LIGHT CURRENT

By engineer Ahmed Mahdy

 LIGHT CURRENT COMPONENTS

• Fire Alarm System.

• Telephone System.
• MATV System.
• Data System.
• CCTV System.
• Sound System.
 FIRE ALARM SYSTEM PURPOSE

• Early detection of fire and its location.

• Alarming people in the building to leave it as soon as possible.
• Operating fire fighting system, opening doors automatically and opening
elevator in nearest floor.
 FIRE ALARM SYSTEM
COMPONENTS

• Inputs: Sensors and detectors.

• Outputs: bells or sounder.
• Control system as relays.
• FACP or fire alarm control panel.
• Wires and conduits.
 INPUTS
• Selected according to type of place to be protected and its coverage area.

• Smoke Detectors

1. Ionization Smoke detector

• They are more responsive to flaming fires or fast fires.

• The term “flaming” fires refers to fires resulting from
flammable liquids, wood or paper starting on fire.
• This type of fire produces a lot of flames with a limited
amount of smoke.
 PRINCIPLE OF IONIZATION
SMOKE DETECTOR

• This device use a small radiation source which emits alpha particles that ionize air molecules
between two electric charged electrodes.
• With the application of a DC volt to these electrodes, a small ionization current flows within the
chamber .
• As the smoke enters the chamber a decrease in ionization current results .
• This current is converted into a signal voltage by a trans impedance circuit.
• In a detector when this signal voltage drops below a preset level an alarm is produced
• This type is currently prohibited in many countries due to presence of radioactive material.
 INPUTS
• Smoke Detectors

2. Photoelectric smoke detector

• This detector is widely used in fire alarm system.

• Used in slow fires such as in wood and paper stores.
• Not used in places containing dust or smoke such as
kitchens and bathrooms.
 PRINCIPLE OF PHOTOELECTRIC
DETECTOR

• This works on the principle of light scattering.

• Smoke sensing chamber contains an IR led source.
• During a no smoke condition, only light reflected from the chamber walls enter the receiver
and shows up as a small photo current.
• As the smoke particles enter the sensing chamber and cross the light beam of LED more light
reaches the receiver due to scattering.
• The receiver converts this photo current into a signal voltage.
• In a detector when this voltage reaches a preset level an alarm is produced.
 COVERAGE AREA OF SMOKE
DETECTOR
• This depends on the catalog of detector.
• But as an example we will assume we have a detector of coverage area of
radius 7.5 m.
• We use overlapping between smoke detectors by using distance between
detectors of less than 7.5 m, as example 5 m to prevent presence of any gaps
• As height increases, coverage area decreases as smoke scatters as it goes
up.
 HEAT DETECTORS
• Used in places which normally have smoke, dust and vapor such as kitchens, generator room
and boilers.
• It has two types fixed heat detector and rate of rise heat detector.

1. Fixed heat detector:

• When temperature exceeds a certain value as an
example 60 degree Celsius then the detector will provide
signal to control panel.
2. Rate of rise heat detector:
• It operates on a rapid rise in element temperature of 6.7°
to 8.3°C (12° to 15°F) increase per minute, irrespective of
the starting temperature.
 COVERAGE AREA OF HEAT
DETECTORS
• It depends on the catalog of heat detector.
• As an example if we have heat detector of coverage radius of 5.3, then we would make the
distance between two detectors 8 meters to allow overlapping between them.
 MULTI DETECTOR

• It can be used to detect both heat and smoke.

