Fih 1mar18 PDF

DoD
FLIGHT INFORMATION PUBLICATION

(ENROUTE)
FLIGHT
INFORMATION
HANDBOOK
EFFECTIVE 0001L 1 MAR 2018

TO 0001L 11 OCT 2018
Consult NOTAMS for latest information
U.S. AND CANADA AIRSPACE EFFECTIVE 0901Z
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Special Notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inside Front Cover
SECTION A
General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Index of Subjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Section A: Emergency Procedures SECTION B

Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1
Section B: National and International Flight Data and Procedures

Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1 SECTION C
Section C: Meteorological Information
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1
Section D: Conversion Tables SECTION D

Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-1
Section E: Standard Time Signals

Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-1 SECTION E
Section F: FLIP and NOTAM Abbreviations/Code
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-1
Interception Signals ICAO Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Outside Back Cover SECTION F

Published by
NATIONAL GEOSPATIAL-INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI
NGA Aeronautical Services is an ISO 9001:2008 certified organization.

©Copyright 2018 by the United States Government
No copyright claimed under Title 17 U.S.C.
*7641014109531* *18060*
NSN 7641014109531 EFF. DATE 18060
NGA REF. NO. ENRXXFLTIHBK
SPECIAL NOTICES SECTION
A Special Notice section concerning NEW FLIP FEATURES appears below and contains notices of
new requirements or major modifications of existing FLIPs. New notices appearing for the first
time will be shown first. New feature notices will be carried for three issues and then dropped. In
the event there are no NEW FLIP FEATURES, the word “NONE” will be centered within the NEW
FLIP FEATURES box.
Special Notices of a permanent nature will be carried for three issues and then incorporated in
the appropriate section of the applicable FLIP product. Notices of a temporary nature will be
carried in this section for the life of the notice. New or modified notices are emphasized by an
outline and the date of first issuance at the top of the notice. Outline will be eliminated from
temporary notices after one issue and issuance date will be relocated at the end of the notice.
NEW FLIP FEATURES

NONE
ELECTRONIC FLIP NOTICE

The Aeronautical Content Exploitation System (ACES) is an enhanced web planning tool
within NIPRNET and on the Internet that allows users to access the full suite of NGA’s
aeronautical products, including AAFIF, DAFIF, DoD FLIP, and the Aeronautical Mobile
Application, as well as Nav Plan charts and imagery. See
https://aerodata.nga.mil/AeroBrowser/ OR https://aerodata.leidos.com for graphics-based
access to DoD FLIP and other aeronautical products, and links to Host Nation FLIP. See
https://asps.leidos.com/ for direct access to Host Nation FLIP.
Don’t have internet access? NGA’s FLIP products are available on the FLIP DVD using NSN
7644015335389, and NGA’s Aeronautical Mobile Application is available on DVD using
NSN 7644016004225.
01 MARCH 2018
REMOVAL OF “K” FROM SOME US AERODROME IDENTIFIERS
Beginning effective 26 April 2018 (cycle 1805) and continuing over subsequent cycles until
complete, the listings for some US aerodromes in DoD FLIP products will revert back to
the correct FAA-assigned three-letter identifier (DWG item 15-01-12, approved DWG
17-01). The update will ensure the associated DAFIF™ product, which permits both three
and four-letter identifiers, conforms to Communication Navigation Surveillance/Air Traffic
Management (CNS/ATM) requirements. US aerodromes with four-letter identifiers (see
ICAO Document 7910) will be unaffected.
02 APRIL 2015
REMOVAL OF ELECTRONIC DATE STAMPS
Beginning Effective 2 April 2015, all Terminal, Supplement, and Planning electronic
products available on the ACES and Aerospatial websites, Aeronautical FLIP DVD, and
the Aeronautical Mobile Application will no longer be stamped with the RED effective
date stamps located at the bottom of the electronic pages. This is to prepare for EFB
applications in change detection. Please utilize hard-copy cover page, DVD label covers,
or website banners for effective dates.
21 AUGUST 2014
COUNTRY CODE MIGRATION FROM FIPS TO GENC
Beginning effective 21 August 2014, the FIPS country codes annotated at the top of the
terminal procedures in parenthesis will be replaced by “CIV” for civil and “MIL” for
military on an as revised basis. During this transition both FIPS and (CIV/MIL) will be
intermixed throughout the FLIP Terminal publications. For translation between FIPS and
GENC country codes during this transition reference page A-4, Item 3 of the FLIP
Enroute Supplement.
INTENTIONALLY
LEFT
BLANK
GENERAL INFORMATION 1
GENERAL INFORMATION
1. GENERAL
a. The Flight Information Handbook is a DoD Flight Information Publication (FLIP) issued every
thirty-two weeks by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA). The Flight Information
Handbook contains aeronautical information which is required by DoD aircrews in flight, but
which is not subject to frequent change. This publication is intended for U.S. Military use, and
procedures herein may not be applicable to other users.
b. The Flight Information Handbook may be amended to disseminate informational changes
between FLIP publication cycles by NGA STL publication of a textual or graphic Urgent Change
Notice (UCN) as required or by the regular NOTAMs issued via the FAA/DoD Integrated NOTAM
System.
c. NEW OR CHANGED INFORMATION: To alert users of new information or changes to
information from the previous issue, a vertical line will be portrayed to the left of and extending
the full length of the new and/or revised data. This symbol will not apply to the front cover.
2. REVISIONS, QUALITY REPORTS, REQUISITIONS, DISTRIBUTION AND SCHEDULES -

See FLIP General Planning, Chapter 11.
3. INTERNET - DAFIF™; Enroute and Planning Charts, Planning Documents and Planning
Change Notices (PCN); Enroute Supplements, Enroute Change Notices (ECN) and Terminal
Procedures are available at https://www.geointel.nga.mil
4. CUSTOMER HELP - For questions concerning NGA aeronautical products or services,

please phone the NGA Aeronautical Help Desk at 1-877-817-9134 or DSN 312-846-0684. Email
aeronautical questions to aerohelp@nga.mil.
2 INDEX OF SUBJECTS
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
SECTION
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F
Air/Ground Emergency Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A
Aircraft Classification Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
Aircraft Witnessing Distress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A
Automated Weather Observing System (AWOS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C
Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C
BBC Radio Time Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E
Canadian Time Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E
CIRVIS Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B
Conversion Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
Distress and Urgency Signals - ICAO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A
FAA Air Traffic Control Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B
FAA Enroute Flight Advisory Service (EFAS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C
FAA Pilot-to-Weather Briefer Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C
FAA Weather Broadcasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C
FLIP and NOTAM Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F
Frequency Pairing Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
Global HF System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B
Hijacked Aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A
ICAO HF Aeronautical Station List. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B
In-Flight Technical Assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A
Interception Signals - ICAO Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Outside Back Cover
Joint Spectrum Interference Resolution (JSIR) Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B
Lighting Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B
Meteorological Information and Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C
Mode 4, Register of National Clearances and Operational Restrictions
on the Use of IFF Mark XII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B
NATO Color Coded Weather Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C
Navy Time Signals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E
Notice to Airman (NOTAM) Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F
Oceanic Area Common VHF Frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B
Pilot-to-Metro and Weather Radar Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C
Pilot Weather Reports (PIREPs) Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C
Pollution Report (POLREP) Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B
Position Reporting Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B
Procedures for the Prevention of Dangerous Military Activities Between the US and Russia . . . . .A
Recommended Procedures for Any Emergency Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A
Recommended Procedures for Aircraft in Distress When Intercepted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A
Recommended Procedures for for the Interceptor after Interception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A
Runway Condition Reading (RCR), U.S. Navy/U.S. Army. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B
Search and Rescue Satellite (SARSAT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A
SIGMETS and AIRMETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C
Standard Naming Convention For Aircraft Landing Gear Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D
Standard Time Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E
Standard Time Zones of the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E
Telephone Weather/NOTAM Briefings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C
Two-Way Radio Failure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A
USAF Bird Watch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B
A-1
SECTION A
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE NO.
Aircraft Witnessing Distress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-27

Air/Ground Emergency Procedures (Aircraft and Ground Signals) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-28
Distress and Urgency Signals - ICAO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-25
Hijacked Aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-24
In-Flight Technical Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-25
Interception Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-31
Procedures for the Prevention of Dangerous Military Activities Between the US and Russia . A-44
Recommended Procedures for Any Emergency Phase (Uncertainty, Alert, Distress, Lost) . . . A-2
Recommended Procedures for the Interceptor After Interception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-5
Two-Way Radio Failure
Airport Traffic Control Light Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-11
Country/Theater Exceptions to Standard Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-12
FAA Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-6
ICAO Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-8
Visual Signals When Radio Inoperative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-9
A-2 EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
1. RECOMMENDED PROCEDURES FOR ANY EMERGENCY PHASE
(UNCERTAINTY, ALERT, DISTRESS, URGENCY, LOST)
(ICAO ANNEX 10)
a. Activate IFF to EMERGENCY; if equipped with SIF, set the master control switch to
EMERGENCY and proceed with the appropriate step listed below:
(1) If under positive radar control (or in an environment that requires a specific
squawk) maintain codes as previously set.
(2) In situations other than (1) above: Switch to Mode 3/A, code 7700.
b. Transmit the following message to any agency on the air-ground frequency in use at the
time. If unable to establish communication attempt contact on any of the following emergency
frequencies:
UHF/VOICE VHF/VOICE MF/VOICE HF/CW MF/CW

243.0 MHz 121.5 MHz 2182 kHz 8364 kHz 500 kHz
c. DISTRESS or URGENCY CALL and MESSAGE
(1) Transmit as many of the following elements as necessary:
(a) *Distress, MAYDAY (3 times) or **Urgency, PAN PAN (3 times).
(b) Name of station addressed.
(c) Aircraft identification and type.
(d) Nature of distress or urgency.
(e) Weather.
(f) Pilot’s intention (bailout, ditching, crash landing, etc.) and request (fix, steer,
escort, etc.)
(g) Present position and heading. If unknown, last known position, time and
heading since that position.
(h) Altitude or Flight Level.
(i) Fuel in hours and minutes.
(j) Numbers of persons on board.
(k) Any other information that might be helpful.
(2) When in *DISTRESS CONDITION with bailout, crash landing imminent, transmit
the above information (time and circumstances permitting) plus:
(a) ELT status.
(b) Landmarks.
(c) Aircraft color.
(d) Emergency equipment available on board.
(3) Set radio for continuous transmission for bailout and for crash landing or ditching
(if risk of fire is not a consideration.
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES A-3
* DISTRESS - Call MAYDAY \voice) or SOS (CW): When you are threatened by serious and or
imminent danger and require immediate assistance (e.g., ditching, crash landing or abandoning
aircraft).
** URGENCY - Call PAN PAN (voice) or XXX (CW): When a condition concerning the safety of
an aircraft or other vehicle, or of some person on board or within sight but does not require
immediate assistance (e.g., lost, fuel shortage, partial engine failure, etc)
d. CANCELLATION - When an aircraft is no longer in distress, a cancellation message shall

be immediately transmitted on the same frequency or frequencies used for the distress message.
e. RADAR DISTRESS SIGNAL PROCEDURE FOR NATO OPERATIONAL AIR TRAFFIC (OAT)
FLIGHTS
(NATO STANAG 3530 ED 3)
(1) If able to fly a pattern which could be identified by a ground radar station, NATO
OAT flights which experience radio and or navigational aid failure may initiate the following
procedure:
(2) Fly two patterns, resume course, repeat at 20 minute intervals. Guard emergency
frequencies.
f. EMERGENCY PROCEDURES UNITED KINGDOM

(UK CIV AIP COM GEN 3.2.5)
(1) Within the United Kingdom FIR’s/UIR’s, the Royal Air Force is responsible for the
provisions of assistance on the International Aeronautical Emergency frequencies.
Autotriangulation (DF) coverage on the UHF International Aeronautical Emergency frequency is
available over most of the London FIR above 5000 ft and the Scottish FIR above 8500 ft. At the
ARTCC’s autotriangulation data is supplemented in certain areas by CAA/MATO remote radar
coverage. An emergency communications and aid service is continuously available on 121.500
MHz from two Distress and Diversion (D & D) sections, one located in the London Air Traffic
Control Centre (Mil) (LATCC Mil) at Swanwick and the other in the Scottish Area Control Centre
(ScACC) at Prestwick. Operational control is exercised, south of 55°N, from the LATCC D & D,
callsign 'LONDON CENTER' and north of 55°N, from the ScACC at Prestwick, callsign 'SCOTTISH
CENTER'. The service provides coverage over the greater part of the United Kingdom above
3000 ft. Pilots of aircraft in emergency and using 121.500 MHz should broadcast the initial
'MAYDAY' or 'PAN PAN' call; it is not necessary to address the call to any specific Center or
Station. The Air Traffic Controller at Swanwick or Prestwick will answer the call depending on the
location of the aircraft, and initiate appropriate action.
(2) An Emergency communications and aid service is continuously available on 243.0

MHz and 121.5 MHz from a number of military and civil airports and ATC units.
(3) States of emergency are internationally classified as being of two standards -
(a) Distress: The aircraft is threatened by serious and imminent danger and is in
need of immediate assistance.
(b) Urgency: The calling station has a very urgent message to transmit concerning
the safety of an aircraft, or persons on board or within sight.
(4) An emergency transmission consists of two parts, a preliminary emergency call and
the emergency message. The preliminary emergency call should be followed as soon as possible
by the message. At the discretion of the aircraft captain the preliminary emergency call may be
omitted, but its use is strongly recommended in order to ensure the appropriate reaction from
ground control agencies.
(a) The emergency call is one of the following -
1. Distress - MAYDAY, MAYDAY, MAYDAY, Aircraft Call sign (3 times).
2. Urgency - PAN PAN, PAN PAN, PAN PAN, Aircraft Call sign (once).
(b) The emergency message is the emergency call plus as much of the following
information as is relevant and as time permits -
1. Estimated position and time.
2. Heading true and airspeed indicated.
3. Flight level or altitude.
4. Type of aircraft.
5. Nature of emergency and assistance required.
6. Intention of captain.
7. Endurance remaining.
(5) After the R/T transmissions the aircraft may be requested to transmit suitable
signals followed by its call sign to permit DF stations to determine its position.
(6) An aircraft in an emergency should use ATS frequency in use at the time. If not in
contact with an ATS agency use either 243.0 or 121.5 MHz. Subject to national procedures,
military pilots should use 243.0 MHz as the primary and 121.5 MHz as the secondary frequency;
civil and non-UHF equipped aircraft should call on 121.5 MHz. Within Continental Europe the
Emergency Call should be addressed to the controlling or nearest suitable agency.
(7) SSR - The pilot of an aircraft encountering a state of emergency and who has
previously been directed by ATC to operate the transponder on a specified code, must maintain
this code setting unless otherwise advised by ATC. In all other instances, including the case
where the pilot has specific reason to believe it to be the best course of action, the transponder
should be set to MODE A Code 7700.
(8) FINAL TRANSMISSION - When ditching, crash landing or bailing out is imminent,
transmit the aircraft call sign and, if possible, leave the control switch in transmit position.
(9) CANCELLATION - Should the emergency conditions cease to exist, the pilot must
immediately transmit a message on the frequency or frequencies on which the emergency
transmission was made.
(10) PRACTICE URGENCY CALLS - To exercise both aircrew and air traffic control
staffs in emergency recovery procedures, aircrew are encouraged to initiate practice
emergencies. These may be either on 243.0 MHz or the frequency in use. Practice on 243.0 MHz
are particularly welcome within the Scottish FIR.
(a) Initial Contact - If in receipt of a radar control service from an Air Traffic Control
Radar Unit while in a MRSA, a pilot wishing to carry out a practice urgency call should normally use
the discrete frequency in use at the time to ensure continuity of control. In other situations, the
aircraft captain should consider using the ATC frequency in use at the time, unless the nature of the
simulated emergency precludes such a course of action, or the captain wishes to make use of the
UHF Emergency Fixer Service.
(b) SAROPS ON/EMERGENCY ON - It is usually necessary to cancel practice

urgency calls during search and rescue incidents or actual emergency recoveries. The unclassified
codewords "SAROPS ON" and "EMERGENCY ON" are broadcast by the D and D Sections to
denote the need to cease or delay practice urgency calls.
(c) R/T PROCEDURES - Practice urgency calls may be initiated using the following
procedure.
1. The pilot should transmit "PRACTICE PAN" (3 times) and call sign once and
then break transmission, awaiting the D and D controllers reply.
2. The D and D controller will respond with either "(Aircraft call sign), this is
(Name) center. Your position is , continue PRACTICE PAN." or "Aircraft call sign), this is
(Name) center. Your position is , negative PRACTICE PAN. SAROPS ON/EMERGENCY ON".
3. In the event of a negative reply the pilot should leave the emergency
frequency and allow at least 10 minutes to elapse before checking whether the restriction still
applies. If permission has been given for the practice, the pilot should broadcast "PRACTICE PAN"
(once) followed by "Aircraft call sign (once) followed by as much of the standard emergency
message as is relevant.
(11) RADIO FAILURE - Pilots losing two-way communication shall switch the IFF/SIF to
Mode 3 code 7600 and see para 1.e. above.
g. UK AIRMISS REPORTING - As soon as possible after being involved in an AIRMISS, the

pilot of a military aircraft is to make an initial report by radio to the controller providing the ATC/
Air Defense Radar Service, or to any ATC agency when not in receipt of a service.
(RAF ES)
2. RECOMMENDED PROCEDURES FOR AIRCRAFT IN DISTRESS WHEN

INTERCEPTED
a. Attempt radio contact, if possible.
b. If able to maintain a minimum of 210 knots, get in trail formation and the interceptor will
lead you to the nearest suitable airport.
c. If unable to maintain a minimum of 210 knots, the interceptor will fly in the direction you
should fly, circle to the left and again fly in the proper direction. This procedure will be repeated
until the area for descent is reached. The interceptor will circle to the right over the area where you
should descend. The distressed aircraft should let down in a descending turn at minimum rate of
descent.
3. RECOMMENDED PROCEDURES FOR THE INTERCEPTOR AFTER

INTERCEPTION
a. Reduce speed for formation flight or maximum endurance, as required.
b. Attempt radio contact, if possible.
c. Inform controller of contact and follow instructions.
d. If distressed aircraft can maintain minimum of 210 knots, lead to suitable airport as
directed by the controller.
e. If distressed aircraft cannot maintain minimum of 210 knots, lead the aircraft, as
recommended in 3.c. above, to the location directed by the controller.
f. If the interceptor must leave the distressed aircraft.
(1) If the interceptor turns its lights from steady to blinking for 15 seconds, then
breaks formation with lights blinking (night) or wings rocking (day), the distressed aircraft should
continue on course.
(2) If the interceptor turns its lights from steady to blinking for 30 seconds, then back
to steady and breaks formation with lights on steady (night) or fishtails (day), the distressed
aircraft should resume distress orbit.
4. TWO-WAY RADIO FAILURE
a. FAA PROCEDURES
(AIM, FAR 91.185)
(1) IFR FLIGHT PLAN
(a) During two-way radio communications failure, when confronted with a situation
not covered in the regulation, pilots are expected to exercise good judgment in whatever action
they elect to take. Should the situation so dictate, they should not be reluctant to use the
emergency actions contained in flying regulations.
(b) In areas of FAA jurisdiction, should the pilot of an aircraft equipped with a
coded radar beacon transponder experience a loss of two-way radio capability, the transponder
should be adjusted to reply on Mode 3/A, Code 7600.
(c) Pilots can expect ATC to attempt to communicate by transmitting on guard

frequencies and available frequencies of navaids.
(d) VMC - If able to maintain flight in VMC continue flight under VFR and land as
soon as practicable and notify ATC. It is not intended that the requirement to "land as soon as
practicable" be construed to mean "as soon as possible". The pilot retains his prerogative of
exercising his best judgment and is not required to land at an unauthorized airport, at an airport
unsuitable for the type of aircraft flown, or to land only minutes short of his intended destination.
The primary objective of this provision is to preclude extended IFR operations in the air traffic
control system in VMC. When operating "on top" and unable to descend VMC prior to destination,
the procedures contained in paragraph (e) below apply.
(e) IMC - If VMC is not encountered, continue the flight according to the following:
1. ROUTE
(FAR 91.185)
a. By the route assigned in the last ATC clearance received;
b. If being radar vectored, by the direct route from the point of radio
failure to the fix, route, or airway specified in the vector clearance;
c. In the absence of an assigned route, by the route that ATC has advised
may be expected in a further clearance; or
d. In the absence of an assigned route or a route that ATC has advised

may be expected in a further clearance, by the route filed in the flight plan.
2. ALTITUDE - At the highest of the following altitudes or flight levels for the
route segment being flown:
a. The altitude or flight level assigned in the last ATC clearance received;
b. The minimum altitude (converted, if appropriate, to minimum flight

level) for IFR operations (see Section B, Altimeter Changeover Procedures); or
c. The altitude or flight level ATC has advised may be expected in a

further clearance.
NOTE - The intent of the rule is that a pilot who has experienced two- way radio failure should
select the appropriate altitude for the particular route segment being flown and make the
necessary altitude adjustments for subsequent route segments. If the pilot received an "expect
further clearance" containing a higher altitude to expect at a specified time or fix, maintain the
highest of the following altitudes until that time/fix:
(1) the last assigned altitude, or
(2) the minimum altitude/flight level for IFR operations.
Upon reaching the time/fix specified, the pilot should commence climbing to the altitude advised
to expect. If the radio failure occurs after the time/fix specified, the altitude to be expected is not
applicable and the pilot should maintain an altitude consistent with a. or b. above.
If the pilot receives an "expect further clearance" containing a lower altitude, the pilot should
maintain the highest of 1 or 2 above until that time/fix specified in paragraph 3. LEAVE
CLEARANCE LIMIT, below.
3. LEAVE CLEARANCE LIMIT.
a. When the clearance limit is a fix from which an approach begins,

commence descent or descent and approach as close as possible to the expect further clearance
time if one has been received, or if one has not been received, as close as possible to the expected
time of arrival as calculated from the filed or amended (with ATC) estimated time enroute.
b. If the clearance limit is not a fix from which an approach begins, leave
the clearance limit at the expect further clearance time if one has been received, or if none has been
received, upon arrival over the clearance limit, and proceed to a fix from which an approach begins
and commence descent or descent and approach as close as possible to the estimated time of
arrival as calculated from the filed or amended (with ATC) estimated time enroute.
4. RADAR APPROACHES - initiate lost communications procedures if no

transmissions are received for approximately one minute while being vectored to final, 15 seconds
while on ASR final approach, or five seconds while on PAR final approach.
(AIM 51-37, FAA 7110.65)
a. Attempt contact on a secondary frequency, the previously assigned

frequency, the tower frequency, or guard.
b. If unable to re-establish communications and unable to maintain VMC,

proceed with a published instrument approach procedure or previously coordinated instructions.
Change transponder to appropriate codes.
c. Maintain the last assigned altitude or the minimum safe/sector altitude

(emergency safe altitude if more than 25 NM from the facility), whichever is higher, until established
on a segment of the published approach.
5. AERIAL REFUELING
(FAA 7610.4)
a. Squawk Code 7600 for at least 2 minutes prior to exiting the Track or
Anchor. After exit, continue squawk in accordance with "Procedures for Two-way Radio Failure IFR/
VFR".
b. Tanker aircraft which have not received altitude instructions beyond the
exit point shall exit the Track or Anchor at the highest altitude in the clearance for the refueling
portion of the flight and proceed in accordance with "Procedures for Two Way Radio Failure IFR-
VFR".
c. Receiver aircraft which have not received altitude instructions beyond

the exit point shall exit the Track or Anchor at the lowest altitude specified in the clearance for the
refueling portion of the flight and proceed in accordance with "Procedures for Two Way Radio
Failure IFR-VFR".
d. Tanker aircraft enroute to an anchor aerial refueling pattern, which have
not received ATC clearance to conduct aerial refueling, should proceed to the anchor point, then
proceed direct to the A/R Exit Point (AREX) without delay and then follow lost communications
procedures outlined in this section.
b. ICAO PROCEDURES
(ICAO ANNEX 2)
(1) If in visual meteorological conditions, the aircraft shall:
(a) Continue to fly in visual meteorological conditions;
(b) Land at the nearest suitable aerodrome and;
(c) Report its arrival by the most expeditious means to the appropriate air traffic
control unit.
(2) If in instrument meteorological conditions or when conditions are such that it does
not appear feasible to complete the flight in accordance with paragraph (1) above (see Note 1
below), the aircraft shall:
(a) Unless otherwise prescribed on the basis of regional air navigation agreement,
maintain the last assigned speed and level, or minimum flight altitude if higher, for a period of 20
minutes following the aircraft’s failure to report its position over a compulsory reporting point and
thereafter adjust level and speed in accordance with the filed flight plan;
(b) Proceed according to the current flight plan route to the appropriate
designated navigation aid serving the destination aerodrome and, when required to ensure
compliance with (c) below, hold over this aid until commencement of descent;
(c) Commence descent from the navigation aid specified in (b) above at, or as close
as possible to, the expected approach time last received and acknowledged; or, if no expected
approach time has been received and acknowledged, at, or as close as possible to, the estimated
time of arrival resulting from the current flight plan;
(d) Complete a normal instrument approach procedure as specified for the

designated navigation aid; and
(e) Land, if possible, within thirty minutes after the estimated time of arrival
specified in (c) above or the last acknowledged expected approach time, whichever is later.
NOTE 1. - As evidenced by the meteorological conditions prescribed therein, paragraph (1) above
relates to all controlled flights, whereas paragraph (2) relates only to IFR flights.
NOTE 2. - The provision of air traffic control service to other flights operating in the airspace
concerned will be based on the premise that an aircraft experiencing communication failure will
comply with the rules in paragraph (2) above.
(SPEC/ICAO ANNEX 2; 3.6.5.2)
(3) UNDER RADAR CONTROL - ATC will attempt to communicate by transmitting on

all suitable air ground frequencies as well as on the voice features of all available radio
navigational or approach aids, requesting pilot acknowledge by executing suitable turns or IFF/
SIF response. The required separation between such aircraft and other aircraft in the area will be
predicated on the pilot’s course of action as indicated by radar monitor. If a flight is departing or
enroute, and a radar vector has taken it off the route specified in the ATC clearance which was
delivered before vectors were issued, the pilot will return to the route by the most direct course
possible. An aircraft following approach control instructions which has departed from the outer
fix under radar control will proceed by the most direct course possible to the appropriate
approach facility and execute approach.
(ICAO DOC 4444)
(4) RECEIVER FAILURE - If only airborne receiver trouble is suspected, transmit on
UHF or VHF (as appropriate) and request a reply on 121.5 or 108.3 MHz. Reports must be
transmitted at the scheduled times or positions on the frequency in use, preceded by the words
"TRANSMITTING BLIND DUE TO RECEIVER FAILURE". The pilot will transmit his intended
message following this by a complete repetition. During this procedure, the pilot will also advise
the time of next intended transmission.
(ICAO ANNEX 10)
(5) EMERGENCY DESCENT

