑳𝑳𝑨𝑹𝒀 𝑹𝑰𝑺𝑬:
Situation 5:
A dense silt layer has the following properties:
Void ratio, e = 0.40
Effective diameter, d10 = 10 𝜇𝑚
Capillary constant, C = 0.20 cm2
Free ground water level is 8m below the ground surface
17. Determine the height of capillary rise in the silt.
𝒄
Capillary rise is given, 𝒉 =
𝒆𝒅𝟏𝟎 8𝑚
a. 4.5 m c. 5.5 m
b. 6.0 m d. 5.0 m 𝒉
𝒄 1𝑚 2
𝒉= 0.20 𝑐𝑚2 ( )
𝒆𝒅𝟏𝟎 ℎ= 100𝑐𝑚
−6
0.4(10𝑥10 )
𝑮𝑾𝑻
h=5m

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 21

18. Determine the vertical effective stress (kpa) at 5 m depth. Assume 𝛾𝑠 = 26.5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 and that the soil above the
capillary action rise and ground surface is partially saturated at 50%.
a. 122 c. 151
𝛾𝑠𝑢𝑏 26.5
b. 134 d. 147 𝐺𝑠 = = = 2.7
𝛾𝑤 9.81

(𝐺𝑠 +𝑆𝑒) 𝛾𝑊 (2.7+0.5 ∗0.4) (9.81) 𝐾𝑁

𝛾𝑀50% = = = 20.32
1+𝑒 1 +0.4 𝑐𝑢.𝑚

saturated at 50% (𝐺𝑠 +𝑒) 𝛾𝑊 (2.7+0.4) (9.81) 𝐾𝑁

𝑾𝒕. 𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍

3𝑚 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = = = 21.72
1+𝑒 1 +0.4 𝑐𝑢.𝑚

5𝑚
𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃𝑒 + 𝑃𝑤
8𝑚
2𝑚 𝑷𝒆 = 𝑷𝑻 − 𝑷𝒘
Saturated 5𝑚
𝑾𝒕. 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓

𝑷𝒆
CAPILLARY ZONE 𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑤
3𝑚
𝑷𝒘 𝑷𝒆 = 𝑷𝑻 + 𝑷𝒘
𝑮𝑾𝑻

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 22

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18. Determine the vertical effective stress (kpa) at 5 m depth. Assume 𝛾𝑠 = 26.5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 and that the soil above the
capillary action rise and ground surface is partially saturated at 50%.
a. 122 c. 151 With in the GWT:
𝐾𝑁
b. 134 d. 147 𝛾𝑀50% = 20.32
𝑐𝑢.𝑚 𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃𝑒 + 𝑃𝑤
𝑷𝒆 = 𝑷𝑻 − 𝑷𝒘
𝐾𝑁
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 21.72 With in the CAPILLARY RISE:
𝑐𝑢.𝑚

saturated at 50% 𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑤
𝑾𝒕. 𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍

3𝑚
𝑷𝒆 = 𝑷𝑻 + 𝑷𝒘

5𝑚 𝑷𝒆 = 𝑷𝑻 + 𝑷𝒘

8𝑚 2𝑚 Pe = { 20.32(3) +21.72(2) } + 9.81(3)

Saturated 5𝑚 Pe = 133.83 Kpa
𝑾𝒕. 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓

CAPILLARY ZONE
3𝑚

𝑮𝑾𝑻

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 23

19. Determine the vertical effective stress (kpa) at 10 m depth. Assume 𝛾𝑠 = 26.5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 and that the soil above the
capillary action rise and ground surface is partially saturated at 50%.
a. 173 c. 213
b. 194 d. 201 With in the GWT:
𝐾𝑁 saturated at 50%
𝛾𝑀50% = 20.32 3𝑚
𝑐𝑢.𝑚 𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃𝑒 + 𝑃𝑤
𝑷𝒆 = 𝑷𝑻 − 𝑷𝒘
𝐾𝑁
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 21.72 With in the CAPILLARY RISE:
𝑐𝑢.𝑚

𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑤 8𝑚
𝑷𝒆 = 𝑷𝑻 + 𝑷𝒘
Saturated 5𝑚
𝑷𝒆 = 𝑷𝑻 − 𝑷𝒘
CAPILLARY ZONE
Pe = {20.32(3) +21.72(7)} – 9.81(2)
𝑮𝑾𝑻
Pe = 193.38 Kpa 2𝑚

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 24

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𝑭𝑳𝑶𝑾 𝑶𝑭 𝑾𝑨𝑻𝑬𝑹 𝑰𝑵 𝑺𝑶𝑰𝑳:

Darcy’s Law
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
K = coefficient of permeability
1.) Discharge Velocity, V = hydraulic conductivity

V = Ki 𝒉
i = hydraulic gradient 𝒊=
𝑳
𝐿
2.) Seepage Velocity, Vs

𝑽
Vs = ℎ
𝒏

3.) Flow rate, q

q = VA
𝒒
𝑺𝑶𝑰𝑳
q = Ki A

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 25

Seepage Velocity, Vs

𝑽
Vs =
𝒏
𝒒𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 = 𝒒𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍

𝑨𝑻 𝑽 = 𝑨𝑽 𝑽𝒔

𝑨𝑻 𝑽
𝑽𝒔 = 𝑨𝑽
𝒒
𝑽
𝑽𝒔 = 𝑨
𝑽 /𝑨𝑻

𝑽
𝑽𝒔 = 𝒏

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 26

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𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒅 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑻𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝑸

Situation 6:
See Figure SM 109
For a constant head laboratory permeability test on fine
sand, the following values are given: 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
Length of specimen, L = 15 inches h = 22 𝑖𝑛
Diameter of specimen, D = 3 inches
Head difference, h = 22 inches 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 15 𝑖𝑛
Water collected in 2 minutes = 0.057 cu. in.
𝑸
Void ratio, e = 0.37

𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
20. Determine the hydraulic conductivity (in/min) of the
soil.
a. 0.00275 c. 0.00199 𝐷 = 3 𝑖𝑛
b. 0.00450 d. 0.00661
𝟐𝟐 𝝅 𝟑 𝟐
q = Ki A 0.057/2= K ( )
𝟏𝟓 𝟒
𝒉
V/t = K A K = 0.00275 in/min
𝑳

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 27

𝑸
21. Determine the discharge velocity (in/min) through soil.
a. 0.00513 c. 0.00388
b. 0.00403 d. 0.00604

Void ratio, e = 0.37 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

h = 22 𝑖𝑛
V = Ki
𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 15 𝑖𝑛
V = 0.00275(22/15)
𝑸
V = 0.00403

22. Determine the seepage velocity (in/min) 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

a. 0.0149 c. 0.0155
b. 0.0224 d. 0.0190
𝐷 = 3 𝑖𝑛

Vs = 𝒏
𝑽 0.00403
Vs = 0.37
1+0.37

Vs = 0.0149 in/min
ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 28

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Situation 7: A permeable soil is underlain by an impervious layer. For the permeable layer, k = 0.0052 cm/s, H = 4
m, and inclination with respect to horizontal = 5°. See Figure SM 022.
𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒
23. Determine the hydraulic gradient.
a. 0.0733 c. 0.0872
b. 0.0559 d. 0.0651
𝟏
5° 𝐵
𝒉
𝒉 𝒊=
𝒒 𝑳 𝑳

𝟐 𝒉
Sin(5°) =
𝑳

𝒊 = Sin(5°)

