Week 3

GENER
Prepared By: Alvin Castillo
AL
CHEMI
STRY 1

Special Science Teacher 1

San Jose Community High School

Learning Task 1
PRE-ASSESSMENT. Directions: Read each question carefully. Encircle the letter of the correct
answer.
1. Among the following terms, which refers to the representation of what happens when
substances undergo a chemical reaction?
A. chemical equation B. chemical formula C. chemical symbol D. chemistry
2. Which of these symbols mean to yield or to form?
A. coefficient B. + C. → D. =
3. Which of these tells us the relative numbers of reactants and products?
A. coefficient B. + C. → D. =
4. What coefficients do you need to balance the equation below?
Mg(OH)2 (aq) + H3PO4 (aq) → H2O (l) + Mg3(PO4 )2 (aq)
A. 1,6,2,3 B. 3,2,6,1 C. 6,3,1,2 D. 2,3,1,6
5. In the reaction, a FeCl3 + b MgO → c Fe2O3 + d MgCl2, what is the coefficient, b, of
magnesium oxide in the balanced equation?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
6. What do you call the chemical reaction that takes place only between substances in an
aqueous solution?
A. synthesis reaction C. single displacement reaction
B. decomposition reaction D. double displacement reaction
7. The example below shows which type of chemical reaction?
2 Fe + 6 HC2H3O2 → 2 Fe(C2H3O2)3 + 3 H2
A. synthesis reaction C. single displacement reaction
B. decomposition reaction D. double displacement reaction
8. Which of these refers to the study of quantitative relationships between amounts of reactants
used and products formed by a chemical reaction?
A. Biochemistry B. Geometry C. Percent Yield D. Stoichiometry
9. Which set of coefficients would you use to balance the following equation?
__NH3 + __O2 → __NO2 + __H2O
A. 4,4,7,6 B. 4,7,4,6 C. 6,4,3,7 D. 7,4,3,6
10. Based on the balanced equation in item 9, what is the ratio between NH3 and O2?
A. 4: 7 B. 4: 4 C. 6: 3 D. 7: 2
11. Based on the balanced equation in item 9, what is the ratio between NH3 and H2O?
A. 7: 3 B. 4: 3 C. 3: 7 D. 2: 3

For items 12-15, refer to the following statement:

Propane, C3H8, has undergone complete combustion to produce carbon dioxide and water.
12. Which of these is the correct skeleton equation of the reaction?
A. C3H8 + H2O → CO2 + O2 C. C3H8 + CO2 → O2 + H2O
B. C3H8 + O2 → CO2 + H2O D. C3H8 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
13. Which of these coefficients will you use to balance the equation in item 12?
A. 1, 3, 4, 5 B. 1, 4, 5, 3 C. 1, 5, 4, 3 D. 1, 5, 3, 4

14. How many moles of carbon dioxide will be produced when 3.5 mol of oxygen is consumed
in the reaction?
A. 2.1 mol CO2 B.4.2 mol CO2 C. 6.3 mol CO2 D. 8.4 mol CO2
15. Based on the balanced equation of the reaction, what is the ratio between CO2 and O2?
A. 1: 5 B. 3: 5 C. 3: 4 D. 5: 4

Lesson 1: Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations

CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
A chemical equation displays the chemical formulas of reacting substances and the
produced substances. The number of atoms of reagents and products needs to be balanced. In
this class, we're going to explore balancing chemical equations.
TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

 Combustion Reaction
A combustion reaction is a reaction that gives an oxidized substance to a
combustible material with an oxidizer. An oxidizer is a chemical that a fuel requires,
normally oxygen, to burn. Consider the example of magnesium metal combustion.

 Decomposition Reaction
A Decomposition Reaction is a reaction in which several products are broken
down into a single part. Some environmental energy improvements have to be made,
such as the compound 's fire, light or electricity breaking bonds. Consider the example of
calcium carbonate decomposition that creates CaO (Quick Lime), which is a major
component of cement.

