Al-Azhar university General BiologyII

Faculty of Science
Biology Dep. Final exam
Name....mayar hasan zohod...................................................................

Q- Choose the Most Correct Answer

1- The inorganic nutrient most often lacking in crops is

a) Carbon. b) Nitrogen
c) Phosphorus. d) Potassium
2- Micronutrients are needed in very small amounts because
a) Most of them are mobile in the b) Most serve mainly as cofactors of enzymes.
plant.
c) Most are supplied in large enough d) They play only a minor role in the growth
quantities in seeds and health of the plant.
3- Mycorrhizae enhance plant nutrition mainly by
a) Absorbing water and minerals through the fungal hyphae
b) Providing sugar to root cells, which have no chloroplasts.
c) Converting atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia
d) Enabling the roots to parasitize neighboring plants
4- Epiphytes are
a) Fungi that attack plants. b) Fungi that form mutualistic associations
with roots.
c) Non photosynthetic parasitic plants. d) Plants that grow on other plants.
5- The specific relationship between a legume and its mutualistic Rhizobium strain probably
depends on
a) Each legume having a chemical b) Each Rhizobium strain having a form of
dialogue with a fungus nitrogenase that works only in the
appropriate legume host.
c) Each legume being found where the d) Specific recognition between chemical
soil has only the Rhizobium signals and signal receptors of the
specific to that legume Rhizobium strain and legume species.
6- A fruit is
a) A mature ovary b) A mature ovule
c) A seed plus its integuments d) An enlarged embryo sac.
7- Double fertilization means that
a) Flowers must be pollinated twice to b) Every egg must receive two sperm to
yield fruits and seeds produce an embryo
c) One sperm is needed to fertilize the d) Every sperm has two nuclei.
egg, and a second sperm is needed
to fertilize the polar nuclei.
8- Which statement concerning grafting is correct?
a) Stocks and scions refer to twigs of b) Stocks and scions must come from
different species. unrelated species.
c) Stocks provide root systems for d) Grafting creates new species
grafting.
9- The hormone that helps plants respond to drought is
a) Auxin. b) Abscisic acid
c) Cytokinin. d) Ethylene
e) All of the above
10- Auxin enhances cell elongation in all of these ways except
a) Increased uptake of solutes b) Gene activation
c) Acid-induced denaturation of cell d) Cell wall loosening
wall proteins

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11- Charles and Francis Darwin discovered that
a) Auxin is responsible for b) Red light is most effective in shoot
phototropic curvature phototropism
c) Light destroys auxin. d) Light is perceived by the tips of coleoptiles
12- How may a plant respond to severe heat stress?
a) By reorienting leaves to increase b) By creating air tubes for ventilation
evaporative cooling
c) By producing heat-shock proteins, d) By increasing the proportion of unsaturated
which may protect the plant’s fatty acids in cell membranes, reducing their
proteins from denaturing fluidity
13- The body tissue that consists largely of material located outside of cells is
a) Epithelial tissue.
b) Connective tissue.
c) Muscle tissue
d) Nervous tissue.
14- Which of the following would increase the rate of heat exchange between an animal and its
environment?
a) Feathers or fur b) Vasoconstriction
c) Wind blowing across the body surface d) Countercurrent heat exchanger
e) None of the above f) All of the above

15- Compared with a smaller cell, a larger cell of the same shape has
a) Less surface area
b) Less surface area per unit of volume
c) The same surface-area-to-volume ratio
d) A smaller cytoplasm-to-nucleus ratio.
e) None of the above
16- An animal’s inputs of energy and materials would exceed its outputs
a) If the animal is an endotherm, b) If it is actively foraging for food.
which must always take in more
energy because of its high
metabolic rate
c) If it is growing and increasing its d) Never; due to homeostasis, these energy and
mass. material budgets always balance.
17- Which of the following animals uses the largest percentage of its energy budget for
homeostatic regulation?
a) Marine jelly (an invertebrate) b) Snake in a temperate forest
c) Desert insect d) Desert bird.
18- Fat digestion yields fatty acids and glycerol. Protein digestion yields amino acids. Both
digestive processes
a) Occur inside cells in most animals. b) Add a water molecule to break bonds.
c) Require a low pH resulting from d) Consume ATP.
HCl production
19- The mammalian trachea and esophagus both connect to the
a) Pharynx.
b) Stomach.
c) Large intestine
d) Rectum.
20- Which of the following organs is incorrectly paired with its function?
a) Stomach—protein digestion b) Large intestine—bile production
c) Smallintestine—nutrient absorption d) Pancreas—enzyme production
21- Which of the following is not a major activity of the stomach?
a) Storage b) HCl production
c) Nutrient absorption d) Enzyme secretion.
22- If you put the following events in the order they occur in the human digestive system,
the third event in the series would be
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a) Cells in gastric pits secrete protons. b) Pepsin activates pepsinogen
c) HCl activates pepsinogen. d) Partially digested food enters the small
intestine.
23- After surgical removal of the gallbladder, a person might need to limit his or her
dietary intake of
a) Starch b) Protein.
c) Sugar. d) Fat.
24- If you were to jog 1 km a few hours after lunch, which stored fuel would you probably
tap?
a) Muscle proteins b) Muscle and liver glycogen
c) Fat in the liver d) Fat in adipose tissue
25- Which of the following respiratory systems is not closely associated with a blood
supply?
a) The lungs of a vertebrate b) The gills of a fish
c) The tracheal system of an insect d) The skin of an earthworm
26- Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein drains first into the
a) Left atrium. b) Right atrium
c Left ventricle. d) Right ventricle
)
27- Pulse is a direct measure of
a) Blood pressure b) Stroke volume
c) Cardiac output d) Heart rate
28- When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes first leads to the
urge to breathe?
a) Rising O2 b) Falling O2
c) Rising CO2 d) Falling CO2
29- One feature that amphibians and humans have in common is
a) The number of heart chambers b) A complete separation of circuits for
circulation.
c) The number of circuits for d) A low blood pressure in the systemic circuit.
circulation
30- If a molecule of CO2 released into the blood in your left toe is exhaled from your nose,
it must pass through all of the following except
a) The pulmonary vein b) The trachea
c) The right atrium d) The right ventricle.
31- Compared with the interstitial fluid that bathes active muscle cells, blood reaching
these cells in arterioles has a
a) Higher PO2 b) Higher PCO2
c) Greater bicarbonate concentration d) Lower pH.
32- Which of these is not part of insect immunity
a) Enzyme activation of pathogen- b) Activation of natural killer cells
killing chemicals
c) Phagocytosis by haemocytes d) Production of antimicrobial peptides
33- An epitope associates with which part of an antigen receptor or antibody?
a) The tail b) The heavy-chain constant regions only
c) Variable regions of a heavy chain d) The light-chain constant regions only
and light chain combined
34- Which statement best describes the difference between responses of effector B cells
(plasma cells) and those of cytotoxic T cells?
a) B cells confer active immunity; b) B cells respond the first time a pathogen is
cytotoxic T cells confer passive present; cytotoxic T cells respond subsequent
immunity. times.
c) B cells secrete antibodies against a d) B cells carry out the cell-mediated response;
pathogen; cytotoxic T cells kill cytotoxic T cells carry out the humoral
pathogen-infected host cells. response.
35- Which of the following statements is not true?

