Chapter 1

Introduction

Agriculture is one of the most significant economic activities that involves

the forestry, fishery, livestock and most importantly crop production. Millions of
people around the world depends on agriculture sector for their livelihood where it
provides for our everyday living.

According to Food and Fertilizer Technology Center (2019), the

Philippines is an agricultural country with a land area of 30 million hectares, 47%
of which is agricultural land. In the Philippines, prime agricultural lands are
located around the main urban and high population density area. The country is
considered to be one of the most biodiverse areas in the world and the
agricultural sector counts for about two-thirds of the country’s employment.
Agricultural sector plays a strategic role in the process of economic development
of a country. The agriculture sector is the backbone of an economy which
provides the basic ingredients to mankind and now raw material for
industrialization.

The papaya plant is one of the many crops cultivated in agriculture in the
Philippines. The papaya plant is very easy to grow and almost spread throughout
the territory of country. However, the general public is still lacking in utilizing the
papaya plant (Rhamadi 2015). The community only uses fruits from the papaya
plant for consumption. In fact, the papaya plant has been a very important role in
everyday life.

The papaya plant is belonging plant to the family Caricaceae (Amran et al.
2018, Patil et al. 2014), that rich source of three powerful antioxidant vitamins (C,
A and E); the minerals (magnesium and potassium), the B vitamin, pantothenic
acid, foliate and fibers (Girish and Prabhavathi 2019, Milind and Gurditta 2011).
Furthermore, it's can also be used to control plant pest organisms. This is
because the chemical content found in the leaves are effective for controlling
pests.

In agriculture, farmers still use fewer plant pesticides and use synthetic
pesticides more often to pests' control. The use of synthetic pesticides for a long
time will be very dangerous for humans and other organisms (Astuti and
Widyastuti 2016). Therefore, there need to be other alternatives in controlling
pests that are environmentally friendly and not toxic to other organisms by using
vegetable pesticides. Vegetable pesticides have several advantages such as
environmentally friendly, inexpensive and easily available, do not poison plants,
do not cause pest resistance, and contain nutrients needed by plants, and
produce agricultural products that are free of synthetic pesticide residues (Irfan
2016).

Effective pest control for farms and agricultural premises is essential. Pest
species are cause for major concern, not only due to the potential loss of revenue
due to crop damage but also, if left untreated, they can also cause significant
damage to machinery, equipment, and property as well (Safeguard Pest Control,
2019). Crop damage is one of the problems that most of the farmers and other
agricultural in lined people sometimes complained when they are working and
planting their crops and other agricultural sectors. Pest like insects are a big
threat in the agricultural sector. They are responsible for two kinds of damage to
growing crops; (1) The direct injury to plants caused by insects eating leaves and
burrowing holes in stems, fruit and/or roots. (2) The indirect damage, where the
insects themselves do little no harm, but transmit bacterial, viral or fungal
infection to a crop (Safeguard Pest Control, 2019). Pest insects can have
adverse and damaging impacts on agricultural production and market access, the
natural environment, and our lifestyle. Pest insects may cause problems by
damaging crops and food production, parasitizing livestock, or being a nuisance
and health hazard to humans.

In the international, India is one of the world’s largest producer of many

fresh fruits like banana, guava, papaya, lemon, and vegetables like okra (lady
finger), chili pepper, ginger, crops such as jute, and many more. India is also
selected to the largest producers of wheat and rice. But one of the major problem
of the farmers are the pests. Pests reported from an area on a particular crop
whose population has been increasingly considerably over a period of time
causing or likely to cause economic change. Breakdown of host plant resistance,
for e.g., several yield losses in India due to breakdown of resistance against
midge stendiplosis songhicola (coquillett) and spotted stem borer chilo partellus
(swinhoe) (Sharma, et. Al., 2009). In addition, Africa has experienced many
changes in agriculture in the last 5 decades. Pests, particularly arthropods and
vertebrates continue to ravage the crops and without proper crop protection
systems, farmers will lose all or a large proportion of their crops (Makundi, 2009).

