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Java 5 New Features: Generics Enhanced Loop Autoboxing/unboxing Typesafe Enums Other

This document summarizes several new features introduced in Java 5, including generics, enhanced for loops, autoboxing/unboxing, and typesafe enums. Generics allow type-safe collections and APIs. Enhanced for loops provide a simpler syntax for iterating over arrays and collections. Autoboxing automatically converts between primitives and object wrappers. Typesafe enums provide a safer alternative to constant integers for enumerated values. Other new features include varargs, static imports, metadata, and virtual machine enhancements.

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53 views

Java 5 New Features: Generics Enhanced Loop Autoboxing/unboxing Typesafe Enums Other

This document summarizes several new features introduced in Java 5, including generics, enhanced for loops, autoboxing/unboxing, and typesafe enums. Generics allow type-safe collections and APIs. Enhanced for loops provide a simpler syntax for iterating over arrays and collections. Autoboxing automatically converts between primitives and object wrappers. Typesafe enums provide a safer alternative to constant integers for enumerated values. Other new features include varargs, static imports, metadata, and virtual machine enhancements.

Uploaded by

renuka
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Java 5 New Features

ÿ Generics
ÿ Enhanced for loop
ÿ Autoboxing/unboxing
ÿ Typesafe enums
ÿ Other
Varargs
Static Import
Metadata
New classes and methods
VM Enhancements

CompSci 100E 40.1


Generics
ÿ Allows classes to store objects whose type is irrelevant to
storing class, while allowing type-safe retrieval
ÿ E.g., Collection
ÿ Syntax
ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<String>();
list.put(“hello”); // put() takes a String
Iterator<String> iter = list.iterator();
String s = iter.next(); // next() returns a String
ÿ Compare with earlier Java
ArrayList list = new ArrayList();
list.put(“hello”); // put() takes an Object
Iterator iter = list.iterator();
String s = (String)iter.next();
// next() returns an Object which must be cast to String

CompSci 100E 40.2


Generics in API Docs
ÿ In API documentation, generics are given a type alias, e.g.,
“E”:
Alias is arbitrary, but stands for the same type throughout class
definition
Can be on more than one type using different aliases
ÿ Examples
Class ArrayList<E>
o add(E o)
o E get(int index)
Interface Map<K,V>
o V put(K key, V value)
o V get(Object key)
o Collection<V> values()

CompSci 100E 40.3


Enhanced for Loop
ÿ Replaced iterators, indexing

ÿ Iterators and indexing are prone to bounds errors


// throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
for (int i = 0; i <= arr.length; i++)
{ System.out.println(arr[i]); }

// what does this do?


Iterator iter = list.iterator();
while (iter.hasNext()) {
if (!“stop”.equals(iter.next())) {
System.out.println(iter.next());
}
}

CompSci 100E 40.4


Looping in Java 5
ÿ Java 5 introduces new language syntax for looping over arrays
and collections using for (aka “For-Each” loop)
ÿ Syntax:
for (type var: collection) {
// do something with var
}
ÿ Examples:
void processArray(String[] arr) {
for (String s: arr)
System.out.println(s.toUpperCase());
}

// generics work with new for loop to simplify syntax!


void processList(List<String> list) {
for (String s: list)
System.out.println(s);
}

CompSci 100E 40.5


Autoboxing/Unboxing
ÿ Java primitive types provided for performance, but mix poorly
with objects:
// compilation error!
ArrayList list = new ArrayList();
list.add(42);
int x = (int) list.get(0);

// Kludgey fix provided by original Java: ugh!


list.add(new Integer(42));
int x = ((Integer)list.get(0)).intValue()

ÿ Java 5 automatically “boxes” primitive types in Object types as


neeeded:
Integer objInt;
objInt = 42; // equivalent to objInt = new Integer(42);

CompSci 100E 40.6


Autoboxing with Generics and For-Each
ÿ Note again how the new Java 5 features work together:

// old syntax
Integer sumInteger(List list) {
int sum = 0;
Iterator iter = list.iterator();
while (iter.hasNext()) {
Integer iobj = (Integer) iter.next();
sum += iobj.intValue();
}
}
return new Integer(sum);

// new syntax
Integer sumIntegers(List<Integer> list) {
int sum = 0;
for (int x: list) sum+= x; // auto-unboxing
elements
return sum; // autobox return value
}
CompSci 100E 40.7
New Features: Limitations
ÿ Generics are not everywhere, yet
consider list.toArray() returning Object[]

ÿ Enhanced for loop on non-parameterized collections is still


annoying (obviously using generics helps, but what if you are
forced to use legacy code?)
for (Object o: list) { String s = (String)o; ... }

ÿ For loop doesn't give you a good way to loop over multiple
collections in parallel:
still must do:
int[] arr1, arr2;
for (int i; i < arr1.length; i++) {
int x = arr1[i] + arr2[i];
}

CompSci 100E 40.8


New Features: Limitations (con't)
ÿ Autoboxing doesn't carry over to arrays, or to converting arrays
to lists and vice versa:
can't do the following:
int[] arr = new int[100];
Integer[] arrInts = arr;

List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<Integer>();


list.addAll(arr);

CompSci 100E 40.9


Typesafe Enums
ÿ Enums are a safer alternative to constants
Old way:
public static final int GO = 0;
public static final int STOP = 1;
public static final int YIELD = 2;
....

Consider code taking these values as a parameter:


void process(int status) {
if (status == GO) ...
if (status == STOP) ...
if (status == YIELD) ...
else ... // what does status == 10 mean?

CompSci 100E 40.10


The Enum Alternative
ÿ Enums define a type, just like a class or primitive type
ÿ Enums are not interchangeable with ints, impossible to get
undefined values
ÿ Enums can be enumerated using for
ÿ String representations of enums actually mean something
ÿ Examples:
public enum TrafficLight { GO, STOP, YIELD }
public TrafficLight myLight = STOP;
for (TrafficLight t: TrafficLight.values()) {
System.out.print(t);
System.out.print(“ “);
}
// output: GO STOP YIELD

CompSci 100E 40.11


Other New Features
ÿ Java 5 has many other new features, including:
Varargs – variable-size argument lists for methods
Static Import – import constants, e.g. Math.PI
Metadata – attach extra information about code
New classes and methods – Queue, Scanner, printf, etc.
VM Enhancements

CompSci 100E 40.12

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