(ICAO DOC 4444)
(a) Upon receipt of advice that an aircraft is making an emergency descent through
other traffic, all possible action will be taken immediately to safeguard all aircraft concerned. When
deemed necessary, air traffic control units will immediately broadcast by means of the appropriate
radio aids, or if not possible, request the appropriate communications stations to immediately
broadcast an emergency message: EMERGENCY DESCENT AT (place) ALL AIRCRAFT BELOW
(level) WITHIN (distance) OF (place or navigation aid) LEAVE IMMEDIATELY, (followed as necessary
by specific instructions as to heading or track, etc).
(b) ACTION BY THE PILOT-IN-COMMAND - It is expected that aircraft receiving

such a broadcast will clear the specified areas and stand-by on the appropriate radio frequency for
further clearances from the air traffic control unit.
(c) SUBSEQUENT ACTION BY THE AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL UNIT - Immediately

after such an emergency broadcast has been made the ACC, the approach control office, or the
airport control tower concerned will forward further clearances to all aircraft involved as to
additional procedures to be followed during and subsequent to the emergency descent.
c. VISUAL SIGNALS WHEN RADIO INOPERATIVE

(AFI 11-205)
NOTE - Signals which have been standardized with NATO and used by Air Force are marked with
an asterisk (*).
(1) DAY VISUAL SIGNALS
(a) DESCEND TO LOWER ALTITUDE - Hold hand at top of canopy, palm down,
fingers extended and joined, move hand forward and down.
(b) SYSTEM FAILURES: HEFOE System - Clench fist and hold it at top of canopy,
then hold up the required number of fingers to denote which system is involved (see 1. through 5.
below). If the clenched fist signal is seen but no finger signal is received or the intercepting pilot is
unable to understand the signal given, the pilot will assume that the aircraft in distress has one or
more systems inoperable and should proceed with extreme caution. The receiving pilot
acknowledges the signal by repeating it. (*)
1. Hydraulic - one finger.
2. Electrical - two fingers.
3. Fuel - three fingers.
4. Oxygen - four fingers.
5. Engine - five fingers.
(c) I MUST LAND ON YOUR WING - Pat shoulder, palm down; to prevent
confusion with other signals, use right hand for left shoulder and vice versa. To acknowledge, other
pilot must give an OK signal; the basic signal indicates a jet approach speed of 130 knots. If the
distress aircraft desires a higher approach speed, the pilot must raise one finger for each 10-knot
increase desired. The distressed aircraft lands and the escort executes a go-around.
(d) LAND IMMEDIATELY - Close fist and hold it to top of canopy with thumb
extended downward, then move arm up and down rapidly. (Do not confuse signal with "GEAR
DOWN" signal, which is generally not used at altitude.)
(e) RADIO INOPERATIVE LANDING (NO ASSIST AIRCRAFT AVAILABLE) - Fly

aircraft along the side of landing runway, 1000 feet above the field elevation, rocking wings until
reaching end of the runway. Turn to downwind and check mobile control or tower for green light
on base leg and final approach.
(f) RADIO FAILURE - Tap microphone or earphone and signal as appropriate. (*)
1. RECEIVER FAILURE - With palm of hand over ear position, move hand
forward and backward.
2. TRANSMITTER FAILURE - With palm of hand toward and in front of the

face, move hand up and down.
(g) COMPLETE ELECTRICAL FAILURE LANDING (NO ASSIST AIRCRAFT

AVAILABLE) - Distressed aircraft will fly 500 feet over mobile control or tower, then continue to the
far end of the runway and pull up into a wide downwind leg. Proceed with a pattern and landing
appropriate for the type aircraft being flown, while watching mobile or tower for signals. The
control tower will clear the area of other aircraft and will call the emergency crash equipment to
scene.
(h) BAILING OUT OR EJECTION - One or both clenched fists pulled downward
across the face to simulate pulling the ejection face curtain. (*)
(i) DESIRE TO LAND - Movement of the hand, flat, with palm down, forward and
downward, finishing the movement in a simulated roundout. As an alternate signal, lower the
landing gear. (*)
(j) INTERCEPTING SIGNALS - The intercepting aircraft positions itself in front of

and usually to the left of the intercepted aircraft and rocks its wings. This is a signal that the
interceptor wishes the other aircraft to follow it. The responding porpoising signal in this case
indicates distress. (*)
(k) APPROACH END BARRIER ENGAGEMENT:
1. Escorted - Extended tail hook.
2. Unescorted - Fly parallel to active runway at 1000 feet above ground level
(AGL) with tail hook extended. Rock wings until reaching departure end of runway, turn to
downwind and check mobile control or tower for light signal. If a straight-in barrier engagement
must be flown, flash landing light on final.
(2) NIGHT VISUAL SIGNALS
(a) ATTENTION - Attention should first be attracted by switching on the landing

light, or other means of illumination.
(b) AIRCRAFT EMERGENCY (MUST LAND AS SOON AS POSSIBLE) - Signal escort

aircraft by repeated intermittent flashes with a flashlight, then assume the wing position. This signal
indicates a jet approach speed of 130 knots. If a higher approach speed is desired, the pilot must
pause after the basic signal, and then blink flashlight at the top of the canopy, once for each 10-
knot increase desired. The escort pilot will lead to the nearest suitable field, declare an emergency
with the controlling agency, then fly a straight-in approach with the distressed aircraft on the wing.
The distressed aircraft lands and escort executes a go-around. (*)
NOTE - On a straight-in approach, the escort aircraft turns the position lights to bright and steady
to alert the wingman to prepare to lower flaps and landing gear. The corresponding signal of
execution will be for the lead escort aircraft to return position lights to dim and steady. However,
if the aircraft is equipped only with a steady-bright light position, the lead escort will blink lights for
the alerting signal of execution.
(c) CHANGE LEAD - Pilot of distressed aircraft holds flashlight parallel with canopy
rail and sends a steady light while making a straight line from rear toward the front of the canopy.
(d) COMPLETE ELECTRICAL FAILURE LANDING (NO ASSIST AIRCRAFT

AVAILABLE) - Procedure same as prescribed for day visual signal. (*)
(e) DESCEND TO LOWEST PRACTICAL ALTITUDE - The pilot makes a rapid

vertical movement with a flashlight.
(f) RADIO INOPERATIVE LANDING - Same as day signal procedure.
(g) SIGNAL ACKNOWLEDGMENT - Point a steady light from the flashlight at the
signaling aircraft.
(h) APPROACH END BARRIER ENGAGEMENT - Fly parallel to active runway at

1000 feet AGL with gear down and flash landing light. Turn downwind and check mobile control or
control tower for light signal. If a straight-in barrier engagement must be flown, flash landing light
on final.
(3) INFORMATION SIGNALS
(a) FUEL CHECK - Close fist with the thumb extended, and perform drinking
motion with thumb touching the oxygen mask.
(b) FUEL REMAINING - Extend one finger for each 1000 pounds of fuel on board.
Extend finger(s) vertically for 1000-5000 pounds; horizontally for 6000-9000 pounds. After signaling
1000 pound increments, pull hand downout of sight then signal 100 pound increments in the same
manner. Signal zero with closed fist.
EXAMPLE 1 - To signal 6600 pounds, extend one finger horizontally (indicating 6000
pounds); pull hand down out of sight (indicating a change from thousands to hundreds) extend one
finger horizontally (indicating 600 pounds).
EXAMPLE 2 - To signal 13,800 pounds extend one finger vertically, then three fingers
vertically (indicating 13,000 pounds); pull hand down out of sight (indicating change from thousands
to hundreds), then extend three fingers horizontally (indicating 800 pounds).
EXAMPLE 3 - If the pilot has been briefed to signal gallons, extend finger(s) vertically for
100-500 gallons; horizontally for 600-900 gallon increments. (After signaling 100 gallon increments,
pull hand down out of sight; then signal 10 gallon increments in the same manner as above.)
(4) AIRPORT TRAFFIC CONTROL LIGHT SIGNALS - Aircraft without radio equipment
should observe the tower for light signals. Acknowledge signals in the daytime by movement of
ailerons or rudder on the ground and by rocking wings in the air. Acknowledge signals at night by
flashing aircraft lights. Signals from an airport traffic control light gun have the following
meanings:
(ICAO ANNEX 2)
COLOR & TYPE OF SIGNAL ON THE GROUND IN FLIGHT
STEADY GREEN Cleared for take-off Cleared to land
FLASHING GREEN Cleared to taxi Return for landing (to be

followed by steady green at
proper time)
STEADY RED Stop Give way to other aircraft

and continue circling.
FLASHING RED Taxi clear of landing area Airport unsafe - do not land.
(runway) in use
COLOR & TYPE OF SIGNAL ON THE GROUND IN FLIGHT
FLASHING WHITE Return to starting point on ➀ Land at this airport and

airport. proceed to apron. Clearance
to land and to taxi will be
given in due course.
ALTERNATING RED & GREEN General Warning Signal - Exercise Extreme Caution
RED PYROTECHNIC Notwithstanding any

(RED FLARE) previous instructions, do not
land for the time being.
➀ ICAO-Procedure. FAA not applicable.
d. COUNTRY/THEATER EXCEPTIONS TO STANDARD PROCEDURES
(1) ICAO AIR-GROUND COMMUNICATIONS FAILURE EUROPE
As soon as it is known that two-way communication has failed, ATC shall maintain separation
between the aircraft having the communication failure and other aircraft based on the assumption
that the aircraft will operate in accordance with the subparagraphs (a) and (b) below.
(a) Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC) - Except as provided for in paragraph

(b) below, a controlled flight experiencing communication failure in VMC shall:
1. Set transponder to Code 7600
2. Continue to fly in VMC
3. Land at the nearest suitable aerodrome
4. Report its arrival time by the most expeditious means to the appropriate ATS
unit
(b) Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC) - A controlled IFR flight

experiencing communication failure in IMC, or where it does not appear feasible to continue in
accordance with paragraph (a) above shall:
1. Set transponder Code 7600
2. Maintain for a period of 7 minutes the last assigned speed and level or the
minimum flight altitude, if the minimum flight altitude is higher than the last assigned level. The
period of 7 minutes commences:
a. if operating on a route without compulsory reporting points or if

instructions have been received to omit position reports:
(1) At the time the last assigned level or minimum flight altitude is
reached, or
(2) At the time the transponder is set to Code 7600 whichever is later,
or
b. If operating on a route with compulsory reporting points and no

instructions to omit position reports has been received:
(1) At the time the last assigned level or minimum flight altitude is
reached, or
(2) At the previously reported pilot estimate for the compulsory
reporting point, or
(3) At the time of a failed report of position over a compulsory
reporting point, whichever is later;
NOTE: The period of 7 minutes is to allow the necessary air traffic control and coordination
measures.
3. Thereafter, adjust level and speed in accordance with the filed flight plan;
NOTE: With regard to changes to levels and speed, the filed flight plan, which is the flight plan as
filed with an ATS unit by the pilot or a designated representative without any subsequent changes,
will be used.
4. If being radar vectored or proceeding offset according to RNAV without a

specified limit, proceed in the most direct manner possible to rejoin the current flight plan route no
later than the next significant point, taking into consideration the application minimum flight
altitude;
NOTE: With regard to the route to be flown or the time to begin descent to the arrival aerodrome,
the current flight plan, which is the flight plan, including changes, if any, brought about by
subsequent clearances, will be used.
5. Proceed according to the current flight plan route to the appropriate

compliance with paragraph 6. below, hold over this aid until commencement of descent;
6. Commence descent from the navigation aid specified in paragraph 5. above

at, or as close as possible to, the expected approach time last received and acknowledged or, if no
expected approach time has been received and acknowledged, at, or as close to as possible to, the
estimate time of arrival resulting from the current flight plan;
7. Complete a normal instrument approach procedure as specified for the

designated navigation aid; and
8. Land, if possible, within thirty minutes after the estimated time of arrival
specified in paragraph 6. above or the last acknowledged expected approach time, whichever is
later.
NOTE: Pilots are reminded that the aircraft may not be in an area of secondary surveillance radar
coverage.
(SPEC/ICAO 7030/4 Amdt 201)
(2) DENMARK
(a) RADIO COMMUNICATION FAILURE PROCEDURES
1. Reference DOC 7030/4-ER Part 1.
2. IFR departure and IFR arrival: Two way radio communication failure
procedures of DOC 7030 are in force for airports except SID and STAR for Copenhagen/Kastrup
and IFR DEP for Copenhagen/Roskilde airports where local procedures have been established.
(SPEC/CIV ENR 1.8-1)
a. From aerodromes where Standard Instrument Departures or other

departure procedures are not established, and where no radio communication failure procedures
are established, the following procedure shall be applied by departing controlled IFR-flights
operating in IMC in the event of two-way radio communication failure:
(1) If the flight has acknowledged an initial or intermediate clearance
to climb to a level other than the one specified in the current flight plan for the en-route phase of
the flight shall, if no time limit or geographical limit was included in the climb clearance, maintain
for a period of three minutes the level to which it was cleared and then continue its flight in
accordance with the current flight plan.
(2) A departing controlled IFR flight being vectored by radar away
from the route specified in its current flight plan and experiencing two-way radio communication
failure should proceed in the most direct manner to the route specified in the current flight plan.
2. IFR arrival
a. At some aerodromes, local procedures are in force for arriving IFR
aircraft experiencing two-way radio communication failure to be observed in addition to the
procedures of Annex 2. Local procedures and designated navigational aids are shown, for each
individual aerodrome in AIP Volume-II.
b. If two-way radio communication fails while an aircraft is under radar

control during the approach phase, the aircraft shall continue the approach to the runway in use by
other radio aids or visually.
c. If this procedure is not possible, the aircraft should climb/descend to

the transition altitude for the aerodrome concerned and perform the approach to the most suitable
runway.
(3) FRANCE
(a) IFR GAT FLIGHT RADIO COMMUNICATION PROCEDURES: France follows the
ICAO AIR-GROUND COMMUNICATIONS EUROPE procedures with the following exceptions:
1. In IMC, instead of proceeding according to the current flight plan route to

the appropriate designated navigation aid serving the destination aerodrome and holding over the
aid, flights are to proceed to the appropriate initial approach fix (IAF), hold over this fix, and
commence descent from this fix.
2. Pilots are to complete the normal instrument approach as specified for the
IAF.
(SPEC/AIP ENR 1.3-4)
(b) OAT FLIGHT RADIO COMMUNICATION FAILURE PROCEDURES
1. OAT TYPE V - Maintain VMC to land at an appropriate airport (destination

or alternate). Squawk Mode 3/A 7600 at 10 NM from airport.
(SPEC/MIL ENR 1.2-3)
2. OAT TYPE I - If continuation of flight to destination is possible using

independent navigation and fuel is sufficient, squawk Mode 3/A, Code 7600, continue the flight in
accordance with last instructions received then the flight plan in effect. Carry out arrival, approach,
and landing procedures. Otherwise, squawk EMERGENCY Mode 3/A, Code 7700. Use an
appropriate OAT traffic level, in VMC if possible, and use a speed that allows for maximum flight
endurance. Continue to the nearest appropriate airport with all navigation and anti-collision lights
on. Fly 2 radar distress triangular patterns and then a left-hand racetrack pattern with 5-minute
legs. Alternate triangular distress pattern and racetrack pattern until intercepted. Avoid flying over
airports and airways as much as possible. If not intercepted by escort aircraft at the end of fuel
endurance, carry out arrival, approach and landing procedures. If in VMC with sight of the ground,
the pilot may elect to fly OAT V. In this case, the pilot should leave the upper airspace, squawk the
OAT V code, maintain sight of ground and follow the OAT V instructions.
(SPEC/MIL ENR 1.3-1)
(4) GERMANY
(a) RADIO COMMUNICATIONS FAILURE PROCEDURES-GPS/FMS RNAV 1 in

special cases General regulations.
1. After receiving a "TRANSITION" or "TRANSITION AND PROFILE" clear-

ance: Immediate setting of transponder code to Mode A 7600 and continuation of the flight in ac-
cordance with the lateral and vertical description of the procedure, including speeds with
subsequent final approach of a published Standard Instrument Approach Procedure.
2. After receiving a "DIRECT TO WAYPOINT" or "VIA WAYPOINT..." clear-

ance without follow-up clearance: Immediate setting of transponder code to Mode A 7600 and con-
tinuation of the flight via the cleared waypoint(s) and the subsequent part of a GPS/FMS route
adjoining it (them), including the charted speed and level instructions, followed by a final approach
segment of a published Standard Instrument Approach Procedure.
3. Flights on area navigation arrival routes with arc trajectory (Point Merge): Im-
mediate setting of transponder code to Mode A 7600 and continuation of the flight along the
cleared arrival route maintaining the last assigned level. Initiation of descent to the initial approach
level after intercepting the course to the initial approach fix. Conduct of an established instrument
approach procedure. This radio communication failure procedure is indicated in the relevant publi-
cations of the procedures.
(AIP AMDT 02/17, GEN 3.4-42/43)
(b) WIESBADEN AAF:
1. In case of radio communication failure switch immediately to code 7600 and

maintain flight planned cruising level or minimum levels as given below (whichever is higher) until
reaching METRO (MTR) (RWY 25) or TAUNUS (TAU) (RWY 07). If unable to comply, SQUAWK 7700
and continue at the appropriate level. Note: when MTR, TAU or GEDERN (GED) are N/A, RNAV 1
GPS is authorized to navigate to the respective NAVAIDS, hold and fly the transition for the charted
instrument procedures. (GPS is NOT authorized in lieu of the NAVAID defining the final or missed
approach track nor WIB/I-TOU DME.)
2. Flights to Wiesbaden AAF from the North and North-East are expected to
file via, and have a clearance limit of KERAX. In case of radio communication failure proceed:
a. FOR RUNWAY 25: From KERAX via GED (altitude 5000 ft or above) to
MTR. Hold overhead MTR. Descend in MTR holding and commence a standard instrument arrival
procedure.
b. FOR RUNWAY 07: From KERAX via GED (altitude 5000 ft or above) to
TAU. Hold overhead TAU. Descend in TAU holding and commence a standard instrument arrival
procedure.
3. Flights to Wiesbaden AAF from the West are expected to file via and have
clearance limit of RAMOB. In case of radio communication failure proceed:
a. FOR RUNWAY 25: From RAMOB (altitude 5000 ft or above) via ROKIM
FFM to MTR. Descend in MTR holding and commence a standard instrument arrival procedure.
b. FOR RUNWAY 07: From RAMOB (Altitude 5000 ft or above) to TAU.

Hold overhead TAU. Descend in TAU holding and commence a standard instrument arrival proce-
dure.
4. Flights to Wiesbaden AAF from the South and South-East are expected to
file via and have a clearance limit of PSA. In case of radio communication failure proceed:
a. FOR RUNWAY 25: From PSA (altitude 5000 ft or above) via GED to
procedure.
b. FOR RUNWAY 07: From PSA (altitude 5000 ft or above) via GED to
TAU. Hold overhead TAU. Descend in TAU holding and commence a standard instrument arrival
procedure.
5. Flights to Wiesbaden AAF from the North-West are expected to file via and
have a clearance limit of ROLIS. In case of radio communication failure proceed:
a. FOR RUNWAY 25: From ROLIS via TAU (altitude 5000 ft. or above) to
procedure.
b. FOR RUNWAY 07: From ROLIS (Altitude 5000 ft or above) to TAU. Hold
overhead TAU. Descend in TAU holding and commence a standard instrument arrival procedure.
(USA/USA FIL 17-826)
(5) HONG KONG

(AIP ENR 1.5-24)
(a) IMC
1. Maintain the last assigned speed and level, or minimum flight altitude if
higher, for a period of 20 minutes following the aircraft’s failure to report its position over a
compulsory reporting point and thereafter adjust level and speed in accordance with the filed flight
plan;
2. Should a specific entry beacon have been designated and acknowledged

prior to the occurrence of communication failure, proceed according to the current flight plan route
to the entry beacon, descend to minimum holding altitude in the holding procedure, then carry out
published approach for the designated entry beacon;
3. Should no specific entry beacon have been designated and acknowledged

prior to the occurrence of communication failure, proceed according to the current flight plan route
to the initial approach fix for the appropriate runway and carry out an ILS approach in accordance
with the Standard Terminal Arrival Route (STAR) procedure.
4. The flight shall be arranged to arrive over the approach facility as close as
possible to the ETA as indicated in the filed plan and revised in accordance with the current flight
plan; and
5. Descent shall be commenced as nearly as possible to the EAT last received

and acknowledged; or, if no EAT has been received and acknowledged, as nearly as possible to the
EAT specified in 4 above.
(6) ISRAEL
(AIP ENR 1.6-1)
(a) SDE DOV - Communication failure:
1. Arriving aircraft shall:
a. In VMC: Fly over the runway and join the circuit upon light signal from the
TWR.
b. In IMC:
(1) From J14, J15, H14 - fly to VOR NAT 5,000’ and hold once (061/241
left turn) before executing cloud break procedure.
(2) From J11 - follow J11 while descending 4,000’ to VOR NAT and hold
once (190/010 right turn) before executing cloud break procedure.
Note: Holding is required to allow ATM units to clear the required path.
(USAASA/AIP AD 2.6-7 - 2.6-8)
(b) Except when encountering a state of emergency, pilots shall operate

transponders and select modes and codes in accordance with ATC instructions. In particular, when
entering Tel-Aviv FIR, pilots who have already received specific instructions shall maintain that
setting until otherwise instructed.
(c) Pilots of aircraft about to enter Tel-Aviv FIR who have not received specific
instructions from ATC concerning the setting of the transponder shall operate the transponder on
Mode A/3, Code 6400 before entry and maintain that code setting until otherwise instructed.
(d) If the pilot of an aircraft encountering a state of emergency has previously been
directed by ATC to operate the transponder on a specific code, this code setting shall be
maintained until otherwise advised.
(e) In all other circumstances, the transponder shall be set to Mode A/3, Code
7700. Notwithstanding the procedure in (a) above, a pilot may select Mode A/3, Code 7700
whenever the nature of the emergency is such that this appears to be the most suitable course of
action.
NOTE: Continuous monitoring of responses on Mode A/3, Code 7700 is provided.

(f) In the event of an aircraft radio receiver failure, a pilot shall select Mode A/3,
Code 7600 and follow established procedures: subsequent control of the aircraft will be based on
those procedures.
(g) Pilots of aircraft in flight subjected to unlawful interference shall endeavor to set
the transponder to Mode A, Code 7500 to make the situation known, unless circumstances warrant
the use of Mode A/B, Code 7700.
NOTE: Mode A, Code 7500 is permanently monitored in the Tel-Aviv FIR/UIR.
(7) ITALY
(a) If an en-route IFR flight operating in IMC experiences an air-ground

communications failure, the pilot shall comply with the ICAO two-way radio failure procedures on
p. A-8 unless noted below.
(b) If a departing controlled IFR flight operating in IMC experiences an air-ground

communication failure and no definite cruising level has been assigned to the pilot, he shall, after
having set transponder to code 7600, maintain the level assigned by ATC for a period of 3 minutes
and then continue his climb to the cruising level indicated in the field flight plan.
(ENR 1.1-8)
1. If, during the above mentioned 7 minutes of flight, the minimum IFR en-
route level is higher than the level assigned by ATC, the pilot shall climb to the minimum IFR en-
route level.
2. If the departing aircraft has been vectored by radar away from the route
specified in its current flight plan, the pilot shall proceed in the most direct manner to the route
specified in the current flight plan.
(c) AVIANO AB - Lost communications procedures are as follows:
1. If no transmissions received for 30 seconds in the pattern or 5/15 seconds

on final approach, attempt contact on 362.3 and proceed VFR.
2. If unable, maintain 3000 feet until established on final and proceed with
TACAN RWY 5 approach.
(31 OSS-OSA/31 OSS-OSA FIL 07-542)
(d) MILANO TCA Radio Failure/Lost Communication
1. In the event of radio failure, the radio aid designated to descent for landing
is NOV/NDB to get via VOG NDB/VOR or SRN L/VOR. In case of NOV/NDB unavailability the fix
designated for descent is VERCE or RIGON according to the planned arrival route.
(AD 2 LIMC 1-18)
(e) ROMA TCA Radio Failure/Lost Communication
1. Roma/Fiumicino (LIRF) - In the event of radio failure, the radio aid designated
for descent is TAQ NDB/VOR, CMP NDB/VOR or ROM VOR depending on the STAR flown entering
Roma TMA. In addition, when parallel ILS approaches are in progress for RWY 16C (parallel taxiway)
and RWY 16R, or RWY 16L and RWY 16R, an aircraft experiencing radio failure arriving via TAQ
must land on RWY 16R; an aircraft experiencing radio failure arriving via CMP must land on RWY
16L or RWY 16C (parallel taxiway), whichever is in use.
(AD 2 LIRF 1-22)
2. Roma/Ciampino (LIRA) - In the event of radio failure, the radio aid designated
for descent is URB NDB. In the event URB NDB is unavailable the radio aid designated for descent
is ROM VOR. When the radio failure occurs after the aircraft has left IAF URB NDB (or ROM VOR in
case of URB NDB unavailability), for the approach, if in IMC, the pilot shall act as follows:
a. if no radar vector has been received and the aircraft is performing the
instrument approach procedure it shall proceed according to the cleared approach.
b. if a radar vector has been received so as to be carried out of the
published instrument approach procedure it shall resume the above route by the shortest way and
comply with the mentioned procedure.
c. if radio failure happens before the aircraft has been cleared to IAF, it
shall proceed according to published STAR and implement a V procedure if URB NDB is efficient or
a Z procedure in case of URB NDB unavailability.
(AD 2 LIRA 1-15)
(f) CAPODICHINO CTLZ Radio Failure/Lost Communication

(AD 2 LIRN 1-12)
1. Arriving aircraft:
a. If they are following the standard inbound routes, they shall perform the
ICAO radio failure procedures;
b. If a radar vector has been received which took them off the standard
inbound routes, and they are in IMC, they shall maintain the last level assigned and proceed with
the shortest route to POM VOR DME/NDB.
2. Departing aircraft:
a. If they are following the standard route assigned in the procedural

clearance, they shall perform the ICAO radio failure procedures;
b. If they have received a radar vector which took them off the standard
route specified in the procedural clearance, they shall regain such route in the shortest way and
then them shall adopt the ICAO radio failure procedures.
(8) JAPAN - LOST COMMUNICATIONS PROCEDURE FOR ARRIVAL AIRCRAFT

