1st Group

RIZAL’S FIRST VOYAGE TO EUROPE (1882-1887)

Spain (1882-1885)
Paris, France (1885-1886)
Germany (1886-1887)
Grand Tour of Europe (1887)
WHY DID RIZAL DECIDED TO STUDY ABROAD?
1. His family can afford to send him to abroad
2. To study, train and acquire valuable knowledge
3. This mission was to observe the life, culture and customs, industries, government and laws of the European nations in order to prepare
himself in the great task of liberating his oppressed people from the Spanish Tyranny
May 3, 1882
Rizal secretly left the Philippines aboard the Spanish steamer Salvadore using the passport JOSE MERCADO produced by his uncle,
ANTONIO RIVERA
SPANISH STEAMER SALVADORA
Before departure- he wrote two letters: for his beloved parents and for his dear Leonora- all derived immediately after departure.
May 8, 1882
while nearing Singapore, Rizal saw a lighthouse in an island and sketched it.
May 9, 1882
-Rizal’s first stop was on Singapore
-stayed there for two days at Hotel de la Paz.
What did Rizal noticed?
the people of Singapore trusted their British administrators
His trip in steamer was highly enriching for him:
1. He made sketches of sceneries of people.
2. He noted from some conversation that many passengers who had gone for financial reasons did not speak well of the country
After two days
Rizal boarded the Djemnah, a steamer managed by french shipping company, Messageries Maritimes
Rizal compared Djemnah with Salvadora
1. Djemnah was larger and cleaner.
2. Its interior was carpeted and even the toilets were excellent
May 17, 1882
Djemnah reached Point Galle, a seacoast town in southern Ceylon(now Sri Lanka)
The next day
Djemnah left Point Galle and after a few hours, arrived at Colombo, Ceylon’s Capital.
May 28, 1882
Djemnah arrived at the port city of Aden, Yemen.
Proceeded to PORT SUEZ, the red sea terminal of the Suez Canal
It took the Djemnah five days to traverse the suez canal from Port Suez to Port Said
June 11, 1882
Rizal reached Naples, Italy
JUNE 12, 1882
The djemnah arrived at marseille, a french port city on the night of
Rizal visited Chateau d’If, the venue of his favorite novel, The count Of Monte Cristo by Alexander Dumas
After three days
he boarded an express train to Spain
He noticed the indifference of Spanish immigration officers compared to their French counterparts
June 16, 1882
Rizal arrived in Barcelona Spain’s second largest City
Comparing again to other European cities so far, he found it dark, dirty and ugly.
Later he found out that people like other parts of Spain enjoyed freedom, unlike in the Philippines
They had a welcome party at favorite coffee house at Plaza De Cataluña.
He also visited in Barcelona his friend Maximo Viola who is also a medical student and a member of a rich family in Bulacan.
He did not forget one of his missions that of making a name for himself in the field of writing.
He found time time to write a nationalistic essay El Amor Patrio using the pen name Laong-Laan.
Laong is a Tagalog word meaning “a long time” and Laan means “reserve for a purpose”
Laong-Laan = “laging handa”
El Amor Patrio
a nationalistic essay meaning “Love of Country”
focused on his perceptions of the Philippines, in a tangible and imagined sense.
and in many ways, spelled out what he hoped and prayed for what would be the Philippines.
it paints the Philippines as a homeland, worthy of love and protection.
Rizal believed in the study of history and culture as a path to the development of national consciousness.
August 20, 1882.
• The essay appeared in Diariong Tagalog
 • For the first time he used the term Tierra Extranjera (foreign Land) in referring to Spain.
Diariong Tagalog
-a Manila newspaper founded and edited by Marcelo H. del Pilar and Basilio Teodoro Moran.
-Del Pilar translated El Amor Patrio in Tagalog.
-Written in 2 text:
Spanish – Jose Rizal
Tagalog– Marcelo H. del Pilar
-After El Amor Patrio, Rizal stopped producing nationalistic articles because:
- of the opposition of his mother
- the difficulty of recognition in a foreign country
- his desire to finish his studies
Rizal received sad news from the Philippines.
1. Rizal received a letter from Paciano dated September 15, 1882, informing him of the cholera epidemic ravaging Manila and nearby
provinces where many people had died and continued to die daily.
2. He also received a letter from his friend Jose Ma. Cecilio, aka Chenggoy telling him of the sadness of Leonor Rivera, who was getting
thinner because of the absence of a loved one.
At the end of summer
November 3, 1882- Rizal went to Madrid and enrolled in two courses, Medicine and Philosophy and Letters, at Universidad Central de
Madrid.
June 5 to 26- He took the medical examination. Fortunately, he passed the examination.
-he passed the examination in Greek, Latin and world history. Rizal was awarded the degree of licentiate in medicine for passing the
medical examination for the course.
He had insatiable thirst for knowledge.
1. He took lessons in painting and sculpture at Real Academia de Belas Artes de San Fernando and in shooting and fencing at the Hall of
Arms of Sanz y Carbonell.
2. He likewise took lessons in languages: English, French and German at Ateneo de Madrid. He even contemplated taking examination in
Roman law for possible enrollment in law.
Don Francisco send him money regularly through Antonio Rivera
• Pasetas for lottery tickets in Madrid Lottery- the only extravagance of Rizal.
Where do Rizal spend most of his time?
He spend most of his spare time reading and writing in his boarding house
Some of it are spent attending reunions with Filipino students at the Paterno brother’s house (Antonio Maximo, and Pedro) and
practicing shooting and fencing in the gymnasium.
On Saturday evenings, Rizal visits the home of Don Pablo Ortiga y Rey.
August 22, 1883
he composed a poem dedicated to her titled A La Señorita C.O. y R
But before romance became serious, Rizal backed out:
1. He was still engaged to Leonora Rivera.
2. His friend and compatriot in the propaganda movement, Eduardo de Lete was madly inlove with Consuelo.
First year in Madrid
Rizal became a member of a student organization Circulo Hispano- Filipino that aimed at voicing out the concerns of the
Filipinos.
Rizal composed a poem, Me Piden Versos (You asked me (for) Verses) conveying the sentiments of a poet forced to write only things tat
would please his listeners
In 1883,
Rizal became a member of a worldwide fraternity of freemasonry joining the ACACIA LODGE no.9 in Madrid.
DIMASALANG “ungraspable” - Rizal’s masonic name
JOINING THE MASONS HELPED RIZAL’S POLITICAL REPUTATION
1. The mason were known for their liberal ideas and the Spanish masons proclaimed a new era of freedom from restrictions of
government and the church