• It is used in places as transformer room, motor
room,….
• It can cover a radius of 4 m which vary also
according to catalog.
• Again we will reduce this radius to allow overlapping
between detectors.
 DUCT DETECTOR

• It provides early detection of smoke and products of

combustion present in air moving through
HVAC ducts.
• So it is presented at the entrance of air ducts.
• Fire occurring inside ducts can not be detected by
smoke detectors.
 BEAM DETECTOR
• It consists of transmitter and receiver.
• It is used in places which are very high like
shopping malls, farms, open areas,…..
• It is placed on walls at height of 2.2 to 25
meters.
• Transmitter can send from 50 up to 100 meters
in distance.
• It can cover width of 7.5 to left and 7.5 to right.
 GAS DETECTOR

• It is used to detect gas leakage

• Used in gas pipes, gas stations, kitchens and
gas fields or petroleum fields.
 CARBON MONOXIDE
DETECTOR
• Used in places which have probability
of emission of carbon monoxide gas.
• Used in garage and furnaces.
• Covers a radius of 4 meters for
overlapping.
 MANUAL BREAK GLASS=CALL
POINTS= MANUAL STATION

• Used by individuals by breaking the

glass and pressing the button we can
operate the fire alarm system.
• They are placed at corridors and close
to emergency exists and stairs.
• It is placed at height from 120 to 160
cm.
• It is at maximum width of 30 meter and
maximum distance between units of
45 meters.
IMPORTANT NOTES
IMPORTANT NOTES
 OUTPUTS

• Bell: sound alarm located at the exists

and emergency exists, its sound db or
decibel depends on the noise in place.
• Strobe light bell: both sound and light
alarm, also used for deaf and dumb
people.
• Horn: same as bell but having high
decibel sound, used in noisy places such
as airport and factories.
• Decibel for alarms should be at least 65
db.
 CONTROL UNITS OR MODULES
OR RELAYS
1- Control Module:
• It is used for doing some functions as stopping elevators at
nearest floor, stopping pumps, opening doors, operating
HVAC fans to get rid of smoke,…
• Used for providing address for any part which is not
addressable inside the building as bells.
2- Monitor Module:
• Used for monitoring some process as flow of water for fire
fighting system, presence of water, fire alarm control panel
condition, tamper/flow switches,…..
• It simply gives us indication for conditions of our
components.
 CONTROL UNITS OR MODULES
OR RELAYS
3- Electromagnetic Door Holder:
• A small metal plate is attached to
the door and is positioned to come in direct
contact with the electromagnet.
• When energized, the electromagnet will
hold onto the metal plate to hold
the door open.
• Door can be released by push button.
 EXTRA IMPORTANT
COMPONENTS
• Auto dialer: when a problem is detected it will instantly communicate
the problem to the correct on call personal with a recorded message
so it can be quickly rectified or can be used to call fire with recorded
message.
• Power supply, battery and battery charger to operate the panel for
at least 12 hours.
• Printer for fire reports, can be used for recording faults, its date and
time even when testing the fire alarm system.
 FACP OR FIRE ALARM
CONTROL PANEL
• Conventional.
• Analogue Addressable.
• Addressable.
• Wireless.
 CONVENTIONAL

• This type of panel used in small applications with limited budget as garage, hangars
and open areas.
• It just notifies us that a fire occurred without telling us location of fire.
• This type is conventional not addressable which means we can not detect exactly
where the fire occurred as fire alarm detectors don’t have any addresses.
• This system is divided into zones: for example zone 1 with 20 detectors, zone 2 with 50
detectors.
• If fault occurred by any of detectors in zone 1, we will have an alarm that fire
occurred in this zone but not knowing which detector or which room have the fire.
• We have to add EOLR, end of line resistance at the end of each zone to prevent
short circuit.
• Inputs and outputs are in separate zone.
CONVENTIONAL
CONVENTIONAL
 ANALOGUE ADDRESSABLE

• Used in places having low number of floors and low number of sensors as small hotel,
small building,…
• It consists of loops which means it goes through the detectors and get back to the
panel, unlike zone which goes through detectors and ended by EOLR.
• This panel is addressable which can tell us exactly where the fire occurred.
• In this system, the detector sends its condition to the panel and then the panel
decides whether alarm exists or not.
• This system can be subjected to errors if more than one detector provided analog
signals to the panel.
• Doesn’t require EOLR.
• Its cost is higher than conventional.
ANALOGUE ADDRESSABLE
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ANALOGUE
ADDRESSABLE AND
CONVENTIONAL
 ADDRESSABLE