UNDER RADAR CONTROL
(a) FUKUOKA - If radio communications with Fukuoka Approach/Radar are lost for
30 seconds after radar contact, squawk Mode A/3 Code 7600 and contact Fukuoka Tower, or
(AIP MINIATURE ED., 14-13)
1. If unable, proceed in accordance with visual flight rules, or
2. If unable, proceed to Fukuoka VORTAC/NDB at the last assigned altitude

or 5000 feet, whichever is higher, and execute the instrument approach.
3. Procedures other than above will be issued when the situation requires.
(b) HIROSHIMA - If radio communications with Hiroshima Approach/Radar are lost

for 30 seconds, squawk Mode A/3 Code 7600 and attempt to contact Hiroshima Tower, or
(AIP, MINIATURE ED., 22-60)
2. If unable, proceed to Hongo VOR/DME at the last assigned altitude or 4000

feet, whichever is higher, and execute the instrument approach.
(c) KAGOSHIMA - If radio communications with Kagoshima Approach/Radar are

lost for 30 seconds after radar contact, squawk Mode A/3 Code 7600 and attempt to contact
Kagoshima Tower, or
2. If unable, proceed to Kokubu VOR at the last assigned altitude or 3500 feet,
whichever is higher, and execute the instrument approach.
(d) KUMAMOTO - If radio communications with Kumamoto Approach/Radar are

lost for 30 seconds after radar contact, squawk Mode A/3 Code 7600 and attempt to contact
Kumamoto Tower, or
2. If unable, maintain the last assigned altitude or 5200 feet, whichever is

higher, proceed to Kumamoto VOR/NDB and execute the instrument approach.
(e) MIYAKO - If radio communications with Shimoji Approach/Radar are lost for 1
minute after radar contact, squawk Mode A/3 Code 7600 and attempt to contact Shimoji Tower, or
2. If unable, proceed to Miyako-Jima VORTAC/NDB or Shimoji-Shima VOR at

the last assigned altitude or 2000 feet, whichever is higher, and execute the instrument approach.
(f) MIYAZAKI - If radio communications with Miyazaki Approach/Radar are lost for
30 seconds, squawk Mode A/3 Code 7600 and contact Miyazaki Tower, or
2. If unable, proceed to Miyazaki VOR/NDB at last assigned altitude or 4500

feet, whichever is higher, and execute the instrument approach.
(g) NAGASAKI - If radio communications with Nagasaki Approach/Radar are lost

for 30 seconds after radar contact, squawk Mode A/3 Code 7600 and attempt to contact Nagasaki
Tower, or
2. If unable, proceed to Nagasaki VOR/DME (Omura NDB) at last assigned

altitude or 4000 feet, whichever is higher, and execute instrument approach.
(h) NYUTABARU - If radio communications with Miyazaki Approach/Radar are lost

for 1 minute, squawk Mode A/3 Code 7600 and contact Nyuta Tower, or
2. If unable, proceed to Nyutabaru TACAN NR.1 IAF at last assigned altitude

or 4000 feet, whichever is higher, and execute the instrument approach.
(i) OITA - If radio communications with Oita Approach/Radar are lost for 30
seconds, squawk Mode A/3 Code 7600 and contact Oita Tower, or
2. If unable unable, proceed to Musasi VOR/DME at last assigned altitude or

3500 feet, whichever is higher, and execute the instrument approach.
(j) SENDAI - If radio communications with Sendai Approach/Radar are lost for 1
minute after radar contact, squawk Mode A/3 Code 7600 and attempt to contact Sendai Tower, or
2. If unable, proceed to Sendai VOR-DME/NDB at last assigned altitude or

3000 feet, whichever is higher, and execute the instrument approach.
(k) SHIMOJI-SHIMA - If radio communications with Shimoji Approach/Radar are

lost for 1 minute after radio contact, squawk Mode A/3 Code 7600 and attempt to contact Shimoji
Tower, or
2. If unable, proceed to Miyako-Jima VORTAC/NDB or Shimoji- Shima VOR at

last assigned altitude or 2000 feet, whichever is higher, and execute the instrument approach.
(l) TOKYO INTERNATIONAL (HANEDA) - If radio communications with Tokyo

Approach/Radar are lost for 1 minute after radar contact, squawk Mode A/3 Code 7600 and
attempt to contact Tokyo Tower, or
2. If unable,
a. When Rwy 34L or Rwy 34R in use proceed to TOMAS, MICKY, Kisarazu
VOR/DME or CL NDB at last assigned altitude or 3000 feet, whichever is higher, and execute the
instrument approach or
b. When Rwy 22, Rwy 16L or Rwy 16R in use, proceed to DREAM at last
assigned altitude or 2000 feet, whichever is higher, and execute the instrument approach.
(9) NORWAY
(a) ORLAND DEPARTURES
1. RADIO COMMUNICATIONS FAILURE: Squawk A7600.
a. In case of RCF after departure, ACFT shall maintain last cleared and
acknowledged level until passing DME 20 OL, then climb to the cruising level stated in the CPL.
After completion of SID, proceed the most direct route to join the cleared ATS-route.
b. ACFT under radar vectoring shall, after setting the transponder to

A7600, continue on heading last cleared and acknowledged for 2 minutes, then proceed the most
direct route to join the cleared ATS-route.
(SPEC/AD 2 ENOL 4-2, AD 2 ENOL 4-4)
(10) OMAN
(AD 2.OOMS-7)
(a) MUSCAT INTL ARRIVALS
1. VMC, continue flight in VMC.
2. IMC:
a. At or above 9000' QNH, proceed direct to Muscat VOR/DME at last

assigned level and comply with ICAO procedure referened in ENR 1.6. If unable to land, climb in
the VOR/DME holding pattern and depart controlled airspace at applicable minimum en-route
level, proceed to alternate.
b. Below 9000' QNH, climb immediately to the applicable minimum safe

altitude, proceed direct to the Muscat VOR/DME and comply with ICAO procedure referenced in
ENR 1.6. If unable to land, climb in the VOR/DME holding pattern and depart controlled airspace
at applicable minimum en-route level, proceed to alternate. When on a heading to intercept RWY
08/26 extended centerline and a failure is experienced or suspected, make the shortest turn onto
a heading of 020 MAG, climb to 5000 ft QNH, proceed to Muscat VOR/DME and comply with ICAO
procedure referenced in ENR 1.6. If unable to land, climb in the VOR/DME holding pattern and
depart controlled airspace at applicable minimum en-route level, proceed to alternate.
(b) SALALAH ARRIVALS

(AD2.OOSA22)
1. VMC, continue flight in VMC.
2. IMC:
a. At or above 6000’, proceed direct to Salalah VOR-DME or LOM at last

assigned level and comply with ICAO Procedures. If unable to land, depart controlled airspace on
heading 180°, climb to 6000’, and proceed to alternate.
b. Below 6000’, make the shortest turn to heading 180°, climb to 6000’,
proceed to Salalah VOR-DME or LOM and comply with ICAO Procedures. If unable to land, depart
controlled airspace on heading 180°, climb to 6000’, and proceed to alternate.
(11) PHILIPPINES
(AIP SUP A005/01)
FOR NINOY AQUINO/MACTAN/SUBIC BAY INTL ARPT
The following lost communications procedure phraseology is standard in radar ATC clearance and
shall not be given by the controller unless otherwise requested by the pilot concerned:
"IF NO TRANSMISSIONS ARE RECEIVED FOR ONE MINUTE MAKE A VISUAL APPROACH, IF
UNABLE PROCEED TO THE VOR, MAINTAIN 4000 FEET OR LAST ASSIGNED ALTITUDE
WHICHEVER IS HIGHER AND CONTACT THE TOWER IMMEDIATELY."
(12) SINGAPORE
(a) LOST COM PROCEDURES FOR SINGAPORE CHANGI IFR ARRIVALS
1. Proceed according to the last acknowledged clearance received from

Singapore ATC, or
2. If no specific instructions or clearance has been received from Singapore

ATC:
a. Maintain the last assigned alt or FL and proceed via airways thereafter
the appropriate Transition and STAR for Rwy 02L/02C to SAMKO Hldg Area (SHA) except for the
following STARs:
(1) LAVAX 1A and PASPU 1A shall proceed to SHA after SANAT
b. Commence descent from SHA at or as close as possible to the ETA as

indicated on the flt plan.
c. Carry out the appropriate IAP from SHA to land on Rwy 02L/02C.
3. If unable to effect a landing on:
a. Rwy 02L
Carry out missed approach procedure to AKOMA (PU R356/20 DME). Leave AKOMA at 4,000 ft to
NYLON Hldg Area (NHA) and execute the appropriate IAP from NHA to land on Rwy 20R or Rwy
20C, as appropriate.
b. Rwy 02C
Carry out missed approach procedure to NYLON Hldg Area (NHA) and execute the appropriate
IAP from NHA to land on Rwy 20R or Rwy 20C, as appropriate.
c. Rwy 20R
Carry out missed approach procedure to SAMKO Holding Area (SHA) and execute the appropriate
IAP from SHA to land on Rwy 02L or Rwy 02C, as appropriate.
d. Rwy 20C
Carry out missed approach procedure to EXOMO (VTK R158/22 DME). Leave EXOMO at 4,000 ft
to SAMKO Hldg Area (SHA) and execute the appropriate IAP from SHA to land on Rwy 02L or Rwy
02C, as appropriate.
(AIP SUP 43/06)
(13) SYRIA
(a) Action in case of radio communications failure (RCF) air ground failure. ATC
shall maintain separation between the aircraft having the communication failure and other aircraft
based on the assumption that the aircraft will operate in accordance with 1 or 2 of the following:
1. In case of Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC) - Except as provided for

in paragraph 2 hereafter, a controlled flight experiencing communication failure in VMC shall:
a. Set transponder to Code 7600.
b. Proceed to the planned destination at the last assigned altitude or the

Minimum Enroute Altitude (MEA) whichever is higher.
c. Maintain the last assigned altitude or the MEA whichever is higher

except where a change in altitude is required to maintain VMC.
d. If VMC conditions are encountered, maintain VMC and land at the

nearest suitable VFR aerodrome.
e. Report its arrival time by the most expeditious means to the

appropriate ATS unit.
2. Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC) - A controlled IFR flight

experiencing communication failure in IMC, or where it does not appear feasible to continue in
accordance with paragraph (a) above shall:
a. Set transponder to Code 7600
b. Maintain for a period of 5 minutes the last assigned speed and altitude
or the MEA whichever is higher.
NOTE: The period of 5 minutes commences:
1. If operating on a route without compulsory reporting points or if instructions have been

received to omit position reports:
A. At the time the last assigned level or MEA is reached, or
B. At the time the transponder is set to Code 7600 whichever is later, or
2. If operating on a route with compulsory reporting points and no omit position reports has
been received:
A. At the time the last assigned level or MEA is reached, or
B. At the Previously reported pilot estimate for the compulsory reporting point, or
C. At the time of a failed report of position over a compulsory reporting point, whichever is
later;
NOTE: The period of 5 minutes is to allow the necessary air traffic control and coordination
measures.
c. Thereafter, adjust level and speed in accordance with the filed flight
plan.
NOTE: With regard to the route to be flown or the time to begin descent to arrival aerodrome,
the current flight plan, which is the flight plan, including changes, if any, brought about by
subsequent clearances, will be used.
d. Proceed according to the current flight plan route to the appropriate

compliance with Paragraph 2.e., hold over this aid until commencement of descent;
e. Commence descent from the navigation aid specified in paragraph 2.e.

at, or as close as possible to, the expected approach time last received and acknowledged or, if no
expected approach time has been received and acknowledged, at, or as close to as possible to, the
estimate time of arrival resulting from the current flight plan;
f. Complete a normal instrument approach procedure (IAP) as specified

for the designated navigation aid; and
g. Land, if possible, within thirty minutes after the estimated time of arrival
specified in paragraph 2.e., or the last acknowledged expected approach time, whichever is later.
NOTE: With regard to departing controlled IFR flight IMC:
Departing controlled flight in IMC having acknowledged an initial or intermediate clearance to

climb to a level other than the one specified in the current flight plan for the enroute phase of the
flight, and experiencing two-way RCF should, if no time limit or geographical limit was included in
the climb clearance, maintain for a period of three minutes, the level to which it was cleared and
continue its flight in accordance with the current flight plan. The level specified in the current flight
plan means the level contained in the enroute ATC clearance acknowledged by the pilot.
NOTE: Where the pilot in command (PIC) of an aircraft encounters conditions not covered by the
above procedures, the PIC will be expected to use his or her best judgment in action to be taken.
(14) UNITED KINGDOM

(ENR 1-1-3-2/1-1-3-3)
(a) IMC
1. A flight experiencing communication failure in IMC shall:

a. Operate secondary radar transponder on Mode A, Code 7600 with
Mode C.
b. Maintain, for a period of 7 minutes, the current speed and last assigned
level or minimum safe altitude, if this higher. The period of seven minutes begins when the
transponder is set to 7600 and this should be done as soon as the pilot has detected
communications failure.
(1) If failure occurs when the aircraft is following a notified departure
procedure such as a Standard Instrument Departure (SID) and clearance to climb, or re-routing
instructions have not been given, the procedure should be flown in accordance with the published
lateral track and vertical profile, including any stepped climbs, until the last position, fix, or
waypoint, published for the procedure, has been reached. Then, for that part of the period of 7
minutes that may remain, maintain the current speed and last assigned level or minimum safe
altitude, if this higher.
(2) Thereafter, adjust the speed and level in accordance with the
current flight plan and continue the flight to the appropriate designated landing aid serving the
destination aerodrome. Attempt to transmit position reports and altitude/flight level on the
appropriate frequency when over routine reporting points.
c. If being radar vectored, or proceeding offset according to RNAV,

without a specified limit, continue in accordance with ATC instructions last acknowledged for 3
minutes only and then proceed in the most direct manner possible to rejoin the current flight
planned route. Pilots should ensure that they remain at, or above, the minimum safe altitude.
(1) If being radar vectored by an Approach Control Radar Unit (call
sign DIRECTOR/RADAR/APPROACH), comply with the loss of communications procedures notified
on the appropriate Radar Vectoring Chart as detailed in the AD 2 section of the UK AIP.
d. Arrange the flight to arrive over the appropriate designated landing aid
serving the destination aerodrome as closely as possible to the ETA last acknowledged by ATC. If
no such ETA has been acknowledged, the pilot should use an ETA derived from the last
acknowledged position report and the flight-planned times for the subsequent sections of the
flight.
(1) Arrange the flight to arrive over the appropriate designated
landing aid serving the destination aerodrome at the highest notified Minimum Sector Altitude
taking account of en-route terrain clearance requirements.
(2) If following a notified Standard Arrival Route (STAR), after the
seven minute period detailed in paragraph (b) has been completed, pilots should arrange descent
as close as possible to the published descent planning profile. If no descent profile is published,
pilots should arrange descent to be at the minimum published level at the appropriate designated
Initial Approach fix.
e. On reaching the appropriate designated landing aid serving the

destination aerodrome, begin further descent at the last acknowledged EAT. If no EAT has been
acknowledged, the descent should be started at the ETA calculated in (d), above, or as close as
possible to this time. If necessary, remain within the holding pattern until the minimum holding
level, published for the facility, has been reached. The rate of descent in holding patterns should
not be less than 500 ft per minute. If 'Delay not determined' has been given, do not attempt to land
at the destination aerodrome, divert to the alternate destination specified in the current flight plan
or another suitable airfield.
f. Carry out the notified instrument approach procedure as specified for

the designated navigational aid and, if possible, land within 30 minutes of the EAT or the calculated
ETA. When practical, pilots should take account of visual landing aids and keep watch for
instructions that may be issued by visual signals from the ground.
g. If communications failure occurs during an approach directed by radar,

continue visually, or by using an alternative aid. If this is not practical, carry out the missed approach
procedure and continue to a holding facility appropriate to the airfield of intended landing for
which an instrument approach is notified and then carry out that procedure.
5. HIJACKED AIRCRAFT
(ICAO DOC 4444 RAC/501/11)
a. U.S. and ICAO ATC facilities recognize Mode 3/A, Code 7500, as meaning that the air-
craft is being hijacked/forced to a new destination. Use Code 7500 to indicate a hijacking threat
when under ATC radar control. When the situation precludes Code 7500 replies, the spoken words
indicating such a squawk will receive similar ATC interpretation and action. Air traffic controllers will
acknowledge and confirm receipt by asking the pilot if the code is intentionally being used. If the
pilot replies in the affirmative or does not reply, the controller will not ask further questions but will
flight follow, respond to pilot’s requests, and notify appropriate authorities.
b. The aircraft will be flight followed with normal hand-off procedures used. The receiving
facility will be advised of the actions that have been taken to safeguard the hijacked aircraft, i.e.,
escort aircraft, search and rescue facilities, etc.
c. If aircraft are dispatched to intercept and escort the hijacked aircraft, all possible
assistance should be provided the intercepting aircraft to aid in placing it in a position behind the
hijacked aircraft.
6. IN-FLIGHT TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE

(AFFSA/AFFSA)
a. ANY U.S. MILITARY AIRCRAFT requiring in-flight technical assistance may use the com-
munications and/or command and control facilities listed below.
b. Air National Guard (ANG) Operations Center at Andrews AFB may be contacted by
phone patch through any Global HF System Station. Request the ANG Operations Center (call sign
MINUTEMAN) DSN 858-6001 or C301-981-6001.
c. Air Mobility Command (AMC) Operations Centers may be contacted as described in

Global HF System Stations, Section B.
d. The Air Combat Command (ACC) Command Center may be contacted at DSN 574-1555,
C757-764-1555 by phone patch through any Global HF System Station.
(AFFSA-XOS/AFFSA-XOS FIL 16-295)
7. DISTRESS AND URGENCY SIGNALS - ICAO

(ICAO ANNEX 2)
NOTE - None of the provisions in this section shall prevent the use, by an aircraft in distress, of any
means at its disposal to attract attention, make known its position and obtain help.
a. DISTRESS SIGNALS - The following signals, used either together or separately, mean
that grave and imminent danger threatens, and immediate assistance is requested:
(1) A signal made by radiotelegraphy or by any other signaling method consisting of

the group SOS in the Morse Code;
(2) A signal sent by radiotelephony consisting of the spoken word MAYDAY;
(3) Rockets or shells throwing red stars, fired one at a time at short intervals;
(4) A rocket parachute flare or a hand flare showing a red light;
(5) The two-flag signal corresponding to the letters NC of the international Code of
Signals (Fig 1).
(6) A signal consisting of a square flag having above it or below it a ball or anything
resembling a ball (Fig 2).
(7) A gun or other explosive signal fired at intervals of about 1 minute.
(8) A continuous sounding with a fog-signaling apparatus.
(9) Flames on a vessel (as from a burning tar barrel, oil barrel, etc.).
(10) A smoke signal giving off a volume of orange-colored smoke.
(11) Slowly and repeatedly raising and lowering arms outstretched to each side.
(12) Another well recognized National Distress signal is the displaying of the American
Flag upside down.
(13) Flashes from a signal mirror.
NOTE - The radio telegraph alarm signal consists of a series of twelve dashes sent in 1 minute, the
duration of each dash being 4 seconds, and the duration of the interval between 2 consecutive
dashes being 1 second. (This may precede the distress signal SOS.)
NOTE - The radio-telephone alarm signal consists of 2 tones transmitted alternately over periods
of from 30 seconds to 1 minute. (This may precede the distress call "MAYDAY").
b. URGENCY SIGNALS
(1) The following signals, used either together or separately, mean that an aircraft
wishes to give notice of difficulties which compel it to land without requiring immediate
assistance:
(a) The repeated switching on and off of the landing lights; or
(b) The repeated switching on and off of the navigation lights in such a manner as
to be distinct from flashing navigation lights.
(2) The following signals, used either together or separately, mean that an aircraft has
a very urgent message to transmit concerning the safety of a ship, aircraft or other vehicle, or of
some person on board or within sight:
(a) A signal made by radiotelegraphy or by any other signaling method consisting

of the group XXX;
(b) A signal sent by radiotelephony consisting of the spoken word PAN PAN.
8. AIRCRAFT WITNESSING DISTRESS

(ICAO ANNEX 2)
a. When a pilot in command observes that another aircraft or a surface craft is in distress,
pilot will, unless unable to do so, or in the circumstances of the case considers it unreasonable or
unnecessary:
NOTE - Each ICAO contracting state shall ensure that wreckage resulting from aircraft accidents
within its territory is removed, obliterated, or charted to prevent subsequent confusion.
(1) Keep distressed craft in sight until its presence is no longer necessary or no longer
able to remain in the vicinity.
(2) If the position is not known with certainty, take such action as to determine it.
(3) Report to the rescue coordination center or air traffic services unit, as much of the
following information as possible.
(a) Type of craft in distress, its identification and condition.
(b) Position in lat/long or distance/bearing from a landmark or NAVAID.
(c) Time of observation expressed in UTC on the 24 hour system.
(d) Number of persons observed.
(e) Whether persons have been seen to abandon distressed craft.
(f) Number of persons observed to be afloat.
(g) Apparent physical condition of survivors.
(4) Act as instructed by the rescue coordination center.
b. The pilot in command of the first aircraft to reach the place of the accident will, if unable
to establish communication with the rescue coordination center or air traffic services unit, take
charge of activities of all other aircraft to arrive until such time as by mutual agreement,
responsibility is handed to that aircraft best able to provide communication under the prevailing
circumstances.
c. Whenever a distress call and/or message is intercepted on the radiotelegraphy or

radiotelephony by a pilot in command of an aircraft, other than a search aircraft, he will:
(1) Plot the position of the craft in distress, if given.
(2) If possible, take a bearing on the transmission.
(3) At the pilot’s discretion, while awaiting instructions, proceed to the position given
in the distress signal.
NOTE - In addition, compliance is required with communications procedures.

d. When it is necessary for an aircraft to direct a surface craft to the place where an aircraft
or surface craft is in distress, the aircraft will do so by transmitting precise instructions by any means
at its disposal. When this is not possible, the following procedure will be used:
(1) Circle the surface craft at least once.
(2) Cross the projected course of the surface craft close ahead, at a low altitude,
opening and closing the throttle or changing the propeller pitch.
(3) Heading in the direction in which the surface craft is to be directed.
e. Crossing the wake of the surface craft, close astern, at a low altitude, opening and
closing the throttle or changing the propeller pitch means that the assistance of the surface craft
to which the signal is directed is no longer required.
f. Current maritime signaling procedures include:
(1) For acknowledgment of receipt of signal:
(a) Hoisting of the "Code Pennant" (vertical red and white stripes) close up,
(meaning understood).
(b) The flashing of a succession of "T’s" by signal lamp in Morse code.
(c) The changing of heading.
(2) For indicating the inability to comply:
(a) Hoisting of the international flag "N" (a blue and white checkered square).
(b) The flashing of a succession of "N’s" in the Morse code.)
g. Upon receiving a signal from an Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon (EPIRB)/
Emergency Locating Transmitter (ELT) on 121.5 or 243.0 MHz, report the following information:
(1) Position/bearing and time first heard.
(2) Position/bearing and time last heard.
(3) Position/bearing at maximum signal strength.
(4) Flight level/frequency.
9. AIR/GROUND EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

(ICAO DOC 7333)
a. STANDARD AIRCRAFT ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

b. BODY SIGNALS
INSTRUCTIONS: If you are able to attract the attention of the pilot of a rescue airplane,
the body signals illustrated below can be used to transmit messages to him as he circles over your
location. Stand in the open when you make the signals. Be sure that the background, as seen from
the air, is not confusing. Go through the motions slowly and repeat each signal until you are positive
that the pilot understands you.
c. INTERNATIONAL GROUND/AIR EMERGENCY CODE
(1) INSTRUCTIONS
(a) Lay out symbols by using strips of fabric or parachutes, pieces of wood, stones,
or any available material.
(b) Provide as much color contrast as possible between material used for symbols
and background against which symbols are exposed.
(c) Symbols should be at least 8 feet high or larger. Care should be taken to lay out
symbols exactly as shown.
(d) In addition to using symbols, every effort is to be made to attract attention by

means of radio, flares, smoke, or other available means.
(e) On snow covered ground, signals can be made by dragging, shoveling or
tramping. Depressed areas forming symbols will appear black from the air.
(f) Pilot should acknowledge message by using signals described in paragraph 8.a.
DISTRESS SIGNALS.
d. GROUND/AIR VISUAL CODE FOR USE BY SURVIVORS

(ICAO ANNEX 12, ICAO DOC 7333)
e. GROUND/AIR VISUAL CODE FOR USE BY SEARCH PARTIES

(ICAO ANNEX 12, ICAO DOC 7333)
f. PAULIN SYMBOLS
(ICAO DOC 7333)
INSTRUCTIONS: Either USAF or USN paulins may be used to form signals. The paulins
are blue on one side and yellow or red on the other. They are held down in wind with rocks, stones,
or pegs. In life rafts, lines are tied to grommets to facilitate holding. Wood may be tied to edge and
floated in center of small lakes or slow rivers.
NOTE - (1) It is preferable to use the International Ground Air Emergency Code. The symbols can
be made larger and hence more recognizable from the air.
(2) Paulins should be folded to form the signals shown on this page. A paulin is an
extremely valuable shelter, poncho, floor cloth, sleeping bag cover, sunshade, or rain collector.
10. INTERCEPTION SIGNALS
INTERCEPTION SIGNALS
COUNTRY EXCEPTIONS TO ICAO STANDARD ARE LISTED BELOW
(ICAO STANDARD IS ON BACK COVER OF FIH)
INTERCEPTION SIGNALS - ALGERIA

(AIP ENR 1-12-1 & 1-12-2)
INTERCEPTING INTERCEPTED
SERIES AIRCRAFT MEANING AIRCRAFT MEANING
SIGNALS RESPONSE
1 DAY - Rocking aircraft You have been Rocking wings. Understood.

and passing left of intercepted. Will comply.
intercepted aircraft then Follow me.
proceeding on course.
(Weather & terrain may
require right positioning
instead.)
NIGHT - Same maneuver Rocking wings

while blinking lights. while blinking
lights.
SIGNALS RESPONSE
HELICOPTERS:
DAY & NIGHT -
Alternate left/right
roll with blinking
lights.
NOTE: If intercepted aircraft is unable to keep pace with the intercepting aircraft, the
latter is expected to fly a series of race-track patterns and rock the aircraft each time
it passes the intercepted aircraft.
2 DAY & NIGHT - Rapid You may Lower gear. Follow Understood.
breakaway maneuver proceed. intercepting Will comply.
from intercepted aircraft. If after
aircraft, climbing turn of overflying runway
90 degrees or more it appears safe to
without crossing line of land, proceed to
flight of intercepted land.
aircraft.
3 DAY - Execute Land at this Lower gear. Follow Understood.

horizontal circuits airport. intercepting Will comply.
around the airport, aircraft. If after
lower landing gear, and overflying runway
overfly landing runway it appears safe to
in the landing direction. land, proceed to
If intercepted aircraft is land. If at night,
a helicopter, overfly the turn on landing
space for landing it. lights.
4 If intercepted aircraft Roger. Follow Retract landing Unable to

cannot comply retract me. gear while comply. Cannot
landing gear and send overflying landing land at this
Series 1 signals. Or if runway at greater airfield.
disengaging from than 1000 ft.
intercepted aircraft, use Continue to
Series 2 signals. execute circuits
around and above
the airport while
blinking all lights.
DISTRESS INTERCEPTION SIGNALS
Use Series 2 signal You may DAY OR NIGHT: In Distress.

proceed. Blink all lights in an
irregular fashion.
INTERCEPTION SIGNALS - CUBA
(AIP RAC 8-1)
SIGNALS RESPONSE
1 DAY - Rocking wings You have been AIRPLANES: DAY - Understood, will
from a position in front intercepted. Rocking wings and comply.
and, normally, to the left Follow me. following.
of intercepted aircraft
and, after
acknowledgment, a slow
level turn, normally to
the left, on to the
desired heading.
NIGHT - Same and, in NIGHT - Same

addition, flashing and, in addition,
navigational lights at flashing
irregular intervals. navigational lights
at irregular
intervals.
Note 1. - HELICOPTERS:
Meteorological DAY or NIGHT -
conditions or terrain Rocking aircraft,
may require the flashing
intercepting aircraft to navigational lights
take up a position in at irregular
front and to the right of intervals and
the intercepted aircraft following.
and to make the
subsequent turn to the
right.
Note 2. - If the NOTE - Additional

intercepted aircraft is action required to
not able to keep pace be taken by
with the intercepting intercepted
aircraft, the latter is aircraft is
expected to fly a series prescribed in
of race-track patterns "ACTION BY
and to rock its wings INTERCEPTED
each time it passes the AIRCRAFT."
intercepted aircraft.
2 DAY or NIGHT - An You may AIRPLANES: DAY Understood, will

abrupt breakaway from proceed. or NIGHT - comply.
the intercepted aircraft Rocking wings.
consisting of a climbing
turn of 90 degrees or
more without crossing
the line of flight of the
HELICOPTERS:
DAY or NIGHT -
Rocking aircraft.
SIGNALS RESPONSE
3 DAY - Circling airport, Land at this AIRPLANES: DAY - Understood, will

lowering landing gear airport. Lowering landing comply.
and overflying runway in gear, following the
direction of landing or, if intercepting
the intercepted aircraft aircraft and, if
is a helicopter, after overflying
overflying the helicopter the runway
landing area. landing is
considered safe,
proceeding to
land.

addition, showing and, in addition,
steady landing lights. showing steady
landing lights (if
carried).
HELICOPTERS:
DAY or NIGHT -
Following the
intercepting
aircraft and
proceeding to
land, showing a
steady landing
light (if carried).
4 AIRPLANES: DAY - Airport you have DAY or NIGHT - If Understood,

Raising landing gear designated is it is desired that follow me.
while passing over inadequate. the intercepted
landing runway at a aircraft follow the
height exceeding 300 m intercepting
(1000 ft) but not aircraft to an
exceeding 600 m (2000 alternate airport,
ft) above the airport the intercepting
level, and continuing to aircraft raises its
circle the airport. landing gear and
uses the Series 1
signals
prescribed for
intercepting
aircraft.
NIGHT - Flashing If it is decided to Understood, you

landing lights while release the may proceed.
passing over landing intercepted
runway at a height aircraft, the
exceeding 300 m (1000 intercepting
ft) but not exceeding aircraft uses the
600 m (2000 ft) above Series 2 signals
the airport level, and prescribed for
continuing to circle the intercepting
airport. If unable to flash aircraft.
landing lights, flash any
other lights available.
SIGNALS RESPONSE
5 AIRPLANES: DAY or Cannot comply. DAY or NIGHT - Understood.