2. The Spanish freemasonry in Madrid was a dedicated organization which pointed out the friar’s abuses in the Philippines
3. Freemasonry also criticized government policies which upheld despotism.
While in Spain, Rizal became an avid book collector and was able to accumulate a library of them.
Bible, Hebrew Grammar, Lives of the Presidents of the United States, Complete Works of Voltaire (9 vols.). Horace (3 vols.). C. Bernard
(16 vols.), and Alexander Dumas, History of the French Revolution, Ancient Poetry,The Renaissance, etc.
Even if he tighten his budget when it comes to food, clothing, and accommodation, he spent considerably on books especially from
second-hand bookstores.
Books read by Rizal
1. Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)
2. Eugene Sue’s The Wandering Jew (1844)
3. Benito Perez Galdos, La Desheredada (The Disowned/ Disinherited, 1881)
4. Benito Perez Galdos, Dona Perfecta
It is a story of how the love and marriage between two people, Pepe, a symbol of modern enlightenment and intelligence and Rosario,
a symbol of a country of natural and traditional riches, was meddled and obstructed by Don Inocencio, a symbol of corrupt Church and
Doña Perfecta, a stiff-necked icon of the Church.
On January 2, 1884,
Rizal proposed to the Circulo Hispano Filipino on collaboratively writing a novel about the Philippines which was unanimously approved
by the members.
The project did not materialize because the members who promised to contribute did not write anything and they were more interested
in writing about women.
Rizal decided to do the project alone and started writing the early drafts of the Noli Me Tangere towards the end of the year.
Leonor received his last letter from Rizal dated March 30, 1884 as Leonor's mother discovered their long-distance love affair and intercepted and
kept all of Rizal's letters.
Today I visited your family (relatives in Madrid). [...] The girls of my own country please me greatly, but I have found one back home who
has charmed and who makes me dream. [...] I believe my heart has not lost any of its power to love -- only the one I love most is not here."
- There was a time that Rizal was in Spain when his family underwent a severe financial crisis.
- As a result, Rizal's allowance was reduced and Paciano was forced to sell his pony for his brother's allowance.
- He tightened his budged to P35 a month for food, clothing. and books. He used second-hand clothes which he bought from pawnshops.
- Rizal attended classes without eating and he tried to earn some money by working as a private tutor for rich students.
- On June 25, 1884, the day he won a prize in a competition in Greek, he did not eat at all because of lack of money.
- He wrote in his diary the next day: "I am hungry and I have nothing to eat and no money. Poverty and hunger do not make one happy."
In the evening of June 25, 1884,
Rizal delivered a toast at a banquet praising Filipino painters Juan Luna and Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo who won top prizes at the
National Exposition of Fine Arts.
Luna won the top prize for his Spoliarium.
Hidalgo bagged the second for his Virgenes Cristianas Expuestas Al Populacho
- Rizal emphasized in his speech that Luna and Hidalgo showed that "genius is not a monopoly of any race." The arts of both of these men
were products of both Philippines and Spain and were unifying of both peoples.
- Rizal made refined sarcastic remarks against the ill-wishers of the Filipinos and voiced out hope that Spain will someday grant the reforms
needed by Filipinos.
- Rizal's speech reached the Philippines through the newspaper El Liberal
- Many Spaniards in the Philippines especially the friars were not pleased about the speech.
- Doña Teodora was filled with anxiety and was not able to eat for days.
- Through a letter, Paciano cautioned Rizal and Doña Teodora to Rizal to stop learning things which can lead to his ruin.
On June 21, 1884.
Rizal completed his medical studies and was given the title Licenciado en Medicina which would enable him to practice medicine.
Rizal continued to studying subjects leading to a Doctorate in Medicine but was not able to get the degree because:
1. He was not able to present a doctoral thesis required for graduation
2. He has not paid the corresponding fees.
It was through the help of his friend Maximo Viola who lent him him money that he was able to secure his certificate and practice
medicine.
Rizal obtained the whereabouts of Leonor from friends back in the country.
Mariano Katigbak wrote in June 27. 1884:
You would not know Leonor if you now saw her. Your sweetheart is going down very much, no doubt because of her worry. She, who, I
think, knew love for the first and only time, has sacrificed the man of her heart, and sees that instead of the approach of a happy ending that
ending is getting farther away with gigantic strides.
Excerpt of a Letter from Chenggoy dated August 31, 1884:
"The little landlady (referring to Leonor Rivera) is now fairly well for she is not as thin as before. I have a reputation as an observer and
profound dosimeter and I am going to tell you that the cause of her ailments is your having gone to that land without her consent. That is what I
understand and if I am wrong, what can be done, everybody makes a mistake."
In Universidad Central de Madrid,
Rizal was attracted to liberals especially Dr. Miguel Morayta who was an was an advocate of freedom and self determination.
University authorities considered Morayta a supporter of anarchists and was expelled from the university when he proclaimed
"Freedom of Science and the Teacher" during the opening of the academic year.
Bloody student riots on November 20-22, 1884 ensued between supporters (including Rizal and other Filipina students) and opponents of
Morayta in the campus and in the streets of Madrid,
In his 24th birthday, June 19, 1885,
Rizal obtained the degree Licenciado en Filosophia y Letras with the rating “Sobresaliente".
This degree qualified him to serve as professor of humanities in any Spanish university.
Rizal decided to improve his training in medicine by going to Paris and Germany.
Leonor sent Rizal an autographed photo containing an inscription at the back:
"To José from his faithful cousin Leonor"
But when decoded really meant:
"To my unforgettable and dearest lover, this picture is dedicated by his devoted Leonor"
From Madrid,
Rizal went to Paris in 1885 and continued his medical studies under the expert guidance of a famous French ophthalmologist Louis de
Wecker from October 1885 to 1885 to January 1886.
Noli Me Tangere is already half finished at this time
He also worked as an assistant of Dr. Xavier Galezowski, a Polish doctor and inventor
 2nd Group
FIRST VOYAGE OF RIZAL
TO EUROPE
(GERMANY & GRAND TOUR TO EUROPE)