𝐻=4 i = 0.0872

5°

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 29

24. Determine the flow of water per meter width (m3/hr).

k = 0.0052 cm/s = 5.2 𝑥 10−5 m/s
a. 0.045 c. 0.058
b. 0.073 d. 0.065
𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 q = Ki A

= 5.2 𝑥 10−5 Sin(5°) {4 cos 5° ∗ 1)

𝟏 q = 1.806𝑥 10−5 cu.m/s

5° 𝐵
𝒉 q = 1.806𝑥 10−5 cu.m/s 60 min∗ 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝒒 𝑳 1 ℎ𝑟
q = 0.065 cu.m/hr
𝟐
25. Determine the total amount of water percolated per day
5°
per meter width (m3).
𝒒 a. 1.39 c. 1.75
𝐻=4 b. 1.56 d. 1.08
𝑽 𝑽
q=𝑻 0.065 cu.m/hr = 𝟐𝟒 𝒉𝒓𝒔
5° V = 1.56 cu.m
ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 30

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𝑭𝑨𝑳𝑳𝑰𝑵𝑮 𝑯𝑬𝑨𝑫 𝑷𝑬𝑹𝑴𝑬𝑨𝑩𝑰𝑳𝑰𝑻𝒀 𝑻𝑬𝑺𝑻 26. Determine the flow at the start of the test (cm3/hr).
a. 12.45 c. 14.89
Situation 8: b. 11.23 d. 13.01
A falling head permeability test was run on a sample of D =
10 cm in diameter and L = 12 cm long. The head at the start
of the test was 92 cm. The coefficient of permeability of the q = Ki A
soil was found to be 6x10-6 cm/s. The diameter of the stand
pipe was 1.5 cm. See figure SM 021. 92 𝜋 10 2
q = 6x10−6 ( )
12 4

𝑐𝑐
q = 3.61 𝑥10−3
𝑠
𝒉𝐢 = 92 cm 𝑐𝑐
q = 3.61 𝑥10−3 * 3600sec/hr
𝑠
𝑸
q = 13.01 cc/hr

𝐷 = 10 𝑐𝑚 𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍

𝐿 = 12 𝑐𝑚
ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 31

27. Determine how much head (cm) was lost during the first 30 minutes.
a. 3.61 c. 86.72
b. 88.39 d. 5.28
K = 6x10-6 cm/s. The diameter of the stand pipe was 1.5 cm
𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟏: 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂

𝒂 𝑎𝐿 ℎ𝑖
K= ln( )
𝐴𝑡 ℎ𝑓

𝒉𝒇
𝒉𝐢 = 92 cm 𝜋 1.5 2
(12)
𝒒 4 92
6x10-6 =𝜋 10 2
ln(ℎ𝑓)
(30 ∗60)
4
𝐷 = 10 𝑐𝑚 𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍
hf = 88.3926 cm
𝐿 = 12 𝑐𝑚

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 32

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27. Determine how much head (cm) was lost during the first 30 minutes. 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟐:
a. 3.61 c. 86.72
b. 88.39 d. 5.28 Q = q
K = 6x10-6 cm/s. The diameter of the stand pipe was 1.5
a V = KiA

𝒂 𝑑ℎ ℎ
𝑎 =K A
𝑑ℎ 𝑑𝑡 𝐿

𝑑𝑡 𝑑ℎ 𝐾𝐴 𝑑𝑡
=
𝒉𝐢 = 92 cm ℎ 𝑎𝐿
𝑸 𝒉𝒇
𝑑ℎ 𝐾𝐴
𝒒 ‫׬‬ = ‫𝑡𝑑 ׬‬
ℎ 𝑎𝐿

2
𝒒 ℎ𝑓 𝑑ℎ 6x10−6 𝜋 10
4 30∗60
- ‫׬‬92 ℎ = 𝜋 1.5 2 ‫׬‬0 𝑑𝑡
𝐷 = 10 𝑐𝑚 𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍 (12)
4
ln(92) – ln(hf) = 1/25
𝐿 = 12 𝑐𝑚
hf = 88.3926 cm
ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 33

27. Determine how much head (cm) was lost during the first 30 minutes.
a. 3.61 c. 86.72
b. 88.39 d. 5.28
K = 6x10-6 cm/s. The diameter of the stand pipe was 1.5 hf = 88.3926 cm

𝒂 ∆ℎ = ℎ𝑖 − ℎ𝑓
𝑑ℎ
𝑑𝑡 ∆ℎ = 92 – 88.3926
𝒉𝐢 = 92 cm
𝑸 𝒉𝒇 ∆𝒉 =3.61 cm
𝒒

𝒒
𝐷 = 10 𝑐𝑚 𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍

𝐿 = 12 𝑐𝑚

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 34

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28. Determine the flow after 30 minutes (cm3/hr).

a. 12.5 c. 11.2
b. 11.8 d. 12.3
𝒂
hf = 88.3926 cm 𝑑ℎ
𝑑𝑡
𝒉𝐢 = 92 cm
q = Ki A 𝑸 𝒉𝒇
88.3926 𝜋 10 2 𝒒
q = 6x10−6 ( )
12 4

𝑐𝑐 𝒒
q = 3.47 𝑥10−3
𝑠
𝐷 = 10 𝑐𝑚 𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍
𝑐𝑐
q = 3.47 𝑥10−3 * 3600sec/hr
𝑠

q = 12.50 cc/hr 𝐿 = 12 𝑐𝑚

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 35

𝑭𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒊𝒏 𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍 ∶ 𝑨. ) 𝑾𝒊𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝑺𝒆𝒆𝒑𝒂𝒈𝒆

ℎ
𝟎. 𝟓 𝒎 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓
𝑨

𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍
𝒒
𝑺𝑶𝑰𝑳 3. 𝟓 𝒎 𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 = 𝟏𝟖
𝑩

𝟏𝒎
𝑪

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 36

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𝑨. ) 𝑾𝒊𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝑺𝒆𝒆𝒑𝒂𝒈𝒆 29. 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐵.

Pe = Pt – Pw

Pe = { 9.81 (0.5) + 18(2.5) } – 9.81(3)

𝟎. 𝟓 𝒎 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓
𝑨 Pe = 20.475 Kpa

𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝟑𝒎

3. 𝟓 𝒎 𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 = 𝟏𝟖
𝑩

𝟏𝒎
𝑪

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 37

B. ) 𝑾𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝑫𝒐𝒘𝒏𝒘𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝑺𝒆𝒆𝒑𝒂𝒈𝒆 29. 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐵.

𝑬𝒍 𝟒
𝒉𝑨𝑩
𝒉 = 𝟏. 𝟐 𝒎

𝟎. 𝟓 𝒎 𝒉𝑨𝑩 𝑬𝒍 𝟐. 𝟖
𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓
𝑨
𝑩

𝑪
𝑨

𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝑬𝒍 𝟐. 𝟖

3. 𝟓 𝒎 𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 = 𝟏𝟖
𝑩

𝟏𝒎 𝒒
𝑪 𝑬𝒍 𝟎

𝑸 3. 𝟓 𝒎

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 38

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29. 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐵.

𝐵𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠:
𝑬𝒍 𝟒
𝒉𝑨𝑩 1.2 ℎ𝐴𝐵
=
𝒉 = 𝟏. 𝟐 𝒎 3.5 2.5

𝑬𝒍 𝟐. 𝟖 𝒉𝑨𝑩 = 0.8571 m

𝟐. 𝟓 𝟏. 𝟎
𝑩

𝑪
𝑨

3. 𝟓 𝒎
ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 39

30. 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐵.