NIGHT - Regular Use Series 2
switching on and off of signals prescribed
all available lights but in for intercepting
such a manner as to be aircraft.
distinct from flashing
lights.
6 AIRPLANES: DAY or In distress. DAY or NIGHT - Understood.

NIGHT - Irregular Use Series 2
flashing of all available signals prescribed
lights. for intercepting
aircraft.
HELICOPTERS: DAY or
NIGHT - Irregular
flashing of all available
lights.
INTERCEPTION SIGNALS -
REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA
SIGNALS RESPONSE
1 DAY - Rocking wings Follow me away Rocking wings. Understood, will

while in front and to left from a comply.
of intercepted aircraft, prohibited area.
and after
acknowledgment a slow
level turn on to desired
course.
DAY - Rocking wings Follow me to a Rocking wings. Understood, will

while in front and to landing area. comply.
right of intercepted
aircraft, and after
acknowledgment a slow
level turn on to a
desired course.
NIGHT - As for day and Rocking wings and

in addition flashing showing steady
navigational and, if landing light.
available, landing lights
at irregular intervals.
2 DAY or NIGHT - An You may Rocking wings if Understood, will

abrupt break away proceed. considered safe, at comply.
upwards of 90° or more night showing
without crossing the line steady landing
of flight of the light.
3 DAY - Circling landing Land on this Same as Understood, will

area, lowering landing landing area. interceptor and comply.
gear and overflying the proceed to land if
direction of landing. considered (safe,
at night showing
steady landing
light.
NIGHT - As for day and

showing steady landing
light.
4 DAY - Rocking wings (if Landing area First or second Understood, will
fixed landing gear) or unsuitable. series dependent comply.
raising landing gear on intercepting
while passing over aircraft intent.
landing area at a height
feet between 1000 feet
and 2000.
SIGNALS RESPONSE
NIGHT - Flashing light

or any other light
available while passing
over landing area at a
height between 1000
feet and 2000 feet and
continue circling landing
area.
INTERCEPTION SIGNALS - SWEDEN
(AIP RAC 8-1)
SIGNALS RESPONSE
1 DAY - Rocking wings Caution! You AIRPLANES: DAY - Understood. Will

three times from a have been Rocking wings and comply.
position in front and, intercepted. following.
normally, to the left of Follow me.
intercepted aircraft and,
after acknowledgment,
a slow turn, normally to
the left, on to the
desired heading.

addition, flashing and, in addition,
navigational lights at flashing
irregular intervals. navigational lights
at irregular
intervals.
If not acknowledged: Follow my HELICOPTERS:

DAY - Rocking wings instructions, DAY or NIGHT -
several times (10-20). otherwise your Rocking aircraft,
safety cannot be flashing
guaranteed. navigational lights
at irregular
intervals and
following.
NIGHT - Same and, in NOTE: Additional

addition, flashing action required to
navigational lights at be taken by
irregular intervals during intercepted
an extended period. aircraft is
prescribed in para
4.
NOTE 1 -
Meteorological
conditions or terrain
may require the
intercepting aircraft to
take up a position in
front and to the right of
the intercepted aircraft
and to make the
subsequent turn to the
right.
SIGNALS RESPONSE
NOTE 2 - If the
intercepted aircraft is
not able to keep pace
with the intercepting
aircraft, the latter is
expected to fly a series
of the race-track
patterns and to rock its
wings each time it
passes the intercepted
aircraft.
2 DAY or NIGHT - An You may AIRPLANES: DAY Understood. Will

abrupt breakaway proceed. or NIGHT Rocking comply.
maneuver from the wings.
intercepted aircraft
consisting of a climbing
turn of 90 degrees or
more without crossing
the line of flight of the
HELICOPTERS:
DAY or NIGHT
Rocking aircraft.
3 DAY - Circling airport, Land at this AIRPLANES: DAY - Understood. Will

lowering landing gear airport. Lowering landing comply.
and overflying runway in gear, following the
direction of landing or, if intercepting
the intercepted aircraft aircraft and, if
is a helicopter, after overflying
overflying the helicopter the runway
landing area. landing is
considered safe,
proceeding to
land.

addition, showing and, in addition,
steady landing lights. showing steady
landing lights (if
carried).
HELICOPTERS:
DAY or NIGHT -
Following the
intercepting
aircraft and
proceeding to
land, showing a
steady landing
light (if carried).
Signals initiated by intercepted aircraft and responses by intercepting aircraft.

SIGNALS RESPONSE
4 AIRPLANES: DAY - Airport you have DAY or NIGHT - If Understood.

Raising landing gear designated is it is desired that Follow me.
while passing over inadequate. the intercepted
landing runway at a aircraft follow the
height exceeding 1000 intercepting
ft (300 m) but not aircraft to an
exceeding 2000 ft (600 alternate airport,
m) above the airport the intercepting
level, and continuing to aircraft raises its
circle the airport. landing gear and
uses the Series 1
signals prescribed
for intercepting
aircraft.
NIGHT - Flashing If it is decided to Understood. You

landing lights while release the may proceed.
passing over landing intercepted
runway at a height aircraft, the
exceeding 1000 ft (300 intercepting
m) but not exceeding aircraft uses the
2000 ft (600m) above Series 2 signals
the airport level, and prescribed for
continuing to circle the intercepting
airport. If unable to flash aircraft.
landing lights, flash any
other lights available.
5 AIRPLANES: DAY or Cannot comply. DAY or NIGHT - Understood.

NIGHT - Regular Use Series 2
switching on and off of signals prescribed
all available lights but in for intercepting
such a manner as to be aircraft.
distinct from flashing
lights.
6 AIRPLANES: DAY or In distress. DAY or NIGHT - Understood.

NIGHT - Irregular Use Series 2
flashing of all available signals prescribed
lights. for intercepting
aircraft.
HELICOPTERS: DAY or
NIGHT - Irregular
flashing of all available
lights.
INTERCEPTION SIGNALS - TAIWAN
(AIP ENR1.12)
1. If interception by CAF aircraft is imminent, the intercepted aircraft will:
a. Respond to visual signals from interception aircraft, and do not perform any maneuvers
which maybe construed as hostile; fly straight and level.
b. Notify, if possible, appropriate air traffic services unit.
c. Attempt to establish communications with interceptor aircraft or appropriate intercept

control unit on 243.0 MHz, 121.5 MHz.
d. Unless otherwise instructed by the appropriate air traffic service unit, set transponder
code on 7700.
e. Safety of aircraft under interception will not be secure if they fail to obey any instruction
given by the interceptor.
f. Taiwan will not be responsible for any damage caused to aircraft by the interceptors or
other devices due to non-compliance with the Air Defense Identification or Air Traffic Control
Regulations and Procedures.
SIGNALS RESPONSE
1 DAY - Rocking wings Use caution you DAY - Rocking Roger, wings.
three times from a are violating this wings.
position in front and to nation's
the left (or right) of the airspace.
NIGHT - As day with the NIGHT - Same as

addition of flashing day with the
navigation lights three addition of
times. flashing navigation
lights.
2 DAY - The interceptor Follow me. DAY or NIGHT - Roger, wilco.

intends to lead Rocking wings and
intercepted aircraft following.
away from an area or to
an intended airport. The
interceptor will rock his
wings several times from
a position in front of
intercepted aircraft and
after acknowledgment a
slow level turn on to the
desired course.
NIGHT - Same as day

with the addition of a
series of flashing lights
at irregular intervals by
any means available.
3 An abrupt break away You may DAY or NIGHT - Roger, wilco.

upwards of 90 degrees proceed. Rocking wings and
or more. following.
SIGNALS RESPONSE
4 Circling airport and Land at this Following the Roger, wilco.

lowering landing gear. airport. interceptor
lowering landing
gear and proceed
to land.
DAY - Rocking Airport that you

wings while have designated
passing over is inadequate.
landing runway at
a height
exceeding 1,000
feet above the
level of the
airport.
NIGHT - Same as
day with the
addition of
flashing landing
lights, if unable to
flash landing lights
flash any lights
available.
5 If it is desired that the Follow me. Rocking wings and Roger, wilco.
intercepted aircraft following.
follow the interceptor or
other aircraft to an
alternative airport, the
interceptor use the
series 2 signals.
6 DAY - Pull up and down If you do not DAY - Rocking Roger, wilco.
several times from a obey our wings.
position abreast the instructions your
intercepted aircraft. safety will not
be secured.
NIGHT - Same as day NIGHT - Same as

with the addition of day with the
flashing navigation lights addition of
several times. flashing navigation
lights.
INTERCEPTION SIGNALS - SERBIA
(AIP RAC 1)
SIGNALS RESPONSE
1 DAY - Approach (at least Follow me. DAY - Mild rocking Understood and
to 100 meters) to the of wings to each will follow you.
left side in the direction side.
and at level of the
multiple wing wags.
NIGHT - The same as Follow me. NIGHT - Multiple Understood and

during day adding switch on and off will follow you.
multiple switch on and navigation lights.
off navigation lights.
2 DAY or NIGHT - An You may DAY - Mild rocking Understood.

abrupt break away of 90 proceed. of wings to each
degrees or more from side.
the direction of the
flight.
NIGHT - Multiple
switch on and off
navigation lights.
3 DAY - Circling of airport Land at this Same as Understood and

and lowering of landing airport. interceptor and will land.
gear. proceed to land.
NIGHT - Circling of Land at this Same as Understood and

airport and switch on airport. interceptor and will land.
landing lights. proceed to land.
4 DAY - Approach (at least Follow me this is DAY - Mild rocking Understood and
to 100 meters) to the the last warning; of wings to each will follow you.
left side in the direction your safety is side.
and at the level of the not guaranteed.
two short bursts fired.
NIGHT - The same as Follow me this is NIGHT - Multiple Understood and

during day adding the last warning; switch on and off will follow you.
multiple switch on and your safety is navigation lights.
off navigation lights. not guaranteed.
NOTE - Interceptor aircraft signal under series number 1 has to be used before the interceptor
uses the procedure under series number 4.
11. PROCEDURES FOR THE PREVENTION OF DANGEROUS MILITARY
ACTIVITIES BETWEEN THE US AND RUSSIA -
(JCS J-S/AFFSA A3IF FIL 10-047)
a. An agreement between the United States and Russia seeks to ensure the safety of the
personnel and equipment of each country’s armed forces by avoiding certain dangerous military
activities and expeditiously and peacefully resolving related incidents.
b. When in the proximity to one another, the armed forces of each country are to refrain
from:
(1) dangerous use of lasers.
(2) dangerous interference with command and control systems.
(3) certain activities in mutually agreed upon Special Caution Areas.
c. The US and Russia have also agreed to follow special procedures when the armed forces
of one country enters, either unintentionally or as a result of force majeure, into the national
territory of the other country.
d. See CDRNORAD CONPLAN 3310-07 (23 Jan 07), Appendix 34 to Annex C, Page C-34-
1, for more specific guidance on procedures regarding Dangerous Military Activities.
e. COMMUNICATIONS - The following frequencies will be used to establish radio

communications.
(1) between US and Russian aircraft, or between an aircraft and air traffic control or
monitoring facility of the two armed forces, on 243.0 MHz (International Distress and Emergency
frequency) or 121.5 MHz (International Aeronautical Emergency frequency), or on HF band
frequency 4125.0 kHz AM (alternate 6215.5 kHz AM), both agreed International Distress and
Safety Calling/Reply frequencies for contact beyond line of sight. After the phrase "Radio
Contact" is exchanged, use frequencies 278.0 MHz, 130.0 MHz, or 4125 kHz, respectively, for
sustained radio communications.
(2) between a US or Russian ship and an aircraft of the opposite force: on 243.0 MHz
(International Distress and Emergency frequency) or 121.5 MHz (International Aeronautical
Emergency frequency). After initial contact is made and the parties agree, they will move to 278.0
MHz or 130.0 MHz respectively when sustained communications are required.
NOTE: The sustained radio communications frequencies are not dedicated to Dangerous Military
Activities. At times, these frequencies may be unusable.
(3) Although the frequencies above are intended for communications involving
aircraft, attempts to contact Russian Forces can be made, should the capability exist, using the
frequencies designed for ship or ground communications, as appropriate.
(a) Ship-to-Ship and Ship-to-Shore Communications: VHF band (Channel 16)

frequency 156.8 MHz FM (International Distress and Calling frequency), or on HF band frequency
2182.0 kHz AM (International HF Distress and Calling frequency).
(b) Ground Communications: VHF band frequency 44.0 MHz FM (alternate 46.5
MHz FM), or on HF band frequency 4125.0 kHz USB (alternate 6215.5 USB) (International HF
Distress and Calling frequencies).
COMMUNICATIONS FREQUENCIES
PRIMARY ALTERNATE➀ SUSTAINED

OPERATION INITIAL CONTACT FREQUENCIES COMMUNICATIONS
AIR-RELATED
VHF 121.5 MHz 130.0 MHz

UHF 243.0 MHz 278.0 MHz
HF (AM) 4125.0 kHz 6215.5 kHz 4125.0 kHz
SEA-REALATED
VHF 156.8 MHz 156.8 MHz

HF (AM) 2182.0 kHz 2182.0 kHz
GROUND-RELATED
VHF 44.0 MHz 46.5 MHz➁ 44.0 MHz➁

HF (USB) 4125.0 kHz 6215.5 kHz 4125.0 kHz
➀Contact will be initiated on the primary frequency. If contact cannot be made,

personnel will attempt contact on the alternate frequency (where available). The sustained
communications frequency will be used when extended communications are required and
after the phrase "Radio Contact" is exchanged.
➁Radio equipment to be set in the "Old" squelch position.
f. RADIO CALL SIGNS - For expeditious identification of an aircraft, ship ground control
station, or ground unit, the call signs below will be used:
RADIO CALL SIGNS
Platform Call Sign
Russian US
Ship "Bugel" "Port Mast"

(phonetic - BOO-gel)
Aircraft "Sedlo" "Ivory Eagle"

(phonetic - Sed-LOW)
Air Traffic Control or "Zemlya" "Electric Light"

Monitoring Facility (phonetic - Zem-le-YAW)
Ground Force or Unit "Polya" "Post Pounder"

(phonetic - POLE-yaw)
g. RADIO PROCEDURES -
(1) Communications procedures for initial contact will use full, not abbreviated, radio
telephone procedures, bearing in mind that the Russian operator who will be initiating the call or
responding may not speak or fully understand English. To initiate radio contact, the following
procedure should be used.
(a) The aircraft, ship air traffic control or monitoring facility, or ground unit
initiating contact will transmit the call sign of the party to be contacted three times, followed by the
words, "Delta Echo" (meaning "from" in the context of these procedures), and then followed by
the caller’s call sign one time. The word "Over" is optional at the end of each transmission.
(b) To respond to an initial radio contact, the aircraft, ship, air traffic control or
monitoring facility, or ground unit being called will transmit the call sign of the party that has
attempted to contact it three times, followed by the words, "Delta Echo" (meaning "from" in the
context of these procedures), then followed by the respondent’s call sign one time. The word
"Over" is optional at the end of each transmission. Example:
INITIAL RADIO CONTACT:
SEDLO SEDLO SEDLO. DELTA ECHO. IVORY EAGLE. (OVER)
RESPONSE:
IVORY EAGLE IVORY EAGLE IVORY EAGLE. DELTA ECHO. SEDLO. (OVER)
(2) The procedures for switching to a frequency for sustained communications are as
follows:
(a) the aircraft, ship, air traffic control or monitoring facility, or ground unit
initiating contact will transmit the call sign of the party to be contacted (after the initial call, the call
signs will be stated only once), followed by the words "Delta Echo," then followed by the caller’s
call sign and the words "Radio Contact," and
(b) the aircraft, ship, air traffic control, or monitoring facility being contacted will
transmit the call sign of the party first initiating contact, followed by the words "Delta Echo," then
followed by the respondent’s call sign and the words "Radio Contact." The word "Over" is optional
at the end of each transmission. Example:
SWITCHING FREQUENCIES FOR SUSTAINED COMMUNICATIONS:
SEDLO. DELTA ECHO. IVORY EAGLE. RADIO CONTACT. (OVER)
RESPONSE:
IVORY EAGLE. DELTA ECHO. SEDLO. RADIO CONTACT. (OVER)
h. SIGNALS and PHRASES - Both US and Russian armed forces recognize that the lack of
communication can increase the danger to their personnel and equipment and create international
incidents. Therefore, US aircrews will ensure that the guard channel (frequency 243.0 MHz or 121.5
MHz) is operational and monitored, especially whenever aircraft of the two forces are in visual
contact. However, language barriers or equipment malfunctions may make radio communications
impossible. Therefore, United States and Russia have agreed to a list of English phrases and visual
signals that can be used to convey essential information and acknowledge instructions. If the
exchange of information is necessary, but communication in English is not possible, attempts
should be made to communicate by using these prearranged phrases contained in Table I. In
addition, Table II contains useful English phrases that can be used. If radio communications cannot
be established or understood, attempt to communicate using the visual signals contained in Table
I. Aircraft-to-aircraft communications can also be conducted using visual signals for intercepting
and intercepted aircraft contained in the FIH (see page , INTERCEPTION SIGNALS - RUSSIA). In
addition, US personnel will attempt to communicate with their higher headquarters or their
operational command, which in turn will attempt to communicate with its Russian counterpart to
resolve the incident through the communications channels set forth in this agreement.
TABLE 1
ADDITIONAL SIGNALS, PHRASES AND APPROPRIATE RESPONSES
MEANING OF VISUAL SIGNALS FOR PHRASE & APPROPRIATE

SIGNAL PHRASE AIRCRAFT PRONUNCIATION RESPONSE
You are in close Day or Night - The "CLOSE TO TERR- Intercepted aircraft
proximity to our intercepting aircraft, flying I-TORY" turns away from
national territory. abeam and parallel to the national territory, as
intercepted aircraft, rocking appropriate.
wings, and flashing
navigation lights at slow
regular intervals, followed
by a series of shallow bank
"S" turns approximately 10
degrees either side of
center.
You have entered Day and Night - The "TERR-I-TORY EN- Intercepted aircraft
into our national intercepting aircraft, flying TERED" will follow the
territory. abeam and parallel to the appropriate
intercepted aircraft, rapidly instructions of the
flashing navigation lights intercepting aircraft,
while rocking wings, or exit national
followed by a shallow bank territory, as
(15 to 20 degrees) turn in appropriate.
the direction of the
intercepted aircraft. The
approach will be
accomplished with great
caution and not closer than
one wing span. Repeat until
intercepted aircraft
acknowledges or radio
contact is established.
I need to land. Day and Night - Repeated "RE-QUEST LAN- Intercepting aircraft
flashing of navigation lights DING" assists intercepted
while rocking wings, aircraft.
followed by a gentle
porpoising of the aircraft.
My aircraft Day or Night - Aircraft "RA-DI-O After the ship and

request contact circling the ship, in a left CON-TACT" aircraft each
with your ship on hand turn, at a safe distance exchange the phrase
243.0 MHz (or and altitude until radio "RADIO CONTACT,"
121.5 MHz, if on contact is established. the ship or aircraft
Civil Band). will switch to 278.0
MHz (or 130.0 MHz,
as appropriate) for
further
communications.
MEANING OF VISUAL SIGNALS FOR PHRASE & APPROPRIATE

SIGNAL PHRASE AIRCRAFT PRONUNCIATION RESPONSE
I request radio Day or Night - (for aircraft, if "RA-DI-O Acknowledge

contact on 278.0 121.5 MHz or 243.0 MHz is CON-TACT" requesting aircraft,
MHz or 130.0 inoperative) - Intermittent ship, or air traffic
MHz. Make initial flashing of anticollision lights control or monitoring
contact on 243.0 while rocking wings. facility with the
MHz (or 121.5 phrase "RADIO
MHz, if on Civil CONTACT." After
Band). this phrase is
exchanged, tune to
278.0 MHz or 130.0
MHz, if operating on
Civil Bands.
I am experiencing None. "STOP Investigate and, as

a dangerous level IN-TER-FER-ENCE" appropriate,
of interference terminate any
with my command activities that may be
and control causing the
network. dangerous
(Transmit PHRASE interference.
on contact
frequency.
My intended use None. "LA-SER Take appropriate

of a laser may DAN-GER" measures to prevent
create danger in harm to personnel or
this area. damage to
(Transmit PHRASE equipment.
on contact
frequency.)
I am experiencing None. "STOP LA-SER" Investigate and, as

a dangerous level appropriate,
of laser radiation. terminate any use of
(Transmit PHRASE a laser that could
on contact cause harm to
frequency.) personnel or damage
to equipment.
TABLE II
ADDITIONAL TERMINOLOGY
PHRASE MEANING
"WILCO" Understood and will comply

"CANNOT" Understood and unable to comply
"REPEAT" Say again
"AM LOST" Position unknown
"MAYDAY" Am in distress
"DESCEND" I require descent
i. LANDING OF US AIRCRAFT IN RUSSIA - Should circumstances dictate a need for an

immediate landing in Russia, accomplish the following actions:
(1) Attempt to establish radio contact with Russian air traffic control using
frequencies, call signs and procedures specified in paragraphs e., f. and g.
(2) Advise the Russian controlling agency or interceptor with the phrase "Request
Landing" or the appropriate visual signal from Table I. The Russian controlling agency or
interceptor should provide assistance if possible.
(3) Expect to be directed or escorted to a suitable airport.
(4) Upon landing, expect to be parked on an isolated part of the airport or a separate
hangar.
(5) Use the US/Russia Checklist in Table III to communicate minimum essential
information to the Russian airport manager. Request billeting, messing and transportation for
aircrew and passengers. US aircrews should expect assistance in arranging billeting, messing,
transportation and filing flight plans.
(6) Secure the aircraft. It may be necessary to use aircrew members or passengers to
provide a continuous presence at the airport.
(7) The aircraft is not subject to any inspection except in cases where the aircraft
poses a clear hazard to the environment or the health of personnel. Action may be taken to
terminate the hazard. Refer questions involving inspections to higher representatives of the US
and Russian military for resolution.
(8) Request assistance to contact the US Defense Attaché at the US Embassy in

Moscow as soon as possible. Telephone number is Direct Dial: (095)728-5317, or US Embassy
Moscow primary number (095)728-5000 and after hours (095)728-5025.
(9) Determine maintenance and logistic support needed to launch the aircraft. Inform
Russian officials and the US Defense Attache of the required support.
(10) Sign no documents. Request that all bills be forwarded to the US Embassy for
payment. Request copies of all bills.
(11) Depart the Russian airport as soon as practical.