On February 8, 1886, Rizal arrived at Heidelberg.

Heidelberg- A historic city in Germany famous for its old university and romantic surroundings
Otto Heinrich Enoch Becker-
 Otto Becker was a renowned German ophthalmologist. In 1859 he earned his medical doctorate from the University of Vienna.
 Becker was a prolific author and an active teacher.
 He was known for his publications in ophthalmology, particularly on lens pathology; and as an inspiring teacher, with many of his
pupils later becoming leaders in the specialty.
 Rizal underwent training under Becker where he was known to be one of his best students.

RIZAL’S STAY
 Rizal lived in a boarding house with German students in order to save money.
 After sometime, he transferred to a boarding house near the University of Heidelberg.
 Rizal stayed for a while in a four-story pension house at Karlstrasse No. 16.
 He soon moved to another boarding house—a three-story apartment at Lutwigsplatz No. 12 Grebangasse in front of University of
Heidelberg.
 He also become a member of the Chess Player’s Club

Historical Marker
 To pay tribute to the National Hero, a bronze marker placed at the facade of this well preserved boarding-house reads:
DR.JOSÉ RIZAL
1861-1896
Filipino National Hero

Here, Bergheimer Strasse 20. Rizal practiced ophthalmology from February to August 1886 under Professor Dr. Otto Becker Director
of the University Eye Clinic.

Philippine Embassy
19-6-1960

University of Heidelberg
 Rizal also worked at the University Eye Hospital under the direction of Dr. Otto Becker, however was more focused on studying
rather than doing actual operations.
 Dr. José Rizal (1861-1896) attended the lectures of Dr. Becker, a distinguished German ophthalmologist, and Prof. Wilheim Kuehne,
a German physiologist known for coining the word “enzyme” at the University.
 He completed his ophthalmological studies under Professor Becker at the University Eye Clinic Heidelberg in 1886.
Historical Marker
 To pay tribute to the National Hero, a bronze marker placed at the facade of this well preserved boarding-house reads:
"In this building, former Ludwigsplatz 12, Rizal lived from Feb. 18 to June 1886. His poem 'A las Flores de Heidelberg' was written
here on April 22, 1886.
Embassy of the Philippines,
June 19, 1960."

To the Flowers of Heidelberg

 In the spring of 1886, Rizal was fascinated by the blooming flowers along the cool banks of the Neckar River
 Among them was his favorite flower - the light blue forget-me-not
 The beautiful spring flowers reminded Rizal of the blooming flowers at the garden of his home in Calamba.
 He loved the peaceful surroundings, made sketches of them
 April 22, 1886, in a mood of homesickness, he wrote a fine poem "A Las Flores de Heidelberg."

Vacation at Wilhelmsfeld
 Rizal took a three-month vacation at Wilhelmsfeld, a mountainous village at Heidelberg.
 He lived in the house of Pastor Dr. Karl Ullmer, a Lutheran minister with whom they became good friends.
 He then wrote a letter to him to express his gratitude to his hospitality.
To Pastor Karl Ullmer at Wilhelmsfeld,
June 25, 1886

“... I thank you very much once more. You may also receive, when you are abroad, the same treatment and friendship as I have found
among you; and if being a foreigner. I can do nothing for you in a foreign country. I can be of some service to you in my homeland,
where you will always find a good friend. If I do not die, of course. The joy of being understood by other people is so great that one
cannot easily forget it. You understood me too, in spite of my brown skin, which to many people is yellow, as if that were puzzling or
absurd.”

Historical Marker
 In this idyllic setting, he finished writing the last chapters of his first novel, “Noli Me Tangere,” as well as made crucial revisions on
the draft.
 To keep Rizal’s memory alive, a plaque carved in gold letters on the black marble was installed in the three-story, century-old stone
house of Pastor Ullmer on Jan. 4, 1960. The plaque reads as follows from its original German:
“Jose Rizal (1861-1896), National Hero of the Philippines, wrote the last chapters of his novel ‘Noli Me Tangere’ in this house while a
guest of Pastor Ullmer in 1886.”

Rizal’s Vacation at Wilhelmsfeld

• They had a frequent afternoon walks where Rizal learned much German Religious Ideas.
• Pastor Ullmer brought Rizal to his parsonage where he would regularly chat with a friend who happened to be a Catholic
priest. By then, Rizal found the relationship of Pastor Ullmer and the pries, peculiar or unusual because of the  differences in faith
and practices between Catholics and Protestants.
• Pastor Ullmer taught Rizal German by using William Tell – a book that was anything but basic.
• The house where Rizal stay during his vacation
• There was a rumor that Rizal found an inspiration from Etta, one of Pastor Ullmer’s kids and their relationship might have
gone a tad beyond the bounds of friendship.
• Ullmer taught Rizal how to draw cartoons, making the latter one of the first Filipino cartoonists. 
• According to Dr. Fritz, there was a manuscript that was written by Rizal: We can assume that that line of thought stuck with
Rizal as he recognized that he had a mission to fulfill, aside from operating on his mother’s cataract. 

Historical Marker
 In this idyllic setting, he finished writing the last chapters of his first novel, “Noli Me Tangere,” as well as made crucial revisions on
the draft.
 To keep Rizal’s memory alive, a plaque carved in gold letters on the black marble was installed in the three-story, century-old stone
house of Pastor Ullmer on Jan. 4, 1960. The plaque reads as follows from its original German:
Jose Rizal
1861-1896
National Hero of the Philippines

He wrote the last chapters of his novel ‘Noli Me Tangere’ in this house while a guest of Pastor Ullmer in 1886.”

In May 1886, Chenggoy again wrote Rizal about the result of his friend, Sixto Lopez’s visit and observation of Leonor who was
addressed as the Question of the Orient:
“The beautiful but delicate Question of the Orient is still in Dagupan beside her parents who rave about her. Her friend Sixto
Lopez told me that he had been in that town, taking supper in their home… This young man became most enthusiastic over the
Question, whom he found each day most precious and thrifty, but according to him she is now no more to be seen with as much
finery as when we were together in their house.”

DR. FERDINAND BLUMENTRITT

 On July 31, 1886, Rizal wrote his first letter in German to Professor Ferdinand Blumentritt from Heidelbrg and
sent him a book of arithmetic written in Tagalog, and with this, a friendship between the two started.
 Blumentritt studied History at Prague University. When his correspondence with Rizal began, he was a master
teacher at Leitmeritz (today known as Litomerice in the Czech Republic) and had already published scholarly writings on Philippine
languages and ethnography.  
 In his letter, Rizal said,
"Esteemed Sir: Having heard that Your Lordship is studying our language and that you have already published some works on the
subject, I take the liberty of sending you a  valuable book written in that language by a countryman of mine" (Rizal to Blumentritt,
31 July 1886, in National Historical Institute 1992, 1: 7).
 Oftentimes Rizal would write about his search for Filipiniana and his efforts at translating German works on the
Philippines. Blumentritt would respond by sending his own ethnographic studies and also provided Rizal with letters of introduction
to a number of German scholars. Here was a budding friendship born of an intimate love for all things Philippine.
 Rizal sent the book Aritmetica by Rufino Baltazar Hernandez of Santa Cruz, Laguna published by UST Press, 1868.
lt was Blumentritt whom Rizal sent one of the earliest available copies of his novel Noli Me Tangere.
 Blumentritt soon reciprocated with a gift of two books. The two then continued to exchange letters about their
scholarly endeavors. Books, manuscripts, maps were gifted as well, one to the other.
 Through Blumentritt, Rizal was introduced to Feodor Jagor and Hans Virchow, who were both anthropologists
studying Philippine culture in Berlin