𝑷𝑾−𝑩 = 𝜸𝒘 𝑯𝑩

𝐻𝐵 = 4 - 1 - 0.8571 = 2.143 m
𝟎. 𝟓 𝒎 𝒉𝑨𝑩
𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓
𝑨

𝑷𝑾−𝑩 = 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝟐. 𝟏𝟒𝟑 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟎𝟐 𝑲𝒑𝒂

𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝑬𝒍 𝟐. 𝟖
𝑯𝑩
3. 𝟓 𝒎 𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 = 𝟏𝟖
𝑩

𝟏𝒎
𝑪 𝑬𝒍 𝟎

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 40

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𝑬𝒍 𝟔. 𝟖
C. ) 𝑾𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝑼𝒑𝒘𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝑺𝒆𝒆𝒑𝒂𝒈𝒆 31. 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐶 𝑡𝑜 𝐵.
𝒉𝑪𝑩 𝑬𝒍 𝟔. 𝟖
𝒉𝑪𝑩
𝒉𝑩𝑨 𝒉 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝒎

𝟎. 𝟓 𝒎 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑬𝒍 𝟒. 𝟎
𝑨

𝑩
𝑪

𝑨
𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍

3. 𝟓 𝒎 𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 = 𝟏𝟖
𝑩 𝑸

𝟏𝒎
𝑪 𝑬𝒍 𝟎

𝑸 3. 𝟓 𝒎

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 41

31. 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐶 𝑡𝑜 𝐵.

𝑬𝒍 𝟔. 𝟖
𝒉𝑪𝑩
𝒉 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝒎
𝐵𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠:

𝑬𝒍 𝟒. 𝟎 2.8 ℎ𝐶𝐵
=
3.5 1

𝟏. 𝟎 𝟐. 𝟓
𝒉𝑪𝑩 = 0.80 m
𝑩
𝑪

3. 𝟓 𝒎
ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 42

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𝑫. ) 𝑪𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝒉𝑪𝑩
𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒:
𝒉𝑩𝑨
If Q ≈ ∞

𝟎. 𝟓 𝒎 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 Pw is maximum
𝑨
Pe is minimum, Pe = 0
Pe = 0
Pe = 0
3. 𝟓 𝒎 Pe = 0 Critical condition or Quick sand condition
Pe = 0 𝑩
Pe = 0
𝟏𝒎
Pe = 0 𝑪 𝑬𝒍 𝟎

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 43

𝑫. ) 𝑪𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒂𝒕 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝑪.

𝒉𝒄𝒓
Pe = Pt – Pw

0 = { 𝛾𝑤 𝐻 + 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝐿} − 𝛾𝑤 (𝒉𝒄𝒓 + H + L)
𝑯 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓
𝑨
0 = { 𝛾𝑤 𝐻 + 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝐿} − 𝛾𝑤 𝒉𝒄𝒓 - 𝛾𝑤 H - 𝛾𝑤 L)
𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍
0 = (𝛾sat - 𝛾w) L - 𝛾w hcr
𝑳 𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 = 𝟏𝟖
𝑩
𝛾w hcr = (𝛾sat - 𝛾w) L
𝑪 hcr 𝛾sat − 𝛾 w
=
𝐿 𝛾w

𝑸 𝜸sat − 𝜸w 𝑮𝒔 −𝟏
icr = 𝜸w =
𝟏+𝒆

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 44

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𝑬𝒍 𝑿
Critical condition 32. 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑧𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐵.
𝒉𝑪𝑩 𝑬𝒍 𝑿
𝒉𝒄𝒓
𝒉𝑪𝑩
𝒉𝑩𝑨 𝒉𝒄𝒓

𝟎. 𝟓 𝒎 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑬𝒍 𝟒. 𝟎
𝑨 𝑯𝑩

𝑩
𝑪

𝑨
𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍

3. 𝟓 𝒎 𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 = 𝟏𝟖
𝑩 𝑸

𝟏𝒎
𝑪 𝑬𝒍 𝟎

𝑸 3. 𝟓 𝒎

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 45

32. 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑧𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐵. hcr 𝛾sat − 𝛾 w

=
𝐿 𝛾w
𝑬𝒍 𝑿
𝒉𝑪𝑩 hcr 18 − 9.81
𝒉𝒄𝒓 =
3.5 9.81

hcr = 2.922
𝑬𝒍 𝟒. 𝟎
El X = 4.0 + 2.922 = 6.922 m

𝟏. 𝟎 𝟐. 𝟓 𝐵𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠:
𝑩
𝑪

2.922 ℎ𝐶𝐵
=
3.5 1
𝑸
𝒉𝑪𝑩 = 0.8349

3. 𝟓 𝒎
ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 46

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𝑬𝒍 𝟔. 𝟗𝟐𝟐

𝒉𝑪𝑩 =0.8349
𝒉𝒄𝒓
𝒉𝑩𝑨
6.922 = 1 + 𝐻𝐵 + ℎ𝐶𝐵

𝟎. 𝟓 𝒎 6.922 = 1 + 𝐻𝐵 +0.8349
𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓
𝑨 𝑯𝑩 𝑯𝑩 = 5.087155963 m

𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝐴𝑛𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

3. 𝟓 𝒎 𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 = 𝟏𝟖
𝑩 Pe @ point B

𝟏𝒎 Pe = Pt – Pw
𝑪
0 = { 9.81(0.5) + 18(2.5)} – 9.81𝑯𝑩

𝑯𝑩 = 5.087155963
𝑸

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 47

𝐄𝐐𝐔𝐈𝐕𝐀𝐋𝐄𝐍𝐓 𝐏𝐄𝐑𝐌𝐄𝐀𝐁𝐈𝐋𝐈𝐓𝐘:

𝑨. 𝑵𝑶𝑹𝑴𝑨𝑳 𝑭𝑳𝑶𝑾 𝒉 𝒒𝑳
q=K A : h=
𝑳 𝑨𝑲

ℎ1 ℎ𝑒𝑞 = ℎ 𝑇 = ℎ1 + ℎ2 + ℎ3

ℎ𝑇 ℎ𝑒𝑞 𝒒𝒆𝒒 𝑳𝒆𝒒 𝒒𝟏 𝑳𝟏 𝒒𝟐 𝑳𝟐 𝒒𝟑 𝑳𝟑

ℎ2 = 𝑨𝟏 𝑲𝟏 + 𝑨𝟐 𝑲𝟐 + 𝑨𝟑 𝑲𝟑
𝑨𝒆𝒒 𝑲𝒆𝒒
ℎ3
𝑳𝒆𝒒 𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟐 𝑳𝟑
= 𝑨𝟏 𝑲𝟏 + 𝑨𝟐 𝑲𝟐 + 𝑨𝟑 𝑲𝟑
𝑨𝒆𝒒 𝑲𝒆𝒒

𝒊𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂
𝒒𝒆𝒒 𝑳𝒆𝒒 𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟐 𝑳𝟑
𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐 𝒒𝟑 = + +
𝑨𝒆𝒒 𝑲𝒆𝒒 𝑨𝟏 𝑲𝟏 𝑨𝟐 𝑲𝟐 𝑨𝟑 𝑲𝟑
𝐻
𝐻𝑒𝑞
𝑳𝒆𝒒 𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟐 𝑳𝟑
= + +
𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿3 𝑲𝒆𝒒 𝑲𝟏 𝑲𝟐 𝑲𝟑
𝐿𝑒𝑞

