AYURVEDA The Science of Life

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AYURVEDA
The Science of Life
Department of AYUSH
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare
Government of India
New Delhi
www.indianmedicine.nic.in
AYURVEDA
The Science of Life
Department of AYUSH
Government of India
New Delhi
© Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of
India, New Delhi, 2012
ISBN: 978-81-906489-0-5
Publisher: Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare,

Government of India, New Delhi, www.indianmedicine.nic.in
Disclaimer: All possible efforts have been made to ensure the correctness of the
contents. However, Department of AYUSH shall not be accountable for any
inadvertent error in the contents. Corrective measures shall be taken up once such
errors are brought to notice.
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FOREWORD
The roots o f th e Indian traditional syslcm s o f medicine can he traced buck 10
approxim ately £000 BC. These system s o f medic inc nlon^ivith other system s Come under Ihe
jurisdiction o f the D epartm ent o f A YU SH, M inistry o f H ealth & . Family W elfare,
tio v im m cn i ol India, and include A yurveda. Yoga & N aturopathy, Ui&ni, Siddha, Sows
Etigpa, and H om oeopathy. Besides their traditional usage through centuries. ludisisi traditional
system s o f medicine have been officially r^cojini^t^J and practiced Tor rrtany decades
throughout inditt in p u b lic private mid voluntary organizations. In fact, India is one Of the few
countries in ihe world to Itavc formulated, much earlier than others, specific policies for
A Y U SIt system*, and for integral my. the iisl o f these system s in the public health care
delivery system .
A Y U S il system s have a distinct identity mid capability lo m anage health problem s

through a holistic approach. Y alidatiun studies have proven the inherent strengths o f AYUSH
in disease prevention and health pro m o tin g as well as in dealing with lifestyle related non-
com m unicable discuses. m etabolic disorders etc, W ith die com prehensive snppoii of the
Government o f India* A Y U SH systems have continued m grow and develop over the years,
thus increasingly catering to the health needs g f the country. Steps continue to be taken for
m ainstream ing o f ihese system s to effee liv e ly address In d ia's CQUflemporan Lind emerging
huallii d ialltn g es.
[n (he first ever such e\creise b^ the D epartm ent o f AVUS1L step,-' have been taken l4i
brin^ out a series o r publications w ith a view to preseilt a snapshot o f ihe scientific aspects
and i he jelevancc o f A.YUSH in tb e contem porary and em erging health scenario, The
Deportment o f A Y U SH is pleased Lt> present this publication on 'A yurveda - the Science o f
Lite" this publication is a eu! mi nation o f a consults live process involving numerous experts
and peers in the Held This publication is the first in the series o f sim ilar publications planned
lor Ilie oilier system s o f medicine, w ith the com m on objective o f spreading ihe rich and age-
old medical know ledge for universal health benefits. The Departm ent o f A Y U SH appreciates
the com m itm ent and efforts o f all ihose involved in bringing out this docum ent. These efforts
would b t well rew arded if the docum ent is used extensive!} b> policy makers and concerned
stakeholders.
&
(Anil Kumar)
17^ August 2012
PREFACE
India has a long history and strong base of Ayurveda which is gaining the attention of
international community. The health promotive, disease preventive and curative roles of
Ayurveda with its holistic approach are the reasons for its acceptance. Based on sound concept
and practices, Ayurvedic System of Medicine is well documented and includes every aspect of
health and disease. In spite of advances in biomedical research, many new diseases are emerging.
Prevention and management of chronic and non-communicable diseases pose a global challenge
to the medical fraternity and scientists. To address emerging challenges of healthcare, there is a
need for functional integration of Ayurveda and conventional medicine with its affordable and
evidence based use.
A need was felt to publish a document containing all important aspects of Ayurveda and its
development. The document is developed keeping in view the needs of large sections of readers
such as medical professionals, academicians, researchers, policy makers, students as well as
general public who wish to know important aspects of Ayurveda - a distinct healthcare system.
The information given in this book is widely sourced from published documents. The document
contains information on Ayurveda covering historical evolution, fundamental concepts, lifestyle
management, important therapeutic approaches, research & development, education & practice.
The readers may appreciate the ‘contemporary scientific evidence’ generated on fundamentals
and pharmaco-therapeutics of Ayurveda given in the document. Keeping in view the scope and
readership of the document, only the outline of information about Ayurveda without losing key
elements has been presented. Thus, the document is published with the sole intention of
providing concise information about Ayurveda.
I am extremely grateful to Mr. Anil Kumar, Secretary, Department of AYUSH, Ministry of
Health and Family Welfare, Government of India who had conceived the idea of bringing out
this publication ‘Ayurveda -T he science of life’ encompassing all concepts and essential
elements in abridged form. I am also grateful to Mr. Bala Prasad, Joint Secretary (AYUSH), for
his constant encouragement, support and inputs in developing this document.
I appreciate the efforts put in by all the experts and my colleagues in the Council in developing
this document. I also wish to place on record my appreciation for the efforts put in by the editors,
expert reviewers and contributors in bringing out this document with precise and lucid
information. I sincerely hope the readers would find this document useful. The readers who wish
to know more details may go through sources given at the end of each chapter and in ‘suggestive
reading’. I will greatly appreciate the suggestions from the readers for its improvement in future
editions.
(Dr. D. Ramesh Babu)

Director General
Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences
17th August 2012 New Delhi
E-mail: dg-ccras@nic.in
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of

India, acknowledges with thanks the active participation and technical contribution of
following experts in the preparation of this publication.
Guidance and Facilitation: Mr. Bala Prasad, Joint Secretary, Department of AYUSH,
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi.
Editors: Dr. Ramesh Babu, Director General, Central Council for Research in
Ayurvedic Sciences, New Delhi; Dr. D.C. Katoch, Joint Advisor (Ayurveda),
Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India,
New Delhi; Dr. M.M.Padhi, Deputy Director (Technical); Central Council for Research
in Ayurvedic Sciences, New Delhi.
Experts for Technical Review: Prof. R.H. Singh, Distinguished Professor, Faculty of
Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi;
Prof. M.S. Baghel, Director, Institute of Post Graduate Teaching and Research in
Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar; Prof. Ajay Kumar Sharma, Director,
National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur; Prof. Manoranjan Sahu, Faculty of Ayurveda,
Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi; Prof. S.S. Savrikar,
R.A. Poddar Ayurvedic College, Mumbai; Dr. VasudevanNamboothiri, Former Director,
Ayurveda Medical Education, Government of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram;
Prof. Abhimanyu Kumar, National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur; Dr. P. Murali Krishna,
Professor, S.V. Ayurvedic College, Tirupati; Dr. Sanjeev Rastogi, Reader, State
Ayurveda College, Lucknow.
Contributors : Dr. N. Srikanth, Assistant Director (Ayurveda); Dr. Sulochana Bhat,
Research Officer (Scientist-3); Dr. Vinod Kumar Lavaniya, Research Officer (Ayurveda);
Dr. Babita Yadav, Research Officer (Ayurveda); Dr. B.S. Sharma, Research Officer
(Scientist-2); Dr. Renu Singh, Research Officer (Ayurveda) Central Council for Research
in Ayurvedic Sciences, Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare,
Government of India, New Delhi.
The Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of
India also extends its appreciation to all other personnel involved in the preparation and
publication of this document.
CONTENTS
FOREWORD III
PREFACE V
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT VII
CONTENTS IX
ABBREVIATIONS XI
INDO-ROMANIC EQUIVALENTS FOR SANSKRIT (DEVANAGARI)
ALPHABETS XIII
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY XV
LIST OF FIGURES XXI
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 01-23
1.1 Historical Evolution 01
1.2 Major Milestones 05
1.3 Infrastructure and Network 08
1.4 Global Scenario 12
1.5 Strength of Ayurveda 18
1.6 Organization of the Document 21
Chapter 2: FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS 24-35
2.1 Basic Principles 24
2.2 Disease Process 31
2.3 Diagnostics and Therapeutic Management 31
Chapter 3: LIFESTYLE MANAGEMENT 36-45
3.1 Food 36
3.2 Lifestyle 38
Chapter 4: DRUGS 46-54
4.1 Principles of Drug Action 46
4.2 Pharmaceutics 47
4.3 Drug Manufacture 49
4.4 Standardization and Quality Control 50
Chapter 5: IMPORTANT THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES. 55-62
5.1 Pancakarma 55
5.2 Ksarasutra 61
5.3 Rasayana 62
Chapter 6: RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 63-95
6.1 Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences 64
6.2 Important Research Outcomes 71
6.3 Commonly used Medicinal Plants 82
Chapter 7: EDUCATION AND PRACTICE 96-102
7.1 Education 96
7.2 Ayurvedic Medical Practice 99
SUGGESTIVE READING 103-108
Books and Monographs 103
Important Journals 107
Important Websites 108
GLOSSARY 110-115
ABBREVIATIONS
ADR - Adverse Drug Reaction

AFI - Ayurvedic Formulary of India
AIIA - All India Institute of Ayurveda
APC - Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia Committee
API - Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India
ASU - Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani
AYUSH - Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy
CCIM - Central Council of Indian Medicine
CCRAS - Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences
CDRS - Composite Drug Research Scheme
CIMAP - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
CME - Continuing Medical Education
CNS - Central Nervous System
CSIR - Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
EPO - European Patent Office
FH - Faith Healer
FoH - Folk Healer
GOI - Government of India
ICCR - Indian Council for Cultural Relations
ICMR - Indian Council of Medical Research
IEC - Information, Education and Communication
IGC - Inter Governmental Committee
IIFT - Indian Institute of Foreign Trade
IPGT& RA - Institute of Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda
ISM & H - Indian Systems of Medicine and Homoeopathy
JRAS - Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Siddha
MSR - Minimum Standard Requirements
XI
NABH National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Health Care
NABL National Accreditation Board for Laboratories
NEIAH North Eastern Institute of Ayurveda and Homoeopathy
NIA National Institute of Ayurveda
NIIMH National Institute of Indian Medical Heritage
NMPB National Medicinal Plants Board
NPRC-ASU - National Pharmaco-vigilance Resource Centre for Ayurveda, Siddha,
Unani
NPTAC- National Pharmaco-vigilance Technical Advisory Committee for
ASU Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani
NRHM National Rural Health Mission
PCIM Pharmacopoeia Commission of Indian Medicine
PLIM Pharmacopoeial Laboratory of Indian Medicine
QCI Quality Council of India
QOL Quality of Life
RAV Rashtriya Ayurved Vidyapeeth
RCH Reproductive & Child Health
THP Traditional Health Practitioner
TKDL Traditional Knowledge Digital Library
UKPTO United Kingdom Trademark & Patent Office
USPTO United States Patent and Trademark Office
WHO World Health Organization
XII
INDO-ROMANIC EQUIVALENTS FOR SANSKRIT (DEVANAGARI)
ALPHABETS
^ A a ~3 THA tha
A a DA da
I I i "S DHA dha
i I I TIT NA na
^ U u cT TA ta
^ U u THA tha
W R r DA da
^ E e *T DHA dha
^ AI ai NA na
^ O o PA pa
^ AU au PHA pha
M m ¥ BA ba
^ O O,
M m *T BHA bha
: H h TT MA ma
^ KA ka YA ya
^ KHA kha T RA ra
^ GA ga cT LA la
* GHA gha VA va
^ NA na *T SA sa
^ CA ca *T SA sa
* CHA cha ■?T SA sa
^ JA ja F HA ha
* JHA jha ST KSA ksa
^ NA na TRA tra
^ TA ta *T JNA jna
XIII
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Ayurveda is a comprehensive scientific system of medicine evolved in India. Initially it was
developed through ancient wisdom, clinical experiences and experimentation in scientific
manner. At present, Ayurveda is growing in the paradigm of contemporary scientific,
technological and medical parameters.
The term ‘Ayurveda’ meaning ‘the knowledge of life’ comprises of two Sanskrit words viz.
‘A y u ’ meaning ‘Life’ and ‘Veda’ meaning ‘Knowledge’ or ‘Science’. The earliest concepts
of medical science are found in the ancient wisdom called Veda, which were believed to be
composed between 5000 - 1000 BC. The classical texts of Ayurveda containing exclusive
information on health and disease came around 1000 B.C. onwards, when fundamental and
applied principles of Ayurveda were codified in a systematic manner. The basic tenets of
Ayurveda are elaborated in two great medical compendia viz. Caraka Samhita and Susruta
Samhita. Since its advent, Ayurveda passed through different political and socio cultural
phases and stood test of time, got enriched by the contribution of different practitioners and
scholars and catered the health needs of contemporary societies. Present form of Ayurveda is
the outcome of continued scientific inputs that have gone into the evolution of its principles,
theories and guidelines of healthy living and disease management.
At present, Ayurveda has become integral part of national health delivery system of India.
Ayurveda institutions for research and education, hospitals and dispensaries were established
in different parts of the country. The government had initiated measures to regulate the
system. In 1971, Central Council of Indian Medicine (CCIM) was set up as statutory body to
regulate education and practice. For undertaking integrated and coordinated research,
Composite Drug Research Scheme (CDRS) was initiated in 1964. In 1970, Central Council
for Research in Indian Medicine & Homoeopathy (CCRIMH) was established for giving
focused attention towards research. A separate Department of Indian Systems of Medicine
and Homoeopathy (ISM&H) under the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of
India was created in 1995 for developing Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and
Homoeopathy systems. This department was renamed as Department of Ayurveda, Yoga &
Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH) in 2003. Research activities in
Ayurveda have increased manifold with establishment of separate and autonomous research
council viz. Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences (CCRAS).
Education, clinical practice, manufacturing and sale of Ayurvedic medicines are regulated in
the country through Acts, Rules and Regulations. Infrastructure development in private and
public sectors has improved the outreach of Ayurveda to the community in a commendable
way. Global resurgence of demand for natural medicine has filliped R&D activities in
XV
Ayurveda at national and international levels with inter-disciplinary collaboration and
linkages.
Government of India has enunciated “National Policy on Indian Systems of Medicine &
Homoeopathy - 2002” . The policy inter alia includes the strategy for comprehensive
development of Ayurveda in contemporary perspective.
The Department of AYUSH has supported several international conferences/seminars/

workshops/trade fairs in collaboration with Indian Missions, Universities, Associations and
other agencies promoting traditional systems of medicine overseas. AYUSH experts are
frequently deputed as resource persons to such events and also for facilitating Continuing
Medical Education (CME) and training programs on AYUSH systems in foreign universities.
Chairs on Ayurveda are being set up in the Universities in Germany and South Africa. Under the
Department's International Cooperation scheme the department of AYUSH has set up an
AYUSH information cell in the premises of the Indian cultural centre in Malaysia with the
support of Indian High Commission in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. India is a prominent member
in the Inter-governmental Committee (IGC) on Traditional Knowledge, Genetic Resources and
Folklore.
Good health is a basic prerequisite to acquire materialistic, social and spiritual upliftment of
individual. Therefore Ayurveda lays great emphasis on preservation and promotion of health
and prevention of disease. This is achieved through life style management rather than drug or
any other external intervention. According to Ayurveda, the living human body is a
composition of the body matrix, Indriya (sensory and motor organs), Manas (mind) and
Atma (soul). Ayurveda advocates a holistic approach while understanding healthy and
diseased states of the human body, and their management. In this respect the human body is
considered a microcosm representing the Universe, a macrocosm. The universe as well as the
human body is made up of ‘Pahcamahabhuta’, the five basic elements viz. ‘Prthvi, the
basic earthy/gross element, ‘/a/a’, the basic aqueous element, ‘A gni’, the basic thermal
element, ‘Vayu’, the basic gaseous element and ‘Akasa’, the basic ethereal element.
Similarly the Moon, Sun and Wind in the Universe are represented in the human body
respectively by three ‘Dosa ’ (regulatory and functional entities of the body) viz. ‘Kapha ’,
‘Pitta’ and ‘V a y u These ‘Dosa’ are regulatory and functional entities of the body. Any
function in the body is grossly attributed to one of the three ‘Dosa \
The structural entities in the body are classified as ‘Dhatu ’. They are seven in number and
are responsible for maintaining the body in a compact and composed state. The seven
‘Dhatu ’ are i. ‘Rasa ’ (nutrient fluids), ii. ‘Rakta ’ (blood), iii. ‘Mamsa ’ (muscle tissue), iv.
XVI
‘Meda ’ (adipose tissue), v. ‘A sthi’ (bone tissue), vi. ‘Majja ’ (bone marrow) and vii. ‘Sukra ’
(reproductive tissue).
The structural and functional elements of the body are accompanied by excretory entities,
classified as ‘Mala ‘Mala ’ are grossly divided into three viz. ‘Mutra the urine, ‘Purisa ’,
the faeces and ‘Sveda ’, the sweat. The excretions from eyes, ear etc. are also categorized as
‘Mala \
Apart from ‘Dosa’, ‘Dhatu9 and ‘Mala’ the living body harbors an independent mechanism
of digestion and metabolism. The digestion and metabolism is function of ‘A gni’, which is a
composite mechanism in various parts of the body. Ayurveda defines health as a state of
equilibrium of ‘Dosa’, ‘Dhatu’, ‘Mala’ and ‘A gni’. Loss of this equilibrium invariably
results into manifestation of disease.
Every individual has a unique ‘Prakrti’ (psychosomatic constitution) which is responsible for
the structural and functional attributes of body and mind, health or disease patterns of an
individual. The basic constitution of a person is determined at the time of conception.
Ayurvedic concept of examination of ‘Prakrti’ is a key determinant for prescribing
individualized diet, lifestyle or treatment regimen.
The disease management in Ayurveda is considered under two major heads 1. Nidana
(diagnosis) and 2. Cikitsa (treatment). Ayurvedic method of diagnosis involves Rogi Parlksa
(clinical examination) as well as the Roga Parlksa (diagnosis of disease). The diagnosis is
principally based on evaluating the status of Dosa', Dhatu', ’M ala’ and Agni', whereas
treatment modules are designed principally with an object of restoring their equilibrium. The
Ayurvedic treatment methods can be grossly divided into three methods 'Samsodhana'
(bio-cleansing therapy), 'Samsamana' (palliative therapy) and 'Nidana Parivaijana’ (avoidance
of causative factors). 'Samsodhana' is practiced through one or more therapies from
'Panchakarma', whereas 'Samsamana' is achieved through 'Ahara ' (food),' Vihara ' (lifestyle) and
'Dravya’{drug).
Ayurveda believes that no substance in the Universe is devoid of therapeutic potential,

provided it is used judiciously. Plants, Minerals, Metals and Animal products serve as a
basic source of Ayurvedic drugs. Drugs prepared from plants are known as ‘Kasthausadhi ’
whereas mineral and metal drugs are known as ‘Rasausadhi’. Animal products are not
frequently used as independent drugs; however they are used as a medium or vehicle in
preparation or administration of plant and mineral/metal drugs. The regimens are customized
XVII
by the practitioner depending upon the specific requirements in accordance with the basic
‘Prakrti’, and health status of ‘the individual.
* '
Ayurvedic pharmaceutical science can be broadly considered under two major heads
1. ‘Dravya Guna’ (Ayurvedic pharmacology) and 2. ‘Bhaisajya Kalpana’ (Ayurvedic
pharmaceutics). Plant drugs are used in different dosage forms in accordance with subject
specific requirement. The basic dosage forms of plant drugs are known as ‘Pancavidha
Kasaya Kalpana’ (five dosage forms). They are ‘Svarasa’ (expressed juice), ‘Kalka’ (paste),
‘Kvatha’ (decoction), ‘Phanta’ (hot infusion) and ‘Hima’ (cold infusion). Many more
dosage forms such as ‘Curna ’ (powder), ‘ Vati ’ (pill), Asava- Arista (medicated fermented
preparations), ‘Lehya ’ (linctus), aqueous extracts etc. derived with modem technology are
also in practice. The methods of preparation of these dosage forms are fairly simple, because
of which the Ayurvedic practitioners prefer to prepare the required drugs on their own.
However preparation of ‘Rasausadhi ’ (mineral and metal drugs) is a complicated procedure.
Minerals and metals are generally known to be potentially harmful to the human body if not
processed properly. These minerals and metals are subjected to complex and meticulous
processing to make them therapeutically useful and safe to the body in prescribed doses. The
final product of mineral/metal drugs made with incineration generally known as ‘Bhasma ’
(calcined material) and others as ‘Rasausadhi’.
Ayurvedic drugs are being manufactured on large scale by approximately 8000 Ayurvedic
drug manufacturing units spread all over the country. According to Drugs and Cosmetics Act
1940, Ayurvedic drugs are classified into two categories - i. Classical or generic drug
formulations manufactured exclusively in accordance with the formulae described in the
specified authoritative books of Ayurveda and ii. Patent and Proprietary drug formulations
developed by the manufacturer. The demand for medicinal plants has increased manifold due
to upsurge in domestic Ayurvedic drug industry and global interest in herbal products. The
Government of India has set up National Medicinal Plants Board with the object to promote
cultivation and propagation of medicinal plants and also to ensure sustained supply of quality
plant material to Ayurvedic drug industry.
Manufacturing, sale and distribution of Ayurvedic drugs are regulated through Drugs and
Cosmetic Act 1940 and Drugs and Cosmetics Rules 1945. The Government of India has set
up the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia Committee (APC) to prescribe standards of single drugs
and compound formulations mentioned in Ayurveda for the use of manufacturers. Moreover
Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) under Schedule ‘T’ of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act
1940, have also been notified to ensure the quality of ASU (Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani)
medicines. Reference quality standards of drugs are published in Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia to
XVIII
ensure that the manufacturing of drugs is done accordingly using authentic raw materials of
prescribed quality free from contamination and impurities.
Presently, India has a well knit network of Ayurvedic education. There are more than 250
Ayurvedic institutions conducting graduate, post graduate courses and Ph.D. programmes.
More than 400,000 registered practitioners of Ayurveda are practicing in India. Ayurvedic
education and practice is regulated by a statutory body Central Council of Indian Medicine,
which is established under the Indian Medicine Central Council Act 1970.
The courses of Ayurveda studies conducted in India are:
i. Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery (BAMS) - 5 V2 years (including one

year internship) under graduate (UG) Course
ii. MD (Ayurveda)/MS (Ayurveda) - 3 years post graduate (PG) course in various

specializations.
iii. Ph.D. (Ayurveda) - Research Degree program of minimum 2 years duration.
iv. PG Diploma courses in Ayurveda - PG Diploma courses of two years duration.
v. Specialized Degrees —Courses in Pharmacy and medicinal plants such as M. Sc.

(Med. Plants in Ayurveda), Ph.D. (Med. Plants), D. Pharma. (Ayurveda),
B. Pharma. (Ayurveda) and M. Pharma. (Ayurveda).
vi. Opportunities for International scholars: Government of India imparts scholarships

to international scholars recommended through Indian Embassies for taking up
formal Ayurveda studies in Indian Institutions. Department of AYUSH has
reserved some seats in premier institutions for the admission of International
scholars. Gujarat Ayurveda University, Jamnagar through International Centre for
Ayurvedic Studies runs exclusive BAMS course in English medium for
foreigners. In addition, short term courses are also devised and conducted for
persons having graduation in Ayurveda/traditional medicines, foreign modem
medical degree or qualification in allied subjects.
The practice in this system is being regulated through IMCC Act 1970 and the register of
trained practitioners is maintained by the Central or State Boards. Professionals with medical
qualifications granted by Universities, in or outside India which are recognized by CCIM are
allowed to register and practice in India.
XIX
As on 2011 there were 429246 registered Ayurveda practitioners, 2420 Ayurveda hospitals
and 15017 dispensaries. The medicines are dispensed in either dispensaries attached to the
clinic or the hospital by the outside pharmacies through the prescriptions. Ayurvedic
procedures like Pancakaima and Ksarasutra are also practiced through the specialty centers
established at different levels.
Presently the research in Ayurveda is conducted through multi-disciplinary approach. The

drug development phase includes selection of research area on the basis of national priority
and literatures, growing and collection of authentic raw materials by using good practices,
standardization, safety/ toxicity studies, targeted biological activities and phased clinical
trials. At each stage, the research proposal has to undergo a scrutiny of scientific and
monitoring committees, which includes experts from Ayurveda, Allopathy, Biostatistics and
Pharmacology etc. Besides the infrastructure under the Department of AYUSH the research
in this sector is being under taken by Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Council
of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Department of Science and Technology,
Department of Biotechnology, various Universities, medical colleges, AYUSH colleges,
Non Government Organisations (NGOs), hospitals, pharmaceutical industry etc.
To strengthen this sector, the Government of India has taken initiatives to address the basic
needs of health care delivery by mainstreaming AYUSH through improving quality, safety,
efficacy and accessibility of Ayurvedic drugs. The Department of AYUSH has identified
areas for research on the basis of national priority and by considering the strength of
Ayurveda.
The Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences is an apex body set up by
the Government of India for formulation, coordination, development and promotion of
research in Ayurveda on scientific lines. Its activities on literary research, drug research,
clinical research and other related activities are carried out by adopting standard guidelines
and parameters, through its 30 peripheral institutes across the country and also in collaboration
with premier institutions.
xx
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. No. Details Page
1. Ancient Indian Surgeon - Susruta 04

2. Signing of a Memorandum of Understanding between Central Council for 14
Research in Ayurvedic Sciences and Durban University of Technology,
South Africa for establishing Ayurveda Chair at Durban University of
Technology, Durban, South Africa on 17th September 2011
3. Signing a Memorandum of Understanding between Central Council for 15
Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, Department of AYUSH, Ministry of
Health & Family Welfare, Government of Republic of India and the
University of West Indies in presence of Dr. Manmohan Singh, Hon'ble
Prime Minister of India and Mrs. Kamla Persad Bissessar, Prime Minister
of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago at New Delhi on January 06,2012
4. Mr. Anil Kumar, Secretary, Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health & 16
Family Welfare, Government of India presenting Ayurvedic
Pharmacopoiea of India to Hon'ble Salinda Dissanayke, Health Minister,
Ministry of Indigenous Medicine, Sri Lanka on 08.02.2012 at Colombo,
Sri Lanka
5. A view of TKDL Homepage 17
6. Similarity between universe and human being 24
7. Objectives of Ayurveda 24
8. Pharmacognostical standards of Bacopa monnieri 51
9. HPTLC of Bacopa monnieri 52
10. Patrapinda sveda 59
11. Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences 64
12. View of Standardization and Quality Control Laboratory of ASU drugs 68
13. Parameters for Standardization of Ayurvedic drugs 69
14. View of instrumentation laboratory for quality control of Ayurvedic Drugs 69
15. Pre-clinical safety studies of Ayurvedic drugs 70
XXI
Marica (Piper nigrum) 77
Citraka (Plumbago zelanica) 79
Aquna (Teiminalia aijuna W&A.) 82
Asvagandha (Withania somnifera Dumalj 82
Haritaki (Teiminalia chebula Retz.) 83
Amalaki (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.J 83
Ardraka (Zingiber officinale Roxb.) 83
Guduci (Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers.) 83
Satavari (Asparagus racemosus Willd.) 84
Nimba (Azadirachta indica AJuss) 84
Hingu (Ferula foetida Regel.) 84
Saptacakra (Salacia oblonga Wall.) 84
r —
Sallaki (Boswellia serrata Roxb.ex Coleb.) 85
r —
Sirisa (Albizia lebbeck Bent) 85