 Neutralization Reaction
Basically, a neutralization is the reaction between an acid and a base that offers
salt and water as the products. The water molecule created is a mixture of OH-ions and
H+ ions. When a strong acid and a strong base undergo a neutralization reaction, the
general pH of the products will be 7. Consider the example of the Hydrochloric acid and
Sodium Hydroxide neutralization reaction that gives out sodium chloride (Common Salt)
and water.

 Redox Reaction
A REDuction-OXidation is a reaction in which electrons are exchanged between
chemical species. Let us consider the example of a redox reaction between Zinc and
Hydrogen that is electrochemical cell-like.

 Precipitation or Double Displacement Reaction

It is a type of displacement reaction in which two compounds respond and,
ultimately, two new products are formed by their anions and cations. Consider the
example of the reaction between sodium chloride and silver nitrate. Following the
double-displacement response, the products would be silver chloride and sodium nitrate.

WRITING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

 A chemical equation is a description of a chemical reaction that shows chemical
formulas for the reactants and products.

 Word Equations
Using the names of the substances involved, a chemical reaction can be written. This
equation is called Word Equations.
Example: sodium reacts with chlorine to form sodium chloride
Word equation: sodium + chlorine → sodium chloride
 Skeleton Equations
The Skeleton Equation is an equation that displays only the reactant and product formulas
with nothing to suggest relative quantities.
Example: sodium reacts with chloride to form sodium chloride
Skeleton equation: Na + Cl2 → NaCl

The Skeleton Equation is an equation that displays only the reactant and product
formulas with nothing to suggest relative quantities. Writing the skeleton equation is the first
step in writing an accurate chemical equation, ensuring that the formulas of all involved
substances are written correctly. Both reactants, separated from each other by a plus sign, are
written to the left of the yield arrow. Similarly, goods are written to the right of the yield arrow,
separated with a plus sign as well.
Table shows the list of symbols used in Chemical Equations

BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

A balanced equation is a chemical equation in which mass is conserved and on both
sides of the equation there are equal numbers of atoms of each product. A coefficient is a small
total number in an equation put in front of a formula in order to balance it.
Steps in balancing Equation:
1. For each reactant and product, decide the correct chemical formulas.
2. Write an equation for the skeleton.
3. Count each element's number of atoms that appear as a reactant and as a product. Count it
as a unit if a polyatomic ion is unchanged on both sides of the equation.
3. By putting coefficients in front of the formulas, balancing each variable at a time.
a. It is best to begin by balancing elements on each side of the equation that only appear in one
formula.
b. For a 1., no coefficient is written.
c. Never change subscript in a chemical formula. By using coefficients, you can only balance
equations.
5. To be sure that they are identical on both sides of the equation, verify each atom or
polyatomic ion.
6. Make sure all the coefficients are at the lowest ratio possible. Shrink to the lowest ratio if
necessary.

Example:
Let us consider the example below:
From the reaction between copper(II) nitrate and potassium hydroxide, potassium nitrate and
solid copper(II) hydroxide are produced. For this sample, write a balanced chemical equation.
(1) Define the reactants and the products and write the skeleton equation afterwards:
Cu(NO3)2(aq) + KOH(aq) → Cu(OH)2(s) + KNO3(aq)
(2) Schedule the approach. Since polyatomic ions (NO3-, then OH-) are involved in all formulas,
you first have to balance them. If not, attempt to balance the copper and potassium ions, then
check if it is balanced.
(3) Act on your approach. On the reactant side, there are two NO3- ions and on the product
side, you can put 2 in front of KNO3.
Cu(NO3)2(aq) + KOH(aq) → Cu(OH)2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)

There are also two OH- ions on the side of the product, so position 2 in front of the KOH.
Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2KOH(aq) → Cu(OH)2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
(4) Check to see if the number of each type of atom on each side of the equation is balanced.
Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2KOH(aq) → Cu(OH)2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
Atoms or Ions Reactant side Product side
Cu 1 1
-
NO3 2 2
K 2 2
OH- 2 2

(5) Since the number of each type of atom on each side is balanced, therefore the chemical
equation is balanced.