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 48

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B. 𝑷𝑨𝑹𝑨𝑳𝑳𝑬𝑳 𝑭𝑳𝑶𝑾
𝑞𝑒𝑞 = 𝑞𝑇 = 𝑞1 + 𝑞2 + 𝑞3

ℎ𝑒𝑞 ℎ1 ℎ2 ℎ3
𝐾𝑒𝑞 𝐴 = 𝐾1 𝐴1 + 𝐾2 𝐴2 + 𝐾3 𝐴3
𝐿𝑒𝑞 𝑒𝑞 𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿3
ℎ𝑇 ℎ𝑒𝑞
𝑲𝒆𝒒 𝑨𝒆𝒒 = 𝑲𝟏 𝑨𝟏 + 𝑲𝟐 𝑨𝟐 + 𝑲𝟑 𝑨𝟑

𝑰𝒇 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓
𝑯𝟏
𝐾𝑒𝑞 𝑊𝑒𝑞 𝐻𝑒𝑞 = 𝐾1 𝑊1 𝐻1 + 𝐾2 𝑊2 𝐻2 + 𝐾3 𝑊3 𝐻3

𝑯𝟐 𝒒𝟏

𝒒𝟐 𝒒𝒆𝒒 𝑲𝒆𝒒 𝑯𝒆𝒒 = 𝑲𝟏 𝑯𝟏 + 𝑲𝟐 𝑯𝟐 + 𝑲𝟑 𝑯𝟑

𝑯𝟑
𝑯𝒆𝒒

𝒒𝟑

𝑳 𝑳𝒆𝒒

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 49

Situation 9: CE Board November 2010

An unconfined aquifer underlies a confined aquifer as shown in figure.

33. Which of the following most nearly gives the equivalent

𝐾1 = 40 m/day coefficient of permeability for flow in the horizontal
direction?
44 m

a. 37.75 m/day c. 38.60 m/day

ℎ = 8𝑚 b. 35.42 m/day d. 36.47 m/day

55 m 𝐾𝑒𝑞 𝐻𝑒𝑞 = 𝐾1 𝐻1 + 𝐾2 𝐻2
𝐾2 = 35 m/day
47 m
36 m

𝐾𝑒𝑞 44 + 36 = 40 44 + 35 36

𝑲𝒆𝒒 = 37.75 m/day

2000 𝑚
34. Which of the following most nearly gives the hydraulic
gradient?
𝒉 𝟖
a. 0.005 c. 0.004 𝒊= 𝒊= = 0.004
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑳
b. 0.003 d. 0.006
ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 50

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𝐾1 = 40 m/day 𝑲𝒆𝒒 = 37.75 m/day

𝒊 = 0.004
44 m
ℎ = 8𝑚

55 m
𝐾2 = 35 m/day
47 m 𝒒 = 𝒌𝒊𝑨
36 m

𝒒𝑻 = 𝒒𝟏 + 𝒒𝟐

𝒒𝑻 = 𝒒𝒆𝒒 = 𝑲𝒆𝒒 𝒊𝒆𝒒 𝑨𝒆𝒒

2000 𝑚
35. Which of the following most nearly gives the rate flow 𝑞𝑒𝑞 = 37.75(0.004){(36 + 44)(1)}
from one stream to another per meter width?
a. 7.70 m3/day c. 11.67 m3/day 𝒒𝒆𝒒 = 12.08 m3/day
b. 7.44 m3/day d. 12.08 m3/day

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 51

correct solution:
55 + 47
𝐻𝑎𝑣𝑒 = = 51 𝑚
An unconfined aquifer underlies a confined aquifer as shown in figure. 2

𝐾1 = 40 m/day

15 m
𝐾1 = 40 m/day
44 m

ℎ = 8𝑚
𝑯𝒂𝒗𝒆 = 51 m
36 m
55 m 𝐾2 = 35 m/day
𝐻𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝐾2 = 35 m/day
47 m
36 m

𝐾𝑒𝑞 𝐻𝑒𝑞 = 𝐾1 𝐻1 + 𝐾2 𝐻2

2000 𝑚 𝐾𝑒𝑞 51 = 40 15 + 35 36
33. Which of the following most nearly gives the equivalent
𝑲𝒆𝒒 = 36.47 m/day
coefficient of permeability for flow in the horizontal
direction?
a. 37.75 m/day c. 38.60 m/day
b. 35.42 m/day d. 36.47 m/day ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 52

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35. Which of the following most nearly gives the rate flow
from one stream to another per meter width?
a. 7.70 m3/day c. 11.67 m3/day
b. 7.44 m3/day d. 12.08 m3/day

𝒒 = 𝒌𝒊𝑨

15 m
𝐾1 = 40 m/day 𝒒𝑻 = 𝒒𝟏 + 𝒒𝟐
𝑯𝒂𝒗𝒆 = 51 m

𝒒𝑻 = 𝒒𝒆𝒒 = 𝑲𝒆𝒒 𝒊𝒆𝒒 𝑨𝒆𝒒

𝐾2 = 35 m/day 36 m 𝑞𝑒𝑞 = 36.47(0.004){(51)(1)}

𝒒𝒆𝒒 = 7.44 m3/day

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 53

Situation 12:
See Figure SM 024
Water flows in and out in the system shown to maintain a constant head h = 1000 mm. Cross-sectional area of soil
A = 10,000 mm2. Elevation of the water surface at the outlet container is 600 mm.
Hydraulic conductivities:
K1 = 3 x 10-2 mm/s 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
K2 = 4 x 10-2 mm/s
Lengths of soil:
H1 = 300 mm ℎ = 1000
H2 = 400 mm 300 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 1
𝐸𝐿 600
𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
400 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 2

𝐸𝐿 0

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 54

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36. Determine the equivalent coefficient of permeability (cm/s)

𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
a. 3.5 x 10-3 cm/s c. 2.93x10-7 cm/s
-6
b. 2.22x10 cm/s d. 1.54x10-6 cm/s
ℎ = 1000
300 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 1 Normal Flow:
𝐸𝐿 600
𝐿𝑒𝑞 𝐿1 𝐿2
𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = + 𝐾2
𝐾𝑒𝑞 𝐾1
400 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 2
300+400 300 400
= +
𝐸𝐿 0 𝐾𝑒𝑞 3 x 10−2 4 x 10−2

𝐾𝑒𝑞 = 0.035 mm/s = 3.5 x 10-3 cm/s

A = 10,000 mm2
37. Determine the flow rate
K1 = 3 x 10-2 mm/s a. 500 cu.mm/s c. 400 cu.mm/s
K2 = 4 x 10-2 mm/s b. 600 cu.mm/s d. 700 cu.mm/s

𝒒𝑻 = 𝒒𝒆𝒒 = 𝑲𝒆𝒒 𝒊𝒆𝒒 𝑨𝒆𝒒 = 0.035 (1000/700)(10000) = 500 cu.mm/s

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 55

A = 10,000 mm2 𝐸𝐿 1600

K1 = 3 x10-2 mm/s 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝐴𝐵 𝑃𝑤 = 𝛾𝑤 𝑯𝑩
K2 = 4 x 10-2 mm/s
ℎ = 1000
𝐾𝑒𝑞 = 0.035 mm/s 𝑨 𝑞𝑒𝑞 = 𝑞𝐴𝐵
𝑯𝑩
200

𝐸𝐿 600
300 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 1 𝐸𝐿 500 ℎ𝐴𝐵
𝑩 𝑞𝑒𝑞 = 𝐾𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐴𝐵
𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 100 𝐿𝐴𝐵