Katuki (Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex B enth.) 85
Tagara (Valeriana wallichii DC) 85
Varahikanda (Dioscorea bulbifera Linn.) 86
A —
Sankhapuspi (Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy) 86
Varuna (Crataeva nurvula Buch-Ham.) 86
Daruharidra (Berberis aristata DC) 86
Kapikacchu (Mucunaprurita Hook.) 87
Bakuci (Psoralea corylifolia Linn.) 87
Kalamegha (Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall, ex Nees) 87
Bhumyamalaki (Phyllanthus amarus Schum & Thonn.) 87
Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri ( Linn.) Wettst.) 88
Haridra (Curcuma longa Linn.) 88
r
Sigru (Moringa oleifera Lam.) 88
Yastimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.) 88
Bilva (Aegle marmelos Corr.) 89
Mandukaparni (Centella asiatica (Linn) Urban.) 89
46. Mesasrngi (Gymnema sylvestre R.Br.) 89
47. Amlavetasa (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) 89
48. Asoka (Saraca asoca (Rosc)DC Willd) 90
49. Kumari (Aloe barbadensis Mill.) 90
50. Nirgundi (Vitex negundo Linn.) 90
51. Parijata (Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn.j 90
52. Eranda (Ricinus communis Linn.) 91
53. Methika (Trigonella foenum - graecum Linn.) 91
54. Rasona (Allium sativum Linn.) 91
55. Kutaja (Holarrhena antidysenterica (Roth) A.DC) 91
56. Pippali (Piper longum Linn.) 92
57. Vasa (Adhatoda vasica Nees) 92
58. Punamava (Boerhaavia diffusa Linn.) 92
59. Tulasi (Ocimum sanctum Linn.) 92
60. Dadima (Punica granatum Linn.) 93
61. Karavellaka (Momordica charantia Linn.) 93
62. Guggulu (Commiphora wightii (Am.) Bhandari) 93
63. Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 96
64. National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur, Rajasthan 97
65. Institute of Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Jamnagar, 98
Gujarat
66. AYUSH in public health 101
XXIII
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Historical Evolution
Ayurveda, the science of life is one of the ancient and comprehensive systems of health care.
Quest for good health and long life is probably as old as human existence. According to Indian
philosophy, health is prerequisite to pursue materialistic, social and spiritual upliftment of
human being. It is believed that Lord Brahma the creator of the universe was also the first
preacher of Ayurveda. Four Vedas, considered as oldest Indian literatures composed between
5000 and 1000 BC have information on treatment by plants and natural procedures. Reference
of medicine and surgery are also found in Indian epics like Ramayana and Mahabharata. How
ever, Ayurveda was established as a fully grown medical system from the period of Samhita
(compendium) i.e. around 1000 BC. The compendia like Caraka Samhita and Susruta
Samhita were written in a systematic manner with eight specialties during this period. In these
treatises, the basic tenets and therapeutic techniques of Ayurveda got very much organized and
enunciated. These treatises stressed the importance of maintenance of health and also
expanded their vision to pharmaco-therapeutics. The therapeutic properties of plants, animal
products and minerals were extensively described in these compendia, which has made
Ayurveda a comprehensive system of health care.
There were two main schools of thoughts in Ayurveda; Punarvasu Atreya - the school of
physicians and Divodasa Dhanvantari- the school of surgeons. Punarvasu Atreya is mentioned
as a pioneer in medicine, and Divodasa Dhanvantari in surgery. Disciples belonging to each
school immensely contributed in development of the traditions of their own school. Six pupils
of Atreya are believed to have composed their own compendia based on their Guru's
teachings, but only two namely Bhela Samhita in its original form and Agnivesa
tantra redacted by Caraka and Dridhabala are available today. Considered to be the most
ancient and authoritative writing on Ayurveda available today, Caraka Samhita explains the
logic and philosophy on which this system of medicine is based. Dhanvantari had six disciples
and Susruta Samhita, a treatise primarily focusing on surgery was codified by Susruta on
the basis of teachings of Dhanvantari.
1
Chapter 1: Introduction
The essential details of Caraka Samhita and Susruta Samhita were compiled and further
updated in the treatises Astanga Sahgraha and Astanga Hrdaya authored by Vrddha Vagbhata
fh. fh. “
and Vagbhata during 6 - 7 Century AD. Thus, the main three treatises called Brhattrayi i.e.
Caraka Samhita, Susruta Samhita and Astanga Sangraha formed basis for subsequent scholars
__ _ / _
to write texts and among them three concise classics i.e. Madhava Nidana, Sarngadhara
Samhita and Bhava Prakasa having distinct features are called as Laghutrayi. Some other
eminent practitioners and visionaries like Kasyapa, Bhela, and Harita also wrote their
respective compendia.
An analysis of Ayurvedic treatises signifies that the different aspects of Ayurveda were
evolved and documented from time to time in the form of texts or compendia. For instance the
Caraka Samhita an authentic source of internal medicine emphasizes on philosophy of life and
line of treatment for different diseases. Susruta Samhita added a complete systematic
approach to surgery and diseases of eyes, ear, throat, nose, head and dentistry.
Madhava Nidana, authored by Madhavakara is a work on diagnosis of the diseases.
Bhava Prakasa written by Bhava Misra gives additional emphasis on medicinal plants and
r
Diet. Sarngadhara Samhita focused on pharmaceutics and Ayurveda was enriched with
addition of more formulations and dosage forms. Subsequently, texts of Ayurveda were
commented upon, updated and methodically written by many authors from time to time.
A look into commentaries on the treatises by the scholars indicates that while the theoretical
framework of Ayurveda remained more or less the same, the knowledge about drugs and
techniques of therapy got expanded. The old concepts and descriptions were reviewed and
updated in the light of contemporary understanding by the commentators in their
commentaries thus reviving Ayurveda into an applied form. Present form of Ayurveda is the
outcome of continued scientific inputs that has gone into the evolution of its principles,
theories and practices.
During Buddhist period Jivaka, a famous surgeon who treated Gautam Buddha studied
Ayurveda at Takshashila University. Around 200 BC, medical students from different parts of
the world used to come to the ancient University of Takshashila to learn Ayurveda. All the
specialties of Ayurveda were developed and full-fledged surgery was practiced. From 200 to
700 AD, University of Nalanda also attracted foreign medical students mainly from Japan,
China etc. Evidences show that Ayurveda had nurtured many medical systems of the world.
The Egyptians learnt about Ayurveda long before the invasion of Alexander in 400 BC
2
through their sea-trade with India. Greeks and Romans came to know about it after their
invasion. In the early part of the first millennium Ayurveda spread to the East
through Buddhism and greatly influenced the Tibetan and Chinese system of medicine and
herbology.
Around 800 AD, Nagaijuna has conducted extensive studies on medicinal applications of
mercury and other metals. These studies have entailed in the emergence of a new branch of
Ayurveda viz. Rasa Sastra. Rigorous procedures were developed to purify, detoxify and
process formulations with metallic ingredients by using plant and animal materials. Classical
treatises named Rasaratnasamuccaya, Rasarnava, Rasa Hrdaya Tantra elaborating the
manufacture of mineral and metallic drugs and their use in therapeutics were written during
this period. Ayurveda, in later periods used Mercury as well as other metals as important
components of pharmaceutical formulations. Many exotic and indigenous drugs for new uses
th.
found place in Ayurvedic literature. After 16 Century, there have been inclusions of
diagnosis and treatment of new diseases on the basis of modem medical science.
In 1827, the first Ayurveda course was started in India in the Government Sanskrit College,
Calcutta. By the beginning of 20th Century, many Ayurveda colleges were established in India
under the patronage of provincial Rulers. Ayurveda gained more ground beginning from the
1970, as a gradual recognition of the value of Ayurveda revived. Lots of academic work was
th
done during 20 century and many books were written and seminars and symposia were held.
In 1971, the Central Council of Indian Medicine (CCIM) was set up as statutory body by
Indian Government to regulate education. An effort to carry out integrated and coordinated
research was made for the first time in India by the Indian Council of Medical Research
(ICMR) in 1964 through the Composite Drug Research Scheme (CDRS). In 1970, this scheme
was transferred to the newly constituted Central Council for Research in Indian Medicine &
Homeopathy (CCRIMH). Department of Indian Systems of Medicine and Homoeopathy
(ISM&H) under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India was created
in 1995 with a view to develop Education & Research in Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy,
Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy systems. This was re-named as Department of Ayurveda,
Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH) in 2003. The Department
continued to lay emphasis on upgradation of AYUSH educational standards, quality control
and standardization of drugs, improving the availability of medicinal plant materials, research
and development and awareness generation about the efficacy of the systems domestically and
3
internationally. Multidisciplinary collaborative research efforts in Ayurveda have increased

manifold during the last couple of decades. Separate research councils have been formed for
each Indian system of medicines.
Presently Ayurveda has well regulated undergraduate, post graduate and doctorate education
in India. Commendable network of practitioners and manufactures exists. Infrastructure
development in private and public sectors has improved the outreach to the community in a
commendable way.
Astanga Ayurveda (Eight Branches of Ayurveda) - Ayurveda was divided into eight major
clinical specialties.
• Kayacikitsa (internal medicine) - This branch

deals with general ailments of adults not treated
by other branches of Ayurveda.
r
• Salya Tantra (surgery) - This branch deals with
various surgical operations using different
surgical instruments and devices. Medical
treatment of surgical diseases is also mentioned.
r
• Salakya (disease of supra-clavicular origin) -
This branch deals with dentistry, diseases of ear, Fig. 1 - Ancient Indian Surgeon - Susruta
nose, throat, oral cavity, head and their treatment by using special techniques.
• Kaumarabhrtya (paediatrics, obstetrics and gynaecology) - This branch deals with child
care as well as the care of the woman before, during and after pregnancy. It also elaborates
various diseases of women and children and their management.
• Bhutavidya (psychiatry) - This is study of mental diseases and their treatment. Treatment
methods include medicines, diet regulation, psycho-behavioral therapy and spiritual
therapy.
• Agada Tantra (toxicology) - This branch deals with the treatment of toxins from
vegetables, minerals and animal origin along with development of their antidotes. The
pollution of air, water, habitats and seasons has been given special consideration in
understanding epidemics and pandemics.
• Rasayana Tantra (rejuvenation and geriatrics) - This branch which is unique to Ayurveda,
deals with prevention of diseases and promotion of a long and healthy life.
4
• Vajikarana (aphrodisiology and eugenics) - This branch deals with the means of enhancing
sexual vitality and efficiency for producing healthy and ideal progeny.
1.2 Major Milestones
5000-1000 BC— Documentation of information on health, disease and treatment in

Vedas.
1000 BC— Creation of Agnivesa Tantra which later on culminated into Caraka
Samhita as a compendium redacted by Drdhabala and Caraka
(around 100 AD) devoted to medicine and philosophy of Ayurveda.
1000 BC — Documentation of Susruta Tantra later on redacted as Susruta

Samhita by Nagarjuna (around 100 AD), a compendium mainly
devoted to anatomical and surgical aspects.
600 AD — Astanga Sangraha and Astanga Hrdaya containing description of

all aspects of Ayurveda were written by Vrddha Vagbhata and
Vagbhata respectively.
900 AD — Madhava Nidana authored by Madhava with a focus on

etiopathogenesis and diagnostics.
1300 AD — Sarngadhara Samhita by Sarngadhara which added detail

pharmaceutics to Ayurveda.
1600 AD — Bhava Prakasa authored by Bhava Misra containing detailed

information on medicinal plants, drugs, foods and treatments.
1800 AD — Resurrection of Ayurvedic system of medicine under the rule of

Peshwas.
1827 — Ayurveda classes started in Government Sanskrit College, Calcutta.
1920 — Indian National Congress Convention at Nagpur resolved to accept

the Ayurvedic system of medicine as India's National Health Care
System.
1922 Teaching of Ayurveda started in Banaras Hindu University in the

department of Oriental Learning and Theology.
5
1921 — Mahatma Gandhi inaugurated Ayurvedic and Unani Tibbia College,

Karol Bagh in Delhi.
1927 — Madan Mohan Malaviya established Ayurveda College in Banaras

Hindu University, Varanasi.
1940 — Enforcement of Drugs and Cosmetics Act for Ayurvedic / Siddha /

Unani medicines.
1956-57 — Establishment of Institute for Post-Graduate Training and Research

in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat.
1963-64 — Establishment of Post Graduate Institute of Indian Medicine at

Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh.
1964-65 — Establishment of Central Board of Siddha and Ayurvedic Education.
1969 — Setting up of an apex Research Body i.e. Central Council for

Research in Indian Medicine and Homoeopathy.
1970 — Indian Medicine Central Council Act, 1970 (IMCC Act) came into
force for regulation of practice and uniform standards of education.
1970 — Establishment of Pharmacopoeia Laboratory for Indian medicine,

Ghaziabad, U.P.
1971 — Constitution of Central Council of Indian Medicine under IMCC

Act-1970 for regulation of education and clinical practice.
1972-1973 — Establishment of National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur, Rajasthan.
1976 — Publication of Part-I of Ayurvedic formulary of India containing 444

formulations.
1978 — Establishment of Central Council of Research in Ayurveda and

Siddha (CCRAS), and renamed in 2011 as Central Council of
Research in Ayurvedic sciences after bifurcation of Ayurveda and
Siddha.
6
1983 — Setting up of Indian Medicine Pharmaceutical Corporation Ltd.

(IMPCL), a drug manufacturing unit for Ayurveda and Unani
medicines at Mohan, Distt. Almora, Uttarakhand.
1989 — Establishment of Rashtriya Ayurveda Vidyapeeth (National

Academy of Ayurveda) at New Delhi to propagate Guru-Sisya
tradition.
1995 — Creation of separate Department of Indian Systems of Medicine &

Homoeopathy in the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare,
Government of India.
2001 — Initiation of Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL).
_ Presentation on evidence based support by Department of ISM&H

before House of Lords, U.K. against Sir Walton Committee's Report
on status and nomenclature of Ayurveda among Complementary and
Alternative systems of Medicine.
2002 — National Policy on Indian System Medicines and Homeopathy

(ISM&H).
2003 — Department of ISM&H was renamed as Department of Ayurveda,

Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH).
2005 — Under the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM), the

mainstreaming of AYUSH was important decision to introduce
AYUSH at PHC, CHC and at District Level.
2007 — First volume of the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (Part II),

containing Pharmacopoeial standards of Ayurvedic compound
formulations was published.
2008 — The Union Cabinet approved the establishment of All India Institute
of Ayurveda (AIIA) at Sarita Vihar, New Delhi under Department of
AYUSH, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of
India.
7
Establishment of North East Institute of Ayurveda and Homeopathy

at Shillong, Meghalaya.
2010 Establishment of Pharmacopoeia Commission of Indian Medicines

(PCIM) under the Department of AYUSH.
2011 Publication of Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India Part-I Vol. VIII,

containing the quality standards of water and hydro-alcoholic extracts
of Ayurvedic drugs (a Major development over the traditional
method of using herbs).
1.3 Infrastructure and network
A well-developed infrastructure of AYUSH systems exists in India which includes educational

institutes, research organizations, public and private hospitals, dispensaries and registered
private practitioners providing health care. At administrative level there is Department of
AYUSH under Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, and there are
separate Directorates of AYUSH in 23 States. Through culturally and socially interwoven
network with the community, AYUSH systems have very deep roots in the India's health care
delivery. About 80-90% of population in India is reported to use Ayurveda and other
traditional systems of medicine to meet their primary health care needs. As on 2011 the health
care services are being extended to the masses through a huge network of 429246 registered
Ayurveda practitioners, 2420 Ayurveda hospitals, 15017 dispensaries, 260 under graduate
(UG) and 65 post graduate (PG) colleges (includes exclusive PG colleges and UG colleges
those run both PG and UG courses). This infrastructure includes both public and private
sector. About 8000 licensed drug manufacturing units produce classical and proprietary
Ayurvedic medicines.
Under National Rural Health Mission, AYUSH facilities have been co-located in 240 district
hospitals, 1716 community health centres and 8938 primary health centres of allopathic stream
in 2010.
8
1.3.1 Premier organizations of Ayurveda - at a glance
Department of AYUSH Governance and regulation of policies related

(Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, to education, healthcare practice, research &
Siddha and Homoeopathy), development and quality, safety & rational
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, use and accessibility of medicines in AYUSH
Government of India, IRCS Building, systems.
New Delhi-110001
Website: www.indianmedicine.nic.in
Central Council of Indian Medicine Statutory Regulatory Body for regulating
(CCIM) education and practice in Ayurveda system of
61-65, Institutional Area, Opp. D-Block, medicine.
Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
Website: www.ccimindia.org
Central Council for Research in Apex research body in India for undertaking,
Ayurvedic Sciences (CCRAS) coordinating, formulating, developing and
61-65, Institutional Area, Opp. 'D' Block, promoting research in Ayurveda on scientific
Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058, lines.
E-mail: dg-ccras@nic.in
Website: www.ccras.nic.in
National Institute of Ayurveda (NIA) This Institute is imparting under graduate, post
Madhav Vilas Palace, Amer Road, graduate degree and Ph.D. courses as well as
Jaipur, Rajasthan -302002 conducting research in Ayurveda.
E-mail: nia-ij@nic.in
Website: www.nia.nic.in
Institute of Post Graduate Teaching and This institute is offering post graduate, Ph.D.
Research in Ayurveda (IPGT&RA) courses and conducting research in Ayurveda.
Jamnagar Various courses & training for foreign
Email: directoripgt@ayurveduniversity.com students and also e-learning program of
Website: www.ayurveduniversity.edu.in Ayurveda are available.
9
Rashtriya Ayurveda Vidyapeeth (RAV) The institute is transferring Ayurvedic

Dhanvantari Bhavan, Road No.66, Punjabi knowledge from eminent scholars and
Bagh (West), New Delhi-110026 traditional vaidyas to younger generation
E-mail- ayurgyan@rediffmail.com through "Guru-Sisya Parampara" method to
Website: www.ravdelhi.nic.in prepare proficient experts in Ayurveda with
clinical skills.
Banaras Hindu University Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya, the illustrious

Faculty of Ayurveda, Varanasi - 221005 , founder of Banaras Hindu University, had the
Website: www.bhu.ac.in vision of integrating the best of Ayurveda and
modem systems of medicine. This basic idea
initiated the training of Ayurveda in Banaras
Hindu University in 1922 and currently as
separate faculty, catering education, healthcare
services in the field of Ayurveda through 14
departments. The faculty is greatly in
collaborative interdisciplinary research.______
All India Institute of Ayurveda (AIIA) Institute is being established as an apex
Gautampuri, Mathura Road, Sarita Vihar, institute of Ayurveda to offer post graduate
New Delhi - 110076 and doctoral course in various disciplines of
Ayurveda and will focus on various aspects of
research in Ayurveda. Presently only the
patient care is functional in the institute.
North Eastern Institute of Ayurveda and Institute is being developed to promote
Homoeopathy (NEIAH) education, research and healthcare through
Mawdiangdiang, Shillong, Meghalaya- Ayurveda & Homeopathy under one platform.
793018
Website: www.neiah.nic.in
Pharmacopoeial Laboratory for Indian Appellate laboratory for testing Ayurvedic,
Medicine (PLIM) Siddha & Unani medicines, developing and
Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar validating pharmacopoeial standards of single
Pradesh-201002 drugs and compound formulations of
Website: www.plimism.nic.in Ayurvedic, Siddha & Unani systems for
incorporation in respective Pharmacopoeia.
10
Pharmacopoeia Commission for Indian For developing the quality standards for
Medicine (PCIM) Ayurveda, Siddha & Unani medicines.
Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar
Pradesh-201002
Indian Medicines Pharmaceutical Engaged in manufacturing and supply of
Corporation Limited (IMPCL) Ayurvedic and Unani medicines to central
Mohan, District Almora, Via Ramnagar, hospitals, dispensaries and central government
Uttarakhand-244 715 research units all over India and state
Website: www.impclmohan.nic.in government departments besides making sales
in the open market.
National Medical Plants Board (NMPB) Coordinating and supporting program related
Chandralok Building, 36, Janpath to conservation, cultivation and development
New Delhi - 110001 of medicinal plants.
E-mail: info-nmpb@nic.in,
ceo-mpb@nic.in
Website:www.nmpb.nic.in
Arya Vaidya Sala, Kottakkal (AVS) AVS is a century old Charitable Institution
Kottakkal (P.O), Malappuram (Dist.), engaged in the practice and propagation of
Kerala - 676 503, Ayurveda. Arya Vaidya Sala offers classical
E-mail: mail@aryavaidyasala.com Ayurvedic medicines and authentic Ayurvedic
treatments and therapies to patients from all
over India and abroad. The AVS also runs an
Ayurveda education institution.
Dr. Sarvepali Radhakrishnan Rajasthan The Institutions affiliated to this University

Ayurved University are conducting various Courses of Ayurveda.
Kadwad, Jodhpur—Nagaur Highway,
Jodhpur-342037, Rajasthan
E-mail: rau_jodhpur@yahoo.co.in
http://www.raujodhpur.org
11
Guru Ravi Dass Ayurved University, The Institutions affiliated to this University
Jodhamal Road, Kharkan impart Ayurveda education.
Hoshiarpur, Punjab- 146001
Email: graupunjab@gmail.com
Website: www.graupunjab.org.
1.3.2 Regulatory Structure
Education, practice, manufacturing for sale of medicines of Ayurveda are regulated by

following Acts and Rules.
A. Major Acts:
i. Indian Medicine Central Council (IMCC) Act, 1970 for regulation of education
standards & clinical practices.
ii. Drugs & Cosmetics Act, 1940 and Rules 1945 with a dedicated chapter for regulation
of Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani drugs.
iii. Drugs & Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act 1954 to prevent the
misleading advertisement of certain cure claims on specific disease condition.
B. Other Relevant Acts:
i. Indian Forests Act 1927 to conserve the medicinal plants species used in medicines.
ii. Wild Life Protection Act 1972 to preserve and protect the threatened animal species
and their parts etc. used in medicines etc.
iii. The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act 1985.
iv. Bio-diversity Act 2002 to regulate the exploitation of certain plants and animal species
used in medicines etc.
v. Food Standard & Safety Act 2006 to regulate the safety and standards of food items etc.
1.4 Global Scenario
In spite of advances in biomedical research and development, many new diseases are
emerging. Prevention and management of chronic, non-communicable diseases are posing a
global challenge. Previously, the communicable diseases were accounted for more incidents of
death in the globe whereas in the present scenario chronic and lifestyle disorders and their
12
complications have been the cause of mortality and morbidity. These diseases need long-term
treatment just for palliative care, which involves major economic liability on the individual and
the country. Another serious issue is safety of synthetic medicines related to long-term use.
A resurgence of interest in Ayurveda has resulted from the preference of many consumers for
products of natural origin.
The Ayurvedic preventive and health promotive approaches and therapeutic modalities either
stand alone or as add on therapies have an edge over the conventional medical approach in
dealing with chronic and refractory disease conditions and life style related diseases.
Ayurveda can offer solution in the management and improvement of quality of life in chronic
diseases such as cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, bronchial asthma, skin allergies, eczema,
psoriasis, liver disorders, obesity, hyper-lipidaemia and atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus,
hemiplegia and paraplegia, mal-absorption syndromes, ischemic heart disease, epilepsy and
generalized anxiety disorder.
1.4.1 Initiatives of Indian Government
Sensing the resurgence of global interest in Ayurveda, the Government of India has taken
many initiatives for promotion and propagation of Ayurveda. Some of such initiatives are
enlisted below:
i. International exchange of experts and officers.
ii. Incentive to drug manufacturers, entrepreneurs, AYUSH institutions etc. for international
propagation of AYUSH and registration of their products by USFDA/EMEA/UK-MHRA
for exports.
iii. Support for international market development and AYUSH promotion-related activities.
iv. Promotion of Ayurveda, Unani and Yoga abroad through young Post Graduates.
v. Translation and publication of AYUSH literatures in foreign languages.
vi. Establishment of AYUSH information cells/health centres in Indian embassies/missions

and in the cultural centres set up by Indian council for cultural relations (ICCR) in foreign
countries and deputation of experts.
vii. International fellowship programme for foreign nationals for undertaking AYUSH courses
in premier institutions in India.
13
1.4.2 Achievements
The Department of AYUSH has supported several international conferences /seminars /

workshops/trade fairs in collaboration with Indian Missions, Universities, Associations and
other agencies promoting traditional systems of medicine overseas. AYUSH experts are
frequently deputed as resource persons to such events and also for facilitating Continuing
Medical Education (CME) and training programs on AYUSH systems in foreign universities.
Department through its Research Councils has signed Memorandum of Understanding with
Universities in Germany, Trinidad & Tobago and South Africa for setting up Chairs on
Ayurveda and Unani for cooperation in teaching, practice, research, exchange of expertise,
mutual recognition of traditional systems, pharmacopoeia etc. MoU was signed between the
Department of AYUSH and State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine in 2008.
A MoU was also signed in 2010 between India and Malaysia for cooperation in Traditional
Medicine. Under the Department's International Cooperation scheme the Department of
AYUSH has set up an AYUSH information cell in the premises of the Indian cultural center in
Malaysia with the support of Indian High Commission in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. India is a
prominent member in the Inter-govemmental committee (IGC) on Traditional Knowledge,
Genetic Resources and Folklore of the World Intellectual Property Organization.
Fig. 2 - Signing of a Memorandum of Understanding between Central Council for Research in