• Used in places having lots of divisions such as hospitals, hotels and malls.
• Its cost is higher than conventional.
• Each detector have an address and provides binary signal to FACP unlike analog
addressable which provides analog signal, so error in this case is lower as signal can
be zero or 1.
• FACP takes the decision of operating the alarm and fire fighting system.
• It consists of loops which can contain both inputs and outputs together unlike zones
in which inputs and outputs are in separate zones.
• Doesn’t require EOLR.
 HOW TO ADDRESS DETECTORS
?

• 7 bit binary DIL switch up to 128 detectors.

• Automatic according to physical position.
• Decimal address switches up to 99 detectors.
 PREVENTING SHORT CIRCUIT IN
LOOP

• After 20 detectors or after detectors in each floor we add an isolator to isolate short
circuit from remaining loop.
• Some detectors now include isolator inside them.
 REPEATER PANEL
• Used in addressable system, when we have a control room at large distance from
the fire alarm control panel and we would like to see what is happening in FACP, so
we use a repeater panel connected to main panel.
• This repeater takes info from FACP and transmits it to repeater so we can see what is
happening there, without going to FACP.
• Two type of repeater panel available in market: First is passive repeater panel &
second is active panel.
• Repeater panel is use to display main fire panel information as well as user can
control some of parameter from it.
• If repeater panel is only show information but does not provide any controls of main
fire panel than it is called as a PASSIVE repeater panel.
• If repeater can provide information as well as some of controls of main fire panel at
this type of panel is called as ACTIVE repeater panel.
 REPEATER PANEL

• Used also when we would like to add loops or extension for fire alarm system but at
the same time our FACP reached its full capacity, so we will use repeater to control
an area with its loops and send information to FACP.
COMPARISON BETWEEN 3
PANELS
 WIRELESS PANEL

• Used in ancient buildings, museums and places difficult for breaking walls to add
wiring of detectors.
• Most expensive type of panels.
• Have limited range of 1 km2, it decreases with the presence of concrete obstacles.
• It identifies automatically detectors wirelessly.
 NOTES ABOUT PANELS
• We can connect addressable panel with conventional or wireless panel.
• We can have one main panel and other auxiliary panels.
• One main panel in security room and each auxiliary panel control one building.
 CABLES
• Loop should not exceed length mentioned inside the datasheet to avoid voltage
drop.
• CSA used are 2x0.8, 2x1.5, 2x2, 2x2.5, 2x4 mm2.
• CSA usually used as 2x1.5 and if distance exceeds 500 meters, we use 2x2 or 2x2.5.
• Cable can be fire retardant up to 105 degree Celsius or fire resistance 750 or 950 or
1050 degree Celsius.
• Flame-retardant cables resist the spread of fire into a new area, whereas fire-resistive
cables maintain circuit integrity and continue to work for a specific time under
defined conditions.
• These fire resistive cables continue to operate in the presence of a fire and are
sometimes called 1-hour or 2-hour fire-rated cables.
EXAMPLE OF FIRE ALARM
SYSTEM
 TYPES OF TELEPHONE SYSTEMS

• Traditional telephone system.