ℎ𝐴𝐵
500 = 3 x 10−2 (10000)
200
400 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 2
𝒉𝑨𝑩 = 333.33
𝐸𝐿 0
EL 1600 = 500 + 𝑯𝑩 + ℎ𝐴𝐵

1600 = 500 + 𝑯𝑩 + 333.33

38. Determine the pore water pressure (kpa) at elevation 𝑯𝑩 = 766.66 mm = 0.7667 m
500 mm.
a. 6.33 c. 7.52 𝑃𝑤 = 𝛾𝑤 𝑯𝑩 = 9.81 ( 0.7667)
b. 9.22 d. 8.01
𝑷𝒘 = 7.52 Kpa

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 56

28
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A = 10,000 mm2 𝐸𝐿 1600

K1 = 3 x 10-2 mm/s 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑞𝑒𝑞 = 𝑞𝐴𝐷
K2 = 4 x 10-2 mm/s
ℎ = 1000 ℎ𝐴𝐷 ℎ𝐴𝐷
𝐾𝑒𝑞 = 0.035 mm/s 𝑨 𝑞𝑒𝑞 = 𝐾𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐴𝐷
𝐿𝐴𝐷

200
𝐸𝐿 600
300 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 1 𝑨
𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑩
𝑪

200
300
𝐸𝐿 200
400 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 2 𝑫 𝑪

200
200
𝐸𝐿 0 𝑫

𝐿𝐴𝐷 𝐿𝐴𝐶 𝐿𝐶𝐷 ℎ𝐴𝐷

= + 𝑞𝑒𝑞 = 𝐾𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐴𝐷
39. Determine the head loss (mm) in elevation 200 mm. 𝐾𝐴𝐷 𝐾𝐴𝐶 𝐾𝐶𝐷 𝐿𝐴𝐷

a. 600 c. 650
300+200 300 200 ℎ𝐴𝐷
b. 750 d. 500 = + 500 = (1/30)( ) 10000
𝐾𝐴𝐷 3 x 10−2 4 x 10−2 500

𝒉𝑨𝑫 = 750 mm
𝐾𝐴𝐷 = 1/30 mm/s

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 57

𝑨𝒏𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

ℎ𝐴𝐶
ℎ 𝑇 = 1000
𝐸𝐿 1600 ℎ𝐶𝐸
𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
ℎ = 1000
𝑨
200
200

𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 2 𝑫
𝑬
𝑨

𝐸𝐿 600
𝑪

300 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 1
𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 1

𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑩
𝑪

400 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 2 𝑫
300

400

𝑬
𝐸𝐿 0 𝑞𝑒𝑞 = 𝑞𝐴𝑐
ℎ𝐴𝐶
𝑞𝑒𝑞 = 𝐾𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐴𝐶
𝐿𝐴𝐶
ℎ
500 = (3 x 10-2)( 𝐴𝐶) 10000
300
𝒉𝑨𝑪 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎
ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 58

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𝐵𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠:
200
ℎ𝐴𝐵 500
=
500 200 300
ℎ 𝑇 = 1000 𝒉𝑨𝑩 = 333.33 mm
250

200 200 ℎ𝐴𝐷 = 500 + 250

200 𝒉𝑨𝑫 = 750

𝑩

𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 2 𝑫
𝑬
𝑨

𝑪
𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 1
300

400

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 59

Situation 13:
A test is set-up as shown in the figure below. A
cylindrical mold 4” in diameter is filled with silt to a
height H1 = 0.20 ft whose coefficient of permeability is
6.10 x 10-4 ft/min. 4 𝑖𝑛

A second coaxial mold, place on the top of the silt inside 1.5 𝑖𝑛
the first mold, has an inside diameter of 1.50” and
height of H2 = 0.30 ft. Its thickness is negligible. The 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
inside of this second mold is filled with the same silt,
but the annular ring outside is filled with sand whose
0.30 𝑓𝑡 ℎ = 1.25 𝑓𝑡
coefficient of permeability is 2.50 x 10-3 ft/min. 𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑

The test set-up is a permeameter of constant head.

Water is placed in the mold and maintained at a level h 0.20 𝑓𝑡
= 1.25 ft above the level of the outlet. If may be
considered that the system consist of a fictitious soil of
𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
thickness H = H1 + H2 and coefficient of permeability
Kf.

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 60

30
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40. Which of the following most nearly gives the equivalent coefficient of permeability of the system?
a. 1.01 x 10-3 ft/min c. 1.14 x 10-3 ft/min
b. 1.08 x 10-3 ft/min d. 1.05 x 10-3 ft/min

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 61

𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1: 𝑞𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑡 𝑞𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑡 𝑞𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙

𝑞𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙

𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑡

𝑞𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑡

𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2: 𝑞𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙
𝑞𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑡
𝑞𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙

𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑡
𝑞𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑

𝑞𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑡
ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 62

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Ksilt = 6.10 x 10-4 ft/min 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2:

𝑞𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑡 𝑞𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙
Ksand = 2.50 x 10-3 ft/min
𝑞𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙

4 𝑖𝑛

1.5 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑡
𝑞𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑

0.30 𝑓𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑡

0.20 𝑓𝑡
Parallel flow:

𝑲𝒑𝒂𝒓 𝑨𝒑𝒂𝒓 = 𝑲𝒔𝒊𝒍𝒕 𝑨𝒔𝒊𝒍𝒕 + 𝑲𝒔𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑨𝒔𝒂𝒏𝒅

𝜋 1.5
𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑡 = ( )2 = 0.0123 𝑠𝑞. 𝑓𝑡
4 12 𝜋
𝑲𝒑𝒂𝒓 ( ) = 6.10 x 10−4(0.0123) + 2.50 x 10−3(0.075)
𝜋 4 𝜋 36
𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ( )2 = 𝑠𝑞. 𝑓𝑡
4 12 36 𝑲𝒑𝒂𝒓 = 2.23 x 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒇𝒕/𝒎𝒊𝒏

Asand = Atotal – Asilt = 0.075 sq.ft

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 63

𝑞𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑡 𝑞𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙
𝑞𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙

0.30 𝑓𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑡
𝑞𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑

0.20 𝑓𝑡
𝑞𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑡

Parallel flow: Normal flow:

𝐿𝑒𝑞 𝐿𝑝𝑎𝑟 𝐿𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑡
𝑲𝒑𝒂𝒓 𝑨𝒑𝒂𝒓 = 𝑲𝒔𝒊𝒍𝒕 𝑨𝒔𝒊𝒍𝒕 + 𝑲𝒔𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑨𝒔𝒂𝒏𝒅 = +
𝐾𝑒𝑞 𝐾𝑝𝑎𝑟 𝐾𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑡
𝜋
𝑲𝒑𝒂𝒓 ( ) = 6.10 x 10−4(0.0123) + 2.50 x 10−3(0.075) 0.30+0.20 0.30 0.20
36 = +
𝐾𝑒𝑞 2.23 x 10−3 6.10 x10−4
𝑲𝒑𝒂𝒓 = 2.23 x 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒇𝒕/𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝑲𝒆𝒒 = 1.08 x 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒇𝒕/𝒎𝒊𝒏

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 64

32
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41. Which of the following most nearly gives the total amount of flow of water through the soil?
a. 2.36 x 10-4 ft3/min c. 2.55 x 10-4 ft3/min
b. 2.10 x 10-4 ft3/min d. 2.28 x 10-4 ft3/min