Ayurvedic Sciences and Durban University of Technology, South Africa for establishing Ayurveda
Chair at Durban Universitv of Technoloev. Durban. South Africa on 17th September 2011.
14
1.4.3 Collaborative Research Projects
© Effectiveness and Safety of Ayurveda as a whole treatment system in osteoarthritis of the

knee - a multicentre, randomized controlled clinical trial based on traditional Ayurveda
diagnosis as per an agreement signed between the CCRAS, New Delhi and the institute for
social medicine, epidemiology and health economics, Charite University Medical Center,
Germany.
© Market survey of Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani drug exports in the ASEAN region, a study
with Indian Institute of foreign Trade, New Delhi.
Fig. 3 - Signing a Memorandum of Understanding between Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic
Sciences, Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of Republic of India and
the University of West Indies in presence of Dr. Manmohan Singh, Hon’ble Prime Minister of India and
Mrs. Kamla Persad Bissessar, Prime Minister of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago at New Delhi on
January 06,2012.
15
Fig. 4 - Mr. Anil Kumar, Secretary, Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare,
Government of India presenting Ayurvedic Pharmacopoiea of India to Hon’ble Salinda Dissanayke, Health
Minister, Ministry of Indigenous Medicine, Sri Lanka on 08.02.2012 at Colombo, Sri Lanka.
1.4.4 Traditional Knowledge Digital Library
The issue of discovery and commercialization of new products based in biological resources
and traditional practices made headlines after Government of India successfully achieved
revocation or limitation of turmeric and basmati rice patents granted by United States Patent
and Trademark Office (USPTO) and the Neem patent granted by European Patent
Office (EPO) in late 1990s. Soon cases of more such patent claims came into light and India's
vast traditional medicine knowledge existed in languages like Sanskrit, Hindi, Arabic, Persian,
Urdu, and Tamil, made it inaccessible for patent examiners at the international patent offices to
verify such claims. This experience prompted the Department of AYUSH to create a task
force of experts i.e. patent examiners, IT experts, scientists and technical officers for the
creation of Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL).
16
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Fig. 5 - A view of TKDL Homepage
TKDL is a collaborative project between Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR),
Ministry of Science and Technology and Department of AYUSH. TKDL involves
documentation of the knowledge available in public domain on traditional knowledge from the
existing literature related to Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha and Yoga in digitized format in five
international languages which are English, French, German, Spanish and Japanese. So far, the
TKDL includes about 2.12 lakh medicinal formulations of Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha.
Agreements have been signed with leading international patent offices such as EPO, UKPTO
and USPTO to protect traditional knowledge from bio-piracy, by giving access to the TKDL
database to patent examiners at International Patent Offices for patent search and examination.
This project has found widespread appreciation in the IGC as first of its kind initiative which
provides protection to our traditional medical knowledge by preventing its misappropriation.
At policy level Ayurveda is officially recognized in countries like Myanmar, Nepal, South
Africa, Malaysia, Hungary, Sri Lanka. In many countries, there is no restriction to practice
17
Ayurveda, though it is not officially recognized. However, Ayurveda is also popular in many
foreign countries including USA and Europe. People use Ayurvedic medicines, which are
marketed as dietary/nutritional/herbal supplements.
1.5 Strength of Ayurveda
1.5.1 Comprehensive definition of health: Ayurveda defines health as a state of equilibrium

of dosa (regulatory and functional entities of the body), dhatu (structural entities), mala
(excretory entities) and agni (digestive and metabolic factors) alongwith healthy state of
sensory and motor organs and mind with their harmonious relationship with the soul. As
against definition of health, the diseased state is defined in Ayurveda as a loss of equilibrium
of essential body constituents. The objective of disease management is to bring back the
equilibrium, principally through lifestyle management rather than through curative therapies.
The strength of Ayurveda lies in its three fold holistic approach of prevention of disease,
promotion of health and cure of disease. This is achieved through care of body, mind and soul
where physical, mental and spiritual aspects of health are considered.
1.5.2 Acceptance by the community: About 80-90% of population in India is reported to use
Ayurveda and other traditional systems of medicine to meet their primary health care needs.
Safety of this system is attributed to time-tested use substantiated by scientific evidences.
Besides, synergy of ingredients in conjunction with individual need based treatment plan forms
the basis of efficacy and safety of Ayurvedic formulations. Specific guidelines are prescribed
for the use of apparently toxic medicinal plants with certain detoxification processing that also
enhance the bioavailability and efficacy of the final product.
1.5.3 Emphasis on promotion of health and prevention of diseases: Considering health of an

individual as dynamic integration of environment, body, mind and soul, Ayurveda lays great
emphasis on preservation and promotion of health and preventing the occurrence of diseases.
The treatment modalities of Ayurveda are based on the inherent ability of the living body to
rejuvenate, regenerate and restore the natural equilibrium. While treating the patient, Ayurvedic
treatment helps to enhance the natural healing process in the body.
The prevention of disease and promotion of health is achieved by judicious practice of

dinacarya (daily regimen), rtucarya (seasonal regimen) and sadvftta (ethical code of conduct)
in accordance with prakrti (psychosomatic constitution). In this way significance of healthy
18
life style for maintenance of health is emphasized by Ayurveda. Do's and don'ts on personal
and social behavior are elaborated for attaining total health. Great emphasis is given on
Nidana parivaijana i.e. keeping away from factors which cause or precipitate the disease,
whereas therapeutic procedures like pancakarma help in eradicating the disease.
1.5.4 Importance of diet and lifestyle: The ultimate aim of this medical science is
preservation of health and it can be attained in two ways, i.e. observation of lifestyle
recommendations to prevent the diseases and eradication of already afflicted diseases. The
prerequisites to attain the prevention include wholesome diet, conservation of environment,
congenial social and cultural atmosphere. Diet is an essential factor for the maintenance of
health. Ayurveda emphasizes on diversified aspects of dietetics and nutrition viz. quality,
quantity, processing methods, rationale of combination of food articles, emotional aspects,
nature of the consumer, geographical and environmental conditions etc. Advocacy of proper
diet and life style, which is congenial to the individual maintains normal body functions thus
prevents the diseases.
1.5.5 Holistic concept of health: Ayurveda considers a living being as a combination of

body, mind and soul. All health management approaches are intended to maintain the
harmony and homeostasis of these entities.
1.5.6 Individualized approach: Ayurveda considers that each individual has distinct psycho
somatic constitution and health status. This is taken into account while advocating preventive,
promotive and curative measures.
1.5.7 Universal approach: According to Ayurveda, the individual (microcosm) is a miniature

replica of the universe (macrocosm). Every aspect of the universe is represented in the
individual. Any change in the environment affects human being. Therefore, emphasis is laid
on social and environmental factors which are interlinked with health.
1.5.8 Stress on public health and eugenics: The activities of the individual through his
thought, word and deed have their good or bad effects on the environment. Ayurveda
emphasizes upon healthy body, sound mind, benevolent speech and spiritual practices to create
a healthy and happy environment. The pivotal role of eugenics mentioned in Ayurveda is to
produce strong, healthy and ideal progeny.
19
1.5.9 Use of natural products: Ayurvedic products are derived mainly from plants and other
natural resources. Supportive leads are emerging from revalidation of Ayurvedic drugs.
Identification of active principles of some plants has led to discovery of many allopathic drugs.
Some pharmacologically proven constituents of the Ayurvedic plants like Aloe vera, Curcuma
longa, Withania somnifera, Bacopa monnieri etc. are used globally.
1.5.10 Areas of clinical strength: Ayurveda provides healthcare within the physical and
financial reach of rural India. Some of the Ayurvedic medicinal plants and spices are widely
used as home remedies in India for a wide range of common ailments. The common users of
Ayurveda are individuals suffering from chronic intractable diseases. It is an accepted fact that
Ayurveda is playing an important role in conditions like bronchial asthma & bronchitis,
cardiovascular disorders, osteoporosis, joint and connective tissue disorders and early stages of
dementia, Parkinson's disease, osteoarthritis etc.
Ayurvedic treatment is effective in chronic disorders like sinusitis, diabetes mellitus,

hypertension, obesity; psychosomatic disorders like depression, insomnia; digestive disorders
like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), peptic ulcer, inflammatory bowel diseases; respiratory
disorders like bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; musculo-skeletal
disorders like arthritis, osteoporosis; neurological and neuro-degenerative disorders like
paralytic conditions, sciatica, dementia, Parkinson's disease etc.
1.5.11 Unique therapeutic approach: Ayurveda advocates certain bio-cleansing and

rejuvenating therapeutic measures such as pahcakarma, rasayana for maintenance of healthy
state as well as in the management of chronic diseases. Ksarasutra, a minimal invasive para-
surgical procedure using medicated thread, widely cited in ancient medical literatures for its
safety and efficacy is being successfully practiced as promising therapy for ano-rectal
disorders. Such unique specialties of Ayurveda either as stand alone or add on therapies are
proven to have an edge over conventional medical approach in disease management and
improving quality of life.
1.5.12 The way forward: Ayurveda can contribute in the management of chronic and
refractory disease conditions sharing huge global burden such as cancer, rheumatoid arthritis
and allied conditions.
20
1.6 Organization of the Document
This document is a brief presentation of important and relevant aspects of Ayurveda organized
in seven chapters for large section of readers such as medical professionals, academicians,
researchers, policy makers, students and others who wish to know about Ayurveda.
Chapter 1 - The chapter highlights historical evolution of Ayurveda, its contemporary

development and important developmental milestones. Infrastructure, facilities for education,
patient care, research, international cooperation and manufacturing of medicines with
regulatory framework and policies implemented by the government are also briefly mentioned.
Specific historical background on education, pharmaceutics and practice are mentioned in the
concerned chapters.
Chapter 2 - Ayurveda has very unique and holistic approach towards health and diseases.
This chapter gives an overview on fundamental principles of Ayurveda with reference to its
concepts, theories and practices. A brief account of progression of diseases, methods of
examination of the patients and diagnosis of the diseases is provided here.
Chapter 3 - Maintenance of health through prevention of diseases is primary objective of

Ayurveda. Ayurveda advocates individualized guidelines for attaining physical, mental, social
and spiritual health. Daily & seasonal regimen and ethical & moral code of conduct are
important among them. Equal importance is given to the diet for maintaining good health.
The focus of this chapter is on preventive aspects like food and lifestyle recommendations.
Chapter 4 - This chapter deals with all aspects of preparation of medicines. Safety, efficacy,
stability and palatability are the four basic requirements of a good medicine. The
pharmaceutical procedures for any drug involve various steps starting from identification and
collection of authentic raw material, application of standardized processing techniques and
production of quality drug to packaging and storage of the finished product.
Chapter 5 - Ayurveda prescribes various medicines and therapeutic procedures for the
management of diseases in addition to non pharmacological measures. This chapter provides
an outline of different therapeutic approaches and description of core specialties of Ayurveda
such aspahcakaima, ksarasutra andrasayana.
Chapter 6 - With increasing global interest in Ayurveda, R&D activities have gained
momentum in this area. The research in this area is undertaken by research institutions,
21
Universities, medical colleges, AYUSH colleges, hospitals and pharmaceutical industry both
in public and private sector. This chapter focuses on core aspects of research and development
in Ayurveda and some noteworthy outcome of research. Detail activities and achievements of
Central Council for Research Ayurvedic Sciences are also mentioned. A number of medicinal
plants used in Ayurveda have been studied and these evidences have provided some promising
leads and some such plants have been mentioned along with photographs at the end of this
chapter.
Chapter 7 - The education and medical practice are organized and regulated by the
government. Different curricula with standard syllabi are prescribed by the regulatory council.
Huge network of educational institutions exist both in government and private sector. Seats are
also available for foreigners to study Ayurveda in premier institutions. Outreach of Ayurvedic
treatment to the patients has increased manifold and the facilities are available at peripheral
centres of healthcare delivery system.
The document has been written on the basis of the references available in published texts and
websites. The additional information may be obtained from books, journals and websites
enlisted in the "suggestive reading".
It is difficult to give exact English translation of Sanskrit words. To help the readers to
understand the Ayurvedic technical terms, the nearest possible English meaning is given in the
Glossary at the end of this document.
Note to the readers: Primary evidence on history and evolution of Ayurveda are ancient
Ayurvedic texts and their commentaries. In this document certain books and journals
mentioned in the section on "suggestive reading" have been taken as basis for writing this
chapter. For the ease of the readers, the information has been provided in an abstract manner.
The readers may obtain more information from the books, journals and websites mentioned in
the concerned section of the document such as:
1 Nishteswar K, Vidyanath R. A Handbook of History of Ayurveda. Varanasi, India:

Chaukhamba Sanskrit Series; 2004.
2 Journal of Indian Medical Heritage. National Institute of Indian Medical Heritage,
Hyderabad-500195, Andhra Pradesh.
22
3 Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. Sales and Distribution Officer, National Institute
of Science Communication and Information Resources, Dr K S Krishnan Marg (Near Pusa
Gate), New Delhi -110 012.
4 Satyavati GV. Some Traditional Medical System and Practices of Global Importance The
Great Concern Traditional medicinal Systems-I, A Quarterly News Bulletin of Indo-
German Social Service Society, New Delhi, 1999.
5 Jaggi OP. History of Science and Technology in India .Vol.7.Delhi, India: Atma Ram
Sons; 1977.
6 Sharma PV. History of medicine in India. Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi,
India.
23
Chapter 2
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS
2.1 Basic principles
2.1.1 Pancamahabhuta (five basic elements) - The Universe according to Ayurveda is

composed of five basic elements
called Pancamahabhuta viz. PANCHAMAHABHUTA - FIVE BASIC ELEMENTS
akasa (basic ethereal element),
vayu (basic gaseous element),
agni (basic thermal element),
jala (basic aqueous element) and
pfthvi (basic earthy/ gross
element,) and so is the human Dosha in the body are comparable to universe
body. There is a fundamental
Man is a part of the universe.
similarity between universe and Harmony with environment
Equilibrium is health Imbalance
man. A harmonious interaction of dosha of dosha
between the microcosm (human

being) and the macrocosm Fig. 6 - Similarity between universe and human being
(universe) is the basis of

health.
2.1.2 Health and disease - Optimal health conceived in Ayurveda is a perfect harmony of
body, mind and soul. Health or
"svasthya" is a state of equilibrium
of the dosa (regulatory physiological
entities), agni (digestive and
metabolic factors), function of dhatu
(structural entities), mala (excretory
entities) along with proper
functioning of jnanendiiya (sense
organs,), manas (cheerful mind) and
atma (soul). Any disturbance in this
Fig. 7 - Objectives of Ayurveda
24
Chapter 2: Fundamental Concepts
equilibrium due to internal or external factor leads to diseases. Ayurveda emphasizes that
Prakrti (psychosomatic constitution), which is specific to every individual, is responsible for
the health or disease pattern in the individual. Human mind has triguna (three attributes)
i.e. sattva (pure state of mind), rajas (mind with passion/desire/ attachment) and tama
(inert/ignorant mind), which interact with the biological components, vata, pitta & kapha and
determine the psycho-somatic constitution of an individual. Ayurvedic approach to
examination of psychosomatic constitution is important in assessing individual's health for
planning preventive measures for selecting diet, medicine or treatment regimen.
2.1.3 Tridosa (Three Regulatory Physiological Entities)
The doctrine of Pancamahabhuta is the origin and basis of the three regulatory physiological
entities i.e. vata, pitta and kapha. Vata is derived from the basic element vayu and akasa, pitta
from agni, kapha fromjala andprthvi.
i. Vata - The important function of vata is to impart movement, generation and conduction of
impulses, transportation of biological materials and elimination of waste products. In the
normal condition, vata performs entire neurological functions of the body. It sustains the
entire machinery of the body. Vata is responsible for functioning of five sensory organs
(Panca jhanendriya) and motor functions also. It is a regulator of psychosomatic functions
of the living body. When vata is vitiated or its equilibrium is disturbed, it brings about
various psycho-somatic disturbances. All the basic emotions like worry, anxiety, fear,
grief, anger etc. are governed by vata. Usually all functions of nervous system at central
and peripheral level is correlated with vata.
ii. Pitta- Pitta represents transformation. It governs digestion, absorption, assimilation,
nutrition, metabolism, body temperature, skin coloration, luster of the eyes, intelligence,
and understanding. Psychologically, pitta arouses anger, hate, and jealousy. Morbidity of
pitta may lead to insomnia, abnormality of body temperature, yellow discoloration of eyes,
impaired digestion/metabolism etc. Usually digestive juices, enzymes and hormones come
under this entity.
iii. Kapha- Kapha is one of the primary constituent of the living body. It exhibits
psychological phenomena as the exhibition of the courage, forbearance, zest, virility,
knowledge, understanding etc. Similarly, the physical function of kapha is responsible for
the physical strength, built, stability of structures, cooling, adhesion, lubrication,
25
maintenance of the smooth working of the joints etc. It is also expressed in tendencies
toward calmness, forgiveness and love.
These tridosa are described as the main cause for health and disease. The health is maintained
if they remain in balanced state and if they are deranged in any manner, they vitiate structural
and excretory entities to cause vikara/roga (disease).
2.1.4 Saptadhatn (Seven Structural Entities)
The structural elements in the body are classified as dhatu. They are seven in numbers and are
responsible for maintaining the body in a compact and composed state. They are rasa
(nutritional fluid), rakta (blood), mamsa (muscle tissue), medas (adipose tissue), asthi (bone
tissue), majja (bone marrow) and sukra (reproductive elements^. According to Ayurveda,
ahara rasa (nutrient fluid) nourish these tissues. Apart from this, there are six upadhatu
(supportive bye products of dhatu), namely stanya (breast milk), artava (menstrual fluid),
kandara (tendons), sira (blood vessels), vasa (fat), tvak (skin), snayu (ligament).
2.1.5 Ojas (Essence of dhatu)
Ayurvedic texts have vividly described the factor of immunity in terms of vyadhiksamatva,
which is considered as the natural or acquired biological defense of an individual against
diseases. This power is attributed to the presence of a biological factor called ojas, the essence
of the structural entities (dhatu), which literally means vigor. Ayurveda also describes a
number of methods to promote ojas and vyadhiksamatva.
2.1.6 Mala (Excretory Entities)
Mutra (urine), purisa (faeces) and sveda (sweat) are the three gross excretory entities. The
exudates eliminated from eye, nose, mouth, ears and reproductive organs and other structural
entities etc. are considered as subtle excretory entities. Proper elimination of these excretory
entities is also required to maintain health. Their hypo, hyper and irregular state results in
diseases.
2.1.7 Srotas (Micro and Macro Channels)
The concept of srotas occupies an important position in the development of conceptual frame
work of Ayurveda. According to Ayurveda whole body is made up of srotas (micro and macro
26
channels), which transport all types of materials in the body. For normal functioning of the
body, it is essential that these channels, both micro and macro remain intact.
i. Pranavaha srotas - Channels of respiration/respiratory system

ii. Udakavaha srotas - Channels for regulation and transportation of fluids
iii. Annavaha srotas - Digestive tract
iv. Rasavaha srotas - Channels in which nutrient fluid is formed and transported
v. Raktavaha srotas - Channels through which blood is formed and transported
vi. Mamsavaha srotas - Channels in which muscle tissue is formed and transported
vii. Medovaha srotas - Channels in which adipose tissue is formed and transported
viii. Asthivaha srotas - Channels in which bone tissue is formed and transported
ix. Majjavaha srotas - Channels in which bone marrow is formed and transported
x. Sukravaha srotas - Channels in which reproductive tissue is formed and transported
xi. Mutravaha srotas - Channels in which urine is formed and excreted
xii. Svedavaha srotas - Channels in which sweat is formed and transported
xiii. Purisavaha srotas - Channels in which faeces is formed and excreted
Therefore, emphasis has been given in Ayurveda to prevent srotodusti (vitiation of srotas).
2.1.8 A gni (Digestive and metabolic factors)
The digestive and metabolic energy that is responsible for transformation of food to nutrients
is called agni. It is responsible for digestion and metabolism in the body. In other words agni
signifies life process responsible for entire digestion, endocrine and metabolic activities. It has
been classified into the following 13 types:
1. Jatharagni (digestive factors located in digestive tract)

2. Five types of Bhutagni (metabolic factors located in pancamahabhuta)
3. Seven types Dhatvagni (metabolic factors located at dhatu)
Jatharagni is the most important agni and supports the other type of agni. Derangement of
agni viz. mandagni (down regulation), tiksnagni (hyper-active), visamagni (deranged state)
lead to diseases and samagni (balanced agni) maintains the health of an individual.
27
2.1.9 Manas (Mind)
Mind is a principal sense organ which controls remaining five senses. The mind is called
atindriya (beyond the perception of senses). The sense-organs receive the stimulus from the
external world and are perceived through mind and passed to the atma (soul).The chief
function of manas is assimilation and discrimination. It has been stated that it enables the
buddhi (intellect) to discriminate good and bad, right and wrong. It has normal functions like
to think, to determine or decide, to express, to conceal, to recall, to concentrate, to memorize,
to control emotion, to meditate etc. The emotional factors like lust, anger, greed, delusion and
hallucination or confusion, malice, remorse and anxiety, fear, exhilaration are all responsible
for psychosomatic disorders. The above description of mind clearly indicates that it is a
controlling component of the body and it is largely influenced by external socio-cultural
factors. The body can be prevented from the stress by controlling the mind. Patanjali in his
Yoga Sutra has clearly propounded yoga system for the control of mind and maintenance of
positive health.
2.1.10 P rakrti (Psychosomatic Constitution)
The structural and functional variations are the fundamental characteristics of human being.
No two individuals are exactly alike either in their morphological, physiological or behavioral
dimensions. The individual differ in their genetic makeup and also in morphological and
psychological aspects including their endocrine activity and metabolic efficiency. Ayurveda
has given maximum attention regarding the clinical significance of individual personality and
also recognized the dichotomy between mind and body and classified psychological
personality in terms of sattvika, rajasika and tamasika where as somatic constitution is
determined by relative predominance of vata, pitta and kapha in an individual. Ayurvedic
concept of Prakrti parlksa is to know body- mind constitution to predict the susceptibility of
disease. Prakrti is considered while prescribing diet, medicine or treatment regimen to an
individual.
Characteristics of vata predominance p r a k r ti- Vata type person are thin, tall,
disproportionate, under-developed in general physique, chest is flat and depressed, veins are
prominent and will have markedly projected ends of bone. Vata type individual looks
emaciated with rough dark, pale, dusty complexion and dry cracked rough skin.
Psychologically these persons are characterized by short memory and low will power.
28
Vata type individuals are mentally unstable due to the predominance of vata activity. They
have least power of reasoning and they are of irritable temperament. They are comparatively
non-religious and coward. The life span of vata type individual is comparatively low. Due to
predominance of rajas traits, vata type individuals are more susceptible to psychosomatic
disorders. A comprehensive regimen of life has been advocated for the prevention of diseases
for the vata type individuals in almost all the classical texts of Ayurveda.
Characteristics of pitta predominance prakrti- Pitta dominant individuals are medium in
strength, stature and body built. They have fair and coppery complexion, smooth, very soft &
wrinkled skin and thin, silky and brownish hair. The psychological traits of such individuals
are sharp, bright, intelligent and short tempered. If we trace the origin ofpitta personality from
triguna point of view, sattva predominates in this constitution. Individual of this type of
personality is more prone to blood borne skin and diseases. Therefore, such individuals have
been advised to live in a cool place and use diet which is antagonistic to agnimahabhuta.
Characteristics of kapha predominance prakrti - Physically kapha type people are strong with
heavy & proportionate body built and fair complexion. They are biologically strong; therefore
are more virile and have good progeny. From psychological point of view such individuals are
mentally stable with maximum capacity for retention. In Ayurvedic texts kapha type of
personality is considered to be the ideal type of personality because they take the balanced
approach to life. They have maximum capacity to withstand stress. Since, kapha type people
are biologically strong; they are less prone to develop psychosomatic disorders.
2.1.11 Clinical diagnosis
The diagnosis in Ayurveda is based on two-fold approach viz. (1) examination of the patient
i.e., rogi parlksa and (2) diagnosis of the disease i.e. roga parlksa.The rogi pariksa is
essentially concerned with ascertaining the psychosomatic constitution and status of health &
vitality of the individual. This is achieved through ten fold examinations (dasavidha pariksa),
eight fold examination (astasthana pariksa) three fold examination (trividha pariksa) of the
patient. For the proper treatment of diseases, it is mandatory to understand the exact nature of
the disease with reference to dosa, dhatu, mala and agni. The diagnosis of the disease is also
done with the help of satkriyakala (six stages of pathogenesis), nidana pancaka (five fold
approaches of diagnosis).
29
2.1.12 Principles of Management
The approach of Ayurveda is holistic and individualistic. The promotive and preventive aspect
of Ayurveda is called svasthavrtta that includes personal and social hygiene, regular daily and
seasonal regime and appropriate social behaviour. The curative treatment consists of three
major constituents, ahara (food), vihara (lifestyle) and ausadha (drug/ medicament). Ideal
treatment according to Ayurveda is one which cures the disease without causing adverse effect.
Three classical therapeutic streams advocated by Ayurveda are (1) daivavyapasraya cikitsa
(spiritual therapy) (2) yuktivyapasraya cikitsa (rational treatment) and (3) sattvavajaya cikitsa
(psycho-behavioral therapy). The Ayurvedic treatment methods can be grossly divided into
three methods samsodhana (bio-cleansing therapy), samsamana (palliative therapy) and
Nidana paiivaijana (avoidance of causative factors). Samsodhana is the modality by which
effort is made to remove disease causing factors like metabolic wastes/toxins from the body.
This is practiced through one or more therapies frompancakaima. Samsamana is the modality
of treatment by which the disease causing factors are pacified inside the body and this is
achieved through three types of therapies viz. food, lifestyle and medicine.
2.1.13 Holistic and Individualized Approach
Ayurveda employs holistic and personalized approach to health. The holistic, integrative and
systems approach of Ayurveda involving body, mind, and soul is a pivotal attribute. Taking
the human being as a whole, the Ayurvedic preventive and therapeutic approaches aim at
homoeostasis of this integrated milieu. Diverse approaches of clinical examination and
diagnosis viz. Prakrti, agni, srotas, and satkriyakala etc. form determinants of individual
specific precise tailor-made treatment plan. Furthermore, the systems approach embodied
with Ayurveda concepts such as, disease process, diagnosis, principles of drug action,
processes, dosage forms, diet, therapeutics and personalized approach towards lifestyle
advocacy, disease management are highly appreciated since antiquity which are now the
evolving concepts of pharmaco-epidemiology, pharmaco-genomics of modem medical
science.
30
2.2 Disease Process
Disease is defined as a state of disturbance of homoeostasis in dosa, dhatu, agni, mala, indriya
and manas resulting in the physical and psychological discomfort. The entire phenomena right
from the vitiation of dosa to the manifestation of disease is known as samprapti.
Three major factors ascribed to the causation of the disease are:
1. Prajnaparadha (intellectual irreverence)

2. Asatmyendriyartha Samyoga (erroneous interaction of senses with their objects)
3. Paiinama (effect of time, season and environment)
Pathogenesis of disease has six stages known as satkriyakala:
1. Sahcaya (accumulation of dosa in their respective places)