RIZAL BECAME FRIENDS WITH BLUMENTRITT

• An intellectual friendship was born through a common love for all things Philippines.
• In Blumentritt, Rizal found a friend and a teacher. They both agreed that the Philippine problem was the rule of the friars
and they platted together for an independent independent Philippines.
• Rizal translated William Tell from German to Filipino so that Filipinos might know the story of that champion of Swiss
independence. He also translated into Filipino HansChristian Andersen’s Fairy Tales.
• Friedrich Schiller's (1759-1805) Wilhelm Tell (1804) direct from German into the Tagalog language as Guillermo Tell (1886)

ARRIVING IN LEIPZIG ON AUGUST 14, 1886.

August 6, 1886
 - It was three days before his departure and he was sad because he had come to love the land and the beautiful city. Rizal was
fortunate to be sojourning in Heidelberg when the famous University of Heidelberg held its fifth centenary celebration.
August 9, 1886
 Three days after the fifth centenary of the University of the Heidelberg, Rizal left the city. He boarded a train and visited various
cities of Germany until arriving in Leipzig on August 14, 1886.

ARRIVING IN LEIPZIG ON AUGUST 14, 1886.

• Cost of living in Leipzig is the cheapest in Europe so he stayed there for two months and a half.
• During his stay, he corrected some chapters in his second novel and also had time for exercise. He also worked as a proof-
reader in a publishing firm and earning some money.
• While in Leipzig, Rizal contemplated in enrolling Law at University of Heidelberg but his brother Paciano discouraged him
again.
• He attended some lectures in the University of Leipzig and befriended Professor Friedrich Ratzel, a famous German
historian, and Dr. Hans Meyer, German anthropologist.

October 29, 1886

 he left Leipzig for he met Dr. Adolph B. Meyer in Dresden. He stayed only two days in the city.
 He heard the Holy Mass in a Catholic church which greatly impressed him, for he wrote “Truly I have never in my life heard a Mass
whose music had greater sublimity and intonation”.

BERLIN
 At the age of 25, Rizal arrived in Berlin, Germany on the evening of November 1, 1886 and again he sought the friendship of ancient
scholars.
 Rizal booked at the Central Hotel upon his arrival in Berlin in Room 294. The hotel was totally destroyed in World War II and has
never been rebuilt.
 Rizal liked Berlin because of its atmosphere which was very scientific and the absence of race prejudice.
 He met for the first time Dr. Feodor Jagor, the author of the Travels to the Philippines, a book that Rizal admired because of its keen
observances in the Philippine setting. when he was in Ateneo, and they become warm friends.
 Dr. Jagor introduced Rizal to Dr. Rudolf Virchow, a famous German physician, anthropologist, ethnologist, reformist, and politician
and to his son, Dr. Hans Virchow, professor of Descriptive Anatomy.
 Rudolf Virchow was an eminent pathologist and politician, widely regarded as one of the greatest and most influential physicians in
history
 Rizal worked in the clinic of Dr. Karl Ernest Schweigger, a famous German ophthalmologist.
 Rizal became a member of Berliner Gesellschaft for Anthropologie, Ethnologie, and Urgeschichte, founded by Dr. Virchow, upon
the recommendation of Dr. Jagor and Dr. Meyer.
 Rizal was the first Asian to be accorded with honors for being a member of the Anthropological Society, the Ethnological Society,
and the Geographical Society of Berlin.
 Later, Dr. Virchow, having recognized Rizal's genius, invited him to give a lecture before the Ethnographic Society of Berlin.
 In response, Rizal wrote a scholarly paper in German entitled Tagalische Verkunst (Tagalog Metrical Art) which elicited favorable
comments from all scientific quarters. He read before the society in April 1877.
 The paper was published by the society in the same year, and it elicited favorable comments from all scientific quarters.

RIZAL WENT TO BERLIN FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS:

1. To increase his knowledge in ophthalmology
2. To broaden his studies of sciences and languages
3. To observe political and economic conditions of Germany
4. To associate with famous German scientist and scholars
5. To publish his novel (Noli Me Tangere published in Berlin 1887)
6. To publish his novel (Noli Me Tangere published in Berlin 1887)

HISTORICAL MARKER
In This House
Lived And Worked
In 1887
Jose Rizal
Hero Of The Liberation Struggle Of The Philippine People
Here He Completed His Work
Noli Me Tangere

PLACE WHERE DR. RIZAL RESIDED IN BERLIN

• The house was built in 1882. It is part of the protected historic buildings area northern Mauernstraße.
• It is part of the protected historic buildings area northern Mauernstraße.

A METHOLOGICAL AND FRUGAL LIFE IN BERLIN

 Rizal lived in Berlin for almost six months (Nov. 1, 1886 to May 11, 1887) . They were “months of intense study, of rich
experiences and frugal ways, of idealistic dreams and actual encounters with people of diverse cultures.”
 Life in Berlin was not easy for Rizal.
 By day, he worked as an assistant in the clinic of Dr. Schweigger, eminent German ophthalmologist. At night, he attended lectures
in the University of Berlin.
 He spent his leisure moments touring the countryside around Berlin, observing keenly the customs, dresses, homes and
occupations of the peasants.
 He kept himself physically fit by daily exercises and speaking German, French and Italian.
 Rizal lived in Berlin for almost six months (Nov. 1, 1886 to May 11, 1887) .

RIZAL ADMIRED THE GERMAN CUSTOMS WHICH HE OBSERVED WELL.

 Example of German customs he observed:
 Self-introduction to strangers in a social gathering. In Germany when a man attends a social function, he introduces himself and
shakes the hands of everyone in the room.
 According to the German code of etiquette, it is bad manner for a guest to remain aloof, and wait for his host or hostess to make
the proper introduction.
 Rizal also has high regard and admiration for German womanhood.