• IP telephone system.
 COMPONENTS OF TRADITIONAL
TELEPHONE SYSTEM
• Telephone and its outlet (RJ-11).
• Place of RJ-11 depends on furniture of
buildings and owner desire.
• Telephone conductor has a diameter of 0.4,
0.6 and 0.8 mm.
• Each telephone requires 1 pair +ve and –ve.
• Cable can be 1 P, 2 P,…..,100 P, 300
P,…,1000 P, 2000 P.
 COMPONENTS OF TRADITIONAL
TELEPHONE SYSTEM
• Telephone box or IDF (Intermediate
distribution frame) or SDF( Sub distribution
frame).
• It can be found in each floor or each
area.
• It consists of modules each of 10 pairs.
• It is identified by how many pairs as
10,20,30,….. Pairs.
 COMPONENTS OF TRADITIONAL
TELEPHONE SYSTEM
• MDF or main distribution frame.
• It collects all cables from SDF or
telephone boxes in all floors.
• Put at the entrance or in front of
buildings.
• It is identified by number of pairs 10,20,....,
300 pairs or more.
 COMPONENTS OF TRADITIONAL
TELEPHONE SYSTEM
• PBX : Private branch exchange.
• EPBX : Electronic private branch exchange.
• EPBX : Electronic private branchy exchange.
• Used in internal telephone system.
• Allow communication between telephone lines in the
building.
• By programming it, we can identify which telephone lines
will have an external line from telecom company.
• As example PBX 10 out/100, which means have 100
telephone lines for internal communication, out of these
lines10 which are connected to external line.
• Also identified by backup battery for operating it for how
many hours.
 COMPONENTS OF TRADITIONAL
TELEPHONE SYSTEM
SDF

PBX RJ-11
MDF

Telecom
Company
 IP OR VOIP SYSTEM
• VoIP stands for Voice Over Internet Protocol.
• This is a business communications technology that allows for making and receiving
calls over the internet.
• VoIP phones do not use traditional twisted pair copper wire.
• The phone are connected using the same broadband internet connection that
plugs into a computer or router.
• VoIP phones convert calls into digital signals within the phone itself and they don’t
rely on the physical exchanges that landlines do.
• VoIP service providers are able to offer a wider and more useful set of features that
enable businesses and their employees to be more productive and efficient with their
day-to-day communications.
 ADVANTAGES OF IP OR VOIP
SYSTEM
• Reduce IT infrastructure.
• Eliminate the need to pay a phone company for traditional phone lines.
• Save as much as 60-70% on phone bills.
• Enjoy advanced features that aren’t available with traditional business phone
systems such as internet calls which are mostly free.
 MATV OR MASTER ANTENNA TV
COMPONENETS
• Assume that we have hotel of 1000 rooms and
we would like to provide satellite and TV
channels for each apartment.
• We would need 1000 satellite dishes, 1000
antennas and 1000 receiver which is a very
huge number.
• We use MATV, to use less amount of required
cables, receivers and more channels.
 MATV OR MASTER ANTENNA TV
COMPONENETS
• Dish and Antenna.
• Control units as switches and launch amplifiers.
• Satellite outlets.
• Cables.
 MATV FREQUENCY RANGE
• This values change from one country to another.
• As an example in Egypt we have RF or radio frequency of TV ranges from 47-862
MHZ.
• They are divided to VHF or very high frequency from 47 to 300 MHZ.
• Also UHF ultra high frequency from 300 to 862 MHZ.
• We need two antennas, one for VHF and another one for UHF.

UHF VHF
 MATV FREQUENCY RANGE
• For satellite which is IF or intermediate frequency from
950 to 2400 MHZ.
• We use satellite dish + LNB to receive these channels.
• LNB is abbreviation for low noise block which is
mounted on satellite dish.
• It collects radio waves from dish and converts them to
signal which is sent through a cable to receiver inside
the building.
• LNB can have one or two or four ports.
• In MATV we use 4 ports because we need to receive
High and low band, vertical and horizontal polarization.
• As example: There is horizontal-high, horizontal-low,
vertical-high and vertical-low.
 MATV FREQUENCY RANGE
• We use one satellite dish to receive one satellite as
Nilesat or Hot bird or Astra,…..
• For UHF and VHF antennas, we use a device called
booster or VHF/UHF combiner unit to combine all RF
signals together.
• We can not use one rotating satellite dish as one
person can be using Nilesat and another one using
Hot bird in another hotel room so we have to use 2
separate satellite dishes.
 LAUNCH AMPLIFIER
• Strength of signal at any point should be in range
from 55 to 80 db or decibel.
• We use launch amplifier for amplifying input signals
for transmission.
• It takes 4 signals of VH,VL,HH,HL and signal from
VHF/UHF combiner unit.
• It transmits the signal to switches or matrices.
 MATRIX SWITCH OR TAP