2. Prokopa (vitiation of accumulated dosa)
3. Prasara (spread of deranged dosa)
4. Sthansamsraya (accumulation of dosa at a particular site)
5. Vyaktavastha (signs and symptoms / manifestation of disease)
6. Bhedavastha (stage of differentiation and complications of disease)
These are different stages of development of diseases. The concept of satkriyakala is very
useful to intervene at the initial stage of pathology to prevent the progression of disease and its
complications.
2.2.1 Am a (end product of improper digestion and metabolism) - The term ama means
end product of improperly digested food. In particular, it is a toxic byproduct generated due to
improper or incomplete digestion as a result of mandagni. The formation of ama may lead to
many diseases.
2.3 Diagnostics and Therapeutic Management
2.3.1 Diagnostics
The practice of Ayurvedic clinical medicine has two distinct modalities. The dual approach in
terms of diagnosis of the disease and clinical examination helps in attaining a concrete
diagnosis.
31
2.3.1.1 Roga pariksa (diagnosis of the disease) - As per Ayurveda, for the proper treatment
of diseases, it is mandatory to examine the exact nature of the disease with reference to dosa,
dhatu, mala and agni. The nature of the disease can be understood with the help of the
following five means known as nidana pancaka:
1. Nidana (cause of the disease) - The factors which cause diseases are known as
nidana. Detailed description of the various categories of nidana is given in Ayurvedic
texts for particular diseases.
2. Purva RSpa (prodromal signs and symptoms) - The knowledge of this stage helps
the physician in the diagnosis of the disease well before it is manifested. It also helps
in differential diagnosis and in determination of the prognosis. Certain prescriptions
and prohibitions are to be followed in this stage to prevent its further progress.
3. Rupa (signs and symptoms) - This is a stage of manifestation of the disease. In this
stage the disease is manifested with its specific signs and symptoms. The disease can
be differentially diagnosed at this stage.
4. Upasaya (relieving factors) - It refers to the disease relieving medicines, diet and
lifestyle. It helps in the differential diagnosis of diseases.
5. Sam prapti (pathogenesis) - The samprapti is the process of development of disease.
Other than these methods at present the latest diagnostic techniques are also used by Ayurvedic
practitioners.
2.3.1.2 Classification of diseases- Diseases are classified on the basis of their origin, etiology
as well as prognosis in Ayurveda. They are mainly intrinsic and extrinsic. However, there are
many other classifications such as genetic, congenital, psychological, seasonal, spiritual etc. It
has been advised to plan the treatment according to the prognosis of the disease. Certain
genetic, congenital, neurological and surgical diseases are identified as incurable. Others like
chronic and recurrent diseases are difficult to treat. Therefore, while deciding the treatment
such limitations should be kept in mind. Broadly, the prognosis has been classified as sadhya
(curable), kastasadhya (difficult to cure), yapya (maintainable) and asadhya (incurable). Due
to no or improper treatment, any curable disease may reach other stages.
32
2.3.1.3 Rogi pariksa (Clinical Examination)
Dasavidha pariksa (ten fold examination schedule)- This examination schedule is to evaluate
various aspects of personality, temperament and health status of the patient.
1. Prakrti- The Prakrti of an individual refers to the genetically determined psychosomatic

constitution. The features of the different types o f Prakrti are described elaborately in
Ayurveda.
2. Vikrti- Vikrti refers to the pathological condition. By considering the history of past and
present illness and through examination one can estimate and predict the possible
susceptibility of an individual to different ailments.
3. Sara- The sara pariksa is meant to examine the qualities of saptadhatu and the sattva
(psyche). These eight components are examined in terms of relative quality i.e. pravara
(superior), madhyama (medium) and avara (inferior).
4. Samhanana- Samhanana means compactness of the body and reflects the quality of
overall body built. A good proportionate body built is endowed with good health,
immunity and better prognosis. The samhanana is a qualitative assessment of the body
frame and is described in terms of superior, medium and inferior.
5. Pramana- Pramana is anthropometry, which is relative measurement with own fingers.
The Ayurvedic texts describe in detail the normal and abnormal dimensions of all body
parts.
6. Satmya- It is the ability to adapt different atmosphere, food, circumstances etc.
7. Sattva- Sattva parlksa is the examination of mental stamina. The purpose of Sattva
pariksa is to evaluate and to qualitatively categorize the individuals as having superior,
medium and inferior quality of mind.
8. Ahara sakti- It is examined by the capacity to ingest and to digest. If the physician is
aware of appetite and digestive capacity of the patient he can plan diet and medication
rationally.
9. Vyayama sakti- This is the evaluation of the endurance of the patient to work and
exercise.
10. Vaya Pariksa- This is the assessment of biological and chronological age of the patient.
33
Trividba Pariksa (three fold examination of the patient) - In this method the patient is
examined by three different methods viz. darsana (inspection), sparsana (palpation and
percussion) andprasna (interrogation).
Astavidba Pariksa (eight fold examination of patient) - Following are the eight fold
examinations
1. N adi Pariksa (pulse examination) - Pulse is examined with respect to its rate, volume,
tension and type of pulsation. The status of dosa in relation to age, sex, constitution, time
of the day, season, physical activity, food intake, status of mind etc. may illustrate a
distinction in the quality and quantity of pulse.
2. Mutra Pariksa (urine examination) - The urine is examined with respect to its
appearance, clarity, volume, colour etc. Urine examination is specially employed by
Ayurvedic practitioners to understand the nature of disease with respect to its curability.
3. Mala Pariksa (stool examination) - The status of the digestive system is typically
reflected in the character of stool. As a number of systemic disorders can modify the
nature of the stool, its examination helps in attaining the final diagnosis.
4. Jibva Pariksa (tongue examination) - Tongue is usually examined with respect to
perception of taste, its appearance, colour, roughness and softness of surface, presence of
coating on its surface and its nature. Examination of tongue also gives idea about the
status of digestion and the disease state. Typical tastes are perceived by the patient in
specific diseases.
5. Sabda Pariksa (voice/sound examination) - Voice of the patient is examined with
respect to its quality and nature. The nature of voice differs in accordance with the
psychosomatic constitution of the individual. Change in quality of voice is an indicator
of the status of the disease and physical status of the patient.
6. Sparsa Pariksa (palpation and percussion) - Palpation is useful in knowing tenderness,
temperature, change in the texture and contour of body parts etc. percussion also helps in
arriving at provisional diagnosis.
7. D rk (eye/vision examination) - The changes in the colour, expression etc. exhibit the
character of the morbid dosa and are helpful in arriving at diagnosis and prognosis.
8. A krti (stature) - General appearance of the patient will be affected in some of the
neurological problems, nutritional disturbances, disabilities etc.
34
Different diagnostic techniques are utilized by the Ayurvedic practitioner while examining the
patients. These techniques involve subjective as well as objective methods. The practitioner
utilizes these techniques to his advantage and wisely uses them for diagnosing the disease and
designing the schedule of therapeutic management.
2.3.1.4 Therapeutic Management
Ideal treatment according to Ayurveda is one which cures the disease without causing adverse
effect. Three classical therapeutic streams advocated by Ayurveda are (1) daivavyapasraya
cikitsa (spiritual therapy) (2) yuktivyapasraya cikitsa (rational treatment) and (3) sattvavajaya
cikitsa (psycho-behavioral therapy). The Ayurvedic treatment methods can be grossly divided
into three methods; samsodhana (bio-cleansing therapy), samsamana (palliative therapy) and
nidana parivarjana (avoidance of causative factors). Samsodhana is practiced through one or
more therapies from pancakrama whereas samsamana is achieved through three types of
therapies viz. food, lifestyle and drug.
Note to the readers: The readers may obtain more information from the books, journals and
websites mentioned in the concerned chapters of the document such as:
1. Agnivesa. Caraka Samhita English Translation by Dash, Bhagwan and Sharma RK. In 3
nd
volumes. Varanasi, India: Chaukhambha Publications, 2 Edition, 2000.
2. Dash Bhagwan Fundamental Principals of Ayurveda. New Delhi, India: Konark
Publications Pvt. Ltd.; 1989.
3. Dwarakanath C. Introduction to Kayacikitsa. Varanasi, India: Chaukhambha
Publications; 1986.
4. Vagabhata. Astanga Samgraha Commentary by Dasai R. Ilnd edition .Nagpur, India:
Baidyanath Ayurveda Bhawan; 1981.
5. Susruta. Susruta Samhita. 5th Edition. New Delhi,India: Motilal Banarasidas; 1994.
35
Chapter 3
LIFESTYLE MANAGEMENT
3.1 Food
The maintenance of health and prevention from diseases can be achieved through food and
lifestyle specific to individual needs and in line with the seasons and cycles of nature. Food
and habits which are conducive to the body are known as pathya. Food is referred as
‘mahabhaisajya' (the best medicine) by Ayurvedic classics. Ayurveda describes a large number
of food and drinks, their method of preparation and the code and discipline of taking the food.
The food has been given a godly status and is considered a subject of worship. The food is
essentially said to have the five basic elements. Their appropriate use may help in balancing
the similar elemental components of the body.
Bad eating habits are the basic cause of indigestion which is root cause for all diseases.
Ayurvedic texts enlist bad eating habits such as:
• Unwholesome and non- congenial food
• Incompatible food combinations
• Consumption of food before the digestion of previously eaten food or when not hungry
• Overeating
• Too much water or no water at all during a meal
• Eating hurriedly
• Eating while emotionally upset
• Eating at the wrong time of the day
• Eating too much heavy or too light food
• Improperly preserved and stale foods
• Use of too spicy, sour, salty food
3.1.1 Sadrasa (six tastes of food items) - The concept of sadrasa is a central point in
Ayurvedic cuisine. These six tastes viz. sweet, sour, salty, pungent, bitter and astringent
36
Chapter 3: Lifestyle Management
should be present in balanced proportions. Each taste has an influence on dosa and hence
contributes to the health or disease.
3.1.2 Eight factors of diet and dietetics: Ayurveda offers some basic dietary guidelines that
include choosing appropriate quantity of food, combinations of food, cooking methods,
storage, eating atmosphere, hygiene and eating etiquettes. Following eight factors related to
consumption of food need to be considered:
1. Nature (prakrti) — Not all the food articles are suitable for everybody. In fact the
suitability of the food articles is dependent on the psychosomatic constitution of the individual.
Hence it is necessary that one should always consider the original nature of the food article in
the light of his psychosomatic constitution while consuming the food. In diseased state the
status of the dosa and effect of the food on them need to be considered.
2. Process of preparation (samskara) - The method of processing like frying, roasting etc
have a definite effect on the nature of prepared food. The processed food will have different
characteristics than the original food. Appropriate processing technique can make the food
suitable for the consumer in accordance with the requirements.
3. Compatibility (samyoga) — Food articles when used in combinations may either be useful
or harmful. Combination of food material having opposite properties may prove harmful to
the consumer. Illustrations of such harmful combinations are given in the Ayurvedic texts
(Viruddhahara). The consumer should always avoid such harmful food combinations.
4. Quantity (rasi) — The quantity of food as a whole or item wise need to be considered.
Light food also if consumed in excess is likely to be harmful. Heavy foods should always be
consumed in small quantity. In this reference the stomach is considered to be divided into four
parts. Out of these two parts have to be filled with solids and one part with liquids. The
remaining one part should always be left empty.
5. Habitat (desa) - Habitat is geographic region. Specific food is either suitable or not
suitable according to variations in the climatic condition of the area.
6. Time (kala) - Eating schedules need to be observed every time one takes food.
Consumption of food at odd hours is detrimental to the health. Seasonal variations also need
to be considered while selecting food materials.
37
7. Rules of eating (upayoga samstha) - There are certain dietetic rules, which need to be
followed by one and all. This ensures proper digestion and metabolism.
8. Consumer (upayokta): The consumer should observe all disciplines of dietetics. Quality,
quantity, processing, combinations of the food and consideration of digestive capacity, health
status, age, season are important factors to be considered.
Observation of above stated guidelines plays a significant role in promotion of health and
prevention of disease.
3.1.3 Diet and Mind - Considering the effect of food on mind, following 3 classifications
have been made:
1. Sattvika food- Ideal diet containing vegetarian, non-oily, non-spicy food articles
which are congenial to the mind.
2. Rajasika food-Too spicy, hot, sour, salty that excites the mind.
3. Tamasika food-Too oily, tasteless, putrefied, stale and heavy food that leads to
lethargic mind.
Along with a balanced diet, incorporating other healthy habits into a daily routine can prevent
disease at its root level.
3.2 Lifestyle (Vihara)
3.2.1 Svasthavrtta (lifestyle advocacy for maintenance of health) - Svasthavftta is a

healthy life style, prescribed for the maintenance of health of an individual. Health preventive
measures include diet, practices and regimen during day (dinacarya), night (ratricarya),
different seasons (rtucarya) and code of conduct (sadvrtta). Seasonal and appropriate use of
pancakarma and rasayana are also important in the prevention of the diseases.
3.2.2 Dinacarya (daily regimen)

Researchers in medical chrono-biology have long discovered that our body has many inbuilt
rhythms or cycles. Most of our body functions follow a daily cycle. Our weight fluctuates
during the day and is the maximum in the evening. Our body temperature is highest in the
evening and most of our hormones have their well defined periods of high and low secretions
during the day and the most obvious of all is the sleep —wake cycle. Therefore intrinsically
the emphasis of Ayurveda is on natural cycles. Dinacarya meaning the daily regimen refers to
a healthy and sustainable pattern of lifestyle. In order to be optimally healthy, one should tune
the body to the nature's master cycle which in turn regulates the various other rhythms. To
achieve this, Ayurveda prescribes a specific routine in general and also on the basis of
psychosomatic constitution of an individual. This includes waking up early in the morning,
excretion of bio-wastes, taking care of oral hygiene (cleaning of teeth and tongue, gargling),
exercise, massage, bath, clothing, sleep, eye care, nasal therapy etc. The various aspects of this
daily routine in general are:
Waking up- Since our biological clock is tuned to the rising and setting of the sun, it is
advisable to wake up before the sunrise in perfect synchronization to the natural clock. An
ideal time to wake up is brahmamuhurta (1-2 hours before sunrise).
Natural Urges- Dawn is the best time to eliminate the body's physical waste. Drinking one or
two glass of warm water in winter season and normal water in other seasons before sunrise
helps in proper elimination of mala and renders multiple health benefits.
Oral Hygiene- Brushing of teeth and cleaning the gums are advised early in the morning and
after each meal by using the twigs/thin stems of different plants like Neem (Azadirachta
indica), Khadira {Acacia catechu) etc. Scrapping the tongue using tongue cleaners made up of
metals or plants are advised. The gargling with water, decoctions and medicated oils keeps
gum, mouth, teeth and throat healthy.
Exercise- Exercise increases the body's stamina and resistance to disease by facilitating the
immune system, clearing all channels, promoting circulation & waste disposal and destroying
fat. Exercises may be in the form of yoga or walking etc. Depending on age and body type,
kapha type can go for heavy exercises, pitta type should do it in moderation and vata type
should perform light exercises. Exercise should not be done during illness and just after meal.
Massage- The gentle oil massage everyday makes the skin supple; controls vata by reducing
its cold, dry, light, rough and erratic qualities; enhances blood circulation; encourages
elimination of metabolic wastes and relaxes the body.
Bathing- Warm bath is advisable for the body and cold water for the head.
Clothing- Clothing should always be clean, light and made of natural fibers as cotton, wool or
silk. The use of natural perfumes in moderation promotes pleasant feeling.
39
Sleep- Night is the natural time to sleep and day sleep is contraindicated except for the very
young, old, very weak and those intoxicated, diseased, exhausted or traumatized and who
could not have sufficient sleep during night. The person with disturbed sleep should massage
the feet with oil before going to bed.
Brahmacarya - In the broad sense it means control of the senses or indriya especially sexual
life. More specifically, it refers to celibacy or chastity. Like all traditional spiritual traditions,
Ayurveda advocates restraining from indulging in sensual gratification. The more broad
definition of brahmacarya also includes conduct that leads to the realization of the self. The
conservation of energy that comes from practicing celibacy is converted into ojas. Many
people mistakenly believe that practicing brahmacarya means suppression of the natural urge
but on the contrary anything that is suppressed will eventually lead to disorder.
Eye care- Washing the eyes every morning with clean and cold water or decoction of triphala
is very useful. Use of a medicated collerium (sauvirahjana) every day is also recommended
for the healthy eyes.
Nasya (nasal instillations) - Regular inhalation of the Anu taila, the oil prepared by boiling 26
different medicinal plants in gingelly oil and goat's milk prevents all ailments of the eyes, hair,
nose and the ears.
3.2.3 Adbaraniya Vega (non suppressible natural urges) - There are thirteen natural urges,
suppression of which leads to many diseases as given below:
1. Suppression of urge of urination may lead to difficulty in passing urine, urinary stone,
atony of bladder and inflammation of urinary tract.
2. Suppression of bowel movement may lead to pain in abdomen, indigestion, gas in
abdomen, headache.
3. Suppression of flow of flatus may lead to pain in abdomen, indigestion, heart diseases,
constipation or diarrhoea.
4. Suppression of flow of semen may produce pain in testis and difficulty in intercourse.
5. Suppression of urge for vomiting may lead to different types of diseases like urticaria,
giddiness, anaemia, hyperacidity, skin diseases and fever.
6. Suppression of sneezing may produce rhinitis and chronic cold, headache, sinusitis and
diseases of respiratory system.
40
7. Suppression of eructation may lead to hiccough, pain in chest, cough and loss of
appetite.
8. Suppression of yawning may lead to diseases of the eyes, throat, ear and nose.
9. Suppression of hunger may lead to indigestion, nutritional disorders and debility.
10. Suppression of thirst may lead to nutritional disorders and debility.
11. Suppression of tears may lead to mental disorders, pain in chest, giddiness and
digestive disorders.
12. Suppression of respiration after exertion may cause suffocation, respiratory disorders,
heart diseases and even death.
13. Suppression of sleep may cause diseases like insomnia, mental disorders, digestive
disorders and diseases of sense organs.
3.2.4 Dharaniya vega (suppressible natural urges) - Apart from 13 non-suppressible
natural urges mentioned above, Ayurveda describes some suppressible natural urges. One
should control the urges of greed, envy, hatred, jealousy, lust etc. and gain control over the
worldly pleasures.
3.2.5 Rtucarya (Seasonal Regimen)
According to Ayurveda the dosa and the rtu (seasons) are interlinked. Health is affected by the
nature of the climate as outer environment influences the body. For example, when the air is
damp, cold and wet it increases these qualities in the body leading to aggravation of kapha,
which has similar qualities. Hence there is an increase in mucous, catarrh and colds in winter.
There are various environmental factors like temperature, humidity, wind, rain, clouds and
atmospheric pressure and sunlight etc. that affect individual's health. Rtucarya is the
observance of diet and regimen according to the seasonal changes. In Ayurveda, a year is
divided into two kala (cycles) or periods based on the apparent position of the sun in the north
and southern directions. They are:
1. Uttarayana - Northern solstice
2. Daksinayana - Southern solstice
Uttarayana is also called adanakala or the taking away period. The sun and wind are powerful
during this period. The energy of the body is diminished. Due to the heat, air becomes hot and
drains the cooling effect of earth. Due to this, people get dehydrated and weakened and the
atmosphere becomes hot and dry.
41
Daksinayana is also called visargakala or the giving away period. The moon becomes
powerful during this period. The earth cools down due to cold winds and rain. People regain
their strength and nourishment that was lost in the adanakala.
Each year consists of six rtu or seasons. Each rtu comprises of two months and three such rtu
constitute one kala. Hence, adanakala and visargakala each comprises of six months and three
rtu. The six rtu and their characteristics are summarized below in the table:
Kala (Semester) R tu Month Characteristics

(Season)
Adana Sisira Mid January to mid March Winter and spring
(Uttarayana) Vasanta Mid March to mid May Spring
Grisma Mid May to mid July Summer
Visarga Varsa Mid July to mid September Rainy Season
(Daksinayana)
Sarad Mid September to mid November Autumn
Hemanta Mid November to mid January Dewy season
This classification is based on Indian climate. This may differ from area to area where mainly
three seasons namely summer, rainy and winter occur.
Seasonal diet and lifestyle
Hemanta R tu (dewy season)

Sisira R tu (winter and spring)
In both these seasons the agni becomes more powerful. Vayu is accentuated and needs to be
pacified by comparatively heavy diet.
Diet Lifestyle
• Intake of food with sweet, sour and salt taste • Abhyanga- Massage with oil followed
helps pacifying the vata by steam bath
• Wine prepared fromjaggery (molasses) can be • Dry body massage (Udavartana)
taken • Exercise.
• Wheat/gram flour products, milk products, • Clothing-leather, silk and wool.
sugarcane products and com/edible oils can be • Exposure to sunlight and heat to keep
taken as a part of food oneself warm.
42
• Carrots, tomatoes, figs, dates, cane sugar, nuts • Right time for having sexual pleasure
to be taken
• Warm water should be taken as it aids
digestion
• Bitter, astringent and pungent food must be
avoided
Vasanta Rtu (spring )

During vasanta rtu, increased kapha liquefied by the heat of sun causes diminished agni
• Take easily digestible food. Barley, honey, • Vigorous physical exercise.
roasted meat, mango juice. • Dry massage.
• Beverages such as asava - arista (Medicated • Nasal instillation can be done after
fermented preparations), sidhu (fermented massage and bath with camphor,
sugarcane juice), honey mixed with water and sandalwood and saffron
water boiled with extracts of sandal wood. • Avoid sleep during the day
• Avoid food that is heavy to digest, cold, sour,
sweet and fatty. Such food increase kapha
causing dosa imbalance and hence genesis of
disease.
Grisma R tu ( summer)
Grisma rtu is the season of dehydration, exhaustion, lack of energy and lethargy. During
summer, there occurs decrease of kapha due to the heat of the sun and dryness in the air.
• Sweet, light, fatty and liquid food can be taken. • Anoint body with sandal wood paste
• Boiled rice with meat, com flour, buttermilk and take bath with cold water.
(yoghurt) can be taken in food. • Stay in cool places.
• Drink cold water from clay pot. • Wear loose and light cotton dresses to
• Syrup prepared with grapes, sugarcane, resin, keep the body cool.
dates, kasmarya (Gmelina arboria) and • Use perfumes made from substances
parusaka (Phoenix pusilla) fruits all in equal that possess cold properties
quantity cold with cardamom powder. • Sleep during day is permitted as
• Fresh juices and juicy fruits, salads, buttermilk nights are short.
can be taken in abundance. • Too much exertion and sunshine
should be avoided
43
Varsa R tu ( rainy season)

The agni weakens further and gets vitiated by vata. Lack of sunshine as well as a cloudy
atmosphere is non-congenial to health.
• Easily digestible food such as pulses, juice, • Pancakarma can be done.
soups, old grains and mastu (watery portion of • Perfumes can be used.
yoghurt) can be taken in food. • Avoid sleep in during daytime.
• Ginger, black pepper and lemon juice may be • Avoid exertion and too much
taken to reinforce appetite. exposure to sunlight.
• Leafy vegetables should be taken sparingly.
• Foods should be hot and light with ghee, curd
and honey.
• Should be careful about water contaminated
with rain.
Sarad R tu ( Autumn Season )
The damp and hot atmosphere aggravates pitta. Sudden exposure to sunlight after the rains
and cool atmosphere increases pitta.
• Ghee processed with bitter herbs can be taken. • Udavartana with candana.
• Intake of bitter, astringent and sweet taste food • Bath with warm water.
items is useful. • Pearls give soothing effect from
• Take easily digestible food like rice, green aggravated pitta.
gram, Indian gooseberry, honey and sugar. • Avoid direct exposure to breeze,
• Avoid heavy food, curd, oil, strong liquors. liquor and sleep during day
Rtusandhi and its significance- Sandhi means conjunction. Rtusandhi is the period of the
last 7 days of the preceding season and the first seven days of forthcoming season. During
rtusandhi, the diet and regimen that is being followed should be given up gradually and that of
the subsequent season may be taken up similarly.
44
3.2.6 Sadvrtta (code of conduct)
The foundation of Ayurveda lies in its basic principle that accepts the holistic nature and the
integrity of body, mind, and soul. A healthy mind is as important as a healthy body. This
ethical regimen contains principles of right conduct that are applicable to all; irrespective of
caste, creed and religion. Practice of code of conduct helps to keep the body and mind in a
balanced condition. Emphasis is given on righteous and truthful behavior, possession of high
moral, abstinence from greed, hatred, passion and envy in this code of conduct. Discipline in
(1) ahara (food), (2) nidra (sleep) (3) brahmacarya (celibacy) called trayopastambha are basis
of fruitful life and good health.
Thus dinacarya, rtucarya and sadvrtta form the basis of healthy living.
websites mentioned in the concerned section of the document such as:
1. Agnivesa. Caraka Samhita English translation by Dash Bhagwan, Sharma RK. Varanasi,
India: Chaukhambha Publications, 2nd Edition, 2000.
2. Dash Bhagwan. Fundamental Principals of Ayurveda. New Delhi: Konark Publications
Pvt. Ltd; 1989.
3. Dwarakanath C. Introduction to Kayacikitsa. Varanasi, India: Chaukhambha Publications;
1986.
4. Vagabhata. Astanga Samgraha Commentary by Dasai R. 2nd Edition, Nagpur, India:
5. Susruta. Susruta Samhita. 5th Edition. New Delhi,India: Motilal Banarasidas; 1994.
45
Chapter 4
DRUGS
4.1 Principles of Drug Action
Ayurveda considers drug as a very important patient management tool in the hands of a
medical practitioner. According to the principles of Ayurveda, there is not a single substance
in the Universe which does not have a potential to be used as a medicine. Around 6000 species
of medicinal plants are documented in published medical and ethno-botanical literatures in
India. Ayurveda takes into account the action of the drug in its entirety. It holds that the
action of the whole drug is often different from that of any one of its constituents considered
separately. A section called dravyaguna vijhana is the description of crude drugs used in
therapeutics.
Pharmaco-dynamics of drugs in Ayurveda is described on the basis of rasa the taste, guna the
therapeutic property, virya the potency, vipaka and prabhava the specific therapeutic action.
These five factors are responsible for the drug action.
4.1.1 Rasa- Six types of perceptible tastes are described in Ayurveda. They are madhura
(sweet), amla (sour), lavana (salty), katu (pungent), tikta (bitter) and kasaya (astringent). The
actions of the drugs are basically described in accordance with the effect of drug on dosa as
every taste is associated with a specific action on dosa. The sweet, sour and salty tastes are
unctuous in nature and hence promote kapha and pacify vata dosa. The pungent, bitter and
astringent drugs are dry in nature and promote vata and pacify kapha. The astringent, bitter and
sweet drugs cause pacification ofpitta.
4.1.2 Guna- The guna is physical property of the drug described in Ayurveda, which is related
to the therapeutic action of the drug. There are ten pairs of guna which are as follows: guru
(heavy) - laghu (light), sita (cold) - usna (hot), snigdha (unctuous) - ruksa (rough), manda
(dull) - tiksna (sharp), sthira (immobile) - sara (mobile), mrdu (soft) - kathina (hard), visada
(non-slimy) - picchila (slimy), slaksna (smooth) - khara (rough), suksma (fine) - sthula
(gross), sandra (solid) - drava (liquid).
46
Chapter 4: Drugs
4.1.3 Virya- Virya is the strength or potency responsible for the action of the drug. It is
essentially the biological property which needs to be protected and preserved in a drug. It is
also mentioned that every action of a drug is controlled by virya viz. sita virya and usna
virya.
4.1.4 Vipaka- The end product of digestion and metabolism of a drug which is responsible for
the action is vipaka. Vipaka is not perceived directly like taste but is inferred from its effects
on dosa, dhatu and mala. The three major types of vipaka are madhura, amla and katu. The
madhura, amla and katu vipaka drugs promote kapha, pitta and vata dosa respectively.
4.1.5 Prabhava: Prabhava is a specific action of drug which cannot be explained on the basis
of its rasa, guna, virya or vipaka. In other words, this action is not related to any of the
rasapancaka.
Apart from the description above, different other types of drug actions are enlisted in
Ayurveda but those actions are related to one of the rasapancaka mentioned above.
4.2 Pharmaceutics
Substances distributed in the universe are derived from plants, animals or minerals, which also
serve as the drug sources. These sources cannot be used as a drug in their natural form. Hence
almost every substance has to undergo a specific processing to acquire the form of a drug.
Such processing is termed as bhaisajya kalpana (pharmaceutics) in Ayurveda. The form which
ultimately comes into use by the patient is termed as a drug delivery system or drug dosage
form. Safety, efficacy, stability and palatability are the four basic requirements of a good drug
dosage form. Ayurveda gives prime importance to these four basic requirements. The
pharmaceutical procedures for any drug involve various steps starting from identification and
collection of authentic raw material, application of standardized processing techniques and
production of quality drug to packaging and storage of the finished drug.
In Ayurveda both single drug and compound formulations are used for therapeutic purposes.
Initially five dosage forms (Pancavidha kasaya kalpana) viz. svarasa (expressed juice), kalka
(paste), kvatha (decoction) hima (cold infusion) and phanta (hot infusion) were formulated.
All these were meant for immediate use due to their short shelf life. To increase the shelf life
of the drug, the preparations with more stability viz. vati, (tablet), guti (pill), taila and ghrta
(medicated oil/ghee) were introduced later. Some preparations with food articles fortified with
47
Chapter 4: Drugs
medicines like lehya (linctus) were also made to have the acceptability of sensitive patients
having aversion to the medicines. Other commonly used Ayurvedic dosage forms are curna
(powder), arka (distillate), ksara (acrid substance), asava- arista (medicated fermented
preparations) and parpati (medicinal flakes). The details of dietetic preparations such as
various types of gruels, soup is also available. Different drug delivery systems were taken into
consideration while designing new dosage forms like ointment/ cream, syrup, granules,
capsules, candy etc.
In Ayurvedic therapeutics, fresh as well as dried plant materials are used for processing
depending on availability and necessity. These drugs are used singly or in simple
combinations. It is necessary that the form of the drugs or formulations when ready for
ingestion are only effective but also easy to administer and acceptable to the patient. The main
emphasis is on removing the physical and chemical impurities, contaminants and undesired
constituents from the crude drugs. To meet this requirement basic materials are sometimes
subjected to purifying process known as sodhana. Utmost importance has been given to the
quality of raw ingredients. Proper season for collection and part of the plant to be used has
also been emphasized.
The type of pharmaceutical processing depends mainly on following factors:
1. Nature of the raw material; fresh or dry

