Recommended Practices For Root Pass Welding of Pipe Without Backing

ANSI/AWS D10.
11-87R
An American National Standard
Recommended
Practices for Root
Pass Welding of
Pipe Without
Backing
Key WordS—Root pass welding, pipe, gas purging, ANSI/AWS D10.11-87
consumable inserts, gas tungsten arc, gas metal arc, shielded An American National Standard
metal arc, recommended practice
Approved by
American National Standards Institute
January 23, 1987
Recommended
Practices for
Root Pass Welding
of Pipe Without Backing
Superceding
AWS D10.11-80
Prepared by
AWS Committee on Piping and Tubing
Under the Direction of

AWS Technical Activities Committee
Approved by
AWS Board of Directors
October 17, 1986
Abstract
This standard presents recommended practices for welding the root pass of metal pipe butt joints with an open root or a
consumable insert. Joint designs, assembly, consumable insert configurations, base metals, filler metals, and purging are
discussed. Applicable arc welding processes and techniques are described.
AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY

550 N.W. LeJeune Road, P.O. Box 351040, Miami, Florida 33135
Table of Contents
page no.
Personnel iii
Foreword iv
List of Figures vi
Introduction 1
1. Cleanliness 1
2. Preparations for Purging 1
2.1 Purging Gases 1
2.2 Purge Gas Containment 1
3. Purging Prior to Welding 2
4. Purging During "Welding 4
5. Tack Welding 4
6. Welding Using GTAW Without Consumable Inserts 4
6.1 Joint Design 4
6.2 Root Opening-Open Root Grooves 4
6.3 Purge Containment 4
6.4 Tungsten Electrode Type and Configuration 4
6.5 Arc Initiation 5
6.6 Welding Technique — Open Root Groove 5
6.7 Welding Technique — Groove With Zero Root Opening 5
6.8 Welding Pipe in the Horizontal Fixed (5G) Position 5
6.9 Stop and Start Areas 7
7. Welding Using GTAW with Consumable Inserts 7
7.1 Welding Techniques for Consumable Inserts 7
7.2 Pipe Axis Horizontal 7
8. Welding with SMAW and GMAW 7
8.1 Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) 7
8.2 Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) 10
9. Intermediate Weld Layers 10
10. Welding of Aluminum Alloys 10
11. Welding Equipment 10
11.1 GTAW Torches 10
11.2 Gas Nozzles 11
11.3 Gas Lenses 11
11.4 Power Supplies 11
11.5 Machine and Automatic Welding Equipment 11
12. Safety and Health 11
12.1 Fumes and Gases 11
12.2 Radiation 11
12.3 Electric Shock 11
12.4 Fire Prevention 11
12.5 Explosion 11
12.6 Burns 11
12.7 Further Information 11
Appendix A—Safety and Health 13
Appendix B—Document List 14
List of Figures
Figure page no.
1 — Purging Fixtures 2
2 — Preweld Purge Evacuation of Air 3
3 — Typical Open Root Joint Design 4
4 — Open Root Welding Angular Relations — Pipe, Torch, and Filler Metal 5
5 — Groove Design and Tolerances for Use with Consumable Inserts 6
6 — Assembly Tolerances for Welding Pipe — Using Five (5) Classes of Consumable Inserts 8
7 — Steps for Root Pass Welding with Classes 1,2,3, and 5 Consumable Inserts 8
8 — Steps for Root Pass Welding with Class 4 Consumable Inserts 9
9 — Eccentric Positioning of Class 3 and 5 Consumable Inserts in 5G Position to Prevent Sag 9
10 — Joint Design for Aluminum Pipe 10
VI
Recommended Practices for Root Pass Welding
Of Pipe Without Backing
Introduction can be welded, using an open root groove, without the use
of an internal gas purge. Purging of joints with consumable
When the pipe system designer has determined that the
inserts reduces the occurence of defects resulting from ox-
use of backing rings is unacceptable and that complete joint
idation of the insert. Purging will also increase welding
penetration, and a continuous root surface is needed, butt
speed.
joints may be made from one side without backing using
special groove designs and techniques described in this 2.1 Purging Gases. Welding grade argon is the gas most
document. Although gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) is often used for internal purging. For some applications, ni-
commonly used for precise control in root pass welding, trogen, carbon dioxide, helium, and mixtures of these gases
shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) and gas metal arc are suitable purge gases. These gases can be used at lower
welding (GMAW) are also widely used to achieve complete cost than argon for specific applications, but they should be
joint penetration and an acceptable root surface. demonstrated as suitable by testing prior to use in
production.
1. Cleanliness The purity of purging gases is important and should be
included in the welding procedure specification. Argon,
Cleanliness is important in all welding, and it is especially helium, and nitrogen of better than 99 percent purity are
so in root pass welding. This includes groove faces and a available commercially and should be used. The moisture
minimum of 1 in. (25mm) from the groove on both inside content should be controlled by specifying a dew point of
and outside surfaces of the pipe. Grinding or other mechan- -40°F(-40°C) maximum.
ical means should be used to remove all paint, scale, rust, The purging procedures described in this document are
and dirt. In addition, all parts of the joint should be free of based on the use of argon as the purging gas. If nitrogen or
grease and oil; these may be removed by use of a suitable helium is used, modifications to the purging procedure may
solvent. A suitable solvent is one that does not leave a residue be necessary because both gases are less dense than air and
and is not harmful to the welder or the weldment. Most argon.
solvents require good ventilation, and many are flammable;
therefore, proper precautions should be taken. 2.2 Purge Gas Containment. Purging requires entrance
Grinding and cleaning operations should be done just and exit openings through which the purge gas can enter
prior to welding. After cleaning, the pipe should be handled and leave the weld joint area at controlled rates. For piping
with clean gloves to preserve cleanliness. where both ends can be capped, properly-sized wood or
plastic disks can be taped to the pipe ends. Plastic caps that
are used to prevent damage to pipe ends during shipment
2. Preparations for Purging are commonly used as purge caps.
The highest quality root welds are obtained by using The cap on the entrance side requires a hole to receive
GTAW either with or without consumable inserts. A purge the purge gas. The other cap requires a hole large enough
(displacement of air at the inside surface of the weldment to prevent build-up of gas pressure. Since air is lighter than
with a suitable gas) is required for stainless and nonferrous argon, the exit hole should be at a higher elevation to
piping systems, except aluminum, if a smooth root surface minimize the entrapment of air. Precautions should be taken
is to be obtained. Carbon steels and most low alloy steels to ensure that all leak paths are blocked and that branch

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ANSI/AWS D10.

Under the Direction of

AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY

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