𝑞𝑇 = 𝑞𝑒𝑞 = 𝐾𝑒𝑞 𝑖𝑒𝑞 𝐴𝑒𝑞

𝑞𝑒𝑞 = 1.08 x 10−3 (1.25/0.50)(𝜋/36)

𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

ℎ = 1.25 𝑓𝑡
𝒒𝒆𝒒 = 2.36 x 10-4 ft3/min
0.30 𝑓𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑

0.20 𝑓𝑡

𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 65

42. Which of the following most nearly gives the total amount of flow percolated after 30 minutes?
a. 200.51 cm3 c. 216.59 cm3
b. 193.71 cm3 d. 178.45 cm3

𝑞𝑒𝑞 = 2.36 x 10-4 ft3/min

𝑉
q=𝑇
𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑉
2.36 x 10-4 = 30
0.30 𝑓𝑡 ℎ = 1.25 𝑓𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 1𝑚 100 𝑐𝑚 3
3(
V = 7.0811 10-3 ft3 (3.280839895) 1𝑚
)

0.20 𝑓𝑡
V = 200.51 CC

𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 66

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𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑠
𝑷𝑬𝑹𝑴𝑬𝑨𝑩𝑰𝑳𝑰𝑻𝒀 𝑻𝑬𝑺𝑻 𝑰𝑵 𝑻𝑯𝑬 𝑭𝑰𝑬𝑳𝑫 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝒓𝟏
𝑨. 𝑼𝑵𝑪𝑶𝑭𝑰𝑵𝑬𝑫 𝑨𝑸𝑼𝑰𝑭𝑬𝑹 𝑸 𝒓𝟐

𝑮𝑾𝑻
𝑧1
𝑧2

ℎ1
ℎ2
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟
𝒒 𝒒

Imp𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 67

𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑠 𝑸=𝒒

𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝒓𝟏 𝒉
𝑸 𝒓𝟐
𝑸=𝑲 𝑨
𝑳
𝒓
𝑮𝑾𝑻 𝑨 = 2𝝅𝒓𝒉
𝒉
𝑧1
𝑧2
dh
dr
𝒉 𝒅𝒉
ℎ1 = 𝒅𝒓
𝑳
ℎ2
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟
𝒒 𝒅𝒉
𝒒 𝑸 = 𝑲 𝒅𝒓 2𝝅𝒓𝒉

Imp𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 68

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𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑠 𝒅𝒉
𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑸 = 𝑲 𝒅𝒓 2𝝅𝒓𝒉
𝒓𝟏
𝑸 𝒓𝟐
𝒅𝒓 𝑲𝟐𝝅𝒉 𝒅𝒉
=
𝒓 𝑸
𝑮𝑾𝑻
𝑧1 𝒓𝟐
𝒅𝒓 𝒉𝟐
𝑲𝟐𝝅𝒉 𝒅𝒉
𝑧2 −න = −න
𝒓𝟏 𝒓 𝒉𝟏 𝑸

𝒓𝟐 𝑲𝝅𝒉𝟐 𝒉
- [ ln r ]𝒓 = −[ 𝑸 ] 𝟐
ℎ1 𝟏 𝒉𝟏
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟
ℎ2 𝑲𝝅(𝒉𝟏 𝟐 −𝒉𝟐 𝟐 )
ln𝒓𝟏 - ln𝒓𝟐 =
𝒒 𝒒 𝑸

𝒓
𝑸𝒍𝒏( 𝟏 )
𝒓𝟐
K=
Imp𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 𝝅(𝒉𝟏 −𝒉𝟐 𝟐 )
𝟐

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 69

𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑠
𝑩. 𝑪𝑶𝑵𝑭𝑰𝑵𝑬𝑫 𝑨𝑸𝑼𝑰𝑭𝑬𝑹 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝒓𝟏
𝑸 𝒓𝟐

𝑮𝑾𝑻
𝒛𝟏
𝒛𝟐

Imp𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒍𝒂𝒚𝒆𝒓
𝒉𝟏
𝒉𝟐

𝒕 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒍𝒂𝒚𝒆𝒓 𝒒 𝒒

Imp𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒍𝒂𝒚𝒆𝒓

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 70

35
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𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑠
𝒓
𝑸=𝒒
𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝒓𝟏 𝒉
𝑸 𝒓𝟐 𝑸=𝑲 𝑨
𝑳
𝒕
𝒅𝒉
𝑮𝑾𝑻 𝑸=𝑲 2𝝅𝒓𝒕
𝒅𝒓
𝑨 = 2𝝅𝒓𝒕
𝒛𝟏 𝒅𝒓 𝑲𝟐𝝅𝒓𝒕 𝒅𝒉
𝒛𝟐 =
𝒓 𝑸

𝒓𝟐 𝒉𝟐
𝒅𝒓 𝑲𝟐𝝅𝒕 𝒅𝒉
Imp𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒍𝒂𝒚𝒆𝒓
−න = −න
𝒉𝟏 𝒓𝟏 𝒓 𝒉𝟏 𝑸
𝒉𝟐
𝒓𝟐 𝑲𝟐𝝅𝒕𝒉 𝒉
- [ ln r ]𝒓 = −[ 𝑸 ] 𝟐
𝟏 𝒉𝟏
𝒕 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒍𝒂𝒚𝒆𝒓 𝒒 𝒒 𝑲𝟐𝝅𝒕(𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐 )
ln𝒓𝟏 - ln𝒓𝟐 = 𝑸

Imp𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒍𝒂𝒚𝒆𝒓 𝒓
𝑸𝒍𝒏( 𝟏 )
𝒓𝟐
K=
𝟐𝝅𝒕(𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐 )
ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 71

𝑪. 𝑻𝑹𝑨𝑵𝑺𝑴𝑰𝑺𝑺𝑰𝑽𝑰𝑻𝒀

Coef. Of Permeability Vs Transmissivity

Transmissvity
𝒔𝒂𝒚 𝒃 = 𝟑
Coef. of Permeability
𝑲
𝟏 T = K (3)
𝑲 𝑲
𝟏 𝒃=𝟑 T = Kb
𝑻 𝟏 𝒃
𝟏
𝑲
𝟏
𝟏

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE,

72
RMP

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𝑼𝒏𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 𝑨𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒇𝒆𝒓 𝒅𝒉
𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙
𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑠 𝑻 = 𝑲𝒃 𝑸 = 𝑲 𝒅𝒓 2𝝅𝒓𝒉
𝒓𝟏
T = Kh
𝑸 𝒓𝟐
𝒅𝒓 𝑲𝒉𝟐𝝅 𝒅𝒉
=
𝒓 𝑸
𝑮𝑾𝑻
𝑧1 𝒓𝟐
𝒅𝒓 𝒉𝟐
𝑻𝟐𝝅 𝒅𝒉
𝑧2 −න = −න
𝒓𝟏 𝒓 𝒉𝟏 𝑸

𝒓𝟐 𝑻𝟐𝝅𝒉 𝒉
- [ ln r ]𝒓 = −[ 𝑸 ] 𝟐
ℎ1 𝟏 𝒉𝟏
ℎ2 𝑻𝟐𝝅(𝒉𝟏 −𝒉𝟐 )
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 ln𝒓𝟏 - ln𝒓𝟐 =
𝒒 𝒒 𝑸

𝒓
𝑸𝒍𝒏( 𝟏 )
𝒓𝟐
T=
Imp𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 𝟐𝝅(𝒉𝟏 −𝒉𝟐 )
ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 73

C𝒐𝒏𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 𝑨𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒇𝒆𝒓 𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑠

𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝒓𝟏
𝑸 𝒓𝟐

𝑻 = 𝑲𝒃
𝑮𝑾𝑻 T = Kt
𝒛𝟏
𝒛𝟐 𝒓
𝑸𝒍𝒏( 𝟏 )
𝒓𝟐
K=
𝟐𝝅𝒕(𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐 )

Imp𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒍𝒂𝒚𝒆𝒓 𝒓
𝒉𝟏 𝑸𝒍𝒏( 𝟏 )
𝒓𝟐
𝒉𝟐 T= (t)
𝟐𝝅𝒕(𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐 )

𝒕 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒍𝒂𝒚𝒆𝒓 𝒒 𝒒 𝒓
𝑸𝒍𝒏( 𝟏 )
𝒓𝟐
T=
Imp𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒍𝒂𝒚𝒆𝒓 𝟐𝝅(𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐 )

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 74

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Situation 14: A 300 mm diameter test well penetrates 27m below the static water table. Water is pumped at a rate of 69
liters per second for 24 hours. The water levels at two observation wells 35 m and 95 m from the test well were lowered
by 1.10 m and 0.50 m, respectively. 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝒓 = 95 𝟏
𝑸 𝒓𝟐 = 35
43. Which of the following most nearly
gives the rate of flow in MLD?
a. 6.31 c. 5.96 𝑮𝑾𝑻
b. 5.02 d. 4.87
𝒛𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟓

𝟔𝟗 𝑳 𝟐𝟒 𝒉𝒓𝒔 ∗𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒊𝒏 ∗𝟔𝟎 𝒔𝒆𝒄

𝑸= ( )
𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝟏 𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝟐𝟕 𝒎
𝒉𝟐 = 25.9
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟
𝑸 = 596160 L/day = 5.96 MLD 𝒒 𝒒

Q = 5961.6 cu.m/day
Imp𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟
ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 75

44. Which of the following most nearly gives the coefficient 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝒓𝟏 = 95
of permeability of the aquifer? Q = 5961.6 cu.m/day 𝒓𝟐 = 35
a. 60.27 m/day c. 62.76 m/day
b. 61.87 m/day d. 67.19 m/day
𝑮𝑾𝑻
𝒓
𝑸𝒍𝒏( 𝟏 ) 𝒛𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟓
𝒓𝟐
K= 𝟐 𝟐
𝝅(𝒉𝟏 −𝒉𝟐 )
95
5961.6𝑙𝑛( )
35
K=
𝜋(26.52 −25.92 )
𝟐𝟕 𝒎
K = 60.27 m/day 𝒉𝟐 = 25.9
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟
𝒒 𝒒

Imp𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 76

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45. Which of the following most nearly 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝒓𝟏 = 95

gives the transmissivity of the aquifer? Q = 5961.6 cu.m/day 𝒓𝟐 = 35
a. 1713.76 m2/day c. 1627.25 m2/day
b. 1579.04 m2/day d. 1984.02 m2/day
𝑮𝑾𝑻

𝑻 = 𝑲𝒃 = 𝑲𝒉 𝒛𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟓

T = 60.27 (27)

T = 1627.25 m2/day
ℎ = 27 𝑚
𝒓
𝑸𝒍𝒏( 𝟏 ) 𝒉𝟐 = 25.9
𝒓𝟐 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟
T= 𝒒 𝒒
𝟐𝝅(𝒉𝟏 −𝒉𝟐 )

𝟗𝟓
𝟓𝟗𝟔𝟏.𝟔𝒍𝒏( )
𝟑𝟓
T=
𝟐𝝅(𝟐𝟔.𝟓−𝟐𝟓.𝟗)
Imp𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟

T = 1579.04 m2/day
ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 77

Situation 15:
A pumping test was carried out in a confined aquifer 15 m thick overlain by an impermeable layer 30 m thick. Rate
of pumping was 0.12 m3/s; drawdowns in observation wells located at 15 m and 30 m from the center of the
pumping well were 1.60 m 1nd 1.40 m, respectively, from the initial groundwater level. The diameter of the
pumping well is 0.40 m. 𝒓𝟏 = 𝟑𝟎
𝑸 = 0.12 m3/s 𝒓𝟐 = 𝟏𝟓
46. Which of the following most nearly
gives the transmissivity of the aquifer?
a. 0.0622 m2/s c. 0.0626 m2/s
𝑮𝑾𝑻
b. 0.0266 m2/s d. 0.0662 m2/s
𝒛𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟒
𝒓 𝒓
𝑸𝒍𝒏( 𝟏 ) 𝑸𝒍𝒏( 𝟏 ) 𝒛 𝟐 = 1.6
𝒓
𝟐 𝒓 𝟐
K= =
𝟐𝝅𝒕(𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐 ) 𝟐𝝅𝒕(𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏)
𝟑𝟎
𝒓
𝑸𝒍𝒏( 𝟏 ) 𝟑𝟎
𝟎.𝟏𝟐𝒍𝒏( ) Imp𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒍𝒂𝒚𝒆𝒓
𝒓𝟐 𝟏𝟓
K= = 𝒉𝟏
𝟐𝝅𝒕(𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 ) 𝟐𝝅 𝟏𝟓 (𝟏.𝟔−𝟏.𝟒)
𝒉𝟐
K = 0.004413 m/s

T = Kt = 0.004413 (15) 𝒕= 15 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒍𝒂𝒚𝒆𝒓 𝒒 𝒒

T = 0.0662 m2/s
ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP
Imp𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒍𝒂𝒚𝒆𝒓 78

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47. Which of the following most nearly gives the drawdown in the test well?
a. 2.75 m c. 2.85 m
b. 2.55 m d. 2.65 m
𝒓𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎
K = 0.004413 m/s 𝒓𝟏 = 𝟑𝟎
𝑸 = 0.12 m3/s 𝒓𝟐 = 𝟏𝟓
𝒓
𝑸𝒍𝒏( 𝟏 )
𝒓𝟐
K=
𝟐𝝅𝒕(𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 ) 𝑮𝑾𝑻

𝒓 𝒛𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟒
𝑸𝒍𝒏( 𝟏 ) 𝒛𝟐 = 1.6
𝒓𝟑
K=
𝟐𝝅𝒕(𝒛𝟑 − 𝒛𝟏 )
𝟑𝟎 𝒓𝟎 𝒓𝟑
𝟑𝟎
𝟎.𝟏𝟐𝒍𝒏( )
𝟎.𝟐𝟎
0.004413 = Imp𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒍𝒂𝒚𝒆𝒓
𝟐𝝅 𝟏𝟓 (𝒛𝟑 −𝟏.𝟒)
𝒉𝟏
𝒉𝟐
𝒛𝟑 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟓 𝒎
𝒕= 15 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒍𝒂𝒚𝒆𝒓 𝒒 𝒒

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP

Imp𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒍𝒂𝒚𝒆𝒓 79

48. Which of the following most nearly gives the time of travel of groundwater from the observation well at 30 m to the
pumping well if the porosity of the aquifer is 0.40?
a. 1.48 days c. 1.64 days
b. 1.56 days d. 1.80 days
𝒓𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎
𝑽 𝒓𝟏 = 𝟑𝟎
𝒒=
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆
𝑽 = 𝜋 𝒓𝟏 2 − 𝒓𝟑 2 𝑡 𝒕= 15 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒍𝒂𝒚𝒆𝒓 𝒒 𝒒
𝑽
𝒒=
𝒕

0.12 𝜋 𝟑𝟎2 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎2 (15)