2. Required quantity of the dosage form
3. Solubility of therapeutically useful component of the plant
4. Heat stability of therapeutically useful component of the plant
5. Route of administration
6. Acceptability by the consumer
7. Shelf life of prepared dosage form
4.2.1 Processing of metal and mineral products
It was known to ancient Ayurvedic scholars that metals and minerals are toxic and harmful to
the body. Such harmful and toxic effects of inappropriately processed metals and minerals
have been described in Ayurvedic classics. However Ayurvedic scientists believed that if
properly processed, metals and minerals can be successfully put to therapeutic use. On this
background intensive and elaborate processing techniques were evolved to make the mineral
and metal substances fit for therapeutic utilization. The ultimate object of such a processing is
48
Chapter 4: Drugs
to produce a drug which easily assimilates in the human body without producing harm in
therapeutically effective dose. Thus metals like the gold, silver, copper, iron, lead, tin and
mercury are processed in such a way that they are safe and effective. Furthermore they are
instantly effective in very small doses in a wide variety of diseased conditions.
It is to be noted that the metal and mineral based preparations mentioned in Ayurvedic classics
are safe and efficacious. Several studies carried out over the years and many recent studies
show that toxicity is not normally observed at the therapeutic dose level if used in an
appropriate manner. Few examples proving the efficacy of metal and mineral based Ayurvedic
drugs are:
• Svarna bhasma (calcined gold) is reported to possess analgesic, immune-modulation,
anti-oxidant effects especially in ischemic conditions and anti-arthritic effects in
experimental animals.
• Tamra bhasma (calcined copper) has been reported to possess hepato-protective,
anti-oxidant and anti-ulcer effects.
• Abhraka bhasma (calcined mica) is reported to possess hepato-protective, anabolic and
immune-modulation effect
• Herbo-mineral formulations containing sahkha bhasma (calcined conch) is reported to
have anti-duodenal ulcer effect in rats.
• Jasada bhasma (calcined zinc) has been evaluated for possible myopia arresting effect
and is reported to have produced potentiation of hypoglycemic effect of tolbutamide.
• Hepato-protective activity has been reported with mandura bhasma (calcined iron).
Karpura silajatu bhasma, an Ayurvedic herbo-mineral formulation was found to
possess diuretic effect.
• Genotoxicity studies on four preparations - Rasa manikya, lauha bhasma, tamra
bhasma and kajjali employing micronucleus and comet assays showed them to be
devoid of genotoxicity.
4.3 Drug Manufacture
Ayurveda practitioners usually prefer to prepare medicines required for treating their patients.
However, today quality Ayurvedic drugs are being manufactured on large scale by Ayurvedic
drug industry by using sophisticated facilities. A vast range of Ayurvedic drug formulations in
different dosage forms are produced. Currently, two categories of medicines are manufactured
49
Chapter 4: Drugs
and sold in the market - 1) classical preparations that are manufactured exclusively in
accordance with the formulae described in the specified authoritative books of Ayurveda,
2) patent and proprietary medicines are the new combinations. The medicine may contain
processed single plant but majority are the combination of different ingredients to produce
synergistic effect. There are around 8000 licensed manufacturing units in India. Compliance to
Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) is made mandatory for all manufacturing units.
A cultivation programme for medicinal plants is implemented to ensure optimal yield in terms
of both quality and quantity of any medicinal plant under the guidelines for Good Agricultural
Practices (GAP). These guidelines put forth a standard for production of raw material that
goes in to the making of the ASU medicines. It also ensures standardization of the production
processes from farm to factory. To ensure cultivation and supply of quality plant material for
ASU (Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani) drug industry, National Medicinal Plants Board has been
established. The NMPB is ensuring conservation of medicinal plants, gene pools as well as
promoting cultivation of species of high trade value and establishment of medicinal plants
processing zones. It is also promoting strengthening of regulatory mechanism for ensuring
quality control, R&D and processing technology involving accredited laboratories in the
government and non-government sector.
4.4 Standardization and quality control
Efforts to monitor quality and regulating the growing business of herbal drugs and traditional
medicine are being made globally. Sensing the need, Government of India has also formulated
some regulations in this sector. Good Manufacturing Practices under Schedule 'T' of the
Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940 has been notified by Government of India to ensure and
enhance the quality of ASU medicines. It also ensures that raw materials used in the
manufacture of drugs are authentic, of prescribed quality and are free from contamination.
Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 has been formulated by Government of India for
manufacturing for marketing of the drugs. For the implementation of Drugs and Cosmetics
Act 1940 and Rules 1945 Scientific quality standards of drugs are laid down in Ayurvedic
Pharmacopeia.
50
Chapter 4: Drugs
Batoptimbnnteri (Brahrnl) - Whole P(int
I 1,' a I I S. ( i I ■11■i
B pcobq monnieri tSrahmi) - TLC and HFLC
13 tlU lifll^
T J-T l ijB -iihijs# tri# * « i *wpt*.
Fig. 8- Pharmacognostical standards of Bacopa m onnieri

(Source: Quality Assessment of Selected Indian Medicinal
Plants; A joint publication of National Medicinal Plants
Board, Department of AYUSH & Natural Remedies Pvt.
Ltd; Bangalore, India)
51
Chapter 4: Drugs
HrH< rWA-fBr-b—
0**fi<»^ret p
Batopa mcnnteri (Brahmi)-HPTLC
f H ■ ■ \-h h i, li i n m - . M y* jrM
Fig. 9- HPTLC of Bacopa m onnieri

(Source: Quality Assessment of Selected Indian Medicinal
Plants; A joint publication of National Medicinal Plants
Board, Department of AYUSH & Natural Remedies Pvt.
Ltd; Bangalore, India)
52
Chapter 4: Drugs
The Government of India has set up the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeial Committee (APC) in 1962
to prescribe standards of single drugs and compound formulations mentioned in Ayurveda for
the use of manufacturers.
The functions of APC are:
1. To prepare Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) of single drugs (Part I) and
compound formulations (Part II).
2. To prescribe the working standards for raw materials as well as compound formulations
including tests for identity, purity, strength and quality so as to ensure uniformity of the
finished formulations.
3. To develop and standardize method of preparations, dosage forms, toxicity profile etc.
of formulations.
4. To provide all other information on Ayurvedic formulations regarding the
distinguishing characteristics, methods of preparation, dosage, method of
administration with various anupana or vehicles and their toxicity.
5. To develop the quality standards, safety, efficacy profile of different parts of the plants;
as well as inclusion of new plants as Ayurvedic drugs.
6. Any other matter relating to the quality standards, shelf life, identification, new
formulations etc.
7. To develop quality standards, safety, efficacy profile of Intermediates like extracts of
plant drugs used in Ayurveda.
Publication of Ayurvedic formularies and pharmacopoeia containing monographs of
Ayurvedic formulations is an ongoing process by Government of India. These monographs
record macroscopic description of the drug and microscopic tissue structures. Furthermore the
monographs give norms and limits of identity, purity and strength with respect to tolerance of
foreign matter, total ash, acid insoluble ash, water and alcohol soluble extractive etc. Three
volumes of Ayurvedic formulary on India containing details of about 900 compound
formulations have been published. The monographs of 600 single drugs and 152 classical
compound formulations have been included in multiple volumes of Ayurvedic pharmacopeia
of India.
53
Chapter 4: Drugs
websites mentioned in the the concerned section of the document such as:
1. Savrikar SS, Ravishankar B. Bhaishajya Kalpana - The Ayurvedic Pharmaceutics - An

Overview. Afr J Tradit Complement Altem Med. 7(3): 174—184. 2010.
2. Lohar. Legal status of Ayurvedic, Siddha & Unani medicines , Pharmacopoeial
Laboratory for Indian Medicines, Department of AYUSH,
http://www.plimism.nic.in/Legal_Status.pdf accessed on 28-07-2012.
3. Singh Amritpal. Ayurvedic Pharmaceutical Sciences-Challenges Ahead,
Ethnobotanical Leaflets 12: 607-08. 2008.
4. Sharangadhara. Saarangdhara Samhitaa. 3rd edition. Vol. 8. Varanasi, India:
Choukhambha Orientalia; 1983.
5. Ravishankar B, Shukla VJ, Prajapati PK and Co-workers (2007). A review of the
safety aspects of bhasmas and bhasma based preparations used in Ayurvedic
Therapeutics. Souvenir- WHO- Sponsored Seminar —Cum-Worshop on Safety profile
of Ayurvedic Dosage Forms. 30th and 31st October, 2007. IMS- Banaras Hindu
University, Varanasi-2007.
6. Ravishankar B, Shukla VJ: A review of the safety and efficacy aspects of metal and
mineral based preparations. Special feature article: Ayurline —Ayurvedic Drugs Index.
Research Special. Bangalore. 2009.
7. Lavekar GS, RavishankarB et.al. Safety /toxicity studies of Ayurvedic formulation-
Navratna Rasa. Toxicology International; 16(1): 37-42. 2009.
8. Lavekar, G.S. et. al. Safety/toxicity studies of Ayurvedic Formulation- Mahadudarshan
Ghan Vati. Indian Drugs. 46(11): 20-29. 2009.
9. Mishra LC. Scientific Basis for Ayurvedic Therapies. CRC-Press- London; 2004.
10. Saleem AM, Gopal V et. al. Chemical and pharmacological evaluation of karpura
shilajit bhasma - An Ayurvedic diuretic formulation. African Journal of Traditional,
Complementary and Alternative Medicines. 3(2):27-36. 2006.
54
Chapter 5
Therapeutic Approaches
Ideal treatment according to Ayurveda is one which cures the disease without
causing complications The three classical therapeutic modes advocated by Ayurveda are
(1) daivavyapasraya cikitsa (spiritual therapy) (2) yuktivyapasraya cikitsa (rational treatment)
and (3) sattvavajaya cikitsa (psycho-behavioral therapy). The Ayurvedic treatment methods can
be grossly divided into three methods samsodhana (bio-cleansing therapy), samsamana
(palliative therapy) and nidana parivaijana (avoidance of causative factors). Anupana is usually
water, honey, ghee, jaggery, milk, butter milk and herbal decoction, which is given along with
main drug to help in absorption and drug delivery to the target organ in the body. Bhesaja kala
exemplifies the administration of medicines with regard to specific time and frequency in the
management of disease. It decides the extent and rate of its digestion, absorption,
biotransformation and excretion. The type of therapy to be administered to the patient is planned
out on the basis of stage of disease and state of patient which are ascertained by using manifold
methods of examination. The due importance is given for a thorough clinical examination and
proper understanding of the disease before planning for a treatment. Different principles like
satkriyakala,nidana pancaka are employed for this purpose
Specialized Therapeutic Procedures
Ayurveda advocates preventive and curative therapies along with specialized techniques of
pancakaima (purification) and rasayana (rejuvenation). Various scientific studies and clinical
experiences have validated the efficacy and acceptability of these procedures.
5.1 Pancakarma
Pancakaima literally means "five types of bio- cleansing therapies". These five therapies of
eliminating toxins from the body are vamana (therapeutic induction of vomiting), virecana
(therapeutic induction of purgation), sirovirecana/nasya (nasal instillations), niruha basti
(therapeutic enema predominantly with medicated decoctions) and anuvasana basti
(therapeutic enema with medicated oils) according to Atreya school and considering both
types of basti as one, Dhanvantari school of thought mentions raktamoksana (bloodletting) as a
55
Chapter 5: Therapeutic Approaches
procedure of pancakarma. This five fold therapy is aimed at sodhana i.e., the eradication of
the basic cause of disease and later to achieve samana, mitigation of the disease.
Pancakarma is essentially applicable in a wide range of preventive, curative and promotive

conditions. These therapies are advocated even in a healthy person to combat seasonal
imbalance of dosa. Ayurveda quotes that the disorders treated with this mode of therapy do
not recur while those treated with palliative methods do have ample chances of recurrence.
These measures are preceded by snehana (internal or external administration of medicated oils
or fats), svedana (induction of sweating) and followed by samsaijana karma (restorative
regimen after pancakarma).
Vamana has been claimed as the best treatment for diseases of kapha, virecana for diseases of
pitta and basti for diseases of vata. Classically pancakarma therapy is prescribed and practiced
through following schedule viz. (1) purva karma (preparatory procedures^, (2) pradhana karma
(main procedures^ and (3)pascat karma (post procedure measures).
5.1.1 Purva karma
Before the administration of pancakarma therapy, the patient is prepared suitably with snehana
and svedana as preparatory measures. Pancakarma therapy should not be undertaken without
purva karma as it otherwise fails to eliminate the dosa located in the tissues. The
administration of oil/fat in snehana renders the body soft, liquefies dosa so that they become
amenable to disintegration and detachment from the tissues. Svedana therapy dislodges the
vitiated dosa stagnated in the subtle channels of circulation thus facilitating the pradhana
karma to easily eliminate the dosa through respective pathways. Some times snehana and
svedana are also used as independent therapies.
i. Snehana: Administration of mostly medicated preparations containing oil, ghee or fat to a

patient for a limited period to get the desired clinical effect is called snehana. Sneha
pacifies abnormal vata, renders the body soft and clears the accumulated wastes which
have obstructed the body channels. Further, the regular and rational use of fats has been
considered beneficial for the proper digestion, cleansing of the bowel, the promotion of
body strength and integrity of senses besides several other beneficial effects of oleation.
Oil, ghee or fat based preparations can be administered through different kinds of foods,
massage etc. according to the feasibility. The ghee or oil may either be used singly or in
medicated form or may be mixed with other drugs.
56
ii. Svedana: Making a person to perspire, with or without using heat generated by fire is
called svedana. Generally the svedana should be undertaken after snehana therapy. It is
considered that the sweating dissolves the waste products of metabolism, stagnated in the
body channels which have been softened by snehana therapy. Two types of measures are
employed for sweating, (1) by using heat generated through fire (sagni sveda) and
(2) without use of fire (niragni sveda) i.e. by exposure to sun, physical exercise, staying in a
closed room, administration of different kinds of alcoholic beverages, covering the body with
thick clothes, walking etc. Care should be taken while performing svedana at certain parts of
the body such as eyes, testis and pre-cordial region.
5.1.2 Pradhana Karma
After preparing the patient with snehana and svedana the patient is subjected to the main
measures of pancakaima - vamana, virecana, nasya, basti and raktamoksana as per
requirement.
i. Vamana: The therapeutic procedure of eliminating morbid kapha through the oral route is
called as vamana. It is the therapy of choice in diseases of kapha predominance. It is
specially indicated in cough, cold, bronchial asthma, elephantiasis, diabetes mellitus,
nausea, diarrhoea, loss of appetite, poisoning, stomatitis, anemia, mental diseases, epilepsy,
psoriasis, erysipelas, lymphadenopathy etc. Emesis therapy is contraindicated in children,
very old, debilitated and also injuries of lungs, sprue, bleeding, anuria, enlargement of
spleen, abdominal tumors and some abdominal diseases etc. Subjective feeling of clarity of
the heart, chest, head etc., lightness in the body, timely passing of urine, stool etc. are the
features of well administered emesis therapy.
ii. Virecana: Virecana therapy is induction of purgation for the management of pitta dosa
predominate disorders. Purgation therapy is indicated in diseases of skin, fever, diabetes
mellitus, diseases of gastrointestinal tract, abdominal tumor, enlargement of spleen,
helmenthiasis, erysipelas, gout, reproductive diseases, fistula-in-ano, glandular swelling,
anemia, jaundice, loss of appetite etc. It is contraindicated in children and old patients and
also in pregnancy, fever of recent origin, indigestion, lymphadenitis, debility, diarrhea etc.
Feeling of cleanliness in the channels and sense organs, lightness in the body, increase of
appetite etc. are the symptoms of well administered virecana.
57
iii. B asti: Medication administered through anal route to get desired therapeutic effects is
known as basti. According to Ayurveda vata is the main factor in the causation of many
diseases and basti therapy is the best treatment for deranged vata. This therapy is also very
useful as a health promoting measure. It is beneficial for old as well as for the young and
there are no notable hazards in this therapy. It is helpful in all kinds of diseases due to its
varied pharmaco-dynamics and kinds of drugs used in its preparations. Basti can be
classified mainly into two types viz. anuvasana basti and niruha basti which are mentioned
as separate procedures of pancakaima in Caraka Samhita. These two types of basti are
given in specified schedule. Niruha basti is always preceded and succeeded by anuvasana
basti for proper elimination of morbid vata without causing any complications.
iv. Sirovirecana: Also called nasya is a procedure by which drug (oil, liquids, fumes or
powders etc.) is administered through the nasal route. It is useful in all the diseases
manifesting above the neck line (urdhvajatrugata) because it eliminates toxins through the
nostril. On the basis of its therapeutic action and the way of administration it is classified
into many types like virecana nasya (cleansing), brmhana nasya (nutritive) samana nasya
(pacifying), navana nasya (decoction nasya) marsa nasya (ghee or oil nasya) and
pratimarsa (daily usable nasya) etc.
v. Raktamoksana: Raktamoksana or bloodletting is one of the pancakarma developed by

Susruta as a specialized technique. Here the prescribed amount of venous blood is
extracted by using either sharp instrument or specialized equipment or leech. It is helpful
in relieving diseases of pitta origin and chronic skin diseases.
5.1.3 Pascat Karma
In order to bring back the agni and stamina to normal state after undergoing rigorous
procedures, some specific diet patterns and lifestyle known as samsaijana karma are adopted.
In this process, initially easily digestible liquid dominant diet is given with gradual
introduction of routine diet.
5.1.4 Some Allied Pancakarma procedures
Apart from the main pancakarma therapy certain procedures especially of snehana and
svedana have been devised in the later period by different regions of the country with slight
modifications to classical pancakarma described in ancient texts. Some of these procedures
are described below:
58
i. Abhyanga: Abhyanga is the procedure of application of oil over the body with mild
pressure. Abhyanga is invariably followed by svedana.
ii. Sarvanga Dhara or Pizhichil: Developed as a specialty of Kerala, Pizhichil is a

snigdhasveda (combination of snehana and svedana) in which the warmed medicated oil is
poured and massaged all over the body or specific part for a stipulated period, in a specific
manner. It has the advantage of producing snehana and svedana simultaneously.
iii. Sirodhara: In this process medicated oil/liquid is continuously poured over the forehead
and then allowed to flow over the scalp from a specific height for a certain period of time.
It is widely used all over the world for stress adaptation and to get good sleep.
iv. N adi Sveda - In this technique fomentation is done to body parts with the vapors
generated out of medicated decoction through a tube in conditions like osteoarthritis, sprain
or to relieve pain. Proper oleation of the affected part is done prior to nadi sveda.
v. Patrapinda Sveda - Bolus prepared from medicinal plants along with oil etc. is tied in
cotton cloth for application over the affected part.
Fig. 10- Patrapinda Sveda

vi. Sastikasali Pinda sveda - It is a procedure in which the whole body or any specific part is
made to perspire by the application of warm medicated rice puddings externally in the form
of boluses tied up in a cotton cloth.
59
vii. Udavartana - It is a procedure in which herbal powders are used for massage mainly for
weight reduction or to resolve skin diseases.
viii. K ati Basti - It is a procedure in which comfortably warm medicated oil is kept over the
lumbosacral area or any adjacent part for a certain period of time with the help of a
boundary made from dough of black gram. Depending upon the area of use it is called
as griva basti (cervical), janu basti (knee), siro basti (head) etc.
ix. Uttara Basti - The enema which is administered through urethra or vagina is termed
as uttara basti.
x. Tarpana - This treatment aims to provide optimum rejuvenation to eyes. Thick paste of
black gram is put around the eye ball. Then medicated oil or ghee is put in this groove to
lubricate eye and surrounding areas.
xi. Upanaha - In upanaha the medicinal paste with or without heating is applied over a
specific area. It has to be covered with some leaves and tied with thick cloth. If upanaha is
done during day, it is removed at night and if done during night, it is removed in the
morning.
xii. Padabhyanga - It is a specialized feet massage which is very good for the eyes, alleviates
tiredness and stress, and induces deep sleep.
xiii. Kriyakalpa - Kriyakalpa are the specialized treatment procedures meant for the
treatment of diseases of eyes. The treatment procedures can be used as preventive
measures to maintain the functional integrity of sense organ and also to overcome age
related problems.
5.1.5 Safety of Pancakarma
When employed skillfully and appropriately, pancakarma procedures are safe and effective for
the prevention and management of a number of health problems. The scientific evidence on
clinical safety and efficacy of pancakarma was re-validated through a number of clinical
studies by adopting the classical Ayurvedic notations and contemporary clinical, bio-chemical
and pathological parameters. These parameters have shown substantial evidences towards
regresssion of many chronic disease. The assessment of parameters including hepatic, renal
function and lipid profiles have also established clinical safety. In the current scenario, the
pancakarma regimen, a unique contribution of Ayurveda may be adopted in the management
of chronic and refractory illnessess.
60
5.2 Ksarasutra
m
Ksarasutra, a specially processed medicated thread is applied for ano rectal disorders. This is a
minimal invasive para-surgical procedure is widely cited in ancient medical literatures for its
safety and efficacy. It is being successfully practiced as promising therapy mainly for ano-rectal
disorders since ancient time by Indian surgeons. This technique was first practiced by Susruta, the
renowned ancient Indian surgeon. This technique of treatment was re-established in the
r
Department of Salya tantra at Banaras Hindu University, Central Council for Research in
Ayurvedic Sciences and Indian Council of Medical Research. The therapy is very effective
even in the management of complex and post-surgical recurrent fistula-in-ano.
Duration of treatment depends upon the condition of disease and status of patient. Usually in
simple cases of fistula-in-ano, ksarasutra can cut and heal 1 cm of tract per week. Duration of
treatment may increases in following conditions:
• Fistula which has been operated earlier