 The Café Bauer frequented by Rizal where he read newspaper and chatted with friendly Berliners located at the corner of
Friedrichtrabe and Unter den Linden.
 The Unter den Linden boulevard as seen during Rizal’s time. Rizal had frequented the Unter den Linden because there were
several coffee houses in this wide avenue where h could read newspapers.
 RIZAL’S DARKEST WINTER
 The winter of 1886 in Berlin was his darkest winter.
 During this winter, he lived in poverty because no money arrived from Calamba, where Paciano tried to raise money but crops
have failed due to locusts and the sugar market collapsed
 Rizal was flat broke.
 The diamond ring which his sister, Saturnina, gave him was in the pawnshop. He could not pay his landlord.
 He had to scrimp, eating only one meal a day consisted of bread and water or some cheap vegetable soup.
 Rizal starved in Berlin and shivered with wintry cold. His health broke down due to lack of proper nourishment.
 He begun to cough, and he feared that he was going to be sick with tuberculosis.
 It was painful episode for Rizal for he was hungry, sick and despondent in a strange city.

RIZAL STARTED THE FINAL REVISIONS OF THE NOLI AND HE WAS ALMOST FINISHED BY DECEMBER
• 1884 – he began writing the novel
• 1885
o -Paris he continued writing the other half of the novel
o -Germany he finished the last forth
He was desperate as he did not have penny to publish it.

MAXIMO VIOLA
• Savior of Noli
• Rizal’s friend and a son of a rich family in San Miguel, Bulacan, he arrived in Berlin at the height of Rizal despondency and
loaned him the needed funds to publish the novel.
• Viola was shocked that he saw Rizal living in poverty and sickly due to lack of proper nourishment.
• Hope sprang in Rizal’s heart:
• “It revived me. It gave me new hope. I went to the station to receive him and spoke to him about my work. He said he
might be able to help me.”
• Viola saved the Noli me Tangere by offering to shoulder the novel’s printing cost.

FEBRUARY 21 1887, NOLI METANGERE WAS FINISHED AND FINALLY READY FOR PRINTING
 The reading of Harriet Beecher Stowes “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”, which portrays the brutalities of American slave-owners and the
pathetic conditions of the unfortunate Negro slaves inspired Rizal to prepare a novel for the Philippines.
 Rizal made some adjustments in the novel to economize in its printing. He deleted the chapter entitled “Elias and Salome” which
was supposedly the Chapter 25, following the chapter, “In the Woods.”
 The title Noli Me Tangere is a Latin phrase which means “Touch me not”. It is originally conceived by Rizal, for he admitted taking it
from the Bible
 Rizal dedicated his Noli Me Tangere to the Philippines—“To My Fatherland”
 the cover of Noli Me Tangere was designed by Rizal. It is a ketch of explicit symbols. A woman’s head atop a Maria Clara bodice
represents the nation and the women, victims of the social cancer.
 The novel Noli Me Tangere contains 63 chapters and an epilogue

MARCH 21 1887, NOLI ME TANGERE CAME OFF THE PRESS

Rizal immediately sent the first copies of the novel to his intimate friends:
• Ferdinand Blumentrit
• Antonio Ma. Regidor
• Graciano Lopez Jaena
• Mariano Ponce
• Felix Ressurection Hidalgo

MARCH 21 1887
• Rizal wrote to Blumentrit:
• “ I am sending you a book, it is my first book. It is the first impartial and bold book on the life of the Tagalogs.
The Filipinos will find it the history of the last ten years. The government and the friars will probably attack the work, refuting my
arguments. I hope i can answer the concepts which have been fabricated to malign us”

MARCH 29, 1887

 Rizal, in token of his appreciation and gratitude, gave Viola the galley proofs of the Noli carefully rolled around the pen that he used
in writing it and a complimentary copy, with the following inscription: “To my dear friend, Maximo Viola, the first to read and
appreciate my work—Jose Rizal”
 A year later, Rizal wrote to hid good friend and former classmate Fernando Canon:
“ I did not believe the Noli Me Tangere would ever be published when I was in Berlin, broken-hearted, weakened, and
discouraged from hunger and depriviation. I was on the point of throwing my work into the fire as a thing accursed and fit only to
die.”

RIZAL GRAND TOUR TO EUROPE

• After the publication of Noli, Rizal planned to visit the important places in Europe.
• Rizal received his money from Paciano worth 1,000 pesos. He immediately paid viola the sum of 300 pesos from his kind
loan.
• At dawn of May 11, 1887, Rizal and Viola left Berlin by train.
• Spring was in the air and Europe is blooming with flowers. Their destination was Dresden, “One of the best cities in
Germany”. 
• Their visit coincided with the regional floral exposition.
• They visited Dr. Adolph B. Meyer, who was overjoyed to see them
• While strolling at the scene of the Floral Exposition, they met Dr. Jagor. Dr. Jagor advised them to wire Blumentritt of their
coming because the old professor was of a nervous disposition and he might suffer a shock at their sudden visit.

LEITMERITZ
•  At 1:30 p.m. of May 13, 1887, the train with Rizal and Viola on board arrived at the railroad station of Leitmeritz,
Bohemia. Professor Blumentritt waited for them in the station after he received the wire.
• He was carrying a pencil sketch of Rizal which the letter had previously sent him, so that he could identify his Filipino friend.
• Blumentritt helped the two get a room at Hotel Krebs.
• They stayed there from May 13-16, 1887.
• Blumentritt helped the two get a room at Hotel Krebs.
• They stayed there from May 13-16, 1887.
• On May 16, at 9:45 A.M., Rizal and Viola left Leitmeritz by train. 