=
0.40 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

1𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 44998𝜋 𝑠𝑒𝑐
24 ℎ𝑟𝑠 ∗ 60𝑚𝑖𝑛 ∗ 60𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 = 1.64 days

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𝑭𝑳𝑶𝑾 𝑵𝑬𝑻𝑺

𝑭𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉, 𝒒

𝑲𝑯𝑵𝒇 𝑯
q= 𝑵𝒅

Where:

H = difference in head
𝑵𝒇 = number of flow channels
𝑵𝒅 = number of equipotential drop
or pressure drop 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒔

𝑵𝒇 = 4

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 81

𝑭𝑳𝑶𝑾 𝑵𝑬𝑻𝑺

𝑭𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉, 𝒒

𝑲𝑯𝑵𝒇 𝑯
q= 𝑵𝒅

Where:

H = difference in head
𝑵𝒇 = number of flow channels
𝑵𝒅 = number of equipotential drop
or pressure drop 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒔 𝟏 𝟖
𝟐 𝟕
𝑵𝒇 = 4 𝟑 𝟔
𝟒𝟓
𝑵𝒅 = 8 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒔

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 82

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𝒅𝟏

𝒅𝟏 𝑯 𝑯𝟐 = 𝑯𝟏 − 𝟖𝒅𝟏

𝑯𝟏 𝑯𝟐 = 𝑯𝟏 − 𝑵𝒅 𝒅𝟏

𝑯𝟏 −𝑯𝟐
𝑯𝟐
𝒅𝟏 = 𝑵𝒅

𝑯
𝒅𝟏 = 𝑵 Pressure drop
𝒅
𝑳
𝑳

𝑳 𝑳

𝑳
𝑳 𝑳
𝑳

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 83

𝒅𝟏
ℎ
𝑯
𝑞1 = 𝐾 𝐴
𝐿

𝑯𝟏 𝒅𝟏
𝒒𝟏 𝑞1 = 𝐾 𝐿 ∗1
𝐿

𝑞1 = K 𝒅𝟏
𝒒𝟏 𝑳
q = 𝑞1 (4) = 𝑞1 𝑵𝒇
𝑳 𝟏
𝑳 𝑳
q = K 𝒅𝟏 (𝑵𝒇 )
𝑳 𝑳
𝑯
𝑳 q = K𝑵 𝑵𝒇
𝑳 𝑳 𝒅
𝑳

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 84

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Situation 16:
The section of a sheet pile is shown in figure SM 025.
The coefficient of permeability if the soil is k = 5 x 10-3
m/s. Difference in the head of the upstream and
𝑯 = 𝟓𝒎
downstream sides is 5 m. Assume that each stream has
an area of its water surface as 1 hectare.

𝑵𝒇 = 4 𝑵𝒅 = 8

49. Determine the seepage (Lit/sec) into the downstream

side per meter width of the sheet pile.
a. 13.0 c. 11.5
b. 12.5 d. 10.7

𝑲𝑯𝑵𝒇
q= 𝑵𝒅

(5 x 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 )(𝟓)(𝟒) 𝒎
q= = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝒄𝒖.
(𝟖) 𝒔
q = 12.5 L/s
ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 85

50. Determine the difference in head (m) of water level A=1 hectare
after 2 days.
a. 3.907 c. 4.568 𝒁
b. 3.745 d. 4.789
𝑯𝟏 = 𝟓𝒎
2 days = 172800 sec 𝒅𝑯 𝑯𝟐

𝑸=𝒒 ln 5 − ln(𝑯𝟐) = 0.0432 𝑸

𝑲𝑯𝑵𝒇 𝒁
AV = 𝑵𝒅 𝑯𝟐 = 4.789 m
𝒅𝑯 𝑲𝑯𝑵𝒇
A 𝒅𝒕 = 𝑵
𝒅

𝒅𝑯 𝑲𝑵𝒇
𝒒
= dt
𝑯 𝑨 𝑵𝒅

𝑯 𝒅𝑯 𝒕 𝑲𝑵𝒇
-‫𝟐 𝑯׬‬ = ‫ 𝑵 𝑨 𝟐 𝒕׬‬dt
𝟏 𝑯 𝟏 𝒅
𝑯 𝒅𝑯 𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟖𝟎𝟎 (5 x 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 )(𝟒)
-‫𝟐 𝟓׬‬ =𝟎‫׬‬ dt
𝑯 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝟖)

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 86

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Situation 17:
A masonry dam has a coefficient of permeability in the
vertical and horizontal directions of Kz = 4 m/day and
Kx = 5 m/day, respectively. Difference in head is 18 m
and the distance between the base of the dam and the 𝑯 = 𝟏𝟖 𝒎
downstream water surface is 3 m. Assume z = 35 m and
width of dam = 40 m.

3m
𝑨 z = 35 m 𝑩

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 87

Kz = 4 m/day and Kx = 5 m/day

51. Determine the seepage flow (m3/day)

a. 1590.09 c. 1205.71 𝑾 = 𝟒𝟎 𝒎
b. 1431.08 d. 1345.78

𝑰𝒔𝒐𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒊𝒄 𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍: 𝑲𝒙 = 𝑲𝒚 = K
𝑲𝒚
𝑲𝑯𝑵𝒇 𝑯 = 𝟏𝟖 𝒎
q= 𝑾
𝑵𝒅
𝑲𝒙
An𝐢𝒔𝒐𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒊𝒄 𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍 ∶ 𝑲𝒙 ≠ 𝑲𝒚
3m
𝑲𝒙 𝑲𝒚𝑯𝑵𝒇 𝑨 𝑩
q= 𝑾 𝟒𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 z = 35 m 𝟗
𝑁𝑓 = 4 𝑁𝑓 = 9
𝑵𝒅 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟓 𝟔 𝟕 𝟖
𝟓 ∗𝟒 (𝟏𝟖)(𝟒)
q= 𝟒𝟎
𝟗
q = 1431.08 cu.m/day

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 88

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52. Determine the uplift pressure (kpa) at A. 𝒅𝟏

a. 156.96 c. 186.39
b. 180.78 d. 176.58 𝑯 = 𝟏𝟖 𝒎
𝟐𝟏 𝒎
𝑷𝑨 = 𝜸𝒘 𝒉𝑨
𝒉𝑨
𝒉𝑨 = 21 - 𝒅𝟏
3m
𝑯 𝑨 𝑩
𝒅𝟏 =
𝑵𝒅
𝟒𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 z = 35 m 𝟗
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟓 𝟔 𝟕 𝟖
𝟏𝟖
𝒅𝟏 = =2m
𝟗

𝑷𝑨 = 𝜸𝒘 𝒉𝑨

𝑷𝑨 = 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝟐𝟏 − 𝟐

𝑷𝑨 = 186.39 Kpa

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 89

53. Determine the uplift force (kN) acting in 𝒅𝟏

the dam. Assume that the uplift pressure
under the dam varies uniformly. 𝑯 = 𝟏𝟖 𝒎
a. 133,450 c. 164,808
𝟐𝟏 𝒎
b. 145,771 d. 123,606
𝒉𝑨
𝑷𝑩 = 𝜸𝒘 𝒉𝑩
3m
𝑷𝑩 = 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝟐𝟏 − 𝟐 𝟖 𝑨 𝑩
𝟒𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 z = 35 m 𝟗
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟓 𝟔 𝟕 𝟖
𝑃𝐵 = 49.05 Kpa

1
𝐹= 186.39 + 49.05 35 (40)
2

𝑭 = 164808 KN 49.05 Kpa

186.39 Kpa

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 90

45