• Matrix receives signals from launch amplifier and

distributes them to different points in system.
• Example: Matrix 5 in/ 4 out, it receives 5 signals
from launch amplifier and produces 4 outputs for
points in our system.
• It has different ratings as 5 in/ 4 out, 9 in/ 8 out, 13
in/ 8 out, 17 in/ 6 out, 17 in/ 8 out, 17 in/ 12 out,….
• 9 means that we have 4 from one dish and 4 from
other dish and 1 which is from combiner unit, so
we have 4n+1 where n is number of dishes.
• It is cascaded which means it distributes for other
switches and at the same time for users.
 CASCADED MATRIX SWITCH OR
TAP
• After two or more taps, we should an amplifier to
strength the signals due to losses in transmission
cables and switches.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SPLITTER
AND TAP
 SATELLITE OUTLET AND CABLES
• Satellite outlet receives one cable from splitter
or switch and converts it to multi outputs.
• Outputs as Sat1, Sat2, TV and Radio.
• We use RG 11 cables to connect switches
together.
• We use RG 6 cables to connect between
switch and satellite outlet.
• RG 6 and RG 11 are coaxial cables.
• Inner conductor can be copper or ccs or
copper clad steel.
• Contains shield or braid which surrounds the
cable which can AL or CU.
• Cables should have range of 47 to 2400 MHZ.
EXAMPLE ON MATV SYSTEM
 FUNCTION OF DATA SYSTEM
• Linking between employees in same company as example if we have company with
300 employees and we would like to share with them news such as engagement or
marriage of someone in the company or news related to work, so we use outlook to
send mail to everyone in the company.
• Creation of common folder between employees’ PC, employees can add files to this
folder in which all the employees can see this shared file, only admin who created
the folder have the right to delete it.
• We can have contract with communication company to provide internet access to
all computers, IT engineer can view all the computers in the server room, he can also
block or allow certain websites.
• So each computer have cable with certain IP for each of them.
 DATA SYSTEM OUTLET
• Data outlet for data system is RJ-45 for
each device.
• Example in each office room we have
one computer so we need 1 RJ-45 outlet.
• In reception we have one computer and
we may have a printer which is used to
print by all employees, so this printer
should have its own RJ-45, so we need 2
RJ-45, one for printer and one for
computer.
• Remember that fax uses telephone
outlet but printer uses data outlet.
 DATA CABLING
Copper as Ethernet Fiber optic
• Used in distance 90-100 meters. • Used in distance in KM.
• It is a 4 pair cable, which means 8 wires. • Single mode can travel large distance but
• Ethernet actually uses 4 wires only for transmission and receiving. lower amount of data, used in Telcos, CATV
• Other 4 wires can be used for phone connection or backup. companies and universities.
• In future gigabit connections, 4 pair may be needed to provide • Multi mode can travel short distance but can
this fast data transfer. carry larger amount of data, used in RF
• It can be cat3, cat4, cat5, cat6, cat7. broadband signals and audio/video LAN
• UTP or unshielded twisted pair: Cheap, usually used unless power applications.
connectors are close and causing interference.
• STP or shielded twisted pair: This type has shield to prevent
interference similar to MATV cable.
 PATCH PANEL
• In telephone system we had SDF but in data system we have patch panel.
• Patch panel exists in each floor or each area to collect all data lines.
• It is used to arrange and numerate each data point in our system.
• Patch panel can have 12,24 or 48 ports.
• Patch panel is connected to a switch in rack by using patch cables.
EXAMPLE ON DATA
 RACK IN DATA SYSTEM

• In data system we start with Rack.