• Fistula with many branches
• Fistula with curved tract
• Fistula extended to deeper structures
• Fistula in patients with diabetes mellitus, malnutrition, tuberculosis, anemia and those
who are obese.
5.2.1 Advantages of ksarasutra therapy- Merit of this therapy is based on the data of more
than 30,000 patients who have been treated successfully by this method of treatment
• 100% cure can be obtained in simple low anal fistulae whereas 93 to 97% cure rate can
be achieved in difficult, complex and recurrent fistulae.
• It is an ambulatory form of treatment where hospital stay is minimal.
• Patient can continue routine activity during the course of treatment.
• Damage of tissue is minimal therefore chances of incontinence and strictures are
practically nil.
• Cost of treatment is much less, compared to other modalities of treatment.
• Recurrence rate is fairly less in comparison to conventional surgery.
61
5.3 Rasayana
Rasayana is therapeutic procedure used to replenish and rejuvenate structural entities of the
body. Literally, rasayana means the augmentation of the quality of rasa, the vital fluid
produced at the end of digestion of food. The aim of rasayana is not only to improve the
quality of rasa; but to provide the optimum quantity to all the body tissues. It is the rasa
flowing in the body which sustains life. Rasayana is a specialized branch of clinical medicine
meant for preventing the effect of ageing and to improve memory, intelligence, complexion,
sensory and motor functions. Numerous rasayana medicines are reported for possessing
diversified actions like immuno-modulation, free radical scavenging, adaptogenic or antistress
and nutritive effect. From the therapeutic point of view rasayana may be of two types: kamya
rasayana and naimittika rasayana. kamya rasayana has been advocated for healthy individuals
desirous to improve their health and vitality. Depending upon the mode of administration the
rasayana therapy is broadly classified in to vatatapika and kutipravesika. In vatatapika
rasayana, individual is allowed to attend to his routine work and also undergo the rasayana
treatment. In contrary to this, in kutipravesika rasayana the individual has to be confined to
indoor and not allowed to move in open air and sunlight and also to undergo rasayana therapy.
The acara rasayana is a type of non-drug management in which by practicing specified code of
conduct one can get the desired effects of rasayana.
Note to the readers: Ayurveda adopts diversified therapeutic approaches. Some of them are
originally prescribed in Ayurvedic classics and some are modified approaches developed later
by the traditional practitioners. These therapies again have regional diversifications in the
country. Some of the most commonly used therapies are mentioned in this chapter and other
varieties and details like their indications, procedures, complications etc. are available in books
1. Anonymus. The Guidelines on Basic Training & Safety in Panchakarma. New Delhi,
India: Central Council for Research in Ayurveda & Siddha , Department of AYUSH,
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare , Government of India; 2008.
2. Acharya G Srinivasa. Pancakama Illustrated. New Delhi, India: Chaukhamba Sanskrit
Pratishtan; 2006.
3. Singh RH. Panchakarma Therapy (Ancient classical concepts, traditional practices,
recent advances & guidelines of standard Practice). Varanasi, India: Chaukhamba
Sanskrit series office; 2002.
62
Chapter 6
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Like other systems of ancient Indian learning, Ayurveda is discovered through suitable sources
of acquiring knowledge and producing evidence (pramana) viz. (1) pratyaksa (direct
perception), (2) anumana (inference), (3) aptopadesa (authoritative and documentary
testimony), (4) yukti (reasoning) etc.
Presently the research in Ayurveda is conducted through multi-disciplinary approach. The drug
development phase includes selection of research area on the basis of national priority and
literature, growing and collection of authentic raw materials by using good practices,
standardization, safety/ toxicity studies, targeted biological activities, phased clinical trials. The
research proposal has to be approved by ethics committee and undergoes a scrutiny of scientific
and monitoring committees, which includes experts from Ayurveda, Allopathy, Biostatistics,
Pharmacology etc. Besides the infrastructure under the Department of AYUSH and Central
Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, the research in this sector is being undertaken
by Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
(CSIR), Department of Science and Technology, Department of Biotechnology, various
Universities, Medical Colleges, AYUSH Colleges, Non Government Organisations (NGOs),
Hospitals, Pharmaceutical Industry etc. mainly on following areas.
<§) Fundamental or Basic Research- interpretation and revalidation of Ayurvedic basic

principles
® Literary Research- revival, preservation, translation, critical analysis, systematization

and publication, digitalization of texts and manuscripts
® Drug Research- drug development including standardization & quality assurance;

preclinical safety and biology activity studies; medico-etho botanical survey and
cultivation of medicinal plants
® Clinical Research- validation of Ayurvedic drugs and therapies through observational

studies and phased clinical trials
63
Chapter 6: Research and Development
6.1 Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences
The Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences (CCRAS) is the apex body
set up by the Government of India
for formulation, coordination,
development and promotion of
research in Ayurveda on scientific
lines. Its activities on literary
research, drug research, clinical
research and other related
activities are carried out through
its 30 peripheral institutes and
also in collaboration with premier
institutions. All the research
activities are carried out in Fig. 11- Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic
Sciences, New Delhi
compliance with appropriate
guidelines. These activities will be reviewed to ensure that Council undertakes meaningful
research under fixed parameters within specified period and disseminate research findings for
the benefit of educationists, researchers, physicians, manufacturers and common man. So far the
CCRAS has obtained patents for 17 different inventions and 12 products have been
commercialized. The important ones are AYUSH-64 an anti-malarial preparation, 777 Oil for
psoriasis, Bal Rasayan for general immunity of children, AYUSH-56 an anti-epileptic
preparation, ksarasutra for ano-rectal diseases and 8 formulations related to reproductive and
child health.
Research conducted over the last thirty years by CCRAS has shown specific areas of strength
where traditional medicine is particularly useful. Some of the major outcomes of the research
include:
® Guggulu and its extracts for hyperlipidaemia and atherosclerosis (Clinical and
Experimental trial of Guggulu, Central Council for Research in Ayurveda & Siddha.
Janakpuri. New Delhi. 1989).
64
® Puskara Guggulu for coronary insufficiency for stable angina (Singh, Ramji et. al.
Puskara-Guggulu an anti-anginal and hypolipidemic agent in coronary heart diseases
(CHD), Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, Vol. XII. 1991).
® Varuna for UTI, urolithiasis and benign prostate hypertrophy (Effects of Varuna (Crataeva
nurvala) in enlarged prostate and associated urinary disorders, Central Council for
Research in Ayurveda & Siddha. Janakpuri. New Delhi. 1987).
® B rahm i and M andukaparni to promote mental health (Clinical and Experimental

studies on Rasayana drugs and Pancakarma therapy, Central Council for Research in
Ayurveda & Siddha. Janakpuri. New Delhi. 1993; Kuppurajan K. et. al. Anti-anxiety
effect of an Ayurvedic compound drug-A crossover trial, Journal of Research in Ayurveda
& Siddha. VolXIII. 1992).
® Asvangandha as rejuvenator (Kuppurajan et al., Effect of Ashwagandha (Withania

somnifera) on the process of ageing in human volunteers. Journal of Research in Ayurveda
and Siddha. 1980; Volume: 1/ issue: 2. Pp: 247- 258).
® Pancakarma therapies for paralytic disorders (Management of Khanja and Pangu. Central
Council for Research in Ayurveda & Siddha. Janakpuri. New Delhi. 1999).
® Ksarasutra ligation for anal fistula and haemorrhoids (Management of Bhagandara

(fistula in-ano) with ksharasootra. Central Council for Research in Ayurveda & Siddha.
Janakpuri. New Delhi. 1989; Shukla N.K., Narang R., Bair K., Radhakrishana S. and
Satyavati G.V. Multicentric randomized controlled clinical trials of Ksharasootra
(Ayurvedic medicated thread) in the management of fistula in ano. Ind. Jour. Med. Res.
(B) 94 June, 1991, p. 177-185).
® Ayush-64 Anti-malarial for P-vivax (Ayush-64 a new anti-malarial herbal compound.

Central Council for Research in Ayurveda & Siddha. Janakpuri. New Delhi. 1987;
Acharya M.V. et al. Double-blind Clinical trial with Ayush-64 an Ayurvedic drug in
P.Vivax Malaria, Jour. Res. Ay. Sid. Vol. VI. 1985).
65
6.1.1 Priority Areas for Research
The department of AYUSH has identified following areas for research on the basis of national
priority and by considering the strength of Ayurveda. The department also directly supports
research projects under 'Extra Mural Research Scheme' on these areas:
□ Reproductive Child Health (RCH) □ Diabetes mellitus and its complications

□ Preventive cardiology- □ Early Stages of Nephritis
■ Hypertension □ Erectile disorder
■ Atherosclerosis □ Skin diseases, Urticaria
■ Dyslipidemia □ Respiratory diseases
□ Liver Disorders (Hepatitis B) □ Generalized anxiety disorder
□ Rheumatoid arthritis ■ Depression
□ Gastrointestinal disorders ■ Insomnia
■ Hepatic disorders □ Anaemia
■ Diarrhoea □ Malaria
□ GI tract disorders — Gastritis, Peptic □ Urolithiasis
Ulcer, Non Ulcer Dyspepsia, □ Ano-rectal conditions — Piles, Fistula-
■ Ulcerative Colitis, Sprue Syndrome in-ano and Fissure, para-surgical
Musculoskeletal disorders procedures
■ Osteoporosis □ Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
■ Osteoarthritis □ Wound healing
■ Rheumatoid arthritis □ Neurodegenerative conditions —
■ Fibromyalgia Parkinsonism, Senile Dementia,
Eye diseases □ Neurological disorders
■ Diabetic retinopathy □ Migraine
■ Computer vision syndrome □ Rasayana therapy and geriatrics
□ Metabolic syndrome □ Quality of life (QOL) in cancer patients.
□ Male infertility —oligospermia
□ Dyslipidaemia
66
6.1.2 Policy support for Research
To strengthen the R&D in this sector at policy level, the government of India has taken
initiatives to address the basic pre requisites of quality, safety and efficacy of medicines and
procedures which are summarized below:
SI. Issue Initiative

No.
1 Cultivation of For good cultivation practices and good manufacturing
medicinal plants practices laid down in Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940
and manufacture
2 Quality assurance PCIM /Pharmacopeia committees / drug controlling authorities
3 Safety and efficacy Experimental and clinical trials, feasibility operational studies
promoting evidence based practices, pharmaco-vigilance
4 Mainstreaming and National Health Policies 1983, 2002, The National Population
accessibility Policy-2000, National Commission on Macro-economics
Health-2005 etc.
The Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences has well developed Research Policy
document to carry out research in the field of Ayurveda.
6.1.3 Drug development process
The clinical trials in Ayurveda involve following steps
® Identification of priority area on the basis of national priority and strength of Ayurveda
® Literature Survey to form hypothetical basis for interventions
® Standardization of medicines and procedures
® Pre-clinical safety (as applicable)
(§) Biological activity studies (as applicable)
® Designing of protocols and case record forms with multidisciplinary consultation by
incorporating both Ayurvedic and modem standard parameters.
® Regulatory requirements like ethics committee approval, registration in clinical trial
registry and approval of drug controller when applicable
67
® Conducting clinical trial

® Patent (as applicable) and commercialization
6.1.4 AYUSH Research Portal
In order to make research findings in AYUSH systems and allied faculties accessible through
web, the Department of AYUSH has initiated AYUSH Research Portal. The Central Council
for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences (CCRAS) and the National Institute of Indian Medical
Heritage (NIIMH), Hyderabad are coordinating and maintaining this freely accessible web
portal in collaboration with National Informatics Centre, Hyderabad. The portal is accessible
through website www.ayushportal.ap.nic.in.
6.1.5 Standardization and Quality Control of Medicines
Objectives of standardization and

quality control of Ayurvedic
medicines are to ensure identity,
quality and purity and detection of
adulterations. These are important
determinants of safety and efficacy
of the products.
This activity is carried out through

several drug standardization units,
research centres, drug testing
laboratories at national and
Fig. 12- View of Standardization and Quality Control regional level, both in public and
Laboratory of ASU drugs
private sector. These laboratories
use internationally accepted parameters for standardization and quality control. The
Government of India has set up the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeial Committee (APC) in 1962 to
prescribe standards of single drugs and compound formulations mentioned in Ayurveda for the
use of manufacturers. An independent Pharmacopoeia Commission for Indian Medicine has
been set up which would work on the lines of other Pharmacopoeia Commissions of the world
like the US Pharmacopoeia Commission and the British Pharmacopoeia Commission.
68
K f i i < Alrlit
rartifn l l i i i n
In order to ensure quality of
C M U r t B l D 'l
drugs prepared as per
Orfjiolipft? pharmacopoeial standards, the
EviJiiiiuhi
Department of AYUSH in
collaboration with the Quality
Council of India (QCI) has
developed a scheme for
voluntary certification for
quality assurance in AYUSH
products. Under the scheme
AYUSH Standard and AYUSH
Fig. 13- Parameters for Standardization of Ayurvedic drugs

Premium marks are provided on
the product packs. Similarly, for
accreditation of laboratories (NABL) and hospitals (NABH) to provide quality assurance as
well as quality services to the people QCI has been engaged for third party accreditation.
6.1.6 Safety aspect of Ayurvedic medicines
Ayurveda gives utmost importance to

patient's safety during treatment
through rational use of medications.
These are recurrent themes of
Ayurvedicpharmacology,pharmaceutis,
and therapeutics. The Ayurvedic
literature gives details of drug-drug and
drug-diet incompatibilities based on
elaborately described qualitative
differences in ingredients or
Fig. 14- View of instrumentation laboratory for quality
quantitative proportions. The control of Ayurvedic Drugs
pharmaceutical procedures starting
from the collection of ingredients (like place, season and time of collection of plant materials,
the hygienic considerations, contamination), cleaning, processing, packing and storage, dose of
the medicine, anupana, diet, exact indication of treatment with respect to condition of the
patient and stage of the disease etc. are recommended in details in Ayurvedic texts. When
69
therapies are used incorrectly it may produce undesired effect. A special focus is given to
purification and other processing of potentially toxic plants and metalo-mineral materials.
In ancient times, the Ayurvedic physicians prepared medicines for their patients by following
in-house standards. Today, the production and sale of Ayurvedic drugs has become formalized
into a thriving industry. With increased use of drugs of these systems and commercialization
has brought with it many challenges about safe use of Ayurvedic medicines. The scope for
adulteration, preparation of counterfeit drugs and development of formulations which do not
have conceptual basis in these systems has increased. Further, the cultivation of medicinal
plants with laboratory generated species is being attempted on the basis of chemical
composition and islikely to beused in increased manner for commercial purpose. These
changes may have profound impact onthe safety and efficacy of the ASU drugs in the market.
Hence a mechanism is required to put in place to address them. According to the amendments
to Rule 170 of Drugs & Cosmetics Rule 1945, the safety and toxicity studies have become the
part of drug development process as and when prescribed. There are national guidelines
available on in-vitro, in-vivo and clinical testing of safety and toxicity, which are framed on
the basis of global requirement.
During recent past, certain Ayurvedic
formulations were questioned for
containing heavy metals and studies
conducted by CCRAS on the formulations
viz. of Svarna Maha Yogaraja Guggulu,
Navaratna Rasa,' Maha Laksmivilasa
*
Rasa, Mahasudarsana Ghana Vati have

been found to be safe. Some commonly
prescribed metal based drugs viz. Kajjali,
Rasa Sindura, Vasanta Kusumakara
Fig. 15 -Pre-clinical safety studies of Ayurvedic drugs Rasa’ Arogyavardhani vati,
Mahayogaraja Guggulu, Maha
Laksmivilasa Rasa,Makaradhvaja and Rasa Manikya were taken up for chemical
characterization,physico- chemicalanalysis,sub chronic toxicity studies, which yielded
supportive results.
70
6.1.7 Pharmaco-vigilance program for ASU drugs
Taking the WHO guidelines for the safety issues of herbal medicines into consideration and to
put pharmaco-vigilance system for ASU drugs in proper place, the Department of AYUSH,
India had launched Pharmaco-vigilance Programme for ASU Drugs. A National Pharmaco-
vigilance Resource Centre at Institute for Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda,
Jamnagar, as National Pharmaco-vigilance Resource Centre for Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani
Drugs (NPRC-ASU) in India was established for coordinating National Pharmacovigilance
Program. Further this program was also guided by National Pharmaco-vigilance Technical
Advisory Committee (NPTAC-ASU), a technical committee mainly concerned with reviewing
and analyzing the ADRs reported at different levels and to suggest proper remedial measures.
To develop the culture of notification and to involve healthcare professionals and professional
associations in the drug monitoring and information dissemination processes, teachers,
physicians and pharmacists of ASU systems, were sensitized on the concept of pharmaco-
vigilance and how to report ADR through training programs, across the country.
6.2 Important Research Outcomes
During the past decades, several Ayurvedic medicines have been investigated with respect to
physico-chemical standardization, pharmacological effects, safety and efficacy, product
development, cultivation of medicinal plants and manufacturing practices. Similar to
conventional medicine, Ayurvedic medicine sector has also been bonneted from advances in
science and technology. These advances facilitated the understanding of diseases,
development of better pharmaceutical products and the implementation of diagnostic
techniques. In vitro and in vivo studies also have now confirmed the pharmacological
properties of many Ayurvedic medicines.
For example, Satavari (Asparagus racemosus) root used in Ayurveda as a galactogogue was
studied in experimental animals and reported to contain Shatavarin having a specific
pharmacological action. Picrorrhiza kurroa has been reported to possess Picrocytes as active
principles. Butea frondosa, which is used in Ayurvedic preparations as an anthelmintic, has
yielded an active principle called palaconin. Guggulosterone from Guggulu resin has been
isolated. The resin is used extensively in Ayurveda for the treatment of inflammation of joints,
obesity, lipid disorders, etc., on the basis of the description of Medoroga (lipid disorder). The
researchers conducted at ICMR, CSIR provided significant leads on efficacy of AYUSH
71
drugs/therapies viz. Pippali as Bioavailability- enhancer, Vijayasara for diabetes, Ksarasutra

for ano-rectal disorders. Below mentioned are some select research publications which form
evidence for certain Ayurvedic medicines and therapies:
A. Metabolic Disorders
® Teiminalia chebula in diabetes mellitus - Gandhipuram Periasamy Senthilkumar,

Sorimuthu Pillai Subramanian. Biochemical studies on the effect of Teiminalia chebula on
the levels of glycoproteins in streptozotocin-induced experimental diabetes in rats.
J. Appl. Biomed.20081; 6: 105—115.
® Anti-hyperglycemic and Anti-dyslipidemic activity of Dioscorea bulbifera - Ahmad Z
et. al .Anti-hyperglycemic and Anti-dyslipidemic activity of aqueous extract of Dioscorea
bulbifera (Tubers). Diabetologia croatica. 2009; 38-3.
(§) Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-oxidant effect of Berberis aristata - Kakkar PJ.
Ethenopharmacol Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-oxidant effect of Berberis aristata root
extract and its role in regulating carbohydrate metabolism in diabetic rats, Singh. J. Vol.
123 (l):22-26,2009.
(§) Cuminum cyminum in diabetes - Dhandapani S, Subramanian VR, Rajagopal S,
Namasivayam N. Pharmacol Res Hypolipidemic effect of Cuminum cyminum L. on
alloxan-induced diabetic rats. 2002 Sep; 46(3):251.
® Curcuma longa in diabetes - Curcuma longa (turmeric), Monograph, Altem Med Rev.
2001 Sep;6 Suppl:S62-6.PMID: 11591174.
® Antidiabetic Akhtar MS, Qureshi AQ, & Iqbal J. evaluation of Mucuna pruriens Linn,
seeds, The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 1990; 40(7):147-50.
® Anti-hyperlipidemic activity of Teiminalia chebula & cow's urine- Dipa A. Isranil,
Kirti V. Patel, Tejal R. Gandhi.Anti-hyperlipidemic activity of aqueous extract of
Teiminalia chebula & gaumutra in high cholesterol diet fed rats, .pharma science monitor
an international journal of pharmaceutical sciences. 2010;Vol-l: Issue-1.
® Commiphora wightii in lipid disorders - Clinical and Experimental Trial of Guggulu.
Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha. Janakpuri, New Delhi. 1989.
72
B. Neurological Disorders
® Bmhmi ghrta as medhya (brain tonic and anticonvulsant) - Achliya GS, Wadodkar SG, Dorl
AK. Evaluation of CNS activity of Bramhi Ghrita. Indian J. Pharmacol.l | 2005 February;
Vol 37 Issue 1: 33-36.
® Anti-convulsant activity of Pancagavya Ghrta - Koneru Anupama. Anticonvulsant
activity of Panchagavya Ghrutham- A polyherbal Ayurvedic formulation. Journal of
Pharmacy Research. 2009; Vol 2: No 5.
® Bacopa monnieri in memory impairment - Hota SK, Barhwal K, Baitharu I, Prasad D,
Singh SB, Ilavazhagan G. Bacopa monnieri -leaf extract ameliorates hypobaric hypoxia
induced spatial memory impairment. Neurobiology of Disease.2009.
® Role of the Ayurvedic Drug Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) in the management of Senile
Dementia. Pharmacopsychoecologia (1990), 3,47-52.
® Bacopa monnieri in epilepsy — Khan R, KrishnakumarA. Paulose CS.Decreased
glutamate receptor binding and NMDA R1 gene expression in hippocampus of
pilocarpine-induced epileptic rats Neuroprotective role of Bacopa monnieri extract
Epilepsy & Behavior 2008;12:54-60.
® Pancakarma (nasya) in migraine- Srikanth N. Aryavaidyan. A clinical study on the role
of nasya karma and ghrita pana in the management of ardhavabhedaka vis-a-vis
migrainous headache. 2001April; Vol XIV: pp 166-171.
® Pancakarma for Hemiplegia - Management of Hemiplegia by Pancakarma therapy,
Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha. Janakpuri, New Delhi-1990
C. Joint Disorders
® Zingiber officinale in rheumatoid arthritis - Funk JL, Frye JB, Oyarzo JN, Timmermann
BN.Comparative effects of two gingerol-containing Zingiber officinale extracts on
experimental rheumatoid arthritis. J Nat Prod. 2009 Mar 27; 72(3):403-7.PubMed PMID:
19216559; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2837120.
® Triphala in arthritis — Rasool M, Sabina EP.Anti-inflammatory effect of the Indian
Ayurvedic herbal formulation Triphala on adjuvant-induced arthritis in mice. Phytother
Res. 2007 Sep; 21(9):889-94. PubMed PMID: 17533629.
® Boswellia serrata in rheumatoid arthritis - Bichile, LS et.al. Double blind randomized
controlled trial of Sallaki Vs Diclofenac in treatment of Rheumatoid arthritis.
73
Select Research Papers on Evidence Based drugs in Ayurveda, Department of ISM&H,

Ministry of Health, Government of India, New Delhi. 2000.
(§) Commiphora mukul in arthritis - Gujral ML et.al. Anti-arthritic and anti-inflammatory
activity of Gum Guggulu (Balsamodendron mukul Hook). Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol.
1960; 4:267.
® Anti-inflammatory effect of Curcumin - Aggarwal BB, Sundaram C, Malani N,
Ichikawa H. Curcumin- the Indian solid gold.Adv Exp Med Biol. 2007; 595:1-75.
Review. PubMed PMID: 17569205.
D. Ano-rectal disorders
® Ksarasutra in fistual-in-ano - Shukla NK. Narang R, Nair K, Radhakrishana S, Satyavati

GV.Multicentric randomized controlled clinical trials of Ksharsootra (Ayurvedic
medicated thread) in the management of fistula in ano. Ind. Jour. Med. Res., 1991 June;
94: pl77-185.
® Ksarasutra in fistual-in-ano -, Shinde P, Toshikhane H. A case study on Pilonidal sinus
(Nadi vrana). Int. J Ayurveda Res. 2010 July; l(3):181-2, PubMed PMID: 21170212.
® Ksarasutra in fistual-in-ano - HoKS, Tsang C, Seow-Choen F, Ho YH, Tang CL, Heah
SM, EuKW, Tech Coloproctol Prospective randomised trial comparing ayurvedic cutting
Seton and fistulotomy for low fistula-in-ano. 2001 Dec; 5(3): 137-41. PubMed PMID:
11875680.
(§) Ksarasutra in fistual-in-ano - Mohite JD, Gawai RS, Rohondia OS, Bapat RD,
Ksharsootra (medicated seton) treatment for fistula-in-ano. Indian J Gastroenterol. 1997
July; 16(3):96-7. PubMed PMID: 9248180.
® Ksarasutra in fistual-in-ano —Anonymous. Multicentric randomized controlled clinical
trial of Ksharasootra (Ayurvedic medicated thread) in the management of fistula-in-ano.
Indian Council of Medical Research. Indian J Med Res. 1991 June; 94:177-85. PubMed
PMID: 1937599.
® Ksarasutra in fistual-in-ano - Wolffers I., Trop Doct. Ayurvedic treatment for fistula-in-
ano - An example of cheap and simple technology for developing countries. 1986 Jan;
16(1):44. PubMed PMID: 3765069.
74
® Ksarasutra in fistual-in-ano - Faujdar HS, Mehta G, Agarwal RK, Malpani NK.

Management of fistula in ano. J Postgrad Med.l981Jul;27(3):172b-177, PubMed PMID:
7299707.
® Lodha R, Bagga A. Traditional Indian systems of medicine. Ann Acad Med Singapore.
2000 Jan; 29(1):37-41. Review. PubMed PMID: 10748962.
® Ksarasutra in fistual-in-ano - Gurer A, Ozlem N, Gokakin AK, Ozdogan M, Kulacoglu
H, and Aydin R. A novel material in Seton treatment of fistula-in-ano. American journal
of surgery. 2007; 193:794-6.
® Ksarasutra in fistual-in-ano - Deshpande, P.J. and K.R. Sharma. Successful non
operative treatment of high rectal fistula. American Journal of Proctology. February, 1976,
pp 39-47.
® Ksarasutra in fistual-in-ano - Srivastava Pankaj, Sahu Manoranjan. Efficacy of Kshara
Sutra (medicated Seton) therapy in the management of Fistula-in-Ano. World Journal of
Colorectal Surgery. 2010;Vol. 2 (Issue - 1).
® Ksarasutra in fistual-in-ano - Sharma SK, Sharma KR, Singh Kulwant. Kshara Sutra
Therapy in Fistula-in-ano and other ano-rectal disorders. Punjabi Bagh New Delhi:
Rashtriya Ayurveda Vidhyapeeth Publication, GOI; 1994-95.
E. Gastro Intestinal Disorders
® Sphaeranthus indicus in hepatitis - GalaniVJ, PatelBG, RanaDG. Sphaeranthus indicus
Linn.-A phytopharmacological review. Int J Ayurveda Res.2010 Oct;l(4):247-53. PMID:
21455454.
® Phyllanthus emblica in hepatitis - Krishnaveni M, Mirunalini S. Therapeutic potential of
Phyllanthus emblica (amla)-the Ayurvedic wonder. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol.
2010; 21(1):93-105. Review. PMID: 20506691.
(§) Glycosmis pentaphylla as hepatoprotective —Mitra S, Sur RK. Hepato-protection with
Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz). Indian J Exp Biol. 1997 Dec; 35(12):1306-
9.PMID:9567765.
® Tinospora cordifolia in obstructive jaundice - Rege N, Bapat RD, Koti R, Desai NK,
Dahanukar S. Immunotherapy with Tinospora cordifolia: a new lead in the management of
obstructive jaundice. Indian J Gastroenterol. 1993 Jan; 12(1):5-8.PMID: 8330924.
75
® Tinospora cordifolia in obstructive jaundice - Rege NN, Nazareth HM, Bapat RD,
Dahanukar SA. Modulation of immunosuppression in obstructive jaundice by Tinospora
cordifolia. Indian J Med Res.1989 Dec; 90:478-83.PMID:2697692.
® Phyllanthus amarus in chronic viral hepatitis B —Xin-HuaW. et al .A comparative study
of Phyllanthus amarus compound and interferon in the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis
B. BJ.TropM ed. Public health .2001; 31:140.
® Phyllanthus niruri in infective hepatitis — Ramanan MV, Sainansis GS. Drugs in
infective hepatic. Indian J. Pharm. 1962: 24 (2): 34.
® Pongamia pinnata in peptic ulcer - Prabha T, Dorababu M, Goel S, Agarwal PK, Singh
A, Joshi VK, Goel RK. Effect of methanolic extract of Pongamia pinnata Linn seed on
gastro-duodenal ulceration and mucosal offensive and defensive factors in rats. Indian J
Exp Biol. 2009 Aug; 47(8):649-59. PubMed PMID: 19775071.
(§) Anti-ulcer activities of Cyclea peltata -Shine VJ, Latha PG, Shyamal S, Suja SR, Anuja
GI, Sini S, Pradeep S,Rajasekharan S.Gastric .antisecretory and antiulcer activities of
Cyclea peltata (Lam.) Hook f, Thoms in rats. J ethnopharmacol. 2009 Sep. 7;125(2):350-
5. Epub2009 May 4. PubMed PMID: 19397987.
® Antibacterial, antisecretory and antihemorrhagic activity of Azadirachta indica -
Thakurta P, Bhowmik P, Mukheijee S, Hajra TK, Patra A, Bag PK . Antibacterial,
antisecretory and antihemorrhagic activity of Azadirachta indica used to treat cholera and
diarrhea in India. J ethnopharmacol. 2007 May 22; 111(3):607-12. Epub 2007 Jan 21.
PubMed PMID: 17314018.
® Antiulcerogenic and ulcer healing effects of Solanum nigrum —Jainu M, Devi CS. Anti-
ulcerogenic and ulcer healing effects of Solanum nigrum (L.) on experimental ulcer
models- possible mechanism for the inhibition of acid formation. J Ethnopharmacol.
2006 Mar 8; 104(l-2):156-63. Epub 2005 Sep 30. PubMed PMID: 16202548.
® Cissus quadrangularis in peptic ulcer - Jainu M, Devi CS. Effect of Cissus quadrangularis
on gastric mucosal defensive factors in experimentally induced gastric ulcer-a
comparative study with sucralfate. J Med Food. 2004 Fall; 7(3):372-6. PubMed PMID:
15383234.
76
® Antispasmodic effect of Piper nigrum - Naseri MK, Yahyavi H. Antispasmodic effect of

Piper nigrum fruit hot water extract on rat ileum. Pak J Biol Sci. 2008 Jun 1;
11(11): 14926.
Fig. 16-M arica (Piper nigrum)
F. Renal /Urinary Diseases
® Dolichous biflorus in renal calculus - Singh RG, Behura SK, Kumar R. Litholytic property
of Kulattha (Dolichous biflorus) vs potassium citrate in renal calculus disease: a
comparative study. J Assoc Physicians India. 2010 May; 58:286-9. PubMed PMID:
21117346.
® Sida rhomboidea in nephrotoxicity - Thounaojam MC, Jadeja RN, Devkar RV,
Ramachandran AV. Sida rhomboidea Roxb leaf extract ameliorates gentamicin induced
nephrotoxicity and renal dysfunction in rats.J Ethnopharmacol. 2010 Oct 28;132(1):365-
7. Epub 2010 Aug 20. PubMed PMID: 20728516.
® Hemidesmus indicus and Acorus calamus in nephrotoxicity - Sandeep D, Krishnan Nair
CK. Amelioration of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by extracts of Hemidesmus indicus
and Acorus calamus. Pharm Biol. 2010 Mar; 48(3):290-5. PubMed PMID: 20645815.
® Withania somnifera in nephrotoxicity - Jeyanthi T, Subramanian P. Protective effect of
Withania somnifera root powder on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in
gentamicin-induced nephrotoxic rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 2010; 21(l):61-78.
® Renoprotective effects of Andrographis paniculata - Singh P, Srivastava MM, Khemani
LD. Renoprotective effects of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees in rats. Ups J
Med Sci. 2009;114(3): 136-9. PubMed PMID: 19736602; PubMed Central PMCID:
PMC2852765.
77
® Varuna and banana stem" in Urinary stones - Patankar S, Dobhada S, Bhansali M,

Khaladkar S, Modi J. A prospective, randomized, controlled study to evaluate the efficacy
and tolerability of Ayurvedic formulation "Varuna and banana stem" in the management
of urinary stones. J Altem Complement Med. 2008 Dec; 14(10): 1287-90. PubMed
PMID: 19040391.
® Rotula aquatica, Commiphora wightii and Boerhaavia diffusa in urolithiasis - Raut AA,
Sunder S, Sarkar S, Pandita NS, Vaidya AD. Preliminary study on crystal dissolution
activity of Rotula aquatica, Commiphora wightii and Boerhaavia diffusa extracts.
Fitoterapia. 2008 Dec; 79(7-8):544-7. Epub 2008 Jul 1. PubMed PMID: 18644427.
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Dhevi R, Rajamanickam GV, Dubey GP.Terminalia aijuna antioxidant effect in isolated
perfused kidney. Phytotherapy Research. 2008 (Impact factor 1.377).
® Antiradical efficacy of ethyl acetate extract of Teiminalia chebula - Harpreet Walia,
Rajbir Singh, Subodh Kumar, Saroj Arora. Effect of fractionation on antiradical efficacy
of ethyl acetate extract of Teiminalia chebula Retz. African Journal of Pharmacy and
Pharmacology. 2010May; Vol 4(5): pp. 276-285.
® Immune and anti-oxidant activities of Glycyrrhiza glabra - Ying-Kai Hong, Hua-
Taowu, Taoma, Wei-Jnan Liu and Xue-Jun He. Effect of Glycyrrhiza glabra poly
saccharides on immune and anti-oxidant activities in high fat mice. Int. Journal of
biological Macromolecules.2009; Vol. 45(1): 61-64.
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A.B. et. al., Evaluation of Anti-oxidant and lipid modulating effects of Soy isoflavones
and root powder of Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn in Peri-/Post menopausal women. Indian
Drugs. 2006 February; 43 (2):p.130-135.
® Phyllanthus Emblica as Rasayana - Dhananjay N Khalekar; Shandilya M K. and Mishra
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-2 6 .
^ Tewari A, Sen S P, Guru L V. Effect of Amalaki (c) Rasayana on biologic system.
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78
^ Mitra S K, Gupta M, Sharma DNK. Immunomodulatory effect. Phytotherapy Res.