In the national, agriculture is one of the most significant economic activities

here in the Philippines. The Philippines’ main agricultural crops are rice, corn,
coconut, bananas, sugarcane, pineapple, and many more and the secondary
crops includes the peanut, cassava, camote, and many more. The Philippines
exports its agricultural products around the world including in United States,
Japan, Europe, and other ASEAN countries and because of that, Philippines is
one of the highest levels of public investments in agricultural research in Asia
(Nations Encyclopedia, 2011). In Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines — Brown
planthopper (BPH), a major rice pest which causes extensive damage and
losses, has resurfaced, creating a major source of stress and anxiety for farmers
(Fernandez, 2017). During the first 10 months of the year, 18 provinces had been
ravaged by this pest that turned rice leaves to brown. In the province of Samar
alone, about 4,000 hectares of rice fields had been infested by BHP. Damage to
rice crop was estimated at P17.87 million (Fernandez, 2017).

In the local, Davao City is primarily an agricultural province because of its

favorable climate and fertile soil. It is a commercial center of Southern Mindanao.
Foreign and domestic vessels load and unload goods at its port. It is popularly
known as Coconut Country since coconut is its major commercial crop. The rice
and corn production is more than enough for the consumers. The other crops that
grown in Davao City are bananas, cacao, ramie, coffee, fruit, and vegetables.
The organic farming advocacy in Davao City cannot all be pointed on the
production efficiency, farming technology but on the sustainability of income of
the farmers who are engage into such form of farming. Agricultural crops are
usually threatened by a wide variety of plant diseases and pests. It damages
crops, reduced yield and quality (National Economic and Development Authority,
2019). Crop losses can be minimized and specific measures or interventions can
have done if plant diseases and pests incidence are diagnosed and identified
early on. According to Philippine News Agency (2019), The Department of
Agriculture in Region 11 (DA-11) warns the farmers to be vigilant against possible
infestation of the fall armyworm (FAW), a "transboundary" insect pest that can
feed on more than 80 crop species. Marilou Infante (2019), DA-11 Regional
Crops Protection Center (RCPC) officer, said that if not managed properly, FAW
may cause significant yield reduction on major cultivated cereals such as maize,
rice, sorghum, legumes, vegetable crops and cotton.

Statement of The Problem

This study aims to determine the efficacy and effectiveness of papaya leaf
extract as an insect repellent to the people who are in line with agricultural
sectors. Specifically, this study attempts to answer the following questions:

1. What is the chemical content of the leaves of papaya that can be used
as an alternative pesticide?
2. What solution is more effective?
2.1 pure papaya leaf extract; or
2.2 papaya leaf extract mixed with 5mL of water?
3. What is the significant difference between the extract of the papaya
leaves as natural pesticide and the synthetic pesticides?

Hypothesis

The hypothesis will be raised in the study and will test the level of
significance of the effectiveness of Papaya Leaf Extract as an alternative
pesticide.

HO1: The researchers hypothesize that the Papaya leaf extract has no
significant effect as an alternative pesticide to prevent unwanted pests on crops
and plants. (NULL HYPOTHESIS).

Scope and Delimitation

The general intent of this study is to determine and measure the ability of
the papaya leaf extract as an alternative pesticide. This study will give new
knowledge and would help farmers and other agricultural in line people to
minimize and prevent unwanted pests that can damage their place of business,
recreation and living.

Due to the impossibility of having all pest insects to be tested, this study
limits the coverage to four types of pest insects namely; (1) Flea Beetles, (2)
Caterpillars, and (3) leafhoppers and planthoppers, and (4) stem borers that has
a possibility to harm plants, crops, and other agricultural sectors. Furthermore,
this study limits to only two kinds of agricultural sectors namely; (1) vegetables
like eggplant, tomato, etc. and (2) crops like rice, camote crops, etc. In addition,
this study will be conducted in a span of 3 to 5 months to clearly see what
progress is made.

Significance of The Study

The possible findings of this study may provide deeper awareness, proper
understanding and help in preventing and minimizing pests that would harm
agricultural sectors. The result of this study will be great benefit to the following:

TO THE FARMERS. The result of this study will help the farmers to have an
affordable and at the same time effective insect repellent and pesticides that
would lessen or prevent pests to come closer in their plants and crops.
Furthermore, this study may help increased profits for farmers as an incentive to
all the efforts and sacrifices they have exerted.

TO THE SOCIETY. The result of this study will help the society by means of
consuming fresh and healthy foods that can give them good benefits for their
body as well as the prevention of diseases.

TO THE ECONOMY. The result of this study will help the economy to have an
affordable alternative insect repellent and pesticides in dealing unwanted pests in
the agricultural sectors. Most importantly, this study will help them increased food
production more than enough to supply the needs of the economy.