Prague
-They met Dr. Wellkomm a Professor of University of Prague
-Rizal and Viola visited:
 The Tomb of Copernicus
 The Famous Astronomer
 The Museum of Natural History
 The Bacteriological Laboratories
 The Famous Cave where San Juan Nepomuceno
 The Catholic Saint, was imprisoned
 The Bridged from which this saint was Hurled into the river
After saying goodbye to Prof. Willkomm and his family, they went to Brunn
Brunn
 Rizal Wrote a Letter to Blumentritt about his missing Diamond Stickpin
 According to Viola "Nothing of importance happen"
Vienna
 May 20, Rizal and Viola Arrived in the Vienna "The Queen Of the Danube"
 They met Norfenals
 Rizal received his missing Diamond Stickpin
 They stayed at Hotel Metropole
 They visited Churches, Museums, Art Galleries, Theaters and Public Parks
 they met 2 good Austrian scholars who are friend of Blumentritt, Masner and Nordmann.
Danuban Voyage to Lintz
 On May 24, Rizal and Viola left Vienna on a river boat to see the Danube River
From Lintz to Rheinfall
 They traveled overland to Salzburg
 From Salzburg to Munich, they savor the famous Munich Beer
 From Munich they went to Nuremberg, one of the eldest Cities in Germany
 After Munich, they visited Ulm, the Cathedral of this City was "The largest and tallest in all Germany"
 They went to Stuttgart, Baden and Rheinfall "The most beautiful waterfall of Europe"
Crossing the Frontier of Switzerland
 From Rheinfall, they cross the frontier to Schaffhausen, Switzerland
  They stayed from june 2 to 3, 1887
 They continued their tour to Bassel, Bern and Lausanne.
During his tour in Europe, Rizal received sad news from his friends in Madrid of the deplorable conditions of primitive Igorots who were
exhibited in this expositions.
He was infuriated about the news that a group of Igorots was brought to Madrid for the Exposición de las Islas Filipinas, held in the city's
Zoological Garden.
Geneva
 This Swiss City is one of the most beautiful cities in Europe.
 The people of Geneva were linguists, speaking French, German and Italian
 They visited the tourist spots and went boating on the lake
 On June 19, 1887, Rizal treated Viola in his 26th birthday
 They spent 15 days in Geneva
 On June 23, Rizal and Viola parted ways, Viola returned to Barcelona. Rizal continued the tour to Italy
Rizal in Italy
 He visited Turin, Milan, Venice and Florence
 June 27, 1887 he reached Rome "City of Caesars" or "Etemal City
 The grandeur that was Rome"
 June 29th, Feast Day of St. Peter and St. Paul, He visited Vatican, City of Popes" and the Capital of Christendom
 Rizal wrote to Blumentritt, "I am tired as a dog, but I will sleep as a God" After a wonderful sojoum in Rome, Rizal prepared to return to
the Philippines

3rd Group

PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
1872-1892

WHAT IS PROPAGANDA?
-the spreading of ideas, information, or rumor for the purpose of helping or injuring an institution, a cause, or a person
-ideas, facts, or allegations spread deliberately to further one's cause or to damage an opposing cause; also : a public action having such an effect
PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
-The Propaganda Movement was a literary and cultural organization formed in 1872 by Filipino emigrants who had settled in Europe.
-It was organized by ilustrados
-Dr. Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. Del Pilar and Graciano Lopez-Jaena became the leaders
The propaganda movement was known to be a nationalistic movement that covered various activities of early middle class Filipinos who migrated,
studied and worked in Europe, particularly in Spain. Most of the members were those with mixed origins known to be Spanish Mestizos, Insulares
or creoles, Chinese Mestizos and those with Filipino blood. They primarily worked for reforms within the colonial system through writing and other
peaceful propaganda platforms.
The identified notable propagandists were Pedro Paterno, Gregorio Sansianco, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Marcelo H. Del Pilar and Jose Rizal. Pedro
Paterno’s abode became a meeting place of literary and high figures (both Filipinos and Spanish origins) of Spain. The finest poetry of Paterno
could be read in a small volume of verse entitled Sampaguitas. Schumacher noted that the literary collection entitled Biblioteca filipina had this
verse as its first volume and was designed to make to the public “the mature fruits produced by the Filipino youth”.

AIMS:
 To increase Spanish awareness of the needs of its colony.
 To propagate a closer relationship between the colony and Spain
GOALS:
 Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes
 Equal status and opportunities for both Filipinos and Spaniards especially when entering to government service
 Creation of a public school system independent of the friars.
 ABOLISH
-Polo (Labor Service)
-Vandala (forced sale of local products to the government)
 GUARANTEE
-Basic freedoms of speech and association
 SECULARIZATION OF THE CLERGY
GomBurZa
 FATHER MARIANO GOMEZ
 FATHER JOSE BURGOS
 FATHER JACINTO ZAMORA
 executed on February 17, 1872
 their execution awakened the Filipinos and inspired the organization of the Propaganda Movement.

THE PROPAGANDISTS
 these Filipinos were exiled at the Marianes Islands in 1872
  they are the Ilustrados in the Philippines
 Filipinos who fled to avoid punishments
Prominent Members:
 GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA
 MARCELO H. DEL PILAR
 JOSE RIZAL
GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA
 BRILLIANT ORATOR
wrote the “Fray Botod” and “Ezperanza”

 PUBLISHER OF LA SOLIDARIDAD
-Movement’s Principal Organ
-Decemeber 13, 1888 in Barcelona
La solidaridad (newspaper)
• Graciano Lopez Jaena founded this fortnightly newspaper in Barcelona on February 15, 1889 M.H. del Pilar helped prepare the issues.
• It was printed in Barcelona from February 15 to October 31, 1889, then in Madrid from November 15, 1889 to November 15, 1895.
MARCELO H. DEL PILAR
An excellent writer and speaker
 Caiingat Cayo
 Dasalan at Tocsohan
 Ang sampung kautusan ng mga prayle
delegate of the Comité de Propaganda of Manila in Spain. Schumacher (1997) explained that the campaign of Del Pilar was in two stages: the
first stage was through peaceful, legal campaign using political means in Spain and second stage was struggle for the control of the Philippines
by the Filipinos. Both of these plan of action were not succesfull until the propagandists’ advocacies were superseded by another nationalistic
movement with a radical principle of separation – the KKK or Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan para sa mga anak ng Bayan.
Marcelo H. Del Pilar was known to be the key figure of La Solidaridad – the official newspaper of the Propaganda Movement
Ferdinand Blumentritt became an avid contributor to La Solidaridad, although he initially praised the works of the friars in the Philippines. His
profession of Catholicism also helped to bolster the contention that the periodical was against friar abuses and not against Catholic fate.
Miguel Morayta was a leading mason who gave Del Pilar renewed hope of accomplishing his aims through political means. He was also the
professor of world history at the Universidad Central who taught many young men from the Philippines, including Rizal, who asserted
academic freedom.
JOSE RIZAL
 The most outstanding propagandist
 Great novelist of the Propaganda Movement
-Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not) in 1886
-El Filibusterismo (The Reign of Greed) in 1891
 Annotated the book, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas
 Showed that Filipinos had developed culture even before the Spanish occupation
 These significant events relating to the Propaganda Movement and the rise of the notable propagandists in Spain showed that
Nationalism had developed gradually. When Rizal went to Europe, there were earlier attempts to advance nationalistic fervor, through
implicit and explicit activities. Then he joined the other propagandists until the political discourse regarding assimilation became
prominent and later the idea of separation from Spain became apparent.
OTHER WRITINGS OF RIZAL
1. 1.A La Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino Youth) – his poem about loyalty to one’s motherland but some interpreted that the meaning of
motherland here was not referring to Spain but the Philippines.
2. 2.El Consejo de los Dioses (Council of the Gods) – this shows Rizal’s esteemed knowledge about the Greek and Roman mythologies.
3. 3.Junto Al Pasig (Along the Pasig) – this is a play about the reverence of Mother Mary as the patroness of the Ateneo School.
4. 4.Liham sa mga Kababaihan ng Malolos (Letter of Rizal to the Young Women of Malolos) – this letter shows Rizal’s view on the
significant role of women in the society.
5. 5. Mi Ultimo Adios (My Last Farewell) – Rizal’s final poem, somehow talks about his last will and instructions about the emancipation
of the Philippines from Spain.