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a) An antibody has more than one b) A lymphocyte has receptors for multiple
antigen-binding site. different antigens
c) An antigen can have different d) A liver or muscle cell makes one class of
epitopes MHC molecule
36- Which of the following should be the same in identical twins?
a) The set of antibodies produced b) The set of MHC molecules produced
c) The set of T cell antigen receptors d) The set of immune cells eliminated as self-
produced reactive.
37- Vaccination increases the number of
a) Different receptors that recognize a b) Lymphocytes with receptors that can bind to
pathogen. the pathogen.
c) Epitopes that the immune system d) MHC molecules that can present an antigen.
can recognize.
38- Which of the following would not help a virus avoid triggering an adaptive immune
response?
a) Having frequent mutations in genes b) Infecting cells that produce very few MHC
for surface proteins molecules
c) Producing proteins very similar to d) Infecting and killing helper T cells.
those of other viruses
39- Unlike an earthworm’s metanephridia, a mammalian nephron
a) Is intimately associated with a b) Functions in both osmoregulation and
capillary network excretion.
c) Receives filtrate from blood instead d) Has a transport epithelium
of coelomic fluid.
40- Which process in the nephron is least selective?
a) Filtration b) Reabsorption
c) Active transport d) Secretion
41- Which of the following animals generally has the lowest volume of urine production?
a) Vampire bat b) Salmon in fresh water
c) Marine bony fish d) Freshwater flatworm
42- The high osmolarity of the renal medulla is maintained by all of the following except
a) Active transport of salt from the b) The spatial arrangement of juxtamedullary
upper region of the ascending limb. nephrons.
c) Diffusion of urea from the d) Diffusion of salt from the descending limb of
collecting duct. the loop of Henle
43- In which of the following species should natural selection favor the highest proportion
of juxtamedullary nephrons?
a) A river otter b) A mouse species living in a temperate
broadleaf forest
c) A mouse species living in a desert d) Beaver
44- Which of the following is not an accurate statement?
a) Hormones are chemical messengers b) Hormones often regulate homeostasis through
that travel to target cells through the antagonistic functions.
circulatory system.
c) Hormones of the same chemical d) Hormones are often regulated through
class usually have the same feedback loops.
function.
45- The hypothalamus
a) Synthesizes all of the hormones b) Influences the function of only one lobe of
produced by the pituitary gland the pituitary gland.
c) Produces only inhibitory hormones d) Regulates both reproduction and body
temperature
46- Growth factors are local regulators that
a) Are produced by the anterior b) Are modified fatty acids that stimulate bone
pituitary. and cartilage growth.
c) Are found on the surface of cancer d) Bind to cell-surface receptors and stimulate

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 cells and stimulate abnormal cell growth and development of target cells.
division.
47- Which hormone is incorrectly paired with its action?
a) Oxytocin—stimulates uterine b) Thyroxine—inhibits metabolic processes
contractions during childbirth
c) ACTH—stimulates the release of d) Melatonin—affects biological rhythms and
glucocorticoids by the adrenal seasonal reproduction.
cortex
48- What do steroid and peptide hormones typically have in common?
a) Their solubility in cell membranes b) Their requirement for travel through the
bloodstream
c) The location of their receptors d) Their reliance on signal transduction in the
cell
49- Which of the following is the most likely explanation for hypothyroidism in a patient
whose iodine level is normal?
a) Greater production of T3 than of T4 b) Hyposecretion of TSH
c) Hypersecretion of MSH d) A decrease in the thyroid secretion of
calcitonin
50- The relationship between the insect hormones ecdysteroid and PTTH is an example of
a) An interaction of the endocrine and b) Homeostasis achieved by positive feedback
nervous systems
c) Homeostasis maintained by d) Competitive inhibition of a hormone receptor
antagonistic hormones.

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Good Luck
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