Significance of the Study (mira)

 To better manage temporal resources

 Contribute to current body of knowledge

 Aid in future researches

Operationalization of variables (mira)

 Task Complexity - 

 Task Engagement - 

Temporal perception - ratio of reported duration in seconds over actual duration

Discussion

There is no significant interaction between the task engagement and the length of task. All the mean
differences between treatment conditions are explained by the main effect of the two factors. Task
complexity does not significantly affect perceived duration of experience. Variation in length of time
significantly affect perceived duration of experience.

Manipulation check was performed to prove that the simple group set-up (24-piece puzzle) is distinct
with the complex group set-up (54-piece puzzle). This is measured by asking participants to rate from a
scale 1 to 10, 1 being very easy while 10 being very hard, the complexity of the task given to them was.
Initially, Independent T-Test was used and although it exhibited significant results (DENOTE CORRECTLY),
Levene’s Test of Equality of Variances was violated (p=0.001). The rating was then transformed
Logarithmic and Square Root but this too has violated ), Levene’s Test of Equality of Variances. Thus, we
looked into the variance of the task
A one-way ANCOVA was conducted to compare the effectiveness of three diets whilst controlling for
height. Levene’s test and normality checks were carried out and the assumptions met. There was a
significant difference in mean weight lost [F(2,74)=5.563, p=0.006] between the diets. Post hoc tests
showed there was a significant difference between diets 1 and 3 (p = 0.026) and diets 2 and 3 (p = 0.01).
Comparing the estimated marginal means showed that the most weight was lost on Diet 3
(mean=5.13kg) compared to Diets 1 and 2 (mean=3.30kg, 3.05kg respectively).

There was no significant difference in word recall between groups presented with visual, audio-visual,
and audio modes of information, F(2,21) = 0.055, p > 0.05. Thus, the findings accept the null hypothesis
that the mode of presentation does not significantly affect word recall.

A one-way ANCOVA was conducted to determine a statistically significant difference between groups
exposed to no task, simple task, complex task and task complexity on perceived duration of exposure
to stimulus/task controlling for sex.

A one-way ANCOVA was conducted to determine a statistically significant difference between groups
exposed to 4.4 minutes, 7.7 minutes, and 10.4 minutes and presented with no task, simple task, and
complex task on perceived duration of exposure to stimulus/task controlling for sex. There is no
significant difference after controlling for sex F(4, 168) = 0.873, p > 0.05.

A two-way ANCOVA was conducted to determine a statistically significant difference between actual
duration of exposure to stimulus/task and task complexity on perceived duration of exposure to
stimulus/task controlling for sex. After controlling for sex, there was no significant main effect for task
complexity F(4, 168) = 1.438, p > 0.05 but actual duration of exposure to stimulus/task exhibited a
significant main effect in perception of time, F(4, 168) = 2.424, p < 0.05.

There is <Result> after controlling for sex, F(bw groups, win groups) = ___, p < 0.05

Time Group Discussion

Variation in length of time significantly affect perceived duration of experience.

In this study, the actual duration of exposure to stimulus/task significantly affects the perceived duration
of exposure to stimulus/task.

Overestimation and Underestimation

Factors affecting perception of time: large number of stimuli (simple v complex),

Recommendations:

- In this study, several factors should also be considered such as the effect of emotions and
motivation on time perception, and delayed and immediate estimation of perceived duration.
Cognitive Load.

The task and stimulus given to the participants can be identified as response demand cognitive
load, wherein the participants were required to solve the puzzle and listen to the background music (high
load condition) or to just listen to the background music (low load condition) (Block, Hancock, & Zakay,
2010).
The findings show that the participants who were exposed to the no task and simple task groups
underestimated the duration of exposure to task/stimuli, while those who were exposed to the complex
task group overestimated the duration. The overestimation and underestimation of the duration of
exposure to task/stimuli can be explained by high and low load conditions, as high load conditions
increase the duration judgment. Although this study found that the participants in the simple task group
underestimated the duration of exposure, one possible factor for this is the complexity of the task
compared to that of the complex task group.

High load vs low load (response demand)

A certain degree of accuracy in time estimation is required for functioning in everyday life.
- crossing a street
- traffic flow
- sports (correct anticipation of the time of arrival of the ball in many sports)
- music
- dancing

 Practical applications

o To better manage temporal resources

o Eyewitness remembering (zy -- hi mira dagdag ko lang to)

 Contribute to the current body of knowledge

 Aid in future research

The results of this study may help future researchers by providing additional information on effects
of task complexity on temporal perception, and also as a contribution to the possible applications of it in
day-to-day activities such as sports and dancing, and also in those activities that vital to the society such
as doing a statement as an eyewitness.
In this study, several factors should also be considered such as the effect of emotions and

motivation on time perception and delayed and immediate estimation of perceived duration.

(poster version, expound ko na lang later for the paper)

In the method used in this research, it is highly recommended that the instructions should be
clear as this method requires minimal interaction with the participant. It is also recommended to
conduct the research in such a way that the participants are asked to estimate how much time has
passed immediately after accomplishing the task given, however, it should be noted that in this method
the participant should have been fully engaged in the task given.

Lastly, new researches that would focus on temporal perception should also consider other
factors such as emotions and motivations, and look into the effects of delayed and immediate
estimation of perceived duration.

In this study, we investigated whether judgments of temporal durations can be influenced by magnitude
information in nontemporal dimensions, such as quantity, size, luminance, and abstract magnitude
information. A Stroop-like interference paradigm was adopted in duration comparison tasks to test
whether interactions exist between magnitudes in time and nontemporal dimensions

By using Stroop-like paradigms, the results revealed that the error rates of temporal judgment could be
significantly affected by the magnitudes in nontemporal dimensions, including number of dots, size of
open squares, luminance of solid squares, and numeric value of digits, and directly demonstrated the
relationship of magnitudes between time and nontemporal dimensions

Despite the fact that the magnitudes were in four different categories with different forms and physical
attributes, they showed very similar interference effects with temporal judgments

In some studies that focused on task complexity and temporal perception, there has been a set
of different tasks or stimuli given to the participants; these could either be in a form of a game or simply
a visual stimuli. A study conducted by Xuan, Zhang, He, and Chen (2007) investigated the effect of
magnitude information in non-temporal dimensions such as quantity, size, and luminance, wherein they
used a Stroop-like interference paradigm (visual stimuli). It was found that the error rates of temporal
judgment could be significantly affected by the different magnitude information in non-temporal
dimensions. Although the magnitude information were in different categories, forms, and physical
attributes, the results showed that they have similar interference effects with temporal judgments.

In another study, Iwamoto and Hoshiyama (2011) used task complexity as one of their
independent variables in studying the characteristics of time perception and its relationship with
subjective feelings during the given task. They made use of a jigsaw puzzle with two levels, the simple
and complex, which only differed in the number of pieces. Similar to the current study, this study also
used 24-piece and 54-piece puzzles. The results showed that subjective feelings felt during the task
could modify the time perception as the 24-piece and 54-piece puzzles elicited different feelings during
the task, such as disappointing or unsatisfactory feelings during the complex task.