END OF PROPAGANDA
Rizal’s arrest marked the crucial period of the Propagandists
-La liga Filipina Collapesed
-M.H Del Pilar and Lopez Jaena (Died in Barcelona 1896)
This end marked the beginning
 The writings by the Propaganda Movement inspired Andres Bonifacio to establish the Katipunan and set the Philippine revolution in place
NOLI ME TANGERE
“TOUCH ME NOT”
1887
 (Early translation – An Eagle Flight and The Social Cancer)
 Published in Berlin, Germany
 novel by José Rizal during the colonization of the Philippines by Spain to describe perceived inequities of the Spanish Catholic friars and
the ruling government.
NOLI ME TANGERE PURPOSE:
The book, written in Spanish, is a sweeping and passionate unmasking of the brutality and corruption of Spanish rule in the Philippines
MAIN CHARACTERS:
1. Juan Crisostomo Ibarra
 was considered a fourth generation Ibarra, educated in Switzerland and had been influenced by Liberalism in Europe.
 known to be a civilized man, who inherited a quarrel with the Peninsulars but did not care to pursue.
 He wanted to elevate the condition of the masses through his modernist project
building of a school to educate them.
2. Don Rafael Ibarra
 father of Juan Crisostomo Ibarra was known to be already graduating from Creole to Filipino
 He was also known to project the clash between Creole and Peninsular
 He was loved by his workers and when he knocked down a tax collector, who punished a child who mocked him, he was thrown into jail
where he” rotted”
3. Elias
 third in the generation of his lineage, is considered a tragic character but with a great mind and vision for his countrymen
 He was sent to the school of the Jesuits for a while and then went back to work in the land the he inherited from his father
 known to have great deeds but had chosen to be silent and went on his own way
4. María Clara de los Santos y Alba
 is the primary female character in the novel and the fiance of Ibarra
 daughter of Capitán Tiago and Doña Pía Alba
5. Dámaso Verdolagas
 Padre Dámaso/Padre Damaso or Father Damaso
 was the former curate of the parish church of San Diego
 the curate for almost twenty years before he was replaced by the much younger Padre Salvi
6. Don Santíago de los Santos
 known as Kapitán Tiago
 is the only son of a wealthy trader in Malabon
 father of Maria Clara
7. Don Anastacio
 known as Filósofo Tacio (Philosopher Tasyo) because his ideas were accurate with the minds of the townspeople
 one of the most important characters in Noli
8. Narcisa
 married to the man named Pedro and the mother of Basilio and Crispín
 depicts how Filipino mothers love their children unquestionably.

SUMMARY
 The story begins at a party to welcome Crisóstomo Ibarra back to the Philippines after seven years of studying in Europe.
 His father, Don Rafael has passed away and Crisóstomo soon learns that he died in prison after accidentally killing a tax collector and
being falsely accused of other crimes by Father Dámaso, the curate of the church of San Diego.
 Crisóstomo decides to build a new modern school in San Diego.
 Elías later warns Crisóstomo that there is a plot to murder him at the ceremony.
 At a dinner, Father Dámaso insults the new school, Filipinos in general, Crisóstomo and Don Rafael. Crisóstomo attacks him, but María
Clara stops him from killing the priest.
 Later her father breaks off her engagement to Crisóstomo and arranges for her betrothal to a young Spanish man, Linares.
 Father Salví plots with Lucas to organize a strike on the barracks of the Civil Guard and to convince the attackers that Crisóstomo is
their ringleader. 
 Elías helps Crisóstomo escape from prison, they flee by boat on the Pasig River with members of the Civil Guard in pursuit.
 It is reported that Crisóstomo was killed, and a distraught María Clara insists on entering a convent.

CONCLUSION
 The novel depicted the pitiful lives of Filipinos under Spanish rule.
 It presented the economic, political and social view during the Spanish regime in Philippines.

FIRST HOMECOMING
(1887-1888)
All the alluring beauties of foreign countries and all the beautiful memories of his sojourn in alien lands could neither make Rizal for his fatherland
nor turn his back to his own nationality, he remained at heart a true Filipino with an unquenchable love for the Philippines and an unshakable
determination to die in the land of his birth.
DECISION TO RETURN HOME:
 Because of the publication of the Noli Me Tangere and the uproar it caused among the friars
 Rizal was warned by Paciano (his brother), Silvestre Ubaldo (his brother-in-law), Chengoy (Jose M. Cecilio), and other friends to return
home.
He was determined to return to the Philippines for the following reasons:
1. to operate on his mother’s eye’s.
2. to serve his people who had long been oppressed by the Spanish tyrants.
 3. to find out for himself how the Noli and his other writings were affecting the Filipinos and Spaniards in the Philippines.
4. to inquire why Leonor Rivera remained silent.
RIZAL’S FIRST PATIENT:
TEODORA ALONSO REALONDA
 this is one of the reasons why he went back home is to cure his mother from almost being blind.
DELIGHTFUL TRIP TO MANILA:
July 3, 1887
 He boarded the streamer Djemnah, the same streamer which brought him to Europe five years ago.
August 5
 the Haiphong arrived in Manila
 He stayed in the city for a short time. He found Manila the same as when he left it 5 years ago.
 There were about 50passengers including 4 Englishmen, 2 Germans, 3 Chinese, 2 Japanese, manyFrenchmen and 1 Filipino (Rizal).
 Rizal was the only one among the passengers who could speak many languages, so that he acted as interpreter for his companions.
HAPPY HOMECOMING
August 8
 He returned to Calamba
 His family welcomed him affectionally, with plentiful tears of joys. His family became worried about his safety.
 Paciano did not leave him to protect him from any enemy assault.
 In Calamba, Rizal established a medical clinic
 News of the arrival of a great doctor from Germany spread far and wide. Patients from manila and other province flocked to
Calamba.
 called “Doctor Ulliman” because he came from Germany.
 Rizal did not selfishly devote all his time to enriching himself. He opened a gymnasium for young folks and introduced European sports
 He made the town interested to gymnastics, sports and shooting to discourage cockfighting and gambling
BROKEN LOVERS
WHY DID RIZAL FAIL WITH HIS ENGAGEMENT TO LEONOR RIVERA?
 The mother of Leonor forbade them to marry each other
 it was a custom at the time for parents to arrange marriages