A-50
TABLE III
US/RUSSIAN CHECKLIST FOR AIRCRAFT LANDING
IN THE OTHER PARTY’S TERRITORY
TABLE III
US/RUSSIAN CHECKLIST FOR AIRCRAFT LANDING
IN THE OTHER PARTY’S TERRITORY
US/RUSSIAN CHECKLIST FOR AIRCRAFT ɂɇɎɈɊɆȺɐɂə Ɉ ɋȺɆɈɅȿɌȿ ɊɎ ɂɅɂ

LANDING IN THE OTHER PARTY’S ɋɒȺ, ɋɈȼȿɊɒɂȼɒȿɆ ɉɈɋȺȾɄɍ ɇȺ
TERRITORY ɌȿɊɊɂɌɈɊɂɂ ȾɊɍȽɈɃ ɋɌɈɊɈɇɕ
On board the aircraft: ɇɚ ɛɨɪɬɭ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɚ:

x Number of crewmembers (attach crew list) x ɑɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɴ ɷɤɢɩɚɠɚ (ɩɪɢɥɨɠɢɬɴ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ
ɡɤɢɩɚɠɚ)
x Number of passengers (attach passenger x Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɜ (ɩɪɢɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ
list) ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɜ)
x Hazardous cargo? Yes / No x Ɉɩɚɫɧɵɣ ɝɪɭɡ? Ⱦɚ / ɇɟɬ
x Does anyone need medical assistance? x Ɍɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ?
Yes / No Ⱦɚ / ɇɟɬ
x Does the aircraft require x Ɍɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ/ɪɟɦɨɧɬ
service/maintenance? ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɚ?
Yes / No Ⱦɚ / ɇɟɬ
Communication with respective Embassy ɋɜɹɡɶ ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɫɨɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ
I request to telephone the AmericanINTENTIONALLY
Embassy ɉɪɨɲɭ ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɢɬɶ ɜ
immediately. Please dial Moscow (095)728- ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɥɶɫɬɜɨ. ɇɚɛɟɪɢɬɟ,
5000. If after hours Moscow time, dial MoscowLEFT
ɩɨɠɚɥɭɣɫɬɚ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɭ (095) 728-5000. Ecɥɢ
(095)728-5025. BLANK
ɭɠɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɵɯ ɱɚɫɨɜ ɜ Ɇɨɫɤɜɟ, ɧɚɛeɪɢɬe
Ɇɨɫɤɜɭ (095) 728-5025.
I request to telephone the Russian Embassy ɉɪɨɲɭ ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɢɬɶ ɜ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɟ
immediately. Please dial Washington, DC ɩɨɫɨɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɜ ȼɚɲɢɧɝɬɨɧɟ. ɇɚɛɟɪɢɬɟ,
phone number (202) 965-1181. ɩɨɠɚɥɭɣɫɬɚ, ɜɚɲɢɧɝɬɨɧɫɤɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ (202) 965-
1181.
Completed by: Ɂɚɩɨɥɧɟɧ:
x Surname of aircraft commander: x Ɏɚɦɢɥɢɹ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɢɪɚ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɚ:
x Date: x Ⱦɚɬɚ:
NOTE: All bills will be forwarded to the ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ: ȼɫɟ ɫɱɟɬɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ
respective Embassies. ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɫɨɥɶɫɬɜɚ.
(AFFSA-A3IF/AFFSA-A3IF FIL 10-019)

B-1
SECTION B
NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL

FLIGHT DATA AND PROCEDURES
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE NO.
CIRVIS Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-36

FAA Air Traffic Control Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-2
Air/Ground Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-2
Altimeter Changeover Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-3
ATC Radar Beacon System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-4
Course Changes While Operating Under IFR Rules Below 18,000’ MSL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-2
Entering and Departing Positive Control Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-3
ICAO HF Aeronautical Station List. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-45
Lighting Systems
Approach Lighting Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-27
Pilot Control of Airport Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-26
Wave-Off Lighting at USN/USMC Airports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-25
Joint Spectrum Interference Resolution (JSIR) Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-37
Mode 4, Register of National Clearances and Operational Restrictions
On the Use of IFF Mark XII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-68
Oceanic Area Common VHF Frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-20
Pollution Report (POLREP) Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-38
Position Reporting Procedures
FAA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-5
ICAO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-7
OCEANIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-9
IATA In-Flight Broadcast Procedures Africa Region. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-17
Runway Condition Reading (RCR) CORRELATION CHART . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-22
USAF Bird Watch Condition Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-21
USAF High Frequency Global Communications System (HF-GCS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-39
USAF MARS High Frequency Phone Patch Network (AFMARSPPN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-64
Special Procedures for In-Flight Contingencies in Oceanic Areas and Remote Areas . . . . . . . . B-66
B-2 NATL/INTL FLIGHT DATA/PROCEDURES
1. FAA AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL PROCEDURES
a. AIR/GROUND COMMUNICATIONS
(1) All VFR Operations except "VFR Conditions on Top" will utilize FSS frequency
255.4 MHz as primary frequency for position reporting.
(2) FLIGHT SERVICE STATION (FSS) VHF RADIO FREQUENCY PLAN - This plan
establishes standards and criteria for VHF radio frequency assignment in order to reduce
frequency congestion and its related problems of interference within the system. FSS UHF
frequencies are not affected.
(a) The FSS VHF frequency assignment will be as follows:
1. At airports with full-time FSS and part-time towers the FSS will use the local
control frequency for Airport Advisory Service (AAS) when tower is closed.
2. At non-tower airports, 123.6 will provide AAS or flight plan servicing.
3. 122.2 will be available at all FSSs to provide common enroute simplex

service.
4. One or two additional enroute simplex frequencies, each protected for the
service volume of the facility, will be available at most FSSs. When possible these additional
frequencies are to be used instead of the common enroute simplex frequency.
5. Enroute Flight Advisory Service (EFAS) will be provided on 122.0.
6. RCO "A" service (receive only) collocated with the VOR will be available on
122.1. RCO "B" service (simplex) will be available on a frequency selected from the FSS allocation.
7. 121.5 will continue to serve as the emergency frequency. In addition, tower

receive-only service, will be provided on 122.5 at qualifying terminal locations.
(b) If two-way communications cannot be established when changing frequencies,

a pilot should attempt to re-contact the transferring controller for the assignment of an alternative
frequency or other instructions. If, however, communications are not re-established, the pilot
should then contact the appropriate communications medium as indicated below:
1. VHF FSS 122.2 or other frequencies published in enroute supplement.
2. UHF FSS 255.4 (272.7 is now available only in the Pacific and at select
stations in the conterminous U.S. where it is used at the option of the pilot.)
b. COURSE CHANGES WHILE OPERATING UNDER IFR RULES BELOW 18,000' MSL
(FAA-07400.9)
(1) In the development of the two-level airspace structure the Federal Aviation
Administration (FAA) considered the probability of an aircraft exceeding the airway/route
boundaries while making course changes at different speeds. The normal navigational aid spacing
for airways/routes below 18,000 feet MSL is 80 nautical miles and the airspace area to be
protected has a total width of 8 nautical miles, 4 nautical miles each side of centerline, within 51
nautical miles of the facility. Beyond 51 nautical miles the 4.5 degree accuracy factor determines
the width of the airways/routes approximately 2 NM in total width every 13 NM). It was evident
that aircraft operating in excess of 290 knots true airspeed (TAS) could exceed the normal
airway/route boundaries depending on the amount of course change required, wind direction,
and velocity, the character of the turning fix (distance measuring equipment, overhead navigation
aid, or intersection), and the pilot’s technique in making a course change. For example, a flight
operating at 17,000 feet MSL with a TAS of 400 knots, a 25 degree bank, and a course change of
more than 40 degrees would exceed the width of the airway/route; i.e., 4 nautical miles each side
of centerline. As a result, the FAA: (1) took action to assure proper obstruction clearance for all
NATL/INTL FLIGHT DATA/PROCEDURES B-3
known turning operations, and (2) provided additional instrument flight rules (IFR) separation
protection for turns.
(2) In the airspace at and above 18,000 feet MSL additional IFR separation protection
is provided for turns. However, in the airspace below 18,000 feet MSL, where operations in
excess of 290 knots TAS are less prevalent, the provision of additional IFR separation in all course
change situations for the occasional aircraft making a turn in excess of 290 knots TAS creates an
unacceptable waste of airspace and imposes a penalty upon the preponderance of traffic which
operate at low speeds. Pilots are reminded that special attention must be given to the matter of
making course changes so as to adhere as closely as possible to the airway/route being flown.
c. ENTERING AND DEPARTING CLASS A AIRSPACE
(1) Pilots operating on IFR flight at an assigned FL require no additional clearance.
(2) Pilots operating VFR and VFR-on-top (on IFR flight plan) must obtain an ATC
clearance with an assigned FL prior to entering positive control area. An abbreviated flight plan
containing the following information must be provided ATC at least 30 minutes prior to
estimated penetration.
(a) Identification
(b) True air speed (TAS)
(c) VFR position and altitude/flight level
(d) Estimated time and point of penetration
(e) Requested route and flight level
(3) When flight inbound to destination is VFR-on-Top above the Class A Airspace or
departure from the area is to be IFR/VFR-on-Top, only the discrete frequency of the sector of
arrival or departure need be pre-set.
(4) Upon departing the area, IFF/SIF should be reset to the proper Mode 3/A Code as
assigned by ATC.
(5) Pilots flying aircraft without manual tuning capability should preset required
frequencies prior to departure. If after pre-setting required frequencies, communications cannot
be made or maintained on sector discrete frequencies, contact will be made through the nearest
FSS on frequency 255.4 MHz (272.7 MHz may be available).
d. ALTIMETER CHANGEOVER PROCEDURES
(1) CLIMB - change to 29.92" upon reaching 18,000 ft MSL
(2) DESCENT - change to the local altimeter setting prior to descent through altitude
as indicated on the following QNH-FL tabulation. In no case will the change be made lower than a
flight level equivalent to 18,000 ft MSL.
LOCAL ALTIMETER SETTING FLIGHT LEVEL
29.92 or higher 180

29.91 to 29.42 185
29.41 to 28.92 190
28.91 to 28.42 195
28.41 to 27.92 200
27.91 to 27.42 205
27.41 to 26.92 210
EXAMPLE: Local altimeter 28.91, pilot must change no lower than flight level 195.
(3) MINIMUM FLIGHT LEVELS - The table in paragraph d.(2) above will be used to
determine the lowest usable flight level.
(4) See FLIP Area Planning documents for procedures outside of U. S. airspace.
e. ATC RADAR BEACON SYSTEM

(FAA 7110.65, FAA 7610.4)
(1) Pilots of aircraft operating IFR and equipped with a coded radar beacon
transponder will be instructed by ATC to reply on a specified Mode 3/A Code. When a flight has
been assigned a particular code, it will remain on that code until further advised by ATC.
(a) VFR or VFR conditions on top, or an aircraft which cancels its IFR flight plan.
Code 1200
NOTE: VFR is not authorized within CLASS A AIRSPACE.
(b) Special Operations:
1. Interceptor aircraft on active air defense missions without an ATC clearance.

Code 7777
2. Aircraft operations which specify frequent or rapid changes in altitude/FL

(flight test, olive branch, refueling, etc.) when assigned by ATC.
Code 4000
3. Mission requirements permitting aircraft operating in restricted/warning

areas unless a different code has been assigned by advance coordination or via direct
communications with ATC.
Code 4000
(c) Mode 3/A - Code 4400, has been assigned for aircraft operating above FL600.
This code will be preset on the ground and will not be changed in flight. However, the emergency
code 7700 can be activated.
(d) U.S. and ICAO ATC facilities recognize the Mode 3/A, Code 7500 as meaning
that the aircraft is being "Hijacked/forced to a new destination". Use Code 7500 to indicate a
hijacking threat when under ATC Radar Control. When the situation precludes Code 7500 replies,
the spoken words indicating such a squawk will receive similar ATC interpretation and action. Air
traffic controllers will acknowledge and confirm receipt by asking the pilot if the code is
intentionally being used. If the pilot replies in the affirmative, or does not reply, the Controller shall
not ask further questions but will flight follow, respond to pilot’s requests, and notify appropriate
authorities.
(e) Aircraft equipped with transponders that have pressure altitude reporting
capability will use this capability unless otherwise directed by ATC.
2. POSITION REPORTING PROCEDURES
a. POSITION REPORTS - FAA

(AIM)
(1) Position Reporting Points - Federal Aviation Regulations require pilots to maintain
a listening watch on the appropriate frequency and unless operating under the provisions of
paragraph (4) to furnish position reports passing certain reporting points. Reporting points are
indicated by symbol on enroute charts. The designated compulsory reporting point symbol is the
solid triangle and the "on request" reporting point symbol is an open triangle. Reports passing
an "on request" reporting point are only necessary when requested by ATC.
(2) When operating in a nonradar environment:
(a) On initial contact, the pilot should inform the controller of the aircraft’s present
position, altitude and time estimate for the next reporting point.
Example: (Name) CENTER (aircraft identification), (position), (altitude),
ESTIMATING (reporting point) AT (time).
(b) After initial contact, when a position report will be made, the pilot should give
the controller a complete position report.
Example: (Name) CENTER (aircraft identification), (position), (time), (altitude),
(type of flight plan), (ETA and name of next reporting point), (the name of the next succeeding
reporting point), and (remarks).
(3) When operating in a radar environment:
(a) On initial contact, the pilot should inform the controller of the aircraft’s
assigned altitude preceded by the words "level", or "climbing to", or "descending to", as
appropriate; and the aircraft’s present vacating altitude, if applicable.
Examples: (Name) CENTER, (aircraft identification), AT (altitude or flight level),
or if appropriate, LEAVING (exact altitude or flight level) (CLIMBING or DESCENDING) TO
MAINTAIN (altitude or flight level).
NOTE: Exact altitude or flight level means to the nearest 100 foot increment. Exact altitude or
flight level reports on initial contact provide ATC with information required prior to using MODE C
altitude information for separation purposes.
(4) Position Reporting Requirements
(a) Flight along airways/routes - A position report is required by all flights

regardless of altitude, including those operating in accordance with an ATC clearance specifying
"VFR on TOP," over each designated compulsory reporting point along route being flown.
(b) Flight along a Direct Route - Regardless of the altitude or flight level being
flown, including flights operating in accordance with an ATC clearance specifying "VFR on TOP,"
pilots shall report over each reporting point used in the flight plan to define the route of flight.
(c) Flights in a Radar Environment - ATC will inform a pilot that he is in "RADAR
CONTACT":
1. When aircraft is initially identified in the ATC system; and
2. When radar identification is re-established after radar service has been

terminated or radar contact lost. Subsequent to being advised that the controller has established
radar contact, this fact will not be repeated to the pilot when handed off to another controller. At
times, the aircraft identity will be confirmed by the receiving controller; however, this should not
be construed to mean that radar contact has been lost. The identity of transponder equipped
aircraft will be confirmed by asking the pilot to "IDENT,"SQUAWK STANDBY," or to change codes.
Aircraft without transponders will be advised of their position to confirm identity. In this case, the
pilot is expected to advise the controller if he disagrees with the position given. If the pilot cannot
confirm the accuracy of the position given because he is not tuned to the NAVAID referenced by
the controller, the pilot should ask for another radar position relative to the NAVAID to which he is
tuned.
(d) When informed by ATC that their aircraft are in "RADAR CONTACT," PILOTS
SHOULD DISCONTINUE POSITION REPORTS OVER DESIGNATED REPORTING POINTS. They
should resume normal position reporting when ATC advises "RADAR CONTACT LOST" or "RADAR
SERVICE TERMINATED."
(5) Position Report Items
(a) Identification.
(b) Position.
(c) Time.
(d) Altitude or flight level (include actual altitude or flight level when operating on
a clearance specifying "VFR ON TOP").
(e) Type of flight plan (not required in IFR position reports made directly to ARTC
Centers or approach control).
(f) ETA and name of next reporting point.
(g) The name only of the next succeeding reporting point along the route of flight,
and
(h) Pertinent remarks.
(6) Additional Reports - The following reports should be made to ATC or FSS facilities
without a specific ATC request:
(a) At all times:
1. When vacating any previously assigned altitude or flight level for a newly
assigned altitude or flight level.
2. When an altitude change will be made if operating on a clearance specifying

"VFR ON TOP."
3. When unable to climb/descend at a rate of at least 500 feet per minute.
4. When approach has been missed. (Request clearance for specific action; i.e.,
to alternative airport, another approach, etc.).
5. Change in the average true airspeed (at cruising altitude) when it varies by
5 percent or 10 knots (whichever is greater) from that filed in the flight plan.
6. The time and altitude or flight level upon reaching a holding fix or point to
which cleared.
7. When leaving any assigned holding fix or point.
NOTE: The reports in subparagraphs 6 and 7 may be omitted by pilots of aircraft involved in
instrument training at military terminal area facilities when radar service is being provided.
8. Any loss, in controlled airspace, of VOR, TACAN, ADF, low frequency

navigation receiver capability, complete or partial loss of ILS receiver capability or impairment of
air/ground communications capability. Reports should include aircraft identification, equipment
affected, degree to which the capability to operate under IFR in the ATC system is impaired, and
the nature and extent of assistance desired from ATC.
NOTE: Other equipment installed in an aircraft may effectively impair safety and/or the ability to
operate under IFR. If such equipment (e.g. airborne weather radar) malfunctions and in the pilot’s
judgment either safety or IFR capabilities are affected, reports should be made as above.
9. Any information relating to the safety of flight.
(b) When not in "radar contact".
1. When leaving final approach fix inbound on final approach (nonprecision

approach) or when leaving the outer marker or fix used in lieu of the outer marker inbound on final
approach (precision approach).
2. A corrected estimate at anytime it becomes apparent that an estimate as

previously submitted is in error in excess of 2 minutes. For flights in the North Atlantic (NAT), a
revised estimate is required if the error is 3 minutes or more.
(c) Pilots encountering weather conditions which have not been forecast, or
hazardous conditions which have been forecast, are expected to forward a report of such weather
to ATC.
b. POSITION REPORTING - ICAO

(ICAO DOC 4444)
(1) Transmission of Position Reports
(a) On routes defined by designated significant points, position reports shall be

made when over, or as soon as possible after passing, each designated compulsory reporting point,
except as provided in b.(1)(b). Additional reports over other points may be requested by the
appropriate air traffic services unit when so required for air traffic services purposes.
(b) On routes not defined by designated significant points, position reports shall
be made as soon as possible after the first half-hour of flight and hourly intervals thereafter, except
as provided in b.(1)(c). Additional reports at shorter intervals of time may be requested by the
appropriate air traffic services unit when so required for air traffic services purposes.
(c) Under conditions specified by the appropriate ATS authority, flights may be
exempted from the requirement to make position reports at each designated compulsory
reporting point or interval. In applying this paragraph, account should be taken of the
meteorological requirement for making, recording, and reporting of routine aircraft observations.
NOTE: This is intended to apply in cases where adequate flight progress data are available from
other sources, e.g., ground radar, and in other circumstances where the omission of routine reports
from selected flights is found to be acceptable.
(d) The position reports required by b.(1)(a) and b.(1)(b) shall be made to the air
traffic services unit serving the airspace in which the aircraft is operated. In addition, when so
prescribed by the appropriate ATS authority in aeronautical information publications or requested
by the appropriate air traffic services unit, the last position report before passing from one flight
information region or control area to an adjacent flight information region or control area shall be
made to the air traffic services unit serving the airspace about to be entered.
(e) If a position report is not received at the expected time, subsequent control
shall not be based on the assumption that the estimated time is accurate. Immediate action shall
be taken to obtain the report if it is likely to have any bearing on the control of other aircraft.
(2) Contents of Position Reports
(a) The position reports required by b.(1)(a) and b.(1)(b) shall contain the following
elements of information, except that elements 4 and 5 may be omitted from position reports
transmitted by radiotelephony, when so prescribed on the basis of regional air navigation
agreements:
1. Aircraft identification.
2. Position.
3. Time.
4. Flight level or altitude.
5. Next position and time over.
6. Ensuing significant points.
NOTE: Omission of element 4 may be possible when flight level or altitude, as appropriate, derived
from SSR Mode C information can be made continuously available to controllers in a labeled form,
and when adequate procedures have been developed to guarantee the safe and efficient use of
SSR Mode C information.
(3) Reporting of Operational and Meteorological Information
(a) When operational and/or routine meteorological information is to be reported

by an aircraft enroute or times when position reports are required in accordance with b.(1)(a) and
b.(1)(b) the position report shall be given in the form of an air-report. Special aircraft observations
shall be reported as special air- reports, as soon after they have been made as is practicable.
(b) Contents of air-reports
1. Air-reports shall give information relating to such of the following elements

as necessary for compliance with b.(3)(b)2.:
Section 1. - Position Information
Element 1 Aircraft identification
Element 2 Position
Element 3 Time
Element 4 Flight level or altitude
Element 5 Next position and time over
Element 6 Ensuing significant points.
Section 2. - Operational Information
Element 7 Estimated time of arrival
Element 8 Endurance
Section 3. - Meteorological Information
Element 9 Air temperature
Element 10 Wind
Element 11 Turbulence
Element 12 Aircraft icing
Element 13 Supplementary information
2. Section 1 of the air-report is obligatory, although Element 5 and 6 thereof

may be omitted when prescribed in Regional Supplementary Procedures; Section 2 shall be added,
in whole or in part, only when so requested by the operator or his designated representative, or
when deemed necessary by the pilot-in-command; Section 3, in whole or in part, shall be added in
accordance with ICAO Annex 3 and the Regional Supplementary Procedures, Part 3 - Meteorology.
NOTE: While element 4, flight level or altitude, may be omitted from the contents of a position
report transmitted by radiotelephony when so prescribed on the basis of regional air navigation
agreements, that element may not be omitted from Section 1 of an air-report.
3. Compilation of air-reports - Air-reports containing a Section 3 shall be

recorded on the AIREP form. Forms based on the model AIREP form shown in this publication shall
be provided for the use of flight crew in compiling the reports. The detailed instructions for
recording and reporting as given, shall be complied with.
NOTE: The recording and reporting instructions may conveniently be printed on the back of the
AIREP form.
4. Transmission of air-reports - The formats of messages and the

phraseologies or data conventions given shall be used by flight crew when transmitting air-reports
and by air traffic services personnel when re-transmitting such reports.
NOTE: Increasing use of air-reports in automated systems makes it essential that the elements of
such reports be transmitted in the order and form prescribed.
5. Aircraft observations during climb-out or approach - Aircraft observations

made during the climb-out and approach phases of flight shall be reported as soon as is practicable.
c. POSITION REPORTING - OCEANIC
(1) Position Reports - Position Reports shall be made at designated lines of latitude or
longitude.
(a) Flights whose tracks are predominately East and West shall report over each 5
degrees or 10 degrees (10 degrees will be used if the speed of the aircraft is such that 10 degrees
will be traversed within 1 hr) meridian of longitude extending East and West from 180 degrees.
(b) Flights whose tracks are predominately North and South shall report over each
5 degrees or 10 degrees (10 degrees if traversed within 1 hr and 20 min) parallel of latitude
extending North and South of the equator.
(c) Air Traffic Service may require specific flights to report more frequently than
each 5 degrees fix (each 2 1/2 degrees) for aircraft with slow ground speeds.
(d) The Position Report shall be transmitted at the time of crossing the designated
reporting line or as soon thereafter as possible.
(2) Position Report Contents
(a) Present Position - The present position shall include the following in case of
East-West flights:
1. Latitude in degrees and minutes.
2. Longitude in degrees only (see note below).
3. Time.
4. Altitude (flight level).
NOTE: In case of North-South flights 1 and 2 above would change, as appropriate, by reporting
latitude in degrees only and longitude in degrees and minutes.
(b) Estimated next position - the estimated next position shall include the
following:
1. Latitude.
2. Longitude.
3. Estimated time at the next position line. A revision of the estimate of the
next position line will be made when the original estimate is in error in excess of 3 minutes.
4. Ensuing significant points-Name only of the next succeeding fix whether

compulsory or not, or if not named, latitude and longitude.
5. Late Position Reports - When normal air-ground communications have been
lost by the aircraft, causing a position report to be 30 minutes overdue, and communications can
be established with any radio station including Ocean Station Vessels or airborne aircraft which
have communications established with any radio station, aircraft commanders shall relay through
such radio stations a position report with priority precedence to the appropriate area control
center.
(3) Areas of Application
(a) Fixed Line Position - Reporting will be applied by all operators in the areas of
United States responsibility south of 45 degrees North Latitude in the north Pacific Region. This
specifically includes all of the Oakland, Honolulu, and Guam Control Areas. Because of the lower
traffic density north of 45 degrees North, Fixed Line Position Reporting will be optional with the
individual operators.
(b) Special Mission Exception - Certain missions such as Search and Rescue, Anti-
submarine, Weather Observations, etc., have a requirement for use of an optional reporting form.
These flights shall so advise Air Traffic Service of the reporting form to be used.
NOTE: When traversing the North Atlantic Region, refer to DoD FLIP, Area Planning (AP/2),
Europe, Africa, and Middle East for additional specific reporting procedures with this region.
d. AIREP EXAMPLES
(1) As spoken in telephony;
I AIREP SPEEDBIRD FIFE SIX AIT POSITION FOWer NINer NORTH ZERO FIFE
ZERO WEST AT WUN TREE WUN SEVen FLIGHT LEVEL TREE WUN ZERO
NEXT POSITION FIFE ZERO NORTH ZERO FOWer ZERO WEST AT WUN
TREE FIFE FIFE FOLLOWING POINT FIFE ZERO NORTH ZERO TREE ZERO
WEST ENDURANCE ZERO AIT TREE ZERO TEMPERATURE MINUS FOWerr
SEVen WIND TOO FIFE FIFE DEGREES SIX FIFE KNOTS TURBULENCE
MODERATE SCATTERED CUMULONIM- BUS TOP FLIGHT LEVEL TOO AIT
ZERO
II AIREP JAPANAIR FOWer FOWer WUN OVER ORDON AT ZERO NINer TREE
ZERO FLIGHT LEVEL TREE FIFE ZERO NEXT POSITION ONADE AT WUN
ZERO ZERO SEVen FOLLOWING POINT OMPPA TEMPERATURE MINUS FIFE
TREE WIND TREE WUN ZERO DEGREES SIX ZERO KILOMETRES PER HOUR
MEAN FIFE FIFE NORTH WUN SEVen SIX WEST
III AIREP SPECIAL UNITED WUN ZERO WUN POSITION FIFE ZERO FOWer FIFE
NORTH ZERO TOO ZERO WUN FIFE WEST AT WUN FIFE TREE SIX FLIGHT
LEVEL TREE WUN ZERO CLIMBING TO FLIGHT LEVEL TREE FIFE ZERO NEXT
POSITION FIFE WUN NORTH ZERO TREE ZERO WEST AT WUN SIX TOO
WUN FOLLOWING POINT FIFE WUN NORTH ZERO FOWer ZERO WEST
ENDURANCE ZERO NINer ZERO ZERO ICING SEVERE
IV AIREP SPECIAL NIUGINI TOO SEVen TREE OVER MADANG AT ZERO AIT
FOWer SIX WUN NINer TOUSAND FEET TURBULENCE SEVERE
(2) As recorded by aeronautical stations and transmitted in telephony (including

teletypewriting);
I ARP BAW568 49N050W 1317 F310 50N040W 1355 50N030W FUEL 0830
MS47 255/65 KT TURB MOD SCT CB TOP F280
II ARP JAL441 ORDON 0930 F350 ONADE 1007 OMPPA MS53 310/60KMH
MEAN 55N176W
III ARS UAL101 5045N02015W 1536 F310 ASC F350 51N030W 1621 51N 040W
FUEL 0900 ICE SEV
IV ARS ANG273 MD 0846 19000FT TURB SEV
(3) Explanation of examples;
(a) The first example is a routine air-report for a transoceanic flight which has been
designated to report routine meteorological observations at meridians spaced at intervals of 10
degrees. The wind reported is spot wind.
(b) The second example is a routine air-report for a transoceanic flight which is
required to report routine meteorological observations at specified significant points. The wind
reported, in kilometres per hour, is mean wind between the position reported and the previous fix.
(c) The third example is a special air-report which is required because of severe
icing and is reported at the same time as a routine position report. It will be noted that the aircraft
is climbing.
(d) The fourth example is a special air-report which is required because of severe
turbulence encountered between air-reports. The aircraft is on QNH altimeter setting.
MODEL AR AIREP
RECORD AND TRANSMIT TRANSMIT IN TELEPHONY*
IN TELEGRAPHY as appropriate
(including teletypewriting)*
as appropriate
1 ARP or ARS **AIREP or AIREP SPECIAL
1 (aircraft identification) (aircraft identification)
(latitude) N or S (longitude) E or W POSITION (latitude and longitude)