TO THE FUTURE RESEARCHERS. The result of this study will help the future
researchers as this will serve as their reference to their study and add more
knowledge about how natural resources like papaya leaf can be a way to have an
affordable yet effective pesticides. They would benefit in this study because they
would have an idea on what to research and seek answers from.
 Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature

Nowadays, the growing use of pesticides is considered practical by the

farmers and lovers of plants to prevent the plants from pest attack. Pesticides are
used to kill, repel or managed the population of unwanted pests. Due to the use
of pesticides, it is possible to combat pests and produce larger quantities of food.
The benefits of pesticides include increased food production, increased profits for
farmers and the prevention of diseases.

According to Diperbarui (2009), one of the natural pesticides that can be

used are the papaya leaf extract. Papaya leaves contain the active ingredient
“papain”, that is so effective for controlling caterpillars and sucking pests. Extract
of papaya leaves can be used as natural pesticides. Natural pesticides from
papaya leaf extract has several benefits, including; it can be used to prevent
pests such as Aphid, termites, small insects, flea beetles, and caterpillars and
other various types of insects. Many plants contain latex that exudes when
leaves are damaged, and a number of proteins and enzymes have been found in
it. The roles of those latex proteins and enzymes are as yet poorly understood.
Diperbaui (2009) found out that papain, a cysteine protease in latex of the
Papaya tree (Carica papaya, Caricaceae), is a crucial factor in the defense of the
papaya tree against lepidopteran larvae such as oligophagous Samia ricini
(Saturniidae) and two notorious polyphagous pests, Mamestrabrassicae
(Noctuidae) and Spodoptera litura.

Papaya leaves has a lot of sap containing groups of cysteine protease

enzymes such as papain and kimopapain as well as compounds of alkaloids,
terpenoids, flavonoids, and amino acid groups that are effective in pests control
(Mawuntu 2016). Papaya plant can be use as vegetable pesticides to pests'
control. Kovendan, et al. (2012) published their study in Parasitology Research
(Bioefficacy of larvicdial and pupicidal properties of Carica papaya (Caricaceae)
leaf extract and bacterial insecticide, spinosad, against chikungunya vector,
Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). The results that the leaves extract of C.
papaya and bacterial insecticide, Spinosad is promising as good larvicidal and
pupicidal properties of against chikungunya vector. The plant extract showed
larvicidal and pupicidal effects after 24 h of exposure; however, the highest larval
and pupal mortality was found in the leaf extract of methanol C. papaya

Providing environmentally friendly vegetable pesticides to vegetable crops

is a very good step in fulfilling daily basic needs. One of the most popular
vegetables by people is green mustard (Brassica juncea L.). Green mustard is a
type of vegetable that is widely consumed by the people of Indonesia (Asmara et
al. 2018), starting from the lower class to the upper class. Green mustard
vegetables contain a variety of food substances that are essential for health.
Green mustard vegetables also contain vitamins and nutrients that are important
for health (Nurshanti 2010). Green mustard plants are often attacked by pests,
which of course harm the farmers.

Saputra (2011) revealed that several types of pests that often attack green
mustard plants include cabbage crop caterpillars (Crocidolomia binotalis zell),
tritip caterpillars (Plutella maculipennis), armyworm caterpillars (Spodoptera sp),
soil caterpillars (Agrotis ipsilon), caterpillar (Tepha javanica) and snails
(Agrolimax sp). These types of pests are one of the main obstacles to increasing
the production of green mustard both in quality and quantity. In order for green
mustard production to continue to increase, it is necessary to do research using
papaya leaf extract as a vegetable pesticide in pests controlling that attack green
mustard plants.

A multipurpose pesticide can also be extracted from papaya leaves by

mashing and soaking them overnight in water then the mixture is strained and
diluted with the addition of soap and a solvent, the aqueous (and biodegradable)
solution is then sprayed on crops, plants and produce (Conceicao, 2019).

Review of Related Studies

A study conducted by Maia and Moore (2011) stated that Plant-based

pesticides have been used for generations in traditional practice as a personal
protection measure against unwanted pests. Knowledge on traditional pesticide
plants obtained through ethnobotanical studies is a valuable resource for the
development of new natural products. Recently, commercial pesticide products
containing plant-based ingredients have gained increasing popularity among
consumers, as these are commonly perceived as “safe” in comparison to long-
established synthetic pesticides although this is sometimes a misconception.
There is a need for further standardized studies in order to better evaluate
pesticides compounds and develop new products that offer high as well as good
consumer safety.