A COMING STORM OF NOLI

 Rizal received a letter from Governor General Emelio Terrero requesting him to come to Malacañang Palace.
 When Governor General Terrero informed him of the charge, he denied it, explaining that he merely exposed the truth, but the did not
advocate subversive ideas.
 Gov. Gen. Terrero was pleased by Rizal’s explanation and curious about his book and he asked the author to have a copy of the Noli so
that he could read it.
 Rizal had no copy then because the only copy that he brought home was given to a friend. But he promised to secure one for the
General, fortunately, Rizal found a copy and gave it to General Terrero.
 He knew that Rizal’s life was jeopardy because the friars were powerful. For security measures he assigned a young Spanish lieutenant
Don Jose Taviel de Andrade as bodyguard of Rizal.
 The Archbishop of Manila, Msgr. Pedro Payo sent a copy of the Noli to Father Rector Gregorio Echavarria of the University of Santo
Tomas for examination by a committee of the faculty.
 Report of the faculty members of UST stated that the Noli was “heretical, impious, and scandalous in the religious order, and
antipatriotic, subversive of public order, injurious to the government of Spain and its function in the Philippine Island in the political
order”.
 But Rizal’s enemies were powerful …
 When Gov. Gen Terrero was unsatisfied with the report he sent Noli to the Permanent Commission of Censorship which composed of
priests and laymen
 What did the Permanent Commission of Censorship deemed Noli as? that the importation, reproduction and circulation of the
pernicious book in the island be absolutely prohibited

ATTACKERS OF THE NOLI

 The battle over the Noli took the form of a virulent war of words.
 FATHER FONT printed hid report and distributed copies of it in order to discredit the controversial novel.
 FATHER JOSE RODRIGUEZ (Prior of Guadalupe) published a series of eight pamphlets under the general heading Cuestiones de Sumo
Interes (Questions of Supreme Interest) to blast the Noli and other anti-Spanish writings.
 Rizal's enemies during this time
 Dominican friars of UST
 -Archbishop Pedro Payo

EIGHT PAMPHLETS
Fray Rodriguez
1. Porque no los he des leer? (Why should I not read them?)
2. Guardaos de ellos. Porque? (Beware of them. Why?)
3. Y-que me dice usted de la peste? (And what can you tell me of Plague?)
4. Por que triunfan los impios? (Why do the impious triumph?)
 5. 5. Cree usted que de versa no hay purgatorio? (Do you think there is really no purgatory?)
6. 6. Hay o no hay infierno? (Is there or is there no hell?)
7. 7. Que le parece austed de esos libelos? (What do you think of these libels?)
8. 8. Confesion o condenacion?(Confession or Damnation?)

 Copies of anti-Rizal pamphlets were sold daily in the churches. Many Filipinos were forced to buy them in order not to displease the
friars.
 The storm over the Noli reached Spain. It was attacked on the session hall of the senate of the Spanish Cortes by various senators

THE EFFECTS OF PROHIBITION OF THE NOLI ME TANGERE

 Rizal's friends became uneasy
 Banning only made it popular
 Gov-Gen Terrero refused mass imprisonment of the Filipinos

DEFENDERS OF NOLI
 Marcelo H. del Pilar, Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Mariano Ponce and other Filipino reformists in foreign lands
rushed to uphold the truths of the novel.
 Father Sanchez Rizal’s favorite teacher in Ateneo, defended and praised it in public.

REV. VICENTE GARCIA

 A brilliant defense of the Noli came from an unexpected source
 Pen name JUSTO DESIDERIO MAGALANG, wrote a defense of the Noli which was published in Singapore as an appendix to a
pamphlet dated July 18, 1888

3 POINTS REV. VICENTE GARCIA DEFENDED FOR NOLI

1. Rizal can't be an ignorant man because he graduated from Spanish universities
2. He did not attack the church and Spain only the corruption in it
3. If reading the book is a sin, then Fr. Rodriguez reading the book is also committing a sin

RIZAL AND TAVIEL DE ANDRADE

 Rizal and Andrade, both young, educated and cultured, made walking tours of the verdant country side, discussed topics of common
interest, and enjoyed fencing, shooting and painting.
 Governor General Terrero assigned Jose Taviel de Andrade as Rizal’s body guard.

2 THINGS THAT MARRED RIZAL'S HAPPY DAYS WITH LT. ANDRADE IN CALAMBA
1. The death of his older sister, Olimpia
2. The groundless tales circulated by his enemies that he was “a German spy, a protestant, a mason and a witch, a soul beyond
salvation, etc”.

INFLUENCED BY NOLI, WHAT DID GOV-GEN TERERRO DO?

 ordered an investigation on the friar estates especially the Calamba Hacienda owned by Dominicans

THE FINDINGS OF RIZAL'S INVESTIGATION ON THE HACIENDA

 the Dominican order owned the land and city of Calamba
 profits of the order increased because of rentals
 they never contributed in the town fiesta, community
 they took lands away from tenants for unknown reasons
 interests rates increased if tenants missed payments, they confiscated lands
FAREWELL TO CALAMBA
 The friars exerted pressure on Malacañang Palace to eliminate Rizal.
 They asked Governor General Terrero to deport Rizal but he refused because there was no valid charge against Rizal in court.
 Anonymous threats against Rizal’s life were received by his parents. The alarmed parents, relatives and friends advised him to leave
the Philippines for his life was in danger.
 What did Gov-Gen Tererro advise Rizal to do after exposing the conditions of Calamba? leave the Philippines for his own good
2 REASONS THAT RIZAL WAS COMPELLED TO LEAVE THE PHILIPPINES
1. for the safety and happiness of his family
2. to fight his enemies and serve his country by writing in foreign countries
Rizal had to go but he was not running like a coward from a f ight. He was courageous, a fact which his worst enemies could not deny.
He was not afraid of any man and neither was he afraid to die.
TITLE OF THE POEM WRITTEN BY RIZAL FOR HIS FRIEND LIPA
 HIMNO AL TRABAJO (HYMN OF LABOR)
The poem was requested by his friends from Lipa, Batangas, in January 1888 in reaction to the Becerra Law, and to address the
hardships of Lipenos.