INTERPRETING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

 A balanced chemical equation can give us a great deal of information about the chemical
reaction it represents. Let us look at the example below:
N2 + 3H2 2NH3
One molecule + Three molecules Two molecules
One mole + Three moles Two moles
2(14.007 g) 3(2.016 g) 2(17.031 g)
+
= 28.014 g = 6.048 g = 34.062 g
34.062 g 34.062 g

Looking at the example above we may say that the balanced equation followed the Law
of Conservation of Mass which says that total mass of reactants is equal to the total mass of the
product after chemical reaction. This information will then be used for many purposes.

LEARNING TASK 2
Directions: Write a skeleton equation with proper labels for each reaction then classify which
type of chemical reaction it represents.

1. Solid zinc reacts with chlorine gas to form solid zinc chloride.
2. Aqueous lead (II) nitrate reacts with solid magnesium to yield aqueous magnesium
nitrate and solid lead.
3. Aqueous barium chloride reacts with aqueous sodium sulfate to yield an aqueous
sodium chloride and barium sulfate as precipitate.
4. Liquid ethanol reacts with oxygen gas to produce carbon dioxide and water
5. Solid iron reacted with oxygen gas to form solid ferric oxide

LEARNING TASK 3
Directions: Balance the following equations:
1. __C2H6(g)+__O2(g) → __CO2(g) + __H2O(l)
2. __Be2C + __H2O → __Be(OH)2 + __CH4
3. __NH3(g) + __O2(g) → __NO(g) + __H2O(l)
4. __Ca3(PO4)2(aq) + __H3PO4(aq) → __Ca(H2PO4)2(aq)
5. __Fe2(SO4)3 + __NH3 + __H2O → __Fe(OH)3 + __(NH4)2SO4

Lesson 2: Amounts of Substances in a Chemical Reaction

The stoichiometry of a reaction is the ratio of different amounts of each reactant that is
needed to run a chemical reaction.
In the same way, balanced chemical equations are used to calculate the quantity of one
reactant required to react with a given quantity of another reactant or to generate a given
quantity of product, and so on. To be able to measure a desired amount, the coefficients are
used as stoichiometric factors or molar ratios. Consider the equation below, to illustrate:

4 Al(s) + 3 O2(g) → 2 Al2O3(s)

The stoichiometric coefficients indicate that four Al molecules combine with three O 2
molecules to create 2 Al2O3 molecules. It is possible to interpret this equation as:
4 Al(s) + 3 O2(g) → 2 Al2O3(s)
 4 molecules 3 molecules 2 molecules
4 (6.022 x 1023 molecules) 3 (6.022 x 1023 molecules) 2 (6.022 x 1023 molecules)
4 mol 3 mol 2 mol

This equation can also be translated as "4 moles of Al metal combined with 3 moles of
O2 gas to form 2 moles of solid Al2O3." This shows that in a 2:3 ratio, aluminum oxide molecules
are formed from oxygen molecules. It also notes that 2 Al 2O3 moles are stoichiometrically equal
to 3 O2 moles and 4 Al moles. Looking at the balanced chemical equation, molar ratios can be
written as:
2 Al2O3 molecules 2 mol Al2O3
or
3 O2 molecules 3 mol O2

2 Al2O3 molecules 2 mol Al2O3

or
4 Al molecules 4 mol Al

3 O2 molecules 3 mol O2
or
4 Al molecules 4 mol Al

It is possible to use these molar ratios to measure the quantity of aluminum oxide
molecules formed from a given quantity of oxygen molecules or from a given quantity of
aluminum molecules. Similarly, to measure the necessary amount of aluminum molecules, we
can also use these molar ratios to generate a certain amount of aluminum oxide molecules, etc.
Let us use this as an instance:

EXAMPLE 1:
Using the balanced chemical equation:
4 Al(s) + 3 O2(g) → 2 Al2O3(s)
Molar ratios 4 moles Al : 3 moles O2 : 2 moles Al2O3
a. How many moles of Al2O3 will be produced if 12.1 moles of O 2 reacts completely with Al?
(moles O2 → moles Al2O3)

2 moles Al2O3
12.1 moles O2 x = 8.07 moles Al2O3
3 moles O2

b. How many moles of Al are needed to produce 50.7 moles Al2O3?