• Rack is consisting of group of units.
• Rack can be 5,7,9,11,…42 units.
• Each rack’s shelf will have one unit.
• Rack can be wall mounted or floor
mounted.
 RACK IN DATA SYSTEM
• We receive our data from
communication company using fiber
optic patch panel.
• It consists of 2 core per switch, one core
sending and another one receiving.
• We connect optic patch panel to
switches by using optic patch cord.
• We connect switch to patch panel by
copper patch cord.
• Switch can 4,8,12,18,24 ports.
 RACK IN DATA SYSTEM
• Each switch requires fiber optic patch
panel+ switch+ cable management+
copper patch panel.
• Fiber optic patch panel is common
among them.
• So number of units required= number of
switches*3+1 fiber optic patch panel.
• So if we have 4 switches then we would
need rack of 4*3+1=13 units.
• If 3 switches then 10 units required.
 SWITCH
Power POE or Power Over Ethernet
• In this type we provide power to switch in order to • In this type by connecting the Ethernet to computer
operate, if the power is cut off then the switch will not itself, the switch will take its power from this computer
operate and the computer will not be in the network and and operates normally.
the computers will not be able to see each other. • If one computer operates then the switch will
operate.

Switch Management Switch Non Management

• In this type we can control the switch, turn on and off • In this type we have no control on switch, which
devices, allow or block websites,… means we can not turn off or on device or allow or
block websites, we can only turn it off by removing
the wire from the rack.
 CCTV

• CCTV or Closed Circuit Television: It is the use of video cameras to transmit a

signal to a specific place, on a limited set of monitors.
• CCTV consists of input as camera, output as monitors and management
system as quadrature, DVR, multiplexer and matrix switches.
 CCTV

• Selection of camera depends on the

owner’s budget and according to the
consultant specifications.
• Camera can be fixed or PTZ(Pan tilt zoom).
• Fixed camera is placed inside buildings at
the corner of rooms in order to see the
whole room.
• PTZ or movable is used outside the building
such as in banks, Pan means it can rotate
360 degree, zoom means it is capable of
zooming in and out, tilt means it can move
up and down.
 CCTV

• Camera can be wall mounted or

ceiling.
• Outside camera is wall mounted and
inside buildings usually ceiling.
• Camera can be normal which means it
can capture everything in daylight but
at night everything becomes dark.
• Camera can be also day/night which
means it can capture everything at
night by using infrared waves, this type
can be used in banks for security at
night.
• This camera is called Zero lux camera
as it can capture everything in zero lux
or completely dark areas.
 CCTV

• CCTV Resolution can be high or

low.
• 1080p Resolution - 1920 x 1080
• 720p Resolution - 1280 x 720
• D1 Resolution - 704 x 480
• CIF Resolution - 352 x 240
• QCIF Resolution - 176 x 120
• 1080P is the highest and QCIF is
lowest.
• Camera can be classified
according to TVL or number of TV
lines, as this number increase, more
resolution is produced.
• Example: 480, 540, 1200, etc..
 CCTV

• Camera focal length determines

how far the camera can see.
• The bigger focal length, the farther it
can zoom in.
• We use focal length in order to
identify distance between two
cameras.
• Indoor sight range can be from 30 to
45 meters.
• This value can be obtained from
datasheet of camera.
• We assume distance between two
consecutive cameras= sight range in
datasheet for reliability or according
to datasheet distance if existing.
 CCTV MANAGEMENT

• Quadrature or Quad: Receives 4 cameras and

displays on the monitor, divided into 4 regions.
 CCTV MANAGEMENT

• Multiplexer: Each channel have

camera input and video loop
output.
• Camera input for receiving camera
signal.
• Video loop output for taking
particular video signal and display it
on a monitor.
• It can be 4,8,9,16,32,64 channels.
 CCTV MANAGEMENT