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Modulatory effect of plumbagin (5-hydroxy-2-methyl-l, 4-naphthaquinone) on
macropahage function in BALB/c mice, potentiation of macrophages bactericidal
activity.J. immunopharmacology.1995; vol 30 (3): pp-231-236.
Fig. 17- Citraka (Plumbago zelanica)
©Effect on longevity, development and fecundity, stress tolerance of Amalaki

Rasayana and Rasa Sindura -Vibha Dwivedi et.al. In Vivo Effects of Traditional
Ayurvedic Formulations in Drosophila melanogaster Model Relate with Therapeutic
Applications available on http://www.plosone.org.
® Immuno-modulatory activity Zingiber officinale - Sohri, Y. R. & Bhatt, R. M. Activity
of a crude extract formulation in experimental hepatic ameobiasis and in immuno
modulation studies.1996. J. Ethnopharmacol. Vol. 54(2 -3): PP. 119 —124.
® Immuno-modulatory activity of of Tinospora cordifolia - Kapil A. & Sharma S.
Immunopotentiating compounds fromTinospora cordifolia J. Ethnopharmacol. 1997; Vol.
58 (2): PP. 89 - 95.
^ Manjrekar, P. N.; Jolly, C.I. & Narayanan, S. Comparative studies of the
immunomodulatory activity of Tinospora cordifolia and Tinospora sinensis.
Fitoterapia. 2000; Vol. 71 (3): PP. 254 - 257.
^ Mathew, S. & Kuttan, G. Immunomodulatory and antitumour activities of
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^ Mulgund SP, Uchil DA. Comparative immunomodulatory and anti-stress effects of

plant extracts., Update Ayurveda —94, Bombay, India, 1994 24 —26 Feb; Pp. 62.
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immunomodulatory agents- a review, Indian Drugs 1990; Vol. 28 (2): Pp. 56 —63.
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hepatic amoebiasis and in immunomodulation studies.J. Ethnopharmacol. 1996;
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^ Thatte UM, Rao S, Dahanukar SA. Comparative study of immunomodulating
activity of Indian medicinal plants, lithium carbonate and glucan.Exp. Clin.
Pharmacol. 1988; Vol. 10 (10): Pp. 639 —644.
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properties of a modified Aloe barbadensis polysaccharide. Phytomedicine, 2000; V. 7
(Suppl. II): Pp. 102.
® Anti-inflammatory activity of Allium sativum - Bhakuni, D.S. et al., 1969: Screening of
Indian Plants for biological activity, part-II. Indian J. Exptl. Biol. 7, 250.
H. Basic Principles and Others
® Effects of Withania somnifera and Terminalia aijuna on cardiorespiratory endurance-
Sandhu JS, Shah B, Shenoy S, Chauhan S, Lavekar GS, Padhi MM .Effects of Withania
somnifera (Ashwagandha) and Teiminalia aijuna (Aijuna) on physical performance and
cardio-respiratory endurance in healthy young adults. Int J Ayurveda Res. 2010 Jul;
1(3): 144-9.
® Dietetics in Ayurveda - Bhat S, Lavekar GS. Ayurvedic approach to pathya (ideal diet
planning)— an appraisal. Bull Indian Inst Hist Med Hyderabad. 2005 Jul-Dec;35(2):147-
56. PubMed PMID: 17333670.
® Modem review of Tridosa theory - Pal MN. Modem review of Tridosha theory-the basis
of Ayurvedic Medicine. Bull Indian Inst Hist Med Hyderabad. 2003 Jan-Jun;33(l):63-8.
® Modem interpretation of P rakrti (psychosomatic constitution)- Rizzo-Sierra CV.
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® Interpretation of P rakrti (psychosomatic constitution) in terms of genomics —
^ Prasher B, Mukerji M. Indian involvement in high-altitude adaptation revealed
through genetic analysis of extreme constitution types defined in Ayurveda,
^ Aggarwal S, Negi S, Jha P, Singh PK, Stobdan T, Pasha MA, Ghosh S, Agrawal A,
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010 Nov 07(44): 18961-6.
^ Prasher B, Negi S, Aggarwal S, Mandal AK, Sethi TP, Deshmukh SR, Purohit SG,
Sengupta S, Khanna S, Mohammad F, Garg G, Brahmachari SK; Indian Genome
Variation Consortium, Mukerji M. Whole genome expression and biochemical
correlates of extreme constitutional types defined in Ayurveda. J Transl Med. 2008
Sep 9; 6:48. PubMed PMID: 18782426; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2562368.
^ Patwardhan B, Bodeker G. Ayurvedic genomics: establishing a genetic basis for
mind-body typologies. J Altem Complement Med. 2008 June; 14(5):571-6.
Review. PubMed PMID: 18564959.
^ Bhushan P, Kalpana J, Arvind C. Classification of human population based on
HLA gene polymorphism and the concept of Prakrti in Ayurveda. J Altem
Complement Med. 2005 Apr; ll(2):349-53. PubMed PMID: 15865503.
^ P rakrti (psychosomatic constitution) vis-a-vis modem physiology-
Tripathi PK, Patwardhan K, Singh G., The basic cardiovascular responses to
postural changes, exercise and cold pressor test: do they vary in accordance with the
dual constitutional types of ayurveda? Evid Based Complement Altemat Med.
2011 pii: 251850
^ Interpretation of P rakrti (psychosomatic constitution) at genetic level -
Ghodke Y, Joshi K, PatwardhanB — Traditional Medicine to Modem
Pharmacogenomics: Ayurveda Prakrti Type and CYP2C19 Gene Polymorphism
Associated with the Metabolic Variability. Evid Based Complement Altemat Med.
2009 Dec 16. PubMed PMID: 20015960.
^ Patwardhan K. The history of the discovery of blood circulation: unrecognized
contributions of Ayurveda masters. Adv Physiol Educ. 2012 Jun; 36(2):77-82.
® Shukla KK, Mahdi AA, Ahmad MK, Shankhwar SN, Rajender S, & Jaiswar SP. Mucuna
Pruriens as Vajikarana (aphrodisiac) - Mucuna pruriens improves male fertility by its
81
action on the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis. Fertility and Sterility. 2009; 92(6):

1934-40.
® Chihara K, Kashio Y, Kita T, Okimura Y, Kaji H, Abe H, & Fujita T.L-dopa stimulates
release of hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing hormone in human. The Journal of
Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1986; 62(3):466-73.
(§) Pinter EJ, Tolis G, Friesen HG. L-dopa, growth hormone and adipokinesis in the lean and
the obese. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Biopharmacy. 1975; 12(1-
2): 277-80.
® Hanew K, Utsumi A. The role of endogenous GHRH in arginine-, insulin-, clonidine- and
1-dopa-induced GH release in normal subjects. European Journal of Endocrinology;
2002,146(2): 197-202.
(§) Triphala in wound healing - Triphala promotes healing of infected full-thickness dermal
wound, M. S. Kumar, S. Kirubanandan, R. Sripriya, P. K. Sehgal, J Surg Res, Vol.
144, No.l (January 2008), pp.94-101. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2007.02.049 Key:
citeulike :2442953
6.3 Commonly used Medicinal Plants
A number of medicinal plants used in Ayurveda have been studied and these evidences have
corroborated the therapeutic indications described in Ayurveda.
Fig. 18- Arjuna Fig. 19- Asvagandha

(Terminalia arjuna W&A.) (W ithania somnifera Dunal)
Uses - Hypertension, ischaemic heart disease Uses- Neurasthenia, as aphrodisiac, antistress,
rejuvenator
Fig. 20- H aritaki Fig. 21- A m alaki

(Terminalia chebula Retz.) (Emblica officinalis GaertnJ
Uses- Constipation, oedema, obesity Uses - Anaemia, hepatitis, haemorrhagic

disorders, acid peptic diseases, as immuno
modulator
Fig. 22- Ardraka Fig. 23- G uduci

(Zingiber officinale Roxb.) (Tinospora cordifolia Willd. Miers.)
Uses - Gastro-intestinal disorders, bronchial Uses - Fever, hepatitis, gout, as immuno

asthma modulator
83
Fig. 24- Satavari Fig. 25-Nim ba

(Asparagus racemosus Willd.) (Azadirachta indica A.Juss)
Uses - Insufficient lactation, leucorrhoea, Uses - Uriticaria, skin diseases, gastritis,

peptic ulcer hemorrhoids, as antiseptic and anti viral
Fig. 26- Hingu Fig. 27- Saptacakra

(Ferula foetida Regel.) (Salacia obionga Wall)
Uses - Dyspepsia, abdominal colic, toothache Uses - Diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia,

obesity
84
Fig. 28- Sallaki Fig. 29- Sirisa

(Boswellia serrata Roxb.ex Coleb.) (Albizia lebbeck Bent)
Uses - Arthritis, inflammatory conditions, Uses - Anti-allergic, antidote for various

colitis poisoing, useful in bronchial asthma,
bronchitis and skin disorders
Fig. 30- K a tu ki Fig. 31- Tagara

(Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth.) (Valeriana waUicbii DC)
Uses - Liver disorders, dyslipidaemia, Uses - Hypertension, insomnia, as hypnotic,

diabetes mellitus sedative, nervine tonic etc.
85
Fig. 32- Varabikanda Fig. 33- Sankbapuspi

(Dioscorea bulbifera Linn.) (Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy)
Uses -Debility, emaciation Uses - Memory & sleep disorders, epilepsy
Fig. 34- Varuna Fig. 35-Darubaridra

(Crataeva nurvula Buch-Ham.) (Berberis aristata DC)
Uses - Urinary disorders,prostatic Uses - Liver disorders, dysentery, diabetes

hypertrophy, urolithiasis mellitus
86
Fig. 36- Kapikacchu Fig. 37- B akuci

(.Mucuna prurita Hook.) (Psoralea corylifolia Linn.)
Uses - Neurasthenia, Parkinsonism, as Uses - Skin disorders, leucoderma

aphrodisiac, antistress and rejuvenator
Fig. 38 Kalamegha (Andrographis Fig. 39- Bhum yam alaki (Phyllanthus

paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall, ex Nees) amarus Schum & Thonn.)
Uses - Fever, liver disorders, Uses - Liver disorders, hepatitis-B
87
Fig. 40- B rahm i Fig. 41- Haridra

(Bacopa m onnieri (Linn.) Wettst.) (Curcuma longa Linn.)
Uses - Memory & sleep disorders, epilepsy Uses - Bronchial asthma, diabetes mellitus,
allergic conditions, skin diseases, as wound
healing
Fig. 42- Sigru Fig. 43- Yastim adhu

(Moringa oleifera Lam.) (Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.)
Uses - Abscess, septic conditions, wound, Uses - Cough, hyperacidity, haemorrhage,

piles, inflammation, neuritis, joint diseases wound, peptic-ulcer, debility
88
Fig. 44- Bilva Fig. 45- M andukaparni

(Aegle marmelos Corr.) (iCentella asiatica (Linn) Urban.)
Uses - Dysentry, diarrhea, diabetes mellitus Uses - Memory & sleep disorders, epilepsy
Fig. 46-M esasrngi Fig. 47- Amlavetasa

(Gymnema sylvestre R.Br.) (Hippophae rhamnoides L.)
Uses - Diabetes mellitus Uses - Diabetes mellitus, metabolic

syndrome, obesity
89
Fig. 48- Asoka Fig. 49- K um ari

(Saraca asoca (Rosc)DC Willd) (Aloe barbadensis Mill.)
Uses - Menstrual disorders, haemorrhagic Uses - Liver and skin disorders, Menstrual
disorder disorders
Fig. 50- N irgundi Fig. 51- Parijata

(Vitex negundo Linn.) (Nyctantbes arbor-tristis Linn.j
Uses - Arthritis, neurological diseases Uses - Fever, sciatica
90
Fig. 52- Eranda Fig. 53- M ethika

(Ricinus com m unis Linn.) (Trigonella foenum - graecum Linn.)
Uses - Arthritis, neurological diseases, Uses - Dyslipidaemia, obesity, diabetes
constipation mellitus
Fig. 54- Rasona Fig. 55- K utaja

(Allium sativum Linn.) (Holarrhena antidysenterica (Roth) A.DC)
Uses - Dyslipidaemia, obesity, inflammation Uses - Diarrohea, dysentery, colitis
91
Fig. 56- Pippali Fig. 57- Vasa

(Piper longum Linn.) (Adhatoda vasica Nees)
Uses - Cough, allergy, indigestion, bronchial Uses - Bronchitis, bronchial asthma, epistaxis
asthma, bronchitis and hematemesis, dysmenorrhoea
Fig. 58- Punarnava Fig. 59- Tulasi

(Boerhaavia diffusa Linn.) (iOcimum sanctum Linn.)
Uses - Urinary disorders like UTI,, dysuria Uses - Bronchitis, skin diseases, allergy,
anemia, fever, liver disorders
92
Fig. 60- Dadima Fig. 61- Karavellaka

(Punica granatum Linn.) (,Momordica charantia Linn.)
Uses - Diarrhea, dysentery, bleeding disorders Uses - Diabetes mellitus, skin disease, worm
infestation
NT
Fig. 62- Guggulu (Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhand.)
Uses - Dyslipidaemia, obesity, arthritis
93
Note to the readers: The research has been carried out on various facets of basic principles,
treatment of diseases and different aspects of health and diseases. The readers may take note
that other important research and publications on Ayurveda exist. However, it was not
possible to accommodate all of them in this abridged version and only some representative
research works have been mentioned. Nevertheless material on these important issues can be
found in books, journals, websites mentioned in concerned section of this document.
1. AYUSH Research Portal - www.ayushportal.ap.nic.in
2. Aggarwal S. et al. EGLNl involvement in high-altitude adaptation revealed through genetic

analysis of extreme constitution types defined in Ayurveda. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA.
2010; 10:1073
3. Chopra A etal. Randomized double blind trial of an Ayurvedic Plant derived formulation
for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol, 2000; 27: 1365—1372.
4. CCRAS Research-An Over view, Department of Indian Systems of Medicine and

Homoeopathy, Ministry of Health and Family welfare , Government of India; 2002
5. Digital Helpline for Ayurveda Research - www.dharaonline.org
6. K.P. Guruprasad, Roshan Mascarenhas, Gopinath PM, Satyamoorthy K. Studies on

Brahma Rasayana in male swiss albino mice: Chromosomal aberrations and sperm
abnormalities. Ayurveda Integr Med. 2010 Jan—Mar; 1(1): 40-44.
7. Patwardhan B, Vaidya A DB, Chorghade M. Ayurveda and natural products drug

discovery. Curr. Sci: 2004; 86: 789—799.
8. Prasher B. et al. Whole genome expression and biochemical correlates of extreme

constitutional types defined in Ayurveda. J.Trans. Med. 2008; 6: 48.
9. Patwardhan B. Ayurveda, evidence-base and scientific rigor. J. Ayurveda Integr. Med.

2010; 1: 169-170.
10. Patel V, Wilson P, Singh RH. Nutraceuticals. Nutraceuticals of Antiquity. USA: Taylor
and Francis group, CRC Press 2010; Vol. l:pp. 1—13.
11. Select Research Papers on Evidence based Ayurveda, Department of Indian Systems of
Medicine and Homoeopathy, Ministry of Health and Family welfare , Government of
India; 2000
94
12. SinghRH, Narsimhamurthy K, Singh Girish. Neuronutrient impact of ayurvedic Rasayana

therapy in brain aging. Biogerontology. 2008; Volume 9 Issue 6 : Page : 369-74
13. Singh RH. Exploring quantum logic in Ayurveda with special reference to Srotovijnan of
Ayurveda. AYU. 2009; 30:360-8.
14. Singh RH. Exploring issues in the development of Ayurvedic research

methodology.Joumal of Ayurveda & Integrative Medicine. 2010 April ; Vol 1/Issue 2:
Page no- 91-95.
15. Sumantran VN. et al. Antiarthritic activity of a standardized, Multi-herbal, Ayurvedic

formulation containing Boswellia serrata:in vitro studies on knee cartilage from
osteoarthritis patients. Phytother.Res. 2011; 25: 1375—1380.
16. Tripathi AK, Singh RH. Experimental evaluation of antidepressant effect of vacha (acorus
calamus) in animal models of depression. AYU. 2010; Volume 31 Issue 2 : Page 153-158.
95
Chapter 7
EDUCATION AND PRACTICE
7.1 Education
India has a rich tradition of learning and teaching right from the antiquity and was the
knowledge was transferred orally from generation to generation. Ayurveda was also taught in
Gurukula system. Gurukula system is an ancient Indian concept of education, wherein the
participants got knowledge by residing with his teacher as part of his family and by following
self discipline. The student was allowed to start independent practice after obtaining the
certification from the guru. The guru also had to follow the prescribed code of conduct. The
process of selecting suitable student by the teacher, and suitable teacher by the student
has been described in Ayurvedic classics. The classics also describe ideal methods of
learning: self-study, teaching and discussions. The knowledge at that time was also
exchanged through professional gatherings, seminars and symposia.
The ancient medical education system in India was a wholesome balance between the theory
and practice. The practical training had three main objectives:
• Preparation of medicine
• Examination of the patients, diagnosis of the diseases and Practice of medicine
• Practice for surgery , initially on dummies
Gurukula, the personalized teacher based

Institutions were later developed as full
fledged Institutions. Around 3rd to 6th BC
there were big Universities of Indian
learning like Takshashila and Nalanda
who were imparting education in
different streams including Ayurveda.
Takshashila was one of the most ancient
Universities which attracted students
from around the world. It had a P « Banaras
Fig. 63- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tf U j. ic «
management and academic council to take Hindu University, Varanasi
charge of all affairs. Hindu, Jain and Buddhist religions were taught along with mathematics,
96
Chapter 7: Education and Practice
science, medicine, fine arts and vocational subjects. Education and boarding were free, but the
demission process was rather very rigorous and only few were able to pass through the
entrance tests. In medieval period the tradition of teacher to student and father to son continued
in learning and practice of Ayurveda.
Presently, Ayurvedic education in India is regulated by a statutory professional body, Central

Council of Indian Medicine (CCIM) established under the Indian medicine central council act,
1970 of Government of India. The central council frames and implements the curricula and
syllabi in Indian systems of medicine viz. Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani-Tibb at under-graduate
and post-graduate level.
The CCIM with the prior approval of Government of India has prescribed minimum standard
requirements (MSR) for Ayurveda colleges. The MSR include norms for infrastructure,
teaching & training facilities, student-bed ratio, hospital departments etc. There is another set
of regulations prescribed for post graduate education in Ayurveda. PG regulations include
norms for teaching facilities, student-teacher ratio and specialties for post graduation.
Presently, the various courses of Ayurveda are being conducted by different colleges under the
supervision of Indian universities:
1. Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery (BAMS), 5 lA years (including one year
supervised clinical training) under graduate (UG) Course- students are eligible for this
course after passing intermediate with physics, chemistry and biology. The syllabus covers
all aspects of Ayurveda and relevant portions of modem medicine. The students have to
undergo training in both Ayurveda and
Allopathic hospitals as per the schedule
devised in the syllabus. At the end of
course, 12 months clinical supervised
training in the form of Internship is
imparted in hospitals.
2. Doctor of medicine - MD (Ayurveda),

a 3 years' post graduate (PG) course -
Person with a graduate degree
Fig. 64- National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur,
in Ayurveda recognised by CCIM, is
97
eligible for PG course. Presently, the PG course is imparted in 22 specialties of Ayurveda.

3. Ph.D. (Ayurveda) - full time doctoral research program of minimum 2 years duration
conducted by various Universities is available in India. Minimum qualification for PhD
course is Post Graduate degree in Ayurveda recognised by CCIM.
4. PG Diploma courses in Ayurveda —Sixteen PG Diploma courses in Ayurvedic specialties
like pancakaima, ksarasutra etc. of two years duration have been devised by CCIM and are
being conducted. Minimum qualification for these Diplomas is Graduation degree in
Ayurveda recognised by CCIM.
5. Specialized Degrees - Courses in Pharmacy and medicinal plants such as M. Sc. (Med.
Plants in Ayurveda), Ph.D. (Med. Plants), D. Pharma (Ayurveda), B. Pharma (Ayurveda)
and M. Pharma (Ayurveda) are also imparted by institutions such as Gujarat Ayurved
University, Jamnagar, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi etc.
6. Educational opportunities for International scholars - Government of India granting
scholarships for international scholars recommended through Indian Embassies for taking
up formal Ayurveda studies in Indian Institutions. Department of AYUSH has reserved
some seats in premier
institutions for the admission
of international scholars.
Students have to contact
Indian embassies in their
countries for obtaining
scholarships. NIA, Jaipur,
BHU Varanasi and Gujarat
Ayurved University, (GAU)
Jamnagar are also offering
various short term courses
Fig. 65 Institute of Post Graduate Teaching and Research in
Ayurveda, Jamanagar, Gujarat f°r International scholars.
Gujarat Ayurved University,
Jamnagar through International Centre for Ayurvedic Studies runs exclusive BAMS course
in English medium for foreigners. In addition, following short courses are also devised and
98
conducted for persons having graduation in Ayurveda /traditional medicines, foreign

modem medical degree or qualification in other allied subjects.
Name of the course Duration
Introductory Course in Ayurveda 3 Months
Certificate course in Pancakarma 7 months
Certificate course in Dietetics 7 months
Certificate course for Pancakarma Technician One year
7.2 Ayurvedic Medical Practice
During Vedic period, the priests performing religious rites and ceremonies were also practicing
the system of health and were called vaidya. Such sage-physician-surgeons of the time were
deeply devoted holy people and saw health as an integral part of spiritual life. The information
about the ancient practitioners of Ayurveda is available mainly through the texts that they have
written. Ashwinis were the twin physicians to both humanity and divine personalities who are
credited for discovering a popular rasayana called cayavanaprasa. Atreya, Agnivesa, Caraka
were famous physicians. Susruta, the ancient surgeon has elaborately mentioned management
procedures for anal fistula, fractures, obstructed labour, amputation, excision of tumours,
repair of hernia, couching of cataract, rhinoplasty, lobuloplasty and skin grafting in his treatise
Susruta Samhita. The court physicians (Rajavaidya) were responsible for the health of the
king and his family. They also ensured the quality of food for the royal family. Jivaka was a
famous physician - surgeon to lord Buddha. The practice of Ayurveda continued at individual
and institutional level.
The practice in this system is being regulated through IMCC Act 1970 and the register of
trained practitioners is maintained by the Boards duly established. Professionals with medical
qualifications granted by Universities, in or outside India which is recognized by CCIM are
allowed to register and practice in India. There are three types of Ayurvedic practitioners in
India.
• Traditionally trained practitioners under the guidance as apprentices of some experts.