(moles Al2O3 → mol Al)

4 moles Al
50.7 moles Al2O3 x = 101 moles Al
2 moles Al2O3

c. How many grams of Al2O3 will be produced from 36.1 moles O2?
(moles O2 → moles Al2O3 → grams Al2O3)

2 moles Al2O3 101.96 g Al2O3

36.1 moles O2 x x = 2.45 x 103 g Al2O3
3 moles O2 1 mole Al2O3

d. How many grams of Al2O3 will be produced from 82 g of Al as it completely reacts with
O2? (grams Al → moles Al → moles Al2O3 → grams Al2O3)

1 mole Al 2 moles Al2O3 101.96 g Al2O3

82 g Al x x x = 150 g Al2O3
26.98 g Al 4 mole Al 1 mole Al2O3
 Remember that the atomic weight of the element and/or the molar mass of the
compound (sum of the atomic weights of each compound element) is necessary to convert
grams to moles. Examples 1c and 1d show us how grams are transformed to moles using these
atomic weights, and vice versa.

EXAMPLE 2:
Certain race cars use methanol, also called as wood alcohol, as a fuel. In a reaction, 28.83 g of
methanol are reacted with an excess of O2. Calculate the amount in grams of CO2 formed.

To solve this sample problem, remember to start by writing and balancing the chemical equation
first. This will always be your first step in every stoichiometric calculation.
(1) Balanced equation: 2CH3OH(l) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)
(2) Molar Ratios: 2 moles CH3OH : 3 moles O2 : 2 moles CO2 : 4 moles H2O
(3) Required: Number of molecules of CO2

(4) Solution: g CH3OH → moles CH3OH → mole CO2 → g CO2

From examples 1 and 2, you may see that you may convert moles of one substance to
moles of another substance, moles of the reactant to mass of the product, grams of the reactant
to the grams of the product and so on. All these conversions are made easy by the
stoichiometric factors or molar ratios. These molar ratios we construct from the coefficients of
the balanced chemical equation is like a gateway to converting one unit of a substance to the
desired unit of another substance. But these are not the only units that we could convert into
using stoichiometry, look at the example below:

EXAMPLE 3
The reaction of iron (III) oxide with powdered aluminum is known as the thermite reaction.
A. Calculate the mass of aluminum oxide, Al2O3, that is produced when 1.65 x 1022 atoms of
Al reacts with Fe2O3.
B. Find how many formula units of Fe2O3 are needed to react with 0.214 g of Al?

This example involves the conversion of mass to particles (atoms, molecules, ions, or
formula units) therefore we will be using our knowledge of the mole concept in this problem. You
learned that one mole of a substance is equal to 6.022 x 10 23 particle units. The number 6.022 x
1023 is also known as the Avogadro’s number. You can use this number or constant to convert
between mass and number of particles. Let us now solve the given problem.

(1) Balanced equation: 2Al(s) + Fe2O3(s) → Al2O3(s) + 2Fe(l)

(2) Molar ratio: 2 moles Al : 1 mole Fe2O3 : 1 mole Al2O3 : 2 moles Fe
28.83 g 1 mole CH3OH 2 moles CO2 44.01 g CO2
x x x = 39.60 g CO2
CH3OH 32. 04 g CH3OH 2 moles CH3OH 1 mole CO2

(3) Required in A: mass of Al2O3

(4) Solution for A: (atoms Al → moles Al → moles Al2O3 → g Al2O3)

 1 mole Al 1 moles Al2O3 101.96g Al2O3
1.65 x 1022 atoms Al x 6.022 x 1023 atoms x 2 moles Al x 1 mole Al2O3
Al
= 1.40 g Al2O3

(5) Required in B: formula units of Fe2O3

(6) Solution for B: (g Al → moles Al → moles Fe2O3 → formula units Fe2O3)

0.214 g Al x 1 mole Al x 1 moles Fe2O3 x 6.022 x 1023 formula units Fe2O3

26.98 g Al 2 moles Al 1 mole Fe2O3

= 1.40 formula units Fe2O3

The general process for solving stoichiometric problems is summarized using the map in Figure
3.2 below:

Figure 3.2: Stoichiometry Map

Retrieved from:

LEARNING TASK 4
Directions: Write the balanced chemical equations of the following problems and compute for
the required values. Show your solutions for each item. Answers must be in the correct
significant figures.
1. Phosphorus pentachloride, PCl5, reacts with water to form phosphoric acid, H 3PO4, and
hydrochloric acid, HCl.
a. What mass of PCl5 is needed to react with an excess quantity of H2O to produce
33.9 g of H3PO4?
b. How many molecules of H2O are needed to react with 4.07 g of PCl5?
2. Butane, C4H10, burns with oxygen in air to give carbon dioxide and water.
a. What is the amount of water produced from 0.35 mol butane?
b. How many grams of carbon dioxide will be produced if 34.0 g of butane is burned
completely?
POST ASSESSMENT. Directions: Read each question carefully. Encircle the letter of the
correct answer.

1. Which of these is a correct indication of the phase of a substance in a reaction?

A. (aq) = dissolved in water C. (l) = liquid
B. (g) = grams D. (sp) = solid
2. Which coefficient will you place in front of KClO3 to balance the chemical equation:
KClO3 (s) → KCl(s) + O2(g)
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
3. In the chemical equation, H2O2(aq) → H2O(l) + O2(g), the H2O2 represents which part of a
chemical equation?
A. aqueous B. catalyst C. product D. reactant
4. Which of these BEST describes a catalyst?
A. It is a reactant.
B. It is the product of a reaction.
C. It is a chemical that speeds up the reaction.
D. It is one of the reactants in single-replacement reactions.
5. Which of these is the correct skeleton equation for the reaction of solid phosphorus with
oxygen gas to yield diphosphorus pentoxide?
A. P(s) + O(g) → P2O5 (g) C. P(s) + O2 (g) → P2O5(g)
B. P(s) + O2 (g) → PO2 (g) D. P2O5 (g) → P2 (s) + O2 (g)
6. Which of these coefficients will you need to balance the chemical reaction in item 7?
A. 2, 5, 4 B. 4, 5, 2 C. 5, 4, 2 D. 5, 2, 4
7. What type of chemical reaction is Mg + AgNO3 → Mg(NO3)2 + Ag
A. Synthesis C. Single displacement
B. Decomposition D. Double displacement
8. Which of these coefficients will you need to balance the chemical reaction in item 11?
A. 1,2,1,2 B. 1,1,2,2 C. 2,1,2,1 D. 2,2,1,1

For items 9 - 13, refer to the statement below:

Arsenic reacts with sodium hydroxide to produce sodium ortho-arsenite, Na3AsO3, and
hydrogen gas.
9. Which of these is the correct coefficient that will balance the reaction above?
A. 2, 3, 2, 6 B. 2, 6, 2, 3 C. 3, 2, 2, 6 D. 3, 6, 2, 2
10. What is the amount of sodium hydroxide needed to react with 1.2 x 1024 atoms of arsenic?
A. 95 g NaOH B. 140 g NaOH C. 200 g NaOH D. 239 g NaOH
11. How many grams of sodium ortho-arsenite will be produced from 59 g of sodium
hydroxide?
A. 94 g Na3AsO3 B. 100 g Na3AsO3 C. 123 g Na3AsO3 D. 240 g Na3AsO3
12. What will happen to the amount of sodium ortho-arsenite when the amount of arsenic that
will react is halved?
A. Halved B. tripled C. doubled D. stays the same
13. Based on the balanced chemical equation, what is the ratio of hydrogen gas to arsenic?
A. 1 : 1 B. 2 : 3 C. 3 : 2 D. 6 : 3
14. Which of these is TRUE about a balanced chemical equation?
A. Mass is conserved. C. A only
B. Atoms are conserved. D. Both A and B
15. Which of the following is TRUE for ALL chemical reactions?
A. They produce a precipitate C. They show a color change
B. They form new substances D. They release heat energy