(significant point) OVER (significant point)
2
ABM (significant point) ABEAM (significant point)
(significant point) (bearing) (distance) (significant point) (bearing) (distance)
3 (time) AT (time)
F (flight and level number) FLIGHT LEVEL (number)

(number) M or FT (number) METERS or FEET
ASC F (flight level number) or CLIMBING TO FLIGHT LEVEL (number) or
4
DES F (flight level number) or DESCENDING TO FLIGHT LEVEL (number)
(number) M or FT or (number) METERS or FEET
5 (next position) (time) NEXT POSITION (position AT (time)
6 (ensuing significant point) FOLLOWING POINT (position)
ETA (aerodrome) (time) ESTIMATING ARRIVAL (aerodrome) AT

7
(time)
8 FUEL (hours and minutes) ENDURANCE (hours and minutes)
PS (degrees Celsius) TEMPERATURE PLUS (degrees Celsius)

9
MS (degrees (Celsius) TEMPERATURE MINUS (degrees Celsius)
(degrees)/(number) KMH or KT (MEAN) WIND (number) DEGREES (number)
LV (MEAN) KILOMETERS PER HOUR or KNOTS
10 (latitude) N or S (longitude) E or W (MEAN)
WIND LIGHT AND VARIABLE (MEAN)
POSITION (latitude and longitude)
TURB MOD TURBULENCE MODERATE
11 TURB SEV TURBULENCE SEVERE
(INC) (IN CLOUD)
ICE MOD ICING MODERATE
12
ICE SEV ICING SEVERE
MODEL AR AIREP
RA RAIN
SN SNOW
FZRA FREEZING RAIN
FC FUNNEL CLOUD
TS THUNDERSTORM
FRONT FRONT
SCT SCATTERED
BKN BROKEN
CNS CONTINUOUS
CB CUMULONIMBUS
BASE F (flight level number) or BASE FLIGHT LEVEL (number) or
13
TOP F (flight level number) or TOP FLIGHT LEVEL (number) or
TURB MOD } If observed prior to TURBULENCE MODERATE
ICE MOD } last 10 minutes. ICING MODERATE
(Significant radar echoes) ... ...
(Difference between observed and
forecast weather) ... ...
AT (position of phenomenon reported under
item 12 if different from that reported under
item 2) AT ... ...
*Increasing use of air-reports in automated systems makes it essential that the elements of
such reports be transmitted in the order and form prescribed.
**Only when Section 3 is included. When Section 3 is not included, the word "POSITION"
may be used in telephony.
SPECIAL AIR-REPORT OF VOLCANIC ACTIVITY
e. IATA IN-FLIGHT BROADCAST PROCEDURES (IFBP) AFRICA REGION ON 126.9
(TFMWG-E/AFFSA FIL 12-647)
(1) Listening Watch - A listening watch should be maintained on 126.9 10 minutes

before entering the designated airspace until leaving this airspace. For an aircraft taking off from
an aerodrome located within the lateral limits of the designated airspace, listening watch should
start as soon as appropriate and be maintained until leaving the airspace.
(2) Time of Broadcast - A broadcast should be clearly pronounced in English:
(a) 10 minutes before entering or crossing a FIR within IFBP region;
(b) For a pilot taking off from an aerodrome located within the IFBP region as soon
as appropriate;
(c) 10 minutes prior to crossing or joining an ATS route, report crossing airway or
waypoint. In the interest of reducing congestion on the IFBP frequency, pilots may exercise
discretion to omit closely spaced repetitive IFBP reports.
(d) at not less than 20 minute intervals;
(e) before a change in flight level;
(f) at any other time considered necessary by the pilot.
(3) Broadcast Procedure - A broadcast message should be structured as follows:
(a) ’ALL STATIONS’
(b) ’THIS IS AZ... (flight number) in the XXX (name FIR) FIR’
(c) ’FL...’
(d) ’North-eastbound on XXnnn (airway)’
(e) ’Estimate XXXXX (or crossing airway if no waypoint) ... at ... UTC’
(f) ’AZ ...’
(g) ’FL...’
(h) ’in the XXX FIR’
(4) Operating Procedures
(a) Changes of Cruising Level
1 Changes of cruising level are considered necessary by pilots to avoid traffic

conflicts, for weather avoidance, or for other valid operational reasons.
2 When cruising level changes are unavoidable, all available aircraft lighting
which would improve the visual detection of the aircraft should be displayed while changing levels.
(b) Collision Avoidance - If, on receipt of a traffic information broadcast from

another aircraft, a pilot decides that immediate action is necessary to avoid an imminent collision
risk to his aircraft, and this cannot be achieved in accordance with the right-of-way provisions of
Annex 2, he should:
1 Unless an alternative maneuver appears more appropriate climb or descend

500 ft.
2 Display all available aircraft lighting which would improve the visual detection
of the aircraft.
3 As soon as possible reply to the broadcast advising action being taken.
4 Notify the action taken on the appropriate ATS frequency; and
5 As soon as situation has been rectified, resume normal flight level, notifying
the action on the appropriate ATS frequency.
(c) Normal Position Reporting Procedures - Normal position reporting procedures

should be continued at all times, regardless of any action taken to initiate or acknowledge a traffic
information broadcast..
(d) Operation of Transponders - Pilots should ensure that transponder procedures

as contained in ICAO PANS OPS Doc 8168 are compiled with and in the absence of other directions
from ATC, operate the transponder on Mode A and C Code 2000. Note: Pilots are advised to
ensure operation of transponders even when outside radar coverage in order to enable TCAS
equipped aircraft to identify conflicting traffic.
(e) Use of TCAS - TCAS equipped aircraft should have TA/RA mode selected at
maximum range.
(f) Use of SLOP - SLOP is promoted in AFI region.
(5) THE IFBP IN AFI - In many FIRs in the AFI Region communications both fixed and
mobile have either not been implemented or operate well below the required reliability. This has
an impact on the proper provision of Air Traffic Services, especially flight information service.
Consequently, the AFI Regional Technical Conference has decided that IATA In-Flight Broadcast
Procedure (IFBP) should be used within designated FIRs in the region as an interim measure until
such time as communications facilities affecting the FIR in question have been improved.
(6) Designated Frequency in AFI - In the AFI Region the designated frequency for the
IFBP is 126.9 MHz.
(7) Area of Application
(a) In the AFI Region the IFBP should be applied in the following FIRs and
airspaces:
Asmara Luanda
Brazzaville* N’Djamena*
Kano Niamey*
Khartoum Tripoli**
Kinshasa
(Note: Even though some FIRs are removed from area of applicability, some FIRs will continue
applying IFBP in case of contingency (Dakar Terrestrial, Dakar Oceanic...)
* Brazzaville, Niamey and N’Djamena FIR provide CPDLC service, however these FIRs are
maintained in IFBP area of applicability to accommodate users’ requirement for linear
boundaries to the extent feasible.
** Tripoli FIR mandated IFBP within their entire FIR, hence IFBP region extended from North
of latitude 30°N to cover entire Tripoli FIR.
(8) Enforcement
(a) All airlines operating in the AFI region are requested to:
1 Ensure that their aircrews are fully briefed on the procedure and area of
application described.
2 Ensure that their charts and flight documentation are fully amended to
reflect the foregoing;
a Any operator reported to IATA as not applying the procedure shall be
contacted immediately, informed of the procedure, and requested to apply it.
(9) Attention is drawn to the fact that during the Haj Pilgrimage period the number of
east-west flights in North-Central part of the AFI Region increases dramatically and with it the
risk of ATS incidents and the importance of the In-Flight Broadcast Procedure.
IATA IFBP - AREA OF APPLICABILITY

AFI REGION
3. OCEANIC AREA COMMON VHF FREQUENCIES
(AFFSA/ICAO ANNEX 10 VOL II)
VHF air to air frequency 123.45 MHz enable aircraft engaged in flights over remote and
oceanic areas, out of range of VHF ground stations, to exchange necessary operational information
and to facilitate the resolution of operational problems.
4. USAF BIRD WATCH CONDITION CODES
(HQ AFFSA-XOS/HQ AFFSA-XOS FIL 16-298)
a. The following terminology has been established for rapid communication of bird activity.
Bird locations should be given with the condition code.
(1) Condition SEVERE: Bird activity on or immediately above the active runway or
other specific location representing high potential for strikes. Supervisors and aircrews must
thoroughly evaluate mission need before conducting operations in areas under condition
SEVERE.
(2) Condition MODERATE: Bird activity near the active runway or other specific
location representing increased potential for strikes. BWC moderate requires increased vigilance
by all agencies and supervisors, and caution by aircrews.
(3) Condition LOW: Bird activity on and around the airfield representing low potential
for strikes.
5. RUNWAY CONDITION READING (RCR) CORRELATION CHART
(AFFSA-Afld Mgmt Ops/AFFSA-Afld Mgmt Ops FIL 14-884)
NOTE: Joint USAF/NASA tests have proven RCR measurements invalid where the only form of
moisture affecting the runway is water. Readings taken during such conditions will be reported as
Wet Runway - WR. Measurements taken when water or slush is present on an ice covered runway
will be reported as RCR 12 or the measured decelerometer reading, whichever is lower.
Runway Condition Percent Increase In

Reading (RCR) Landing Roll
02 to 05 100 or more
06 to 12 99 to 46
13 to 18 45 to 16
19 to 25 15 to 0
Runway Condition Assessment Matrix (RCAM)

Assessment Criteria Downgrade Assessment Criteria
Runway Condition Runway Mu Vehicle Deceleration or Pilot Reported Runway
Description Condition Reading Directional Control Braking Action Condition
Code Observation Reading (RCR)
Value*
• Dry 6 .46 or --- --- 23-26
Higher
• Frost 5 .40 - .45 Braking deceleration is Good 14-22
• Wet (includes normal for the wheel braking
Damp and 1/8" effort applied AND
depth or less of directional control is normal.
Water)
1/8" (3mm) depth or
less of:
• Slush
• Dry Snow
• Wet Snow
5° F (-15° C) and 4 .37 - .39 Braking deceleration OR Good to 13
colder outside air directional control is Medium
temperature: between Good and Medium.
• Compacted Snow
• Slippery when wet 3 .30 - .36 Braking deceleration is Medium 10-12
(wet runway) noticeably reduced for the
• Dry Snow or Wet wheel braking effort applied
Snow (any depth) OR directional control is
over Compacted noticeably reduced.
Snow
Greater than 1/8”
(3 mm) depth of:
• Dry Snow
• Wet Snow
Warmer than 5° F
(-15° C) outside air
temperature:
• Compacted Snow
Greater than 1/8” 2 .26 - .29 Braking deceleration OR Medium to 8-9
(3 mm) depth of: directional control is Poor
• Water between Medium and Poor.
• Slush
• Ice 1 .21 - .25 Braking deceleration is Poor 7
significantly reduced for the
wheel braking effort applied
OR directional control is
significantly reduced.
• Wet Ice 0 0 - .20 Braking deceleration is Nil 0-6
• Slush over Ice minimal to non-existent for
• Water on top of the wheel braking effort
Compacted Snow applied OR directional
control is uncertain.
*NOTE: The RCR value was derived from AFTO 33-1-23, Equipment and Procedures for Obtaining
Runway Condition Readings, formula used to convert Mu readings using the formula Mu x
32.2=RCR (rounded down to the nearest whole number).
Takeoff and Landing Performance Assessment (TALPA) is an improved way of assessing runway
conditions. TALPA provides objective assessments tied to contaminant type and depth categories
to change airplane braking performance on all paved runways with >25% (overall) surface
contamination. Airfield operations will conduct three assessments on the runway (first third of
runway, middle third, and final third). These assessments are presented to aircrew/mission planners
as a Runway Condition Code (RwyCC) (values 0-6). Airfield Operations will publish these values via
a FICON NOTAM.
FICON NOTAM example:
!ORD ORD RWY 04L FICON 5/3/5 50 PRCT WET, 50 PRCT 1/8 IN WET SN OVER COMPACTED SN,
50 PRCT 1/8 IN SLUSH. 1604251625-1604261625
O’Hare Runway 04L Field Condition 5/3/5 with the first third is 50% wet, the second third covered
by 50% of 1/8 inch wet snow over compacted snow and the last third being 50% covered with 1/8
inch of slush. This FICON’s effective period is April 25, 2016 at 1625Z to April 26, 2016 at 1625Z.
The Runway Condition Assessment Matrix (RCAM) provides the associated Mu reading and the
Runway Condition Reading (RCR) value (0-26) associated with Takeoff and Landing Data (TOLD)
graphs used to perform TOLD calculations. Note that Runway Surface Condition (RSC) readings are
incorporated in the new TALPA Runway Condition Codes so these values will no longer be provided
as a separate report.
Pilot reported (PIREP) braking conditions utilize the Good, Good to Medium, Medium, Medium to
Poor, Poor, and Nil terms. See the RCAM for associated descriptions of each PIREP term.
Aircrew operating from civil airports will not be provided a RCR. Instead they will be provided a
RwyCC. RCRs will still be available at USAF locations.
SOURCE: FAA AC 91-79A, Rev. 1
(AFFSA-XO/AFFSA-XO FIL 17-274)

GROUND VEHICLE FRICTION CORRELATION CHART
Nominal Test Speed, 65Km/h (40mph)5
Braking James Surface Runway BV-11

Action Brake MU- Friction Friction Skiddo- Decel ICAO
1 2 3 4
Level RCR Grip-Tester Index Meter Tester Tester Meter Meters INDEX
Good >17 >0.49 > .0.58 >0.50 >0.55 >0.51 >0.59 >0.53 5
Fair 12-17 0.34-0.49 0.40-0.58 0.35-0.50 0.38-0.54 0.35-0.51 0.42-0.59 0.37-0.53 3-4
Poor 6-11 0.16-0.33 0.20-0.39 0.15-0.34 0.18-0.37 0.18-0.34 0.21-0.41 0.17-0.36 2-3
NL 5 0.14 0.17 0.14 0.16 0.15 0.19 0.16
NOTES: 1. RCR=Runway Condition Report

2. JBI=James Brake Index
3. Decelerometers include Tapley, Bowmonk, and Electronic Recording Decelerometer
4. ICAO=lnternational Civil Aviation Organization
5. A wet runway produces a drop in friction with an increase in speed. If the runway has good texture,
allowing the water to escape beneath the tire, then the friction value will be less affected by speed.
Conversely, a poorly textured surface will produce a larger drop in friction with increase in speed. Friction
characteristics can be further reduced by poor drainage because of inadequate slopes or depressions in
the runway surface.
6. Nominal Test Speed For varying Certified Friction Measuring Equipment illustrated in the table above
shall be according to manufacturer guidelines and or instructions.
7. According to the FAA CertAlert No. 05-01 and the AIM 4-3-8 and 4-3-9, there is no correlation between
MU reports and braking action effectiveness, although the information is still widely reported via NOTAM
and ATIS. The ICAO still recognizes their significance and aircrew can expect to receive MU values via
NOTAM and when operating under ICAO procedures. MU values alone do not guarantee braking action
effectiveness. They should be considered along with aircraft technical order data, personal experience,
technique, pilot braking action reports by like aircraft, and the rate of change of environmental conditions.
(AFFSA/AFFSA A3IF FIL)

6. WAVE-OFF LIGHTING AT USN/USMC AIRPORTS
(NAVFIG/NAVFIG)
a. Emergency wave-off or "go around" due to unsafe runway conditions or aircraft

configuration (normally wheels-up) may be signaled to aircraft on final approach by red, high
intensity lights flashing near the runway touchdown zone.
b. These optical warning systems, when installed, may be activated by the tower controller,
Landing Signal Officer (LSO), Runway Duty Officer (RDO), or, in the case of a wheels-up approach,
by an enlisted "WHEELS" watch stationed approximately 1000 feet short of the landing runway. All
of the preceding have the authority to order a wave-off if, in their judgment, the approach cannot
be continued to a safe touchdown and/or roll-out. Such wave-off signals are mandatory unless the
pilot is experiencing an emergency.
c. In addition to the foregoing, radio, red flares, hand/flag or standard ATC Aldis lamp
signals may be used either individually or in combination to indicate wave-off. Normally, radio and/
or Aldis lamp in addition to the flashing red lights, are used when wave-off is initiated by the tower
controller.
d. Red wave-off lights are installed integrally with the Optical Landing System (OLS) used
for visual glide slope information and/or along each side of the runway extending to 2500 feet from
the threshold. When these lights are activated, pilots should execute an immediate wave-off and
contact the tower for further clarification and instructions.
7. PILOT CONTROL OF AIRPORT LIGHTING
(AIM)
a. Standard FAA approved radio-controlled lighting systems consist of various

combinations of approach or runway lights activated by a 3-step control responsive to 7, 5, and/or
3 microphone clicks in 5 seconds. This 3-step control will turn on lighting facilities capable of either
3-step, 2-step, or 1-step operation. The 3-step and 2-step lighting facilities can be altered in
intensity while the 1-step cannot. All lighting facilities which are radio controlled at an airport,
whether on a single runway or multiple runways, operate on the same radio frequency and are
illuminated for a period of 15 minutes from the most recent time of activation. Lighting facilities
may not be extinguished prior to the end of the 15 minutes, except for the 1-step and 2-step REIL,
which may be turned off when desired by keying the microphone 5 or 3 times respectively.
b. The DoD Enroute Supplement, Airport/Facility Listing contains information on the type
of lighting, runway, and frequency used to activate the system. Examples: Service - Lgt - 3 step apch
lgt Rwy 09-27; Service - Lgt - 2 step VASI and ODALS Rwy 13 - 123.0; Service - Lgt - ACTIVATE -
HIRL Rwy 06-24 - 122.8.
c. The suggested method of operation is to always key the microphone 7 times. This will
ensure all lights are on to the maximum intensity. If desired, intensity can be adjusted, where the
capability is provided, to a lower intensity (or REIL turned off) by keying the microphone 5 and/or
3 times. Due to possible close proximity of airports using the same radio-control lighting
frequencies, radio-controlled lighting receivers may be set at a low sensitivity requiring the aircraft
to be relatively close to the airport to activate the system. Even if the lighting facilities are on upon
arrival, key the microphone to ensure a full 15 minute separation.
d. At airports with other than FAA approved system, the type lights, method of control, and
operating frequency will be in clear text.
e. Lighting facilities may be activated by the radio control system by keying the microphone
as shown below:
SYSTEM KEY MICROPHONE INTENSITY

3-step 7 times in 5 seconds High
5 times in 5 seconds Medium
3 times in 5 seconds Low
*2 step 7 times in 5 seconds High

3 times in 5 seconds Low
2-step REIL 3 times in 5 seconds OFF
ACTIVATE (1-step) 5 times in 5 seconds ON

(HIRL, MIRL, LIRL, VASI
or REIL)
1-step REIL 5 times in 5 seconds OFF
*Activate to High intensity before selecting Medium Intensity

8. CIRVIS REPORTS
(AFFSA/AFMAN 10-206, NORADR 55-1)
a. CIRVIS (pronounced SUR VEES) reports are reports of information of vital importance to
the security of the United States and Canada and their forces, which in the opinion of the observer,
require very urgent defensive and/or investigative action by the US and/or Canadian Armed Forces.
b. CIRVIS reports should be transmitted in plain language, as soon as possible, to any

available US or Canadian military or civil air/ground communications facility. Reporting procedures
will be similar to those used when transmitting position reports except the call will be preceded by
the word CIRVIS spoken three times to clear the frequency(ies) over all other communications,
except DISTRESS and URGENCY. If this fails to clear the frequency(ies), the International Urgency
Signal "XXX" transmitted three times or "PAN PAN" spoken three times will be employed.
c. Additional CIRVIS reports should be made if more information on the sighting becomes
available. These should contain a reference to the original report.
d. A CANCELLATION report should be made in the event a previously reported sighting is

positively identified as friendly or that it has been erroneously reported.
e. REPORT IMMEDIATELY BY RADIO:
(1) Hostile or unidentified single aircraft or formation of aircraft which appear to be

directed against the United States, Canada or their forces.
(2) Missiles.
(3) Unidentified flying objects.
(4) Hostile or unidentified group(s) of military surface vessels.
(5) Hostile or unidentified submarines.
(6) Individual surface vessels, submarines, or aircraft of unconventional design, or

engaged in suspicious activity or observed in an unusual location or on a course which may be
interpreted as constituting a threat to the United States, Canada or their forces.
(7) Any unexplained or unusual activity which may indicate a possible attack against or
through the United States or Canada, including the presence of any unidentified or suspicious
ground parties in the Polar region or other remote or sparsely populated areas.
f. UPON LANDING:
(1) Reports which for any reason could not be transmitted while airborne.
(2) Unlisted airfields, facilities, weather stations or air navigation aids.
(3) Post landing reports (to include as many photographs as are obtained).
g. DO NOT REPORT craft or aircraft in normal passage or known U.S. or Canadian military
or government vessels (including submarines) and aircraft.
9. JOINT SPECTRUM INTERFERENCE RESOLUTION (JSIR) PROCEDURES
(AFFSA/XOIA FIL 2-10)
a. Each operator of electromagnetic equipment is responsible for reporting JSIR incidents

in a timely manner.
b. The following perishable information should be recorded at the time of the incident:
(1) True course, ground speed, and altitude (MSL).
(2) Weather conditions.
(3) Date/Time(Z)/Coordinates JSIR began.
(4) Date/Time(Z)/Coordinates JSIR most effective.
(5) Date/Time(Z)/Coordinates JSIR ended.
(6) Bearing(s) to JSIR source with corresponding times (Z) and victim coordinates.
(7) Frequency(ies) affected.
(8) Call signs/type aircraft/audio characteristics/scope presentations, etc noted.
c. JSIR reports may be transmitted in flight if a secure communications mode is available;

otherwise, report should be delayed until it can be transmitted via secure means.
d. For detailed JSIR information and guidance refer to AFI 10-707; AR 5-12; OPNAVINST
C3430.18A or MCO 03430.3.
NOTE: See FIH (Section B) USAF Global Communications System - HF Manager for additional
information on services provided.
10. POLLUTION REPORT (POLREP) FORMAT
(USCG/G-OAV)
a. Pilots are requested to volunteer reports of water pollutants (oil, chemicals, dye, etc.)
including size and source of the pollution, on-scene weather, and other significant information. The
POLREP should be transmitted to the U.S. Coast Guard National Response Center (NRC), fone 800-
424-8802 or 202-267-2675 via any available communications facility.
b. Pollution reports should be made anytime pollution is sighted within 200 nautical miles
of the U.S. shoreline, on the Great Lakes, or within 50 nautical miles of any nation in the Wider
Caribbean Region.
c. POLREP FORMAT
(1) Pollutant (oil, chemical, dye, etc.)
(2) Size of slick/polluted area (meters, yards, miles)
(3) Condition and color of pollutant (solid - streaked - windrows - fragmented; black -
orange - brown - silvery sheen - iridescent sheen)
(4) Location (Lat/Long or radial/DME)
(5) Time discovered (UTC)
(6) Direction of movement (length axis)
(7) Source (course, speed, name (if vessel))
(8) On-scene weather (wind speed, direction, sea state, visibility, percent cloud cover)
(9) Altitude at which sighting made
(10) Identification and parent command of reporting source
(11) If known, any incident report number previously assigned by the NRC concerning
the pollution incident being reported.
11. USAF HIGH FREQUENCY GLOBAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM (HFGCS)
(AFFSA/AFFSA FIL 13-067)
a. GENERAL - The HFGCS System is a worldwide network of 14 high-power HF stations

providing air/ground HF command and control radio communications between ground agencies
and US military aircraft and ships. Allied military and other aircraft are also provided support IAW
agreements and international protocols as appropriate. The HFGCS is not dedicated to any service
or command, but supports all DoD authorized users on a traffic precedence/priority basis. General
services provided by the HFGCS are:
- General Phone Patch and Message Relay Services
- Automatic Link Establishment (ALE)
- HF Data Support
- Command and Control Mission Following
- Emergency Assistance
- Broadcasts
- HF Direction Finding Assistance
- ATC Support
- E-Mail connectivity to NIPRNeT and SIPRNeT
- Secure calls (not phone patch) via dedicated circuits can be made from AMC aircraft-
TACC-AMC aircraft
b. MODERNIZATION - SCOPE Command replaces older high power Global HF

equipment. SCOPE Command incorporates Automatic Link Establishment (ALE) to automate
communications. All HFGCS station transmit and receive equipment is remotely controlled from the
Centralized Network Control Station (CNCS) at Andrews AFB, MD.
c. PROCEDURES -
(1) General Calling. Aircrews use a preliminary call as outlined in ACP-121 US Supp 2
using the collective callsign "MAINSAIL" or the HFGCS station call sign (example: Sigonella
Global this is Dark 86 on 11175, OVER). HFGCS operators require approximately 10 seconds (for
automated equipment configuration) to respond to calls for service. The HFGCS operator may
request the aircraft change to a discrete frequency for improved and/or extended service.
(a) PUBLISHED FREQUENCY LISTING - HFGCS stations operate on “core”

frequencies to provide increased "Global" coverage. The published frequency listing does not
reflect complete system frequency authorizations. These published frequencies will be used for
initial contact, EAM broadcasts, and short-term C2 phone patch and message delivery. Other
extended or special services will be moved to each station’s available "discrete" frequencies.
(b) FREQUENCY GUIDE - The frequency guides are designed to optimize air/
ground communications.
Primary HFGCS Frequencies 24 Hours 8992 and 11175

Back up HFGCS Frequencies Day 13200 15016
Back up HFGCS Frequencies Night 4724 6739
DISTANCE (1)
TIME (2) 200-750 NM 750-1500 NM More than 1500 NM
0000L 4724 6712-6739-8992 6712-6739-8992-11175
0400L 4724 4724-6712-6739 6712-6739-8992
0800L 4724-6712-6739 6712-6739-8992-11175 11175-13200-15016
1200L 4724-6712-6739 8992-11175-13200 13200-15016
1600L 4724-6712-6739 8992-11175-13200 13200-15016
2000L 4724-6712-6739 6712-6739-8992-11175 11175-13200-15016
1. When less than 200 NM any frequency may be used.
2. Local time at ground station.
FREQUENCIES - SUMMER (Apr-Sep)