• DVR (digital video recorder): It is

used as a recorder and multiplexer.
• It basically views cameras on
monitor and at the same time
records the videos.
• It needs hard disk or DVD for storing
videos and size of videos depends
on their quality.
• Hard disk can be used for storing for
weeks with high quality.
• DVR can be 4,8,16,24,32 channels.
 CCTV MANAGEMENT
• Matrix switch: It is used for management between group of DVRs.
• If we have a project of 90 cameras, if we connected them to one DVR then we
would have a monitor divided to 90 parts which is really small and unacceptable.
• We will use group of DVRS connected to monitors, each DVR is 16 channels, so we
will use matrix switch to receive from 90 cameras and connect 6 DVRs to monitors.
 CCTV CABLES
Fixed Camera Movable Camera

• One data and one for power • One data, one power and one for controlling
camera motion.
We can use coaxial cable for data • Power cable is 2(1x2.5)mm^2 usually supplied
As from UPS or directly from power supply.
• RG-11 up to (610 m) • Cameras are usually DC so it contains charger
• RG-6 (305-457 m) which converts AC to DC or DC directly from
• RG-59 (225-305 m) which is commonly used. UPS.
We can use fiber optic for long distance to prevent
signal attenuation.
• Our management and camera don’t deal with • Control cable is usually 1 pair of 1.5mm^2.
fiber optic. • Remember that light current cables should be
• We use converter before camera for at minimum distance of 20-25 cm from power
transmission and converter before cables.
management for receiving signal.
CCTV CABLES
CCTV CABLES
CCTV SHOP DRAWING EXAMPLE
 SOUND SYSTEM
• It consists of input as mic or cd player or recordable fire alarm message, etc.
• It has also management as matrix switch and power amplifier.
• It contains the output which is speaker.
 SURFACE MOUNTED SPEAKER

• Surface mounted is used in

administration buildings.
• Measurement of sound is in db.
• Sometimes in datasheet D is given
directly.
• As height increases, we use higher
wattage speakers which covers
higher area, so D will increase
between speakers.
• High alpha as 70 degree will be
good, low alpha as 20 degree
means high attenuation of sound.
 WALL MOUNTED SPEAKER
• Wall mounted is used in areas with which are very high as factories.
• Mounted on walls at height between 1.5 to 2.2 meters.
• SPL: Sound pressure level in db.
• SPL required: is amount of db required in area.
• SPL max: is the amount of db produced by speaker from datasheet.
• Speaker can be 5,6,10,20 watts, etc.
TABLE OF SPL
 EXAMPLE

• If we have a general office of db 50, then the required SPL will be equal to 55 db.
• If we have a speaker of 70 db then SPL max will be 70.
• By substituting in formula, the required distance will be 5.6 meters.
• If we use lower db speakers then the distance will decrease and more speakers
will be needed.
 POWER AMPLIFIER
• It is used to amplify the sound signal.
• Also supplies power to the speakers at the same time.
• It has ratings of 30,60,120,180,240,360,400,500,640 watt,
etc.
• Rating depends on number of speakers connected to
amplifier and future expansion.
 EXAMPLE ON POWER
AMPLIFIER
• Assume that we have:
• 30 speakers, each of 30 watt.
• 50 speakers, each of 6 watt.
• 12 speakers, each of 10 watt.
• Total wattage= 30*30+ 50*6+12*10= 1320 watt.
• Assume 10% losses, so required wattage of power amplifier= 1.1*1320= 1450 watt.
• Closest available= 1500 watt.
• Or we can use multiple number of amplifiers instead of one.
• Assume we have amplifier of 480 Watt, so required number= 1450/480= 3.02 which is
3 amplifiers.
 RACK IN SOUND SYSTEM

• Matrix switches used to manage between inputs such as radio, cd-player, etc.
• It operates only one of them to avoid operation of several sounds at same time.
• It also manages between outputs such as power amplifiers to select which amplifier to
operate.
• We use 1 pair 1,5 mm^2 shielded twisted cable which is used to provide power and
sound signal at the same time
• We use twisted to send both power and sound signal at same time.
 ATTENUATOR
• Used to control sound level in each room.
• This simply controls amount of voltage entering the
speakers which will change the sound intensity in
room.
EXAMPLE OF SOUND SYSTEM