In relation of the mentioned study above to this paper, this gave

significance onto making an alternative pesticides using natural resources like
plants. This study focuses on Plant-based pesticides which is safer to use than
synthetic pesticides. Vegetable pesticides have several advantages such as
environmentally friendly, inexpensive and easily available, do not poison plants,
do not cause pest resistance, and contain nutrients needed by plants, and
produce agricultural products that are free of synthetic pesticide residues.
Therefore, there need to be other alternatives in controlling pests that are
environmentally friendly and not toxic to other organisms by using vegetable or
plant-based pesticides.

In addition, Organic Vegetables (2013) conducted a study stating that one

of the natural pesticides that can be used is papaya leaf extract. Papaya leaves
contain the active ingredient “Papain”, so effective for controlling caterpillars and
sucking pests. Studies have shown that papaya leaf extract can prevent pest
infestation such as aphids, caterpillars, borers and fruit flies.

The abovementioned study relates to this ongoing capstone project since

it highlights that the leaves from the Papaya plant is one of the effective
alternative pesticides to prevent unwanted pests in the crops and plants. This
study is sought to bring out the benefits of other part of the Papaya plant
especially its leaves that the general public is still lacking in utilizing it.

According to Bustami, et. Al (2019), Green mustard vegetables contain a

variety of food substances that are essential for health. Green mustard
vegetables also contain vitamins and nutrients that are important for health.
Green mustard plants are often attacked by pests, which of course harm the
farmers. The papaya leaf extract had a significant effect on pests that attack the
green mustard plant. The results indicate that the administration of papaya leaf
extracts as a vegetable pesticide can control pests in green mustard plants.

In correlation to the study, pest insects may cause problems by damaging

crops and food production, parasitizing livestock, or being a nuisance and health
hazard to humans. If these unwanted pests are left untreated, people may suffer
from low food production that is one of the essentials for living and also this may
affect the nutrients that the plants are producing which is an important factor in
our health to prevent diseases.

A study conducted by Hossain, et. Al (2017) stated that synthetic

chemicals have been extensively used for the last few decades to protect crops
for increasing their production and quality. It is found that chemical pesticides
pose long term danger to the environment and humans, and they are ecologically
unacceptable. Hence, an increased social pressure prevails pesticide use and
creates pressure to replace them gradually with bio pesticides, which are safe to
humans and non-target organisms.

The study above relates to the ongoing capstone project because the aim
of this study is to make an alternative pesticide that will help not only the farmers
or agricultural in-lined people but also the community to control target pest
without altering ecological balance. This study also considers the health impacts,
market trend, and future prospects considering technical advances and
regulatory requirements for the good of the community.

Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Papaya Leaves The Procedure Alternative Insect

Extract Data Analysis Repellent
Water
 Chapter 3

Methodology

Research Design

The researchers will utilize and use the experimental research design,
specifically the quasi-experimental research design, the one-group pretest-
posttest design. According to Allen (2017), one-group pretest-posttest design is a
type of quasi-experimental design that is most often utilized by behavioral
researchers to determine the effectiveness of a treatment or intervention on a
given sample.

Materials

This study will conduct an output that will help the farmers and other
agricultural in lined people to have a pesticide which is convenient in their field
and affordable in their expected cost. The materials need for this study are the
following:

MATERIALS FIGURES
1. Papaya Leaves

2. Water (H2O)
 3. Spray bottles

4. Squeezer/Extractor

5. Mortar and Pestle

6. Containers (Bottles)

Procedure
Statistical Treatment

This study will use the descriptive statistics analysis to quantify the
effectiveness of papaya leaf extract as an alternative insect repellent and
pesticides collected from the observation in the agricultural sectors. Descriptive
statistics are brief descriptive coefficients that summarize a give data set (Kenton,
2019). Meanwhile, the statistical tools that will be utilized in the study is:

T-test. This statistical tool will be used to determine the means of two sets of
data are significantly different from each other.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA). This statistical tool will be used to provide a
statistical test of whether two or more population means are equal, and therefore
generalizes the t-test beyond two means.

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