STATION 4724 6712 6739 8992 11175 13200 15016
Andrews 0500-1330Z 0300-1600Z 24 hours 24 hours 1330-0500Z 1600-0300Z
Ascension 2300-0700Z 2200-0900Z 24 hours 24 hours 0700-2300Z 0900-2200Z
Croughton 2300-0600Z 2100-0800Z 24 hours 24 hours 0600-2300Z 0800-210 0Z
Diego 1400-0100Z 1200-0200Z 24 hours 24 hours 0100-1400Z 0200-1200Z
Garcia
Elmendorf 0600-1500Z 0400-1700Z 24 hours 24 hours 1500-0600Z 1700-0400Z
Guam 1300-2200Z 1100-2400Z 24 hours 24 hours 2200-1300Z 2400-1100Z
Hawaii 0800-1700Z 0700-1800Z 24 hours 24 hours 1700-0800Z 1800-0700Z
Lajes 2200-0800Z 2000-1200Z 24 hours 24 hours 0800-2200Z 1200-2000Z
Offutt 0400-1330Z 0200-1700Z 24 hours 24 hours 1330-0400Z 1700-0200Z
Puerto Rico 0400-1200Z 0100-1400Z 24 hours 24 hours 1200-0400Z 1400-0100Z
Sigonella 2200-0530Z 1900-0900Z 24 hours 24 hours 0530-2200Z 0900-1900Z
West Coast 0600-1400Z 0300-1800Z 24 hours 24 hours 1400-0600Z 1800-0300Z
Yokota 1300-2200Z 1100-2200Z 24 hours 24 hours 2200-1300Z 2200-1100Z
FREQUENCIES - WINTER (Oct-Mar)

STATION 4724 6712 6739 8992 11175 13200 15016
Andrews 2400-1200Z 2200-1400Z 24 hours 24 hours 1200-2400Z 1400-2200Z

Ascension 2200-0800Z 2100-1000Z 24 hours 24 hours 0800-2200Z 1000-2100Z
Croughton 1800-0600Z 1700-0900Z 24 hours 24 hours 0600-1800Z 0900-1700Z
Diego 1600-2300Z 1400-0200Z 24 hours 24 hours 2300Z-1600Z 0200-1400Z
Garcia
Elmendorf 0330-1630Z 0200-1800Z 24 hours 24 hours 1630-0330Z 1800-0200Z
Guam 1300-2030Z 0800-2200Z 24 hours 24 hours 2030-1300Z 2200-0800Z
Hawaii 0700-1600Z 0400-1800Z 24 hours 24 hours 1600-0700Z 1800-0400Z
Lajes 1800-0730Z 1700-0900Z 24 hours 24 hours 0730-1800Z 0900-1700Z
Offutt 0030-1330Z 2300-1400Z 24 hours 24 hours 1330-0030Z 1400-2300Z
Puerto Rico 0100-1100Z 2300-1200Z 24 hours 24 hours 1100-0100Z 1200-2300Z
Sigonella 1700-0500Z 1600-0800Z 24 hours 24 hours 0500-1700Z 0800-1600Z
West Coast 0130-1400Z 0030-1500Z 24 hours 24 hours 1400-0130Z 1500-0030Z
Yokota 0900-2100Z 0800-2200Z 24 hours 24 hours 2100-0900Z 2200-0800Z
(2) Unclassified Phone Patch and Message Relay Services
(a) Phone Patch Service. Phone patching allows direct voice communications
between ground agencies and aircraft by electronically connecting telephone circuits to radio
transmitters and receivers. Phone patch service is reserved for official unclassified business only
and shouldn’t exceed 5 minutes. Patches of more than 5 minutes or of a sensitive nature should be
run on a discrete frequency. Users requesting a phone patch must include all information necessary
for HFGCS operators to complete the call, such as the identity or location of the called parties and
telephone number if known. Phone patches are monitored by HFGCS operators. If radio reception
isn’t of sufficient quality to complete the patch, they will attempt to copy the traffic and relay it to
addressees.
(b) Message Relay Service. HFGCS operators transcribe encoded or plain-text

messages for aircraft or ground stations and forward them to the addresses by radio or landline.
The text of the messages can be in the form of alpha-numerics, code words, plain text, acronyms,
and/or numerical sequences. Aircrews may use "READ BACK" procedures when the message data
is critical, or when an incomplete transmission is suspected due to poor radio reception. All
messages received by Global stations will be accepted and delivered by the fastest means available
according to precedence and priority.
(c) ALE - For ALE radios to operate properly, the radio must have a loaded datafill,
be turned on in the “automatic/scanning” mode and remain there the duration of the flight. If the
radio is removed from the ALE mode, history tables will require time to rebuild and initial
communications may be slightly degraded.
ALE Address and Frequency Chart

Station ALE Frequency
Address 3137 4721 5708 6721 9025 11226 13215 15043 18003 23337
Andrews ADW x x x x x x x x x x
Ascension HAW x x x x x x x x x
Croughton CRO x x x x x x x x x
Diego Garcia JDG x x x x x x x x x x
Elmendorf AED x x x x x x x x x x
Guam GUA x x x x x x x x x x
Hawaii HIK x x x x x x x x x
Lajes PLA x x x x x x x x x x
Offutt OFF x x x x x x x x x x
Salinas JNR x x x x x x x x x x
Sigonella ICZ x x x x x x x x x
South MPA x x x x x x x x x x
Atlantic
West Coast MCC x x x x x x x x x x
Yokota JTY x x x x x x x x
NOTE: Station McClellan renamed West Coast.
(d) HF Data Service. All HFGCS stations have HF data access to AUTODIN/NOVA
and SACCS. HF Radio Teletype requirement has been removed by Joint Staff J6.
(e) Command and Control Mission Following. C2 agencies can use the HFGCS for
mission tracking/control of their aircraft. Aircraft responsible to a C2 agency for mission tracking/
control should transmit an initial contact/departure report to a Global HF System station after
takeoff. The following information should be included:
- Aircraft Call Sign
- Departure point and time
- Destination point and ETA
- Relay Instructions for C2 Agencies
- Remarks: DV codes, special instructions, etc.
d. EMERGENCY ACTION MESSAGE (EAM) BROADCASTS - Most HFGCS stations

transmit high priority EAMs on published frequencies during specific broadcast periods. During
EAM broadcast periods, aircraft may only transmit In-Flight Emergency traffic.
e. EMERGENCY ASSISTANCE - Distress and urgency situations should be clearly

identified by the words "MAYDAY" or "PAN" as appropriate (refer ACP 121 US Supp 2, Ch 8 for
definitive usage). Users should transmit present position and heading when encountering grave or
serious emergency situations.
f. HF DIRECTION FINDING (DF) ASSISTANCE - HFGCS stations are capable of

coordinating DF efforts between aircraft and direction finding facilities for both emergency
situations and suspected spectrum interference location efforts.
(1) Emergency DF Requests. Aircraft requiring DF support should advise the HFGCS
station of the nature of the emergency, a bearing (steer) or a position (fix). The HFGCS operator
will arrange the support and ask the aircraft to transmit a slow count from 1 to 10 and back,
followed by the aircraft call sign. The aircraft should then standby for further instructions and/or
results of the service. DF facility response time will vary, depending on operating conditions,
location of the aircraft, nature of request, prevailing DF facility operating commitments, type of
DF facility providing the service and coordination of all concerned. The average response time is
estimated at four minutes for bearings and ten minutes for positions after the slow count.
(2) DF Support for Suspected Spectrum Interference. Aircraft experiencing spectrum

interference may obtain DF fix information on source of interference by calling the nearest
HFGCS station and requesting Spectrum Interference DF support. The aircraft will advise the
Global stations of the frequency affected, type of interference (Voice, Morse Code, Printer,
Noise, etc.) and request a read-back of the information passed. A report will be filed in
accordance with AFI 10-707 by the aircrew upon landing. The Andrews CNCS will report
Spectrum Interference DF results via message to the AF Frequency Management Agency and the
aircraft unit command post.
g. ATC SUPPORT - HFGCS is not configured to meet ATC communications routing

requirements and cannot provide ATC flight following service. This service can be obtained through
the appropriate Civil/ICAO ATC communications agency such as the AREA CONTROL CENTER,
SECTOR RADIO, or FLIGHT INFORMATION CENTER (see section B, ICAO HF Aeronautical Station
List). Global HF stations will accept emergency ATC traffic and provide phone patch or message
relay support as required.
h. FLIGHT WATCH SUPPORT - The Royal Air Force (RAF) Flight Watch (FW) Centers are:
(1) The RAF FW mission is to United Kingdom FW station provides United States High
Frequency (HF) aircraft support to relay command and control messages. Respond to aircraft
distress/emergency calls. In addition, assistance with request for or relay of weather information.
Reference: Internet http://www.aidu.mod.uk/
(2) Phone patches can be provided (where available) to DSN numbers. Aircraft
requesting this facility will be required to provide their 10-digit DSN number.
NOTE: There is 24 hour manned operations center at DHFCS Forest Moor and DHFCS Kinloss.
United Kingdom (TASCOMM)

Voice Call Sign: ARCHITECT
Frequency: 4742
5702
9031
11247
13257
18018
NOTE: Long range HF communications FW for RAF/Naval aircraft from 24 hour manned operations
center at DHFCS Forest Moor and DHFCS Kinloss.
Special services contact: DHFCS on Forest Moor on UK MIL 93405 Ext 4240
DHFCS Kinloss on UK MIL 95131 Ext 7472
Ascension
Voice Call Sign: TAZCOMM
Frequency: 3146
4742
6733
11247
NOTE: Flight Watch available for notified flights.
Cyprus
Voice Call Sign: CYPRUS
Frequency: Channel 1 - 4742 (a)
Channel 2 - 9031
Channel 3 - 11247
NOTE: (a) H+15 weather broadcasts, when active.
Mount Pleasant (MPA)

Voice Call Sign: VIPER
Frequency: 4742 (a)
11247 (a)
NOTE: (a) H+35 weather broadcasts when active.
1. Flight Watch available for notified flights.
2. Aircraft not fitted with ALE are to scroll through the frequencies in order to select the best
reception. Transmissions are to be made at 15 sec intervals before changing to the next guard
frequency.
i. Points of Contact:
(1) System Management - Questions or feedback concerning service or system access

should be addressed to AFPSC CYSS/DOO, 203 W. Losey St. RM 3600, Scott AFB, IL 62225-5222,
DSN 779-5749, COMM 618-229-5749.
(2) CNCS Operations – For immediate HF assistance, contact the 89 CS, Joint Base
Andrews, MD at DSN 858-3109/5333 or Comm 301-981-3109/5333.
j. AMC OPERATIONS CENTER - The USAF Air Mobility Command (AMC) Tanker Airlift
Control Center (TACC) provides worldwide C2 for AMC missions, while the appropriate theater Air
Mobility Control Center (AMCC) provides C2 for theater operated missions. Either the TACC or
appropriate AMCC can be contacted for airlift movement reporting and/or assistance directly
through the Global stations. The voice call sign "MAINSAIL" may be used for establishing initial
contact. Following initial contact, aircrews may request a phone patch to the desired center as
follows:
PRIMAY SECONDARY
CENTER CALL SIGN DSN NUMBER DSN NUMBER
Elmendorf AMCC DENALI 317-552-3258 317-552-3439
Osan AMCC BRICKWALL 315-784-6500 315-784-4950/4600
TACC C2 OPS HILDA 312-779-0320 SEE NOTE
USAFE UTRACC TRACKER 314-480-9292 314-480-7114/9293
NOTE: The TACC Cell may be called toll-free using 1-800-247-6625 (AIR-MOBL).
The Air Force Eastern Test Range (AFETR) HF Network may be used as a backup to GLOBAL. They
may be contacted on USB 10780 (primary) and 20390 (secondary). Their call sign is CAPE RADIO.
(618 AOC (TACC)/618 AOC (TACC) FIL 15-493)
k. ICAO HF AERONAUTICAL STATION LIST
The ICAO HF aeronautical stations and selected extended range VHF stations contained in this list
are extracted from the ICAO Aeronautical Regional Plans and other sources. The listing is to be
used as a guide for flight information communications. All the HF stations listed are known to have
SSB capability unless otherwise indicated. VHF extended range radio frequencies are shown in
parenthesis. Not all stations operate on all frequencies at all times. Regional boundaries shown on
the graphic pages represent areas of coverage for frequencies listed. Cities are shown for
orientation purposes only.
NORTH ATLANTIC, CARIBBEAN
NORTH ATLANTIC (NAT-A) CAMBRIDGE BAY -
2971 4675 8891 11279
CAYENNE -
3023 5440 5526 5540 8825 CHURCHILL (126.9) ➀
11291 13297 2971 4675 8891
GANDER GOOSE (126.9)

3016➃➄ 5598➃➄ 8906➃➄ 13306➃➄
IQALUIT (126.9)
GEORGETOWN - 2971 4675 8891 11279
6730.5 8855 10096
MONTREAL/PIERRE ELLIOTT TRUDEAU
LISBOA (127.9) (126.9)➀➁
2971 4675 8891 11279
NEW YORK (129.9)
SATCOM VOICE 436623➂ REYKJAVIK (127.85)(126.55)
3016 5598 8906 13306 17946 2971 4675 8891 11279 13291
21964 17946
PIARCO - SHANWICK (127.9)

5526 5550 5598 6577 8825 2971 4675 8891 11279 13291
8855 8918 10096 11387 13297
17907 WINNIPEG (126.9)➀
SANTA MARIA (127.9) ➀SELCAL. ➁N63°45’ W68°33’

3016➀ 5598 8906 13306➁ 17946➅
NAT-E
SHANWICK (127.9)
3016 5598 8906 13306 CANARIES -
2962➁ 6628 8825 11309 17946➂
➀0000-0800, 2100-2400 ➁1000-2100
➂631-244-2492. ➃0030-0830Z++. NEW YORK (129.9)
➄1130-1930Z++. ➅1200-1800 SATCOM VOICE 436623➀
2962 6628 8825 11309 13354
NAT-B 17952
GANDER SANTA MARIA (127.9)

2899 5616 8864 13291 2962➃ 6628 8825➄ 11309➅ 13354➆
REYKJAVIK (127.85)(126.55) ➀631-244-2492. ➁SS-SR ➂SR-SS ➃0000-0800

2899 5616 8864 13291 ➄0000-1900, 2300-2400 ➅0900-1900 ➆1100-
1900
SHANWICK (127.9)
2899 5616 8864 13291 NAT-F
NAT-C GANDER (122.375)➀➁➅ (126.9)➀➅

(127.1)➁➅ (127.9)➂➅ 3476➃➄ 6622➃➄
GANDER 8831➃➄ 13291➃➄
2872 5649 8879 11336 13306
SHANWICK (127.9)
REYKJAVIK (127.85)(126.55) 3476 6622 8831 13291
2872 5649 8879 13306
➀South ➁North. ➂N58°-62° AND W40’-50’.
SHANWICK (127.9) ➃0030-0830Z++. ➄1130-1930Z++.
2872 5649 8879 11336 13306 ➅SELCAL.
NAT-D CARIBBEAN ATLANTIC (CAR-A)
BODO - BARRANQUILLA -
2971 4675 8891 11279 2887 6577 8918 11387
CARACAS/MAIQUETIA (130.6) SAN ANDRES -
5550 6577 8918 13297 2887 3455 6577 6586 8846
8918 11387
GUATEMALA (126.9)
2887 5550 6577 8918 11396 SAN JOSE/EL COCO
13297 2887 5550 6577 8918 11396
13297
HAVANA (126.9)
2887 5550 6577 8918 11396 TEGUCIGALPA (126.9)
13297 2887 5550 6577 8918 11396
13297
MERIDA
2887 5550 6577 8918 11396 ➀631-244-2492.
13297 17907
CARIBBEAN ATLANTIC (CAR-B)
NEW YORK (130.7)
SATCOM VOICE 436623➀ CAYENNE -
2887 3455 5550 6577 8846 3023 5440 5526 5540 8825
11396 11291 13297
PANAMA (123.6)➀ (126.9)➁ GEORGETOWN -

5520 6577 6730.5 8855 10096
➀East ➁West
NEW YORK (130.7)
PARAMARIBO SATCOM VOICE 436623➀
8855 5520 6586 8918 11330 13297
17907
PIARCO -
5526 5550 5598 6577 8825 PIARCO -
8855 8918 10096 11387 13297 5526 5550 5598 6577 8825
17907 8855 8918 10096 11387 13297
17907
➀631-244-2492.
SOUTH ATLANTIC, SOUTH AMERICA
SOUTH ATLANTIC (SAT 1,2) PANAMA (126.9)
2944 6649
ATLANTICO
2854 3452 5565 6535 8855 PASCUA/EASTER ISLAND➀➁ - all freq (127.3)
8861 11291 13315 13357 17907 4669 5643 6649 8667 10024
17955 13300 13261
BRASILIA ➀O/R. ➁SR-SS.

3452 8861 13357
PUERTO MONTT (126.9)
CANARIES - 4669 5454 6649 10024
2854➁ 3452➁ 5565 6535 8861
11291 13315➀ 13357 17955➀ PUNTA ARENAS (126.9)
4669 6649 10024
CAYENNE
3023 5440 5526 5540 8825 RESISTENCIA (126.9)
11291 13297 2944 6649 10024
DAKAR ➂ (120.5) (127.3) SALTA (126.9)

3452➁ 5565➁ 5680 6673 8861 2944 6649 10024
11291 13315 13357➀ 17955➀
SANTA CRUZ
NOUADHIBOU 2944 4669 6649 10024
6673 8861
SANTIAGO (127.3)
NOUAKCHOTT 4669 5583 6649 10024 13300
6673 8861
EASTERN SOUTH AMERICA (SAM-2)
RECIFE
3479 5526 6649 8855 10096 AMAZONICA
3479 5526 8855 10096
SAL -
2854 5565 6535 8861 11291 ASUNCION (126.9)
13357 17955 5526 8855 10096
➀SR-SS. ➁SS-SR. ➂SELCAL. BOGOTA (126.9)

3488➀ 5556➁ 6649 8855 8918
WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA (SAM-1) 10024 10096
ANTOFAGASTA (127.3) ➀2300-1100Z. ➁1100-2300Z.

4669 5604 6649 10024
BRASILIA
ASUNCION (126.9) 5526 8855 10096
6649 7647.5 11397
CAYENNE
CORDOBA (126.5) (125.1) 3023 5440 5526 5540 8825
2944 6649 10024 11291 13297
EZEIZA (124.1) (124.5) (125.6) CARACAS/MAIQUETIA (130.6)

2944 6649 10024 11360 17907 5526 8855 10096
LA PAZ CURITIBA -
4669 6649 10024 3479 5526 8855 10096
LIMA (126.9) EZEIZA (124.1) (124.5) (125.6)

6649 10024 3479 5526 8855 10096 17907
MENDOZA (122.1) (126.9) GEORGETOWN

2944 6649 10024 6730.5 8855 10096
MONTEVIDEO (126.7)
6649 10024
GUAYAQUIL (121.5) (126.9) MANAUS
4669 5595 6535 6649 10024 3479 5526 8855 10096
11360
MONTEVIDEO (126.7)
➀SR-SS. 3479 5526 8855 10096 17907
LA PAZ PANAMA (126.9)

5526 8855 10096 2944 6649
LETICIA (127.5) PIARCO (124.2)

3488 5526 6553 8855 8894 2887 2910 5526 6577 8825
10096 8855 8918 10096 11387 13297
1000-0300Z, extn O/R. RECIFE

8855 10096
LIMA (126.9)
6649 10024 SANTA CRUZ
3479 5526 8855 10096
EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST, ASIA
EUROPE (EUR-A) (MID-2)
BEIRUT - BAHRAIN (126.7)

2910 4689 8875 2992 5658 5667 8918 13288
13312
MALTA (W Sctr - 130.975 127.525)
(E Sctr - 123.625 122.775) MUMBAI (126.9)
5661➀ 10084➀ 3467 5658 8879 10018 13288
MOSCOW - DELHI (127.1)

11390 2872 3467 5580 5601 5658
8906 8948 10018 13288
MURMANSK -
4672 9024 KABUL (120.9)
3467 5658 10018 13288
SANKT - PETERBURG -
4672 9024 KATHMANDU (126.5) (124.7)
2923 6607
TUNIS -
3411 4689 5519 8826 KARACHI (125.4) (126.5) (128.3)
3467 5658 10018
➀ SELCAL
KUWAIT
MIDDLE EAST (MID-1) 5658 10018 13288
ADEN (124.5) LAHORE (119.1) (125.6) (127.5)

5100 3467 5658 10018
AMMAN (128.5) MUSCAT (123.95 124.55)

2992 5667 8918 13312 5658➀ 10018➀
BAGHDAD NAGPUR (123.9)

2992 5667 8918 2872 5601 6583 8861 8948
BAHRAIN (126.7) TEHRAN (133.4)

2992 5658 5667 8918 13288 5856 5667 6925 8091 8918
13312 10018 13288 13312
BEIRUT URUMQI (119.3)

3404 5603 8847 13336 3467 5658 10018
DAMASCUS VARNASI (119.0)

2992➀ 5667 8918 13312➁ 2872 5580 8948
JEDDAH - ➀HO
5667 8918
(MID-3)
KUWAIT
2992 5667 8918 13312 ALMATY
3467 4669 4728 8951 10018
RIYAN
7595 8918 AKTYUBINSK
3440 4669 4728 5586 8951
SANAA
13288 DUSHANBE
3476 4095 5658 8145 9955
TEHRAN (133.4) 10018
5856 5667 6925 8091 8918
10018 13288 13312 KYZYLORDA
4669 8951
➀ SS-SR
MOSCOW (NCA-2)
11390
BARNAUL
SAMARKAND 3046 6704
3467 5658 10018
KHANTY MANSIYSK (134.6 135.6)
TASHKENT
3467 4669 4728 5658 8951 KIRENSK
10018 3046 3425 4728 6704
URALSK KOLPASHEVO
3440 4669 4712 5586 8951 4712
YEREVAN KRASNOYARSK
2926 4712 5487 8918 11333 3046 6704
NORTH CENTRAL ASIA (NCA-1) NOVOSIBIRSK

4712
KHANTY MANSIYSK (134.6 135.6)
PODKAMENNAYA TUNGUSKA (133.2)
MOSCOW
11390 SURGUT (129.3 132.2 133.3)
SYKTYVKAR YENISEYSK
3422 4712 5596 3046 6704
VOLOGDA
4672
AFRICA
AFRICA (AFI-1) (AFI-3)
ABIDJAN ➂ (121.1) ADDIS ABABA (125.1 125.2 126.9)

5680 6535 6586 6673 8861 5517 7595 8870 11300
13294
ADEN
BAMAKO (119.1) - 5658 11300
6673 8861
BENGHAZI -
BOUAKE - 3467 5517 6574 8870 11300
6673 13288
CASABLANCA - BUJUM BURA -

3419 5652 8894 13273 17961 8879 8903 8913 11300 13294
DAKAR ➂ (120.5) (127.3) CAIRO (130.9)

3452➁ 5565➀ 5680 6535 6673 3467➀ 5517 5637 6574 11300
8861 11291 13315➀ 13357➀ 17955➀ 13288➁
MONROVIA - DAR ES SALAAM (119.3 123.3)

3452 6638 6673 8861 8882 5517 8870 8879 11300
NOUADHIBOU - DJIBOUTI (128.9)

6673 8861 5658 7595 11300
NOUAKCHOTT - HARGEISA (118.7➂ 132.5 132.9)

6673 8861 5517➃➄ 5658 11300➄ 13288➄
SAL - JEDDAH -
2854 6673 8861 11291 13315 5658 11300
13357 17955
KHARTOUM (124.7)
➀SR-SS. ➁SS-SR. ➂SELCAL. 3467 5517 11300 13288
(AFI-2) MOGADISHU (120.9 132.5)

5517➃➄ 5658 11300➄ 13288➄
ALGIERS -
5652➀ 8894 13273➀ MUMBAI (126.9)
2872 3467 5601 5634 5658
KANO (124.1 128.5) 6655 8879 8909 8948 10018
5493 5652 8903 13294 11300 13288
NDJAMENA ➁ (120.5) (128.1) NAIROBI (118.5 120.5)

2878➂ 5493 5652 8873 8894 3467 5517 5634 6559 8879
8903 13294➃ 8888 11300 13306
NIAMEY ➁ (126.1) RIYAN -

2878➂ 3419➂ 5493 5652 6586 5658 11300 13288
8894 8903 13273➃ 13294
SANAA -
OUAGADOUGOU- 11300
6586 6673
SEYCHELLES➄ (120.2 118.3)
TRIPOLI - 3467➂ 4657➂ 8879➂ 11300➂ 13288
3419 5652 8894 13273
TRIPOLI -
TUNIS 3411 5519 8826 3467 5517 6574 8870 11300
13288
➀No SSB. ➁SELCAL. ➂SS-SR. ➃SR-SS.
➀SS-SR. ➁SR-SS. ➂HS. ➃SS-SR. ➄SELCAL.
(AFI-4) LIBREVILLE (126.5)
6559 8873 8903
ACCRA -
5493 6586 8903 13294 LILONGWE
4657 6586 8879 8888
BANGUI
6559 8903 LUANDA (118.1) (119.1) (121.9)
2878 5493 8903 13294
BRAZZAVILLE ➄ (121.1)
2878➃ 5493 6559 8873 8903 LUSAKA (120.5) (120.9) (128.9)
13294 2878 5493➃ 8873 8879➄
COTONOU MALABO
6586 6559 8873 8903
DOUALA (125.1) NIAMEY ➄ (126.1)

5493 6559 8873 8903 13294 2878➃ 5493 6586 8903
FRANCEVILLE SAO TOME/SALAZAR-

6559 8873➀➂ 5493 8873➅ 8903 13294
GAROUA SEYCHELLES➄ (120.2 121.5)

8903➀➂ 3476➂ 4657➂ 8879➂ 11300➂
HARARE WINDHOEK ➂ (124.7)

5505 8861 8879 8861
JOHANNESBURG (126.7) ➀O/R. ➁0700-1800Z. ➂HS. ➃SS-SR.