They were registered till the new provisions of IMCC Act, 1970 came in to force.
• Institutionally qualified trained practitioners having degrees in Ayurveda.
99
• Specialists of Ayurveda i.e. post graduate (M.D. Ayurveda) and doctorate (Ph.D.)
degree holder.
Two major groups in health care in the country are public health sector and private health
sector. The public health sector consists of central government, state government and
municipal & local level bodies. Health is a state responsibility, however the central
government does contribute in a substantial manner through grants and centrally sponsored
health programs/schemes. There are other government ministries and departments of the
government such as defense, railways, police, ports and mines who have their own health
services institutions for their personnel. The health care in public sector is either free of cost or
involves nominal user charges.
The private health sector consists of the 'not-for-profit' and the 'for-profit' health sectors. The
not-for-profit health sector includes various health services provided by non government
organizations (NGO's), charitable institutions, missions, trusts, etc. Health care in the for-
profit health sector consists of various types of practitioners and institutions. The Ayurvedic
doctors provide their services through both these public and private health sectors.
As on 2011, the health care services are being extended to the masses through a huge network
of 429246 registered Ayurveda practitioners, 2420 Ayurveda hospitals, and 15017
dispensaries. The medicines are dispensed in either dispensary attached to the clinic or the
hospital by the outside pharmacies through the prescriptions. Ayurvedic procedures like
pancakarma and ksarasutra are also practiced in the specialty centers established at different
levels.
7.2.1 Mainstreaming of AYUSH
The health care system in India is very unique as various indigenous systems are widely
accepted and practiced parallel to the mainstream allopathic system of medicine. The AYUSH
was formally institutionalized in modem India as far as education and service delivery are
concerned. It was further integrated with the government health services at central government
health scheme (CGHS), employees' state insurance hospitals, state level dispensaries, and other
primary and tertiary setups. Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi is the first institution that
conceived the idea of integrating the ancient and modem systems of medicine both at the level
of education, research and professional practice. Under NRHM, AYUSH doctors are recruited
and co-located at primary health centres (PHC)/ community health centres (CHC)/ district
100
hospitals (DH) level to provide AYUSH services so as to mainstream AYUSH and make it
more accessible to the public. AYUSH doctors and staff are playing supportive or trainer roles
in many national programs.
Mainstreaming of AYUSH is a policy commitment of Government of India. Some of the

major policy initiatives of Government of India which recommend mainstreaming of
traditional systems are:
• National Health Policy 1983

• National Health Policy 2000
• National Population Policy 2000
• National Policy on Indian Systems of Medicine and Homoeopathy (ISM&H) -2002
• National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) 2005 to 2012
A Y U SH &LHT
Fig. 66- AYUSH in public health
101
Note to the readers: more information about the contents of this chapter maybe obtained from
following sources.
1. Radha Kumud Mookeiji. Ancient Indian Education Brahmanical and Buddhist, 2nd ed.
reprint 1989.New Delhi, India: Motilal Banarsidass; 1951.
st
2. Varier NV Krishnan Kutty. History of Ayurveda. 1 edition; Kottakkal, Arya Vaidya Sala;
India: 2005.
3. Jaggi OP. History of Science and Technology in India. Vol.7.New Delhi, India: Atma Ram
Sons; 1977.
4. www.ccimindia.org.
5. www.ayurveduniversity.edu.in.
6. www.ayurvedaeleaming.com.
7. www.nia.nic.in.
8. www.bhu.ac.in/ayurveda.
102
SUGGESTIVE READING
Books and Monographs
1. Agnivesa.Caraka Samhita English translation by Dash B, Sharma RK. Varanasi, India:

Chaukhambha Publications, 2nd Edition, 2000.
2. Anonymous .A Manual for Doctors on Mainstreaming of AYUSH under NRHM. New
Delhi, India: Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare,
Government of India; 2008.
3. Anonymous. Clinical Safety of Selected Ayurvedic Formulations and Pancakarma
procedures. New Delhi, India: Central council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha,
Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India;
2008.
4. Anonymous. Dossier on Gugguliupid. Lucknow, India: CDRI; 1986.
5. Anonymous. Indian Medicinal plants. 5 Volumes. Madras, India: orient longnam ltd;
1997.
6. Anonymous. Mainstreaming of AYUSH and Revitalization of Local Health Traditions
under NRHM. New Delhi, India: National Health Systems resource centre, NRHM,
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India; 2009.
7. Anonymous. National Rural Health Mission, Common Review Mission .New Delhi,
India: Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India; 2007.
8. Anonymous. Report of a Study on Status and role of AYUSH and Localhealth
Traditions under the NRHM, New Delhi, India: National Health Systems resource centre,
National Rural Health Mission, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, government of
India; 2010.
9. AYUSH in India 2010. New Delhi, India: Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health
and Family Welfare, Government of India; 2011.
10. Bannerman RH. Traditional medicine and healthcare coverage. Geneva: World Health
Organization; 1983.
11. Bhava Misra. Bhava Prakash edited by Mishra B.S. Varanasi,India :Chaukhambha
Publications.
Suggestive Reading
12. Bhishagratna Kunjalal. Susruta Samhita. Vol —I to III. Varanasi,India: Chaukhambha

Sanskrit Series office; 1998.
13. Cakrapani. Cakradatta edited by Sharma PV. Varanasi, India: Chaukhambha
Publications; 1994.
14. Caraka. Caraka Samhita hindi commentary by Tripathi Brahmanand Varanasi, India:
Chaukhambha Publications; 1997.
15. Dash B, Kashyap L. Diagnosis & treatment of diseases in Ayurveda. New Delhi, India:
Concept publishing company; 1980.
16. Dash B, Kashyap Latitesh. Basic principles of Ayurveda. New Delhi, India: Concept
publishing company; 1980.
17. Dash Bhagwan. A Hand Book of Ayurveda. New Delhi, India: Concept Publications Co.;
1983.
18. Dash Bhagwan. Ayurvedic Treatment for Common Diseases. New Delhi, India: Delhi
Dairy Publications; 1974.
19. Dash Bhagwan. Fundamental Principals of Ayurveda. New Delhi, India: Konark
Publications Pvt. Ltd.; 1989.
20. Database on Medicinal plants used in Ayurveda, vol. I to VIII. New Delhi, India: Central
Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences.
21. Dwarakanath C. Introduction to Kayacikitsa. Varanasi, India: Chaukhambha
Publications; 1986.
22. Dwarkanath C. Digestion and Metabolism in Ayurveda. Varanasi,India: Chaukhambha
Orientalia.
23. Goel S. From Bhore Committee to National Rural Health Mission: a critical review. The
Internet Journal of Health; 7(1); 2008.
24. Govinda Das. Bhaisajya Ratnavali commentary by Shastri Ambika Datta
th
Ayurvedacharya. 14 edition. Varanasi, India: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Sansthan; 2001.
25. Guidelines on developing consumer information on Proper Use of Traditional
Complementary and alternative medicine. Geneva: WHO; 2004.
26. Gupta L P. Essentials of Ayurveda. New Delhi, India: Chaukhambha Publications; 1996.
104
Suggestive Reading
27. Health Research Policy-ICMR, New Delhi, India: Indian Council of Medical Research;
2007.
28. Jaggi OP. History of Science and Technology in India. Vol.7. New Delhi, India: Atma
Ram Sons; 1977.
29. Kasture H S. Ayurvediya Pancakarma Vijnana. Nagpur, India: Sri Baidyanath Ayurveda
Bhavan; 1970.
30. Madhavakara.Madhava Nidana English translation and tommentary by Singhal et al.,
Varanasi, India: Chaukhambha Publications.
31. Monograph on Management of Bhagandara (Fistula —in —Ano) with Ksharsutra. New
Delhi, India: CCRAS Publication; 1989.
32. Nadkami K M. Indian Materia Medica in 2 Volumes. Bombay, India: Popular Prakasan;
1982.
33. Report of the National Commission on Macroeconomics and Health. New Delhi, India:
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India; 2005.
34. Sarangadhara. Sarangdhara Samhitaa. 3rd edition.Vol.8.Varanasi ,India: Choukhambha
Orientalia; 1983.
35. Sharma PV. Ayurveda ka Vaijnanika Itihas. Varanasi, India: Chowkhambha Orientalia;
1975.
36. Sharma PV. Dravya Guna Vijnana. Part I to III. Varanasi,India: Chowkhamba Sanskrti
Sansthan; 1975.
37. Sharma S K et al. Kshara Sutra Therapy in fistula — in — ano other Ano — Rectal
Disorders. New Delhi, India: Rashtriya Ayurveda Vidyapeeth (National Academy of
Ayurveda), An Autonomous Body under the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare,
Government of India; 1994.
38. Singh RH.The Holistic Principles of Ayurvedic Medicine. 1st edition. Delhi, India:
Chaukhambha Sanskrit Pratishthan; 1998.
39. Srikanta Murthy KR. Sarangadhara Samhita. 2nd edition. New Delhi, India:
Chaukhambha Orientalia; 1995.
th
40. Susruta. Susruta Samhita. 5 edition. New Delhi, India: Motilal Banarasidas;1994.
105
Suggestive Reading
41. Tewari PV. Ayurveda Prasutitantra evam streeroga. part, I & II. Varanasi,India:
Chaukhambha Orientalia; 1990.
42. The Ayurvedic Formulary of India. Part I &II. New Delhi, India: Department of
AYUSH, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, CCRAS; 2003.
43. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Part-I (Vol. I to VIII)). New Delhi, India:
2000-2008.
44. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Part-II (vol. I to III). New Delhi, India:
2000-2008.
45. Udupa K N, Singh RH. Clinical and Experimental Studies on Rasayana and Pancakarma.
New Delhi, India: Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha; 1994.
46. Udupa K N, Singh RH. Science and Philosophy of Indian Medicine. Nagpur, India: Sri
47. Vagabhata. Astanga Samgraha commentary by Dasai R. Ilnd Ed. Nagpur, India:
48. Vagbhata. Astanga Hridya commented by Kunte AM, Sastri Narve Varanasi, India:
Krishna Das Academy; 1982.
49. Vagbhata. Astanga Hridya edited by Murthy KRS. Varanasi, India: Krishna Das
Academy Chaukhambh 1992.
50. Vagbhata. Rasa Ratna samucchaya edited by Tripathi ID . 2nd edition.Varanasi, India:
Chowkhamba Sanskrit Sansthan; 2000.
51. Valiathan M S. Ayurvedic Biology —A Decadal Vision Document. Bangalore, India:
Indian Academy of Sciences; 2006.
52. Valiathan M S. The legacy of Caraka. Madras, India: Orient Longman, 2003.
53. Valiathan, M. S. The Legacy of Susruta. Orient Longman, 2007.
54. Valiathan, M. S. The Legacy of Vagbhata. Universities Press. 2010.
55. Vrddha Vagbhata. Astanga Samgraha edited by Ananta Damoder Athvale Pune, India:
Atreya Publication; 1980.
106
Suggestive Reading
Important Journals
1. Ancient Science of Life, PB No. 7102, Ramanthapuram P O, Coimbatore- 641045.

2. Aryavaidyan, N V Krishnankutty Varier, Arya Vaidya Sala, Malappuram, Kerala,
676503.
3. Aushadhi, Anant Sundram Prakasan, B, Jayshree Apartment, Navyug Nagar, Vasai Road
(W), Mumbai - 401 202.
4. AYU, Medknow Publications and Media Pvt. Ltd., B9, Kanara Business Centre, Off
Link Road, Ghatkopar (East), City: Mumbai — 400075, State: Maharashtra, India,
Website: www.medknow.com.
5. Ayurvedaline, No. 210, 4th Cross near, Jalavayu Vihar, CMR Road, Kalyan Nagar,
Banglore-43.
6. Deerghayu International, Ayurveda Academy, Opp. Mahatoba Temple, 36, Kothrud,
Pune - 411 029.
7. Ethnobotany, Deep Publications, A - 3/27A, DDA Flats, Paschim Vihar, New Delhi -110
016.
8. Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Hindawi Publishing
Corporation, 410 Park Avenue 15th Floor, #287 pmb New York, NY 10022 USA.
9. Indian Forester, P.O. New Forest, Dehradun - 248 006 (U.P.).
10. Indian Journal of Natural Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, (formerly
University of Sagar), Sagar - 470 003 (M.P.).
11. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, Sales and Distribution Officer, National
Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources, Dr K S Krishnan Marg
(Near Pusa Gate), New Delhi - 110 012 E-mail : sales@niscair.res.in.
12. International Journal of Ayurveda Research, Department of AYUSH, Government of
India.
13. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and phytochemical Research, Publishers, In-
IJPPR, 35, Printers Nagar II, Sitabari Tonk Road, Jaipur, Rajasthan, Ph: 91-9214331533.
14. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. Broom House 5 Jasmine Lane
HerefordHerefordshire HR4 7QS England, United Kingdom.
15. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine. No.74/2, Jarakbande Kaval, Post: Attur,
Via Yelahanka, Bangalore-560106. INDIA. Website: www.jaim.in.
16. Journal of Ayurveda, NIA, Madhav Vilas Palace, Amer Road, Jaipur, Rajasthan.
107
Suggestive Reading
17. Journal of Drug Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, CCRAS, 61-65 Institutional Area,
Opp 'D' Block, Janakpuri, New Delhi.
18. Journal of Indian Medical Heritage, National Institute of Indian Medical Heritage,
Hyderabad-500195 Andhra Pradesh.
19. Journal of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant Sciences, Central Institute of Medicinal and
Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow - 226 015.
20. Journal of Research and Education in Indian Medicine
Parshawanath Vidyapeeth, ITI Road, Karoundi, P.O.: BHU, Varanasi 221005.
21. Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, CCRAS, 61-65 Institutional Area, Opp 'D'
Block, Janakpuri, New Delhi.
22. Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research, National Institute of Science Communication
and Information Resources, Dr K S Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110 012, E-mail:
jsir@niscair.res.in; Website: www.niscair.res.in.
23. PROBE, Himalaya Drug Company, Makali, Banglore-56.
Important Websites
1. www.raujodhpur.org - Dr. Sarvepali Radhakrishnan Rajasthan Ayurved University

2. www.karhfw.gov.in/documents/PDF/POPULATION%20POLICY.pdf
3. www.ayurveduniversity.edu.in - Institute of Post Graduate Teaching & Research in
Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurveda University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India.
4. www.ayushportal.ap.nic.in-AYUSH Research Portal
5. www.bhu.ac.in - Banaras Hindu University, Faculty of Ayurveda, Varanasi (U.P), India
6. www.ccimindia.org —Central Council for Indian Medicine, New Delhi, India.
7. www.ccras.nic.in - Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha (CCRAS),
New Delhi, India.
8. www.graupunjab.org.- Guru Ravi Dass Ayurved University
9. www.indianmedicine.nic.in - Department of AYUAH, Ministry of Health & Family
Welfare, Government of India
10. www.mohfw.nic.in- Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India.
11. www.mohfw.nic.in/np2002.htm- National Health Policy 2000.
12. www.mohfw.nic.in/nrhm.htm- National Rural Health Mission .
108
Suggestive Reading
13. www.neiah.nic.in- North Eastern Institute of Ayurveda and Homoeopathy (NEIAH).

14. www.nia.nic.in - National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur, Rajasthan.
15. www.nmpb.nic.in - National Medicinal Plants Board, New Delhi, India.
16. www.nrhm-mis.nic.in —National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) Ministry of Health &
Family Welfare, Government of India.
17. www.plimism.nic.in - Pharmacopoeial Laboratory for Indian Medicine.
18. www.ravdelhi.nic.in- Rashtriya Ayurveda Vidyapeeth (National Academy of Ayurveda),
New Delhi, India.
19. www.whoindia.org/LinkFiles/AYUSH_NPolicy-ISM&H-Homeopathy- National Policy on
ISM&H -2002.
Note to the Readers: Numerous other books of Ayurveda and related sciences are presently
available. Only some of the most commonly referred and reputed publications and journals
have been mentioned in this document. The websites of organizations of repute working in the
field of Ayurveda also find place in this chapter.
109
GLOSSARY
Abhyanga - Oil massage
Adharaniya Vega - Non-suppressible natural urges
Agada Tantra - Toxicology
Agni - Digestive and metabolic factors
Agnimahabhuta - Basic thermal element
Annavaha srotas - Digestive tract
Anumana - Inference
Anupana - Liquids or solids which is to be taken along with or following main drug
Anuvasana basti - Therapeutic enema with medicated oils
Arka - Distillate
Asatmendriyartha samyoga - Erroneous interaction of sensory organs with their objects
Asatmya - Non-congenial
Asthi - Bone tissue
Asthivaha srotas —Channels in which bone tissue is formed and transported
Astasthana pariksa - Eight fold examination of the patient
Atindriya - Beyond the perception of senses
Ausadha - Medicament / drug
Acara rasayana - Rejuvenatory lifestyle
Ahara - Food
Aharasakti - Ingestive and digestive capacity
Akasa mahabhuta - Basic ethereal elements
A krti - Physical feature
Ama - End product of improper digestion and metabolism
Aptopadesa - Authoritative and documentary testimony
Artava - Menstrual fluid
Asava/Arista - Medicated fermented preparations
Asthapana basti - Therapeutic enema predominantly with medicated decoctions
Atma - Soul
Bala - Physical endurance/ immunity
Bhaisajya Kalpana - Ayurvedic pharmaceutics
Bhasma - Incinerated / calcined material
Bhedavastha - Stage of differentiation and complications of disease
110
Glosssary
Bhutavidya - Psychiatry
Bhutagni - Metabolic factors located in pancamahabhuta
Brahmacarya - Control over materialistic pleasures
Buddhi —Intellect
Cikitsa - Treatment/ procedure of disease management
Curna - Powder
Daivavyapasraya cikitsa - Spiritual therapy
Dinacarya - Daily regimen
Dhatvagni - Metabolic factors located at dhatu
Dhatu - Structural entities of the body
Dosa - Regulatory and functional entities of the body
Dravya - Drug/substance
Dravya Guna - Materia medica
Drk - Eye/vision
Dusya - One which gets vitiated by deranged dosa
Ghrta - Ghee/clarified butter
Guna - Physical/pharmacological properties/attributes
Guti - Pill
Hima - Cold infusion
Indriya - Sensory and motor organs
Jala mahabhuta - Basic aqueous elements
Jatharagni - Digestive factors located in digestive tract
Jihva - Tongue
Jhanendriya - Sensory organs or faculties
Kalka - Paste
Kandara - Tendon
Kapha - One of the regulatory and functional entities which has cohesive function
Karma - Action
Kaumarabhrtya - Paediatrics covering obstetrics and gynaecology
Kala - Time
Kamya Rasayana - Rejuvenating therapies for specific purpose
Kayacikitsa - Internal medicine
Kriyakalpa - Treatment procedures for eye
111
Glosssary
Ksara - Acrid substance

Ksarasutra - Medicated thread applied for ano- rectal disorders
Kutipravesika rasayana - Rejuvenating procedure confined to indoor facility
Kvatha —Decoction
Lehya/Leha —Linctus
Majja - Bone marrow
Majjavaha srotas - Channels in which bone marrow is formed and transported
Mala - Excretory entities like urine, faeces, sweat etc.
Manas - Mind, psyche
Mandagni - Down regulation of agni
Mamsa - Muscle tissue
Mamsavaha srotas - Channels in which muscle tissue is formed and transported
Medovaha srotas - Channels in which adipose tissue is formed and transported
Mutra - Urine
Mutravaha srotas - Channels in which urine is formed and excreted
Naimittika rasayana - Disease specific rasayana
N adi - Pulse
Nidana - Cause of disease/ diagnosis of disease
Nidana pancaka - Five fold approaches of diagnosis
Nidana parivaijana - Avoidance of causative factors
Niragni sveda - Induction of sweating without using fire
Niruha basti - See asthapana basti
Ojas - Quintessence of all dhatu responsible for composite bio-strength
Pancakarma - Five fold cleansing measures to eliminate morbid dosa
Pancamahabhuta - Five basic elements
Parinama (Kala parinama) - Environmental causes of disease
Parpati - Medicinal flakes
Pathya - Compatible dietary and behavioral practices
Padabhyanga - Foot massage
Phan ta - Hot infusion
Pitta - One of the regulatory and functional entities which has digestive and metabolic functions
Prabhava - Specific activity of drug
112
Glosssary
Prajnaparadha - Intellectual irreverence

Prakopavastha - Vitiation of accumulated dosa
Prakrti - Psycho-somatic constitution/nature
Pramana -1. Anthropometry/proportionate measurement, 2. Methods of perception
Prasaravastha - Spread of deranged dosa
Pratyaksa - Direct perception
Pranavaha srotas - Channels of respiration/respiratory system
Prthvi mahabhuta - Basic earthy/gross element
Purisavaha srotas - Channels in which faeces is formed and excreted
Purvarupa - Prodromal signs and symptoms
Rakta - Blood
Raktamoksana - Bloodletting
Raktavaha srotas - Channels through which blood is formed and transported
Rasa -1. Taste, 2. Mercury
Rasa dhatu - Nutrient fluids
Rasasastra - Ayurvedic iatro-chemistry/pharmaceutical science related to metals and minerals
Rasavaha srotas - Channels in which nutrient fluid is formed and transported
Rasayana - Therapeutic procedure to replenish and rejuvenate structural entities of the body
Rajasika/rajas - Psychological attribute related to passion/desire/attachment
Roga pariksa - Diagnosis of disease
Rogi pariksa - Clinical examination
Rupa - Signs and symptoms / Manifestation of disease
Rtu - Season
Rtucarya - Seasonal regimen
Sadavrtta - Code of conduct
Samagni - Balanced state of agni
Samprapti - Pathogenesis
Samhanana - Compactness of the body
Samhita - Compendium
Samsaijana - Restorative regimen after pancakarma
Samsamana - Palliative therapy
Samsodhana - Bio-cleansing therapy
Sancaya - Accumulation of dosa in their respective places
113
Glosssary
Sattva - Mental status/mind/psychological attribute related to purity

Sattvavajaya cikitsa - Psycho-behavioral therapy
Sagni sveda - Induction of sweating by using heat generated through fire
Sara - Optimal quality of dhatu
Satmya - Compatibility
Snayu - Ligament
Snehana - Internal or external administration of oils or fats
Sparsa - Touch
Srotas - Channels of transportation in the body
Stanya - Breast milk
Sthanasamsraya - Localization of vitiated dosa
Svarasa - Expressed juice
Svasthavrtta - Lifestyle advocacy for maintenance of health
Svedana - Induction of sweating
Svedavaha srotas - Channels in which sweat is formed and transported
r
Sabda - Voice/sound
Salya tantra - Branch of Ayurveda dealing with surgery
r
Samana - Palliative treatment
/
Salakya tantra - Branch of Ayurveda dealing with diseases of eye, ear, nose, throat, mouth and head
r
Sira - Blood vessels and nerves
r
Sirovirecana/Nasya - Procedure by which drug (oil, liquids, fumes or powders etc.) is
administered through the nasal route/ nasal instillations
r
Sodhana - 1. Therapeutic purification of drugs, 2. Bio-cleansing therapy
A _
Sukra dhatu- Reproductive elements
r
Sukravaha srotas - Channels in which reproductive tissue is formed and transported
Sadrasa - Six tastes
Satkriyakala - Six stages of pathogenesis
Taila - oil
Tamasika/tamas - Psychological attribute related to inertia/ignorance
Tiksnagni - Hyper-activity of agni
Tvak—Skin
Udakavaha srotas - Channels for regulation and transportation of fluids
114
Glosssary
Udavartana - Herbal powder massage

Upadhatu - Supportive bye products of dhatu
Upanaha - Poultice/application of warm medicinal paste over a specific body part
Upasaya - Relieving factors
Uttara basti - Drug administration through urethra or vagina
Vamana - Therapeutic induction of vomiting/emesis
Vasa - Animal fat
Vati - Tablet
Vaya - Age
Vajikarana - A clinical specialty of Ayurveda dealing with virility and good progeny
Vata - One of the regulatory and functional entities which mainly has neurological functions
Vatatapika rasayana - Rejuvenating procedure at outdoor level
Vayu mahabhuta- Basic gaseous elements
Vihara- Lifestyle
Vikrti - Pathological state/disease
Vipaka - Metabolic end product
Virecana - Therapeutic induction of purgation
Viruddhahara - Incompatible food
Visamagni - Deranged agni
Virya - Potency of drug
Vyadhiksamatva - Strength of the body to prevent and resist the genesis and progression of
disease
Vyayamasakti - Physical strength/endurance
Yukti - Reasoning
Yuktivyapasraya cikitsa - Rational treatment
115
Department of AYUSH
Government of India
New Delhi

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1W8 * 1

Publisher: Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare,

A Y U S il system s have a distinct identity mid capability lo m anage health problem s

(Dr. D. Ramesh Babu)

The Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of

ADR - Adverse Drug Reaction

The Department of AYUSH has supported several international conferences/seminars/

Ayurveda believes that no substance in the Universe is devoid of therapeutic potential,

The courses of Ayurveda studies conducted in India are:

i. Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery (BAMS) - 5 V2 years (including one

ii. MD (Ayurveda)/MS (Ayurveda) - 3 years post graduate (PG) course in various

iii. Ph.D. (Ayurveda) - Research Degree program of minimum 2 years duration.

iv. PG Diploma courses in Ayurveda - PG Diploma courses of two years duration.

v. Specialized Degrees —Courses in Pharmacy and medicinal plants such as M. Sc.

vi. Opportunities for International scholars: Government of India imparts scholarships

Presently the research in Ayurveda is conducted through multi-disciplinary approach. The

Fig. No. Details Page

1. Ancient Indian Surgeon - Susruta 04

Sirisa (Albizia lebbeck Bent) 85

1.1 Historical Evolution

internationally. Multidisciplinary collaborative research efforts in Ayurveda have increased

• Kayacikitsa (internal medicine) - This branch

1.2 Major Milestones

5000-1000 BC— Documentation of information on health, disease and treatment in

1000 BC — Documentation of Susruta Tantra later on redacted as Susruta

600 AD — Astanga Sangraha and Astanga Hrdaya containing description of

900 AD — Madhava Nidana authored by Madhava with a focus on

1300 AD — Sarngadhara Samhita by Sarngadhara which added detail

1600 AD — Bhava Prakasa authored by Bhava Misra containing detailed

1800 AD — Resurrection of Ayurvedic system of medicine under the rule of

1827 — Ayurveda classes started in Government Sanskrit College, Calcutta.

1920 — Indian National Congress Convention at Nagpur resolved to accept

1922 Teaching of Ayurveda started in Banaras Hindu University in the

1921 — Mahatma Gandhi inaugurated Ayurvedic and Unani Tibbia College,

1927 — Madan Mohan Malaviya established Ayurveda College in Banaras

1940 — Enforcement of Drugs and Cosmetics Act for Ayurvedic / Siddha /

1956-57 — Establishment of Institute for Post-Graduate Training and Research

1963-64 — Establishment of Post Graduate Institute of Indian Medicine at

1964-65 — Establishment of Central Board of Siddha and Ayurvedic Education.

1969 — Setting up of an apex Research Body i.e. Central Council for

1970 — Establishment of Pharmacopoeia Laboratory for Indian medicine,

1971 — Constitution of Central Council of Indian Medicine under IMCC

1972-1973 — Establishment of National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur, Rajasthan.

1976 — Publication of Part-I of Ayurvedic formulary of India containing 444

1978 — Establishment of Central Council of Research in Ayurveda and

1983 — Setting up of Indian Medicine Pharmaceutical Corporation Ltd.

1989 — Establishment of Rashtriya Ayurveda Vidyapeeth (National

1995 — Creation of separate Department of Indian Systems of Medicine &

2001 — Initiation of Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL).

_ Presentation on evidence based support by Department of ISM&H

2002 — National Policy on Indian System Medicines and Homeopathy

2003 — Department of ISM&H was renamed as Department of Ayurveda,

2005 — Under the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM), the

2007 — First volume of the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (Part II),

Establishment of North East Institute of Ayurveda and Homeopathy