5565 6559 8861 13315 17955 ➄SELCAL. ➅SR-SS.
21926
(AFI-5)
KANO (124.1 128.5)
5493 5652 8903 13294 ANTANANARIVO ➁ (126.7) (128.9)
3476➂ 4657➀ 5634➂ 8879 13306➀
KINSHASA (123.7) (126.1) (128.1)
2879➃ 3452➃ 5493 8903 13294 MORONI
4657➀ 5505➀ 8879 11300➀
LAGOS -
2878➃ 5493 8903 13294 ➀SR-SS. ➁SELCAL. ➂SS-SR.
INDIAN OCEAN, SOUTHEAST ASIA
INDIAN OCEAN (INO-1) CHENNAI (124.1)
2872 3470 5670 6583 6655
ANTANANARIVO ➃ (126.7) (128.9) 8861 8909 10066 13318
3476➄ 4657➅ 5634➄ 8879 13306➃
COCOS (118.1)
BEIRA (126.5 130.9) 11285
3476 5493 8879 13306
COLOMBO -
COCOS (118.1) 3470 5670 11285 13318 17907
3476 5634 8879 13306 17961
DHAKA (121.3)
COLOMBO - 2947 3491 6556 10066
8879 13306
KARACHI (125.4) (126.5) (128.3)
DAR ES SALAAM (119.3 123.3) 3467 5658 10018
5517 8870 8879 11300
KATHMANDU (126.5)(124.7)
JOHANNESBURG (126.7) 2923 6607
5634 8879
KUALA LUMPUR -
LUSAKA (120.5 128.9) 3470 5670 6556 11285 13318
5634 8873 8879 13306 17907
MAHAJANGA - MALE INTL. -

8879 3470 5670 11285 13318 17907
MAURITIUS - MEDAN -
3476 5634 8879 13306➂ 3470 5670 11285 11396 13318
17907
MUMBAI (126.9)
2872 3467 5601 5634 5658 NAGPUR (123.9)
6655 8879 8909 8948 10018 2872 5601 6583 8861 8948
11300 13288
SINGAPORE -
NAIROBI (118.5) 6556 11297
6559 13306
TRIVANDRUM (120.6)
PERTH (123.9) (122.4) 3470 5670 11285
3476 5634 8879 13306 17961
VARNASI (119.0)
ST. DENIS/GILLOT - 2872 5580 8948
3476➅ 5634 8879
SOUTHEAST ASIA (SEA-2)
SEYCHELLES (120.2 119.7)
3476 5634 8879 13306 17961 HOCHIMINH (123.3)
11297 11396 13309 5655 8942
TOAMASINA -
8879 HONG KONG (127.1)
3485 5655 8942 11396 13309
➀1500-0400Z. ➁0300-1500Z. ➂For
operational requirements, OT O/R. ➃HS. KINABALU -
➄SR-SS. ➅SS-SR. 6825
SOUTHEAST ASIA (SEA-1) KUALA LUMPUR -

5655 8942 11396
CALCUTTA (127.3)
2872 2923 2947 3470 3491 MANILA (124.9)
5484 5580 6556 6583 8861 3485 5655 8942 11396 13309
8906 8948 10066 13318
PHNOM PENH (127.5)
8942
SINGAPORE - JAKARTA -
5655 8942 11396 3470 6556 10066 11396 13318
17907
SOUTHEAST ASIA (SEA-3)
PERTH (123.9) (122.4)
BALI - 3470 6556 11396 13318 17907
3470 6556 11396
SINGAPORE -
COCOS (118.1) 6556
6556 13318
UJUNG PANDANG -
3470 6556 11396
PACIFIC, ASIA
CENTRAL WEST PACIFIC (CWP) ➀925-371-3920
BEIJING - CENTRAL EAST PACIFIC (CEP-1)

3016 6571 8897
SAN FRANCISCO (ARINC) (129.4➀) (131.95)
DAEGU (125.7) SATCOM VOICE 436625➁
6425 6665 6675 3413 3452 5574 6673 8843
10057 13288 13354
HONG KONG (127.1)
6532 8903 13300 ➀Available to call San Francisco between
Seattle and Anchorage.
MANILA (124.9) ➁925-371-3920
2998 6532 6562 8903 13300
17904 (CEP-2)
NAHA (126.9) SAN FRANCISCO (ARINC) (129.4) (131.95)

2998 3455 4666 6532 8903 SATCOM 436625➀
11384 13300 17904 2869 5547 11282 13288 21964
PORT MORESBY (120.9) ➀925-371-3920

3419 3425 5565 6622 8837
8861 11393 SOUTH PACIFIC (SP)
SAN FRANCISCO (ARINC) (131.95) AUCKLAND -

SATCOM VOICE 436625➀ 3467 5643 8867 13261 17904
2998 4666 6532 8903 11384
13300 17904 21985 BRISBANE -
3467 5643 8867 13261 17904
SEOUL (127.1)
3004 6532 8903 13300 13303 MELBOURNE -
17904 3461 4693 6580 8858
SHANGHAI - NADI (126.7)

3016 6571 8897 3425 3467 5643 6553 8846
8867 11339 13261 17904
TAIPEI (127.3)
6532 8903 13300 PASCUA/EASTER ISLAND (126.9)➀
4669➀ 5643 6649 8667 13300
TOKYO (127.3) (127.4)
2998 3455 4666 6532 8903 RAROTONGA (118.1)
11384 13300 17904 3425 6553 8846 11339 13354
➀925-371-3920 SAN FRANCISCO (ARINC) (131.95)

SATCOM VOICE 436625➁
NORTH PACIFIC (NP) 3467 5643 8867 13261 17904
BEIJING - TAHITI (126.7)

3016 6571 8897 3467 5643 8867 13261 17904
SAN FRANCISCO (ARINC) (131.95) ➀O/R.

SATCOM VOICE 436625➀ ➁925-371-3920
2932 5628 5667 6655 8915
8951 10048 11330 13273 13339 NORTH CENTRAL ASIA (NCA-3)
17946 21925
CHITA -
SHANGHAI - 3425 6670
3016 6571 8897
CHULMAN -
TOKYO (126.7) 2986 3461 4465 4728 5568
2932 5628 6655 8951 10048 6589
11330 13273 17904
EKIMCHAN - KIRENSK -
3461 6589 3046 3425 4728 6704
KHABAROVSK - ULAANBAATAR -
2868 3102 3461 4465 5557 5505 5715
6589 6692 7870
ULAN UDE -
3425 6670
12. USAF MARS HIGH FREQUENCY PHONE PATCH NETWORK (AFMARSPPN)
a. GENERAL - The Air Force MARS Phone Patch System (AFMARSPPN) is a network of
auxiliary HF stations authorized by the Department of Defense to provide phone patch service
between US military aircraft, ground agencies and ships. Allied military and other aircraft are also
provided support IAW agreements and international protocols as appropriate. The AFMARSPPN
system is not dedicated to any service or command, but supports all DoD authorized users on a
traffic precedence/priority basis. General services provided by MARSRADIO are:
- Unencrypted Official and Morale (aka - health & welfare) Phone Patch Services to DSN or
Commercial numbers
- Emergency Assistance through phone patch or radio operator message relay
- Radio Equipment Checks from ground or in-flight stations
- SELCAL radio equipment checks and service, transmit to aircraft only
b. PROCEDURES -
(1) General Calling: Aircrews use a preliminary call as outlined in ACP-121 US Supp 2
using the collective callsign "MARSRADIO". Operators may require approximately 10 seconds
(for automated equipment configuration) to respond to calls for service. The operator may
request the aircraft change to a discrete frequency for improved and/or extended service. If an
answer is not received on the primary frequency, call on the Alternate or Winter frequencies.
Note: There are normally multiple ground stations in the network. You may be "handed off" to a
station with better HF coverage depending on your location and time of day.
(a) PUBLISHED FREQUENCY LISTING - MARSRADIO stations operate on USAF

frequencies to provide increased "Global" coverage. The published frequency listing does not
reflect complete system frequency authorizations. These published frequencies will be used for
initial contact. Extended or special services may be moved to available "discrete" frequencies.
(b) FREQUENCY GUIDE - The frequency guides are designed to optimize air/
ground communications.
Primary AFMARSPPN Frequency 24 Hours 13927.0

Alternate AFMARSPPN Frequency 24 Hours 7633.5
Tertiary / CONUS Night 2300 - 1400Z 4557.0
(2) Unclassified Phone Patch and Message Relay Services
(a) PHONE PATCH SERVICE - Phone patching allows direct voice communications
between aircraft and ground agencies by electronically connecting telephone circuits to radio
transmitters and receivers. Phone patch service is reserved for official unclassified business only
and shouldn’t exceed 5 minutes. Patches of more than 5 minutes or of a sensitive nature should be
run on a discrete frequency. Users requesting a phone patch should include all information
necessary for operators to complete the call, such as the identity or location of the called parties
and telephone number if known. Phone patches are monitored by MARSRADIO operators and may
be recorded for system usage and training purposes. If radio reception isn’t of sufficient quality to
complete the patch, they will attempt to copy the traffic and relay it to addressee.
(b) RADIO CHECKS – MARSRADIO routinely provides radio checks.
(c) SELECTIVE CALLING (SELCAL) - Some MARSRADIO stations can send a

SELCAL broadcast. This service, when available, is provided to check aircraft’s equipment and also
can be prearranged to notify when there is traffic or callback for that aircraft. SELCAL may be used
with aircraft within CONUS and globally. Aircraft must be on MARSRADIO frequencies to receive
a SELCAL notification.
c. EMERGENCY ASSISTANCE - Distress and urgency situations should be clearly

identified by the words "MAYDAY" or "PAN" as appropriate (refer ACP 121 US Supp 2, Ch 8 for
definitive usage). Users should transmit present position and heading when encountering grave or
serious emergency situations. MARSRADIO is prepared to extend whatever assistance required for
whatever duration during an emergency. Emergency traffic will take precedence over all but FLASH
traffic.
d. ATC SUPPORT - AFMARSPPN is not configured to meet ATC communications routing

requirements and cannot provide ATC flight following service. This service can be obtained through
the appropriate Civil/ICAO ATC communications agency such as the AREA CONTROL CENTER,
SECTOR RADIO, or FLIGHT INFORMATION CENTER (see section B, ICAO HF Aeronautical Station
List). MARSRADIO will accept emergency ATC traffic and provide phone patch or message relay
support as required.
e. POINTS OF CONTACT: Questions or feedback concerning service or system access

should be addressed to:
(1) MARSRADIO Operations Manager: Richard Duncan, Commercial phone 800-HF-

COMMS
(2) Headquarters System Management - David Stapchuk, CIV, DAF Chief, AF MARS
203 W Losey St Scott AFB IL 62225 DSN 779-5964 Commercial 618-229-5964.
(38 CYRS-SCM/38 CYRS-SCM FIL 17-394)
13. SPECIAL PROCEDURES FOR IN-FLIGHT CONTINGENCIES IN OCEANIC
AREAS AND REMOTE AREAS
a. The following general procedures are intended as guidance only. Although all possible
contingencies cannot be covered, they provide for cases of inability to maintain assigned level due
to:
(1) Inability to maintain assigned flight level due to meteorological conditions, aircraft
performance or pressurization failure;
(2) Enroute diversion across the prevailing traffic flow; and
(3) Loss of, or significant reduction in, the required navigation capability when
operating in airspace where the navigation performance accuracy is a prerequisite to the safe
conduct of flight operations.
b. The procedures are applicable primarily when rapid descent and/or turn-back, or
diversion to an alternate airport is required. The pilot's judgment shall determine the sequence of
actions to be taken, taking into account specific circumstances.
c. If an aircraft is unable to continue the flight in accordance with its ATC clearance, and/or
an aircraft is unable to maintain the navigation performance accuracy specified for the airspace, a
revised clearance shall be obtained, whenever possible, prior to initiating any action.
d. The radiotelephony distress signal (MAYDAY) or urgency signal (PAN PAN) preferably
spoken three times shall be used as appropriate. Subsequent ATC action with respect to that
aircraft shall be based on the intentions of the pilot and the overall air traffic situation.
e. If prior clearance cannot be obtained, an ATC clearance shall be obtained at the earliest
possible time and, until a revised clearance is received, the pilot shall:
(1) Leave the assigned route or track by initially turning at least 45 degrees to the
right or to the left, in order to acquire a same or opposite direction track offset 15 NM (28 km)
from the assigned track centerline. When possible, the direction of the turn should be
determined by the position of the aircraft relative to any organized route or track system. Other
factors which may affect the direction of the turn are:
(a) The direction to an alternate airport,
(b) Terrain clearances
(c) Any strategic lateral offset being flown; and
(d) The flight levels allocated on adjacent routes or tracks.
FAA NOTE: A turn of less than or greater than 90 degrees may be required
depending on the type of contingency and whether the pilot intends to continue in the same
direction or reverse course.
(2) Having initiated the turn, the pilot should:
(a) If unable to maintain the assigned flight level, initially minimize the rate of
descent to the extent that is operationally feasible (pilots should take into account the possibility
that aircraft below on the same track may be flying a 1 or 2 NM strategic lateral offset procedure
(SLOP)) and select a final altitude which differs from those normally used by 500 ft (150 m) if at or
below FL410, or by 1000 ft (300 m) if above FL410; or
(b) If able to maintain the assigned flight level, once the aircraft has deviated 10
NM (19 km) from the assigned track centerline, climb or descend to select a flight level which differs
from those normally used by 500 ft (150 m), if at or below FL410, or by 1000 ft (300 m) if above
FL410;
(3) Establish communications with and alert nearby aircraft by broadcasting, at
suitable intervals; aircraft identification, flight level, position (including ATS route designator or
the track code, as appropriate) and intentions on the frequency in use and on 121.5 MHz (or, as
back-up, on the inter-pilot air-to air frequency 123.45 MHz);
(4) In North Atlantic High Level Airspace (NAT HLA), before commencing any
diversion across the flow of adjacent traffic, aircraft should, while maintaining 15 NM offset track,
expedite climb above or descent below the vast majority of NAT traffic (i.e. to a level above
FL410 or below FL280), and then maintain a flight level which differs from those normally used:
by 1000 ft if above FL410, or by 500 ft if below FL410. However, if the pilot is unable or unwilling
to carry out a major climb or descent, then any diversion should be carried out at a level 500 ft
different from those in use within NAT HLA airspace, until a new ATC clearance is obtained.
(5) Maintain a watch for conflicting traffic both visually and by reference to ACAS
(TCAS) (if equipped);
(6) Turn on all aircraft exterior lights (commensurate with appropriate operating
limitations);
(7) Keep the SSR transponder on at all times; and
(8) Take action as necessary to ensure the safety of the aircraft.
f. When leaving the assigned track to acquire and maintain the track laterally separated by
15 NM (28 km), the flight crew, should, where practicable, avoid overshooting the track to be
acquired, particularly in airspace where a 30 NM (55.5 km) lateral separation minimum is applied.
(HQ AFFSA-XOS/ICAO 4444 15.2, ICAO NAT Doc 007,
FAA International NOTAMS Sec. 2, USAF FIL 16-314)
Register of National Clearances and Operational Restrictions On the Use of IFF
Mark XII MODE 4
1. The policy and procedures adopted by NATO for the management of IFF/SIF are contained
in ACP 160 NATO Supplement 1(E), para. 210 on IFF interference states:
"Within their AOR’S, some nations restrict their operations of IFF/SIF interrogators/transponders;
therefore, approval for their use shall be sought from national authorities. (Mode 4 is not approved
for general use by most European nations.)"
2. NATO promulgates national restrictions for use of Mode 4 through a working paper, AC/92
(CNS) WP (2001) 1 dated 25 SEP 01. The following table is an extract of this working paper and is
intended to provide aircrews with the basic national information for Mode 4 operations and the
national POC’s for obtaining permission to operate IFF/SIF Mode 4 within a respective country.
National
Airborne Mode 4 Airborne IFF Mode National
Country publication of
Authorization 4 Interrogations Clearance POCs
information
Belgium None Not allowed BE AIR COMPONENT BE MIL AIP BELGIUM

Sec A 3.20
Quartier Reine Elizabeth
1 Rue d’Evere

B-1140 Brussels
FAX +32-2-701-4085
Bulgaria No authorization Not allowed Not provided Not available
Canada Yes, for Canadian and Allied Air Yes, areas of opn are Canadian Temporary and permanent clearances, Arrangement A-98-DND/
Platforms, but with coordination for western, eastern & Arctic Department of National Defense NAV Canada Agreement
Mode 4 interrogations which are coastal/off shore regions only, on (DND), Spectrum Management Cell
only permitted at specified non-interference, no protection (Ops)
locations and geographical areas - basis Telephone # 613-992-8744
Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake,
Canadian Forces Base Bagotville.
Czech Republic No authorization Not allowed J6/GS Czech Army, PO BOX 69, Not provided
16001 Prague 6
FAX+42023119330
National
information
Denmark Mode 4 training will be executed in Inside Copenhagen TMA, NARFA, Denmark TACDEN OPINS 21
order to train system operators in employment is only authorized
the effective use of Mode 4, after special permission by
therefore the use of Mode 4 should Copenhagen ACC via TACDEN.
be exercised at any given In order to avoid unintended use
opportunity during daily training or of Mode 4 inside Copenhagen
exercises. Standing clearances for TMA, all Mode 4 equipped
national forces (RDAF). aircraft will put the Mode 4 ON/
OUT switch to the OUT position
when operating inside the
Copenhagen TMA.
Estonia Not provided Not provided Not provided Not provided
France Yes Permitted in accordance with CDAOA/EMO/A6, CABA 117, Not provided
ACP 160 procedures 26 Boulevard Victor
00460 ARMEES - FRANCE
Germany The use of Mode 4 is limited in No airborne IFF Mode 4 FuZNatLV (NAPC) Point of contact:
space and time. Reference interrogations are allowed SSZ/COSA Luftwaffenführungskomman
describes the "Regulation for a because no frequency von Seyditz-Kaserne do
Mode 4 use limited in time and application has yet been filed for Römerstrasse 132 A 6d, Postfach 90 61 10 /
space over the territory of the this purpose. No frequency D-47546 Kalkar 504 / 06, D-51127 Köln
Federal Republic of Germany in application has yet been made Tel: +39 2824 90 2141 Fax: +49 2203 908 4031
Peace" and is to be observed. In for airborne interrogators. Fax: +49 2824 90 2142 LwFueKdoA6d@bundeswehr.
addition, the appropriate E-mail: FueZNatLv@bundeswehr.org org
requirements within ICAO Annex
10 and STANAG 4193 are to be
met.
National
information
Greece Not provided Not provided Not provided Not provided
Hungary Yes. No standing clearances Yes, but some territories of Senior IFF Officer MoD HU J-6 Not provided

Hungary are under protection of Communications Division 1885
Mode 4 usage. Using Mode 4 Budapest, Hungary, PoB 25
interrogators in these areas is Tel +36-236-5132
possible after getting a special Fax +36-236-5303
permission. Email: jozsef.sari@mil.hu
Italy Not provided Not provided Not provided Not provided
Latvia Not provided Not provided Not provided Not provided
Lithuania No authorization No temporary clearances Not applicable Not provided
The Netherlands Only land-based and shipborne use Not allowed at present Air Traffic Control The Netherlands Not provided
of Mode 4 is allowed, with a max. of Navigation Affairs
seven interrogators operating in a POB 75200
specific time period. 1117 ZT SCHIPHOL-O
The Netherlands
National
information
Norway Yes Are allowed, subject to special A frequency supportability request is Not provided
procedures. required at least 30 days prior to
operation of Mode 4 over Norwegian
territory. Using the Frequency
Management Sub-Committee (FMSC)
14 point message format, message
should be forwarded to CHOD Norway
CIS Staff using SIC: SPA
Poland Mode 4 training will be executed in Not allowed C-3 Directorate - J6 Not provided
order to train system operators in General Staff Polish Armed Forces
the effective use of Mode 4. ul. Rakowlecka 4A
00-904 Warsaw, Poland
FAX: +48-22-6870-008
Portugal In principle, yes Not applicable Clearance requests should be Not provided
submitted to CHOD PO via
Frequency Management Sub-
Committee (FMSC)
Representative
National
information
Romania Yes Yes, after getting special Col Ioan Gegiu Not provided
permission. J-6/GS/ROU MOD
TEL/FAX: +4021-4107138
Email: igegiu@mapn.ro

Cdr Viorel Maharea
NARFA/J6/GS/ROU MOD
TEL/FAX: +4021-4107130
Email: vmaharea@mapn.ro
Slovak Republic No authorization Not allowed NARFA SVK, Communication and Not provided
Information Systems Division, Defense
planning and resources mgmt section
Ministry of Defense, Kutuzovova 8, 832
47 Bratislava, Slovak Republic. Fax:
+421 2 44259945
e-mail: NARFASVK@mod.gov.sk
Slovenia Not provided Not provided Not provided Not provided
Spain To be advised To be advised To be advised To be published in national

Aeronautical Information
Publication
National
information
Sweden No authorization Not allowed Swedish Armed Forces None
Joint Data Link Opns Cell, JDLOC
Lidingovagen 24
10785 Stockholm
Tel: +46-8-788 99 91
E-Mail: torbjorn.strandberg@mil.se
The Former Yugoslav Authorization possible upon Allowed on request. Subject to Civil Aviation Administration No national publication.
Republic of request. possible interference. Dame Gruev 1
Macedonia 1000 Skopje, The Former Yugoslav
Republic of Macedonia
Turkey By airborne or surface platforms Not allowed Clearance request should be Not provided
within Turkish airspace is not submitted to TGS
allowed
National
information
United Kingdom Limited use approved only on case- Currently allowed only by RN Sea Secretariat, National IFF/SSR Information on clearances is
by-case basis at present King oversea areas to the SW of Committee distributed to individual
the UK; Tornado F3 - outside Surveillance and Spectrum applicants. Information on
Terminal Maneuver Areas (TMAs) Management clearances developed from
and not within Class A, D, and E K6 Gate 6 the work described under

airspace; E-3D Sentry - outside CAA House Standing clearances (above)
TMAs and not within Class A, D, 45-49 Kingsway will be published in MOD
and E airspace, ltd to known London WC2B 6TE Orders and Standard
AEW orbit areas; Nimrod MRA4 - Tel: +44 207 453 6534 Operating Procedures.
outside TMAs and not within Fax: +44 207 453 6565
Class A, D, and E airspace, for
trials use only; Typhoon - outside
TMAs and not within Class A, D,
and E airspace, for trials use only.
Ground-based IFF Mode 4
interrogations currently only
permitted by Type 101 radars at
various sites around the UK
(caveats are set in parallel with
the equipment).
United States Yes Airborne Mode 4 interrogations MAJCOM and Installation Spectrum MOA Office of Spectrum
are allowed after coordination Manager (ISM) Mgt of the FAA and Freq
and documentation by frequency Mgt Offices of the Army,
assignments in the National Navy and Air Force . . . Dated
Telecommunications and JAN 08.
Information Administration
(NTIA) Government Master File
(GMF).
(AFFSA-A3OF/NATO EAPC(NATMC-CNS)WP(2010) USAF FIL 16-949)
B-76
INTENTIONALLY
LEFT
BLANK
C-1
SECTION C
METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE NO.
Automated Surface Observation System (ASOS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-58

Automated Weather Observing System (AWOS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-57
Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-64
FAA Enroute Flight Advisory Service (EFAS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-52
FAA Pilot-to-Weather Briefer Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-51
FAA Weather Broadcasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-52
Military Weather/NOTAM Briefing Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-2
National Weather Service - FAA Weather Information Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-50
NATO Color Coded Weather Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-68
Pilot-to-Metro (PMSV) and Weather Radar Services -
Pilot-to-Metro Service and Weather Radar Facilities
(DoD CONUS Stations) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-19
Pilot-to-Metro Service and Weather Radar Facilities
(DoD Non-CONUS Stations) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-23
Pilot-to-Metro Service, USAF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-13
Pilot-to-Metro Service, USN and USMC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-15
Pilot Weather Reports (PIREPs) Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-65
SIGMETS and AIRMETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-53
Telephone Weather/NOTAM Briefings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-2
USAF Automatic Meterological System (FMQ-19) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-56
VOLMET - Voice Weather Broadcasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-26
World Meteorological Organization Ground/Air Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-67
C-2 METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION
1. TELEPHONE WEATHER/NOTAM BRIEFINGS
(AFFSA/AFFSA-A3OF FIL 07-851)
a. Military pilots departing a location where military weather and NOTAM services are not
available will obtain required information as follows:
(1) Contact the Operational Weather Squadron (OWS) responsible for your area.
OWSs are located worldwide to be the primary 24-hour weather-briefing source. Local base/post
weather flights may assist transient aircrews if and when higher priority taskings and local mission
support allow. Contact information is listed on the following pages; or
(2) Obtain information from published Command-approved weather sources.
(3) Obtain information from the US National Weather Service (http://

aviationweather.gov/).
(4) Obtain information from an NWS/FAA-approved source IAW FAAO 8900.1 (http://
fsims.faa.gov).
(5) Obtain information from accredited local agencies.
(6) Real time NOTAM updates are available at https://notams.jcs.mil.
b. When talking to a military forecaster, please provide the following information at least 2
hours prior to desired brief time:
(1) Name of person calling.
(2) Aircraft type and call sign.
(3) VFR or IFR and proposed altitude.
(4) ETD for departure point and ETA for destination and alternates.
(5) Route.
(6) Enroute stops, if applicable (in order, with ETAs).
2. MILITARY WEATHER/NOTAM BRIEFING FACILITIES

(AFFSA/XOF/15 OWS FIL 05-414)
METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION C-3
a. 18 AF/TACC Missions
AIR FORCE
18 AF Tanker Airlift Control Center (TACC) Global Mobility Weather Operations
Area of Responsibility: 18 AF/TACC Flight Managed Missions Worldwide and 18 AF Training

Missions
***Watches, Warnings, and Advisories may not be representative or available at the time of
Flight Weather Package development. Contact TACC/XOW, local weather, ATC, Base
Operations, or Command Center for updated Flight Weather Information prior to departure
and please provide a Pilot Report during flight.***
Contact Information:
Flight Managed Voice: DSN 312-779-0308, Comm 618-229-0308 or 1-800-AIR MOBL
Flight Managed Airborne Contact (PMSV) via Phone Patch: DSN 312-779-0308
Training Mission Voice: DSN 312-779-0353, Comm 618-229-0353 or 1-800-AIR MOBL
Training Mission Airborne Contact (PMSV) via Phone Patch: DSN 312-779-0353
Fax: DSN 312-576-2635, Comm 618-256-2635
24 hr POC E-Mail Address: tacc.xow@us.af.mil
NIPRNET Homepage: https://tacc.us.af.mil
(618 AOC-TACC/618 AOC-TACC FIL 13-046)
b. CONUS, NORTHWESTERN ATLANTIC, EASTERN CANADA
AIR FORCE
15 OWS at Scott AFB, Under Command and Control of AFWA
Area of Responsibility: ND, SD, NE, MN, IA, WI, IL, IN, OH, WV, KY, VA, NY, PA, MD, DE,
NJ, CT, RI, MA, NH, VT, ME, DC and Eastern Canada.
*Exceptions:
1) 15 OWS AORs extends out to the US Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ), circa 200
miles off the U.S. VA coast.
Voice: DSN 312-576-9755, Comm 618-256-9755
Fax: DSN 312-576-4855, Comm 618-256-4855
STU-III: DSN 312-576-9699
Airborne Contact via Phone Patch: DSN 312-576-9755
15 OWS Area of Responsibility
Combat Weather Flight Transient Flight Weather Briefings

Base/Post
DSN DSN Commercial

Andrews AFB 858-2840/5826 576-9755 618-256-9755
Dover AFB 445-4175/4176 576-9755 618-256-9755
Ellsworth AFB 675-1042 576-9755 618-256-9755
Ft Belvoir 656-7117/7106 576-9755 618-256-9755
Ft Campbell 635-2653/5989 576-9755 618-256-9755
Ft Drum 772-6065 576-9755 618-256-9755
Ft Eustis 826-3343/5300 576-9755 618-256-9755
Ft Knox 464-5653/5517 576-9755 618-256-9755
Grand Forks AFB 362-4396/4398 576-9755 618-256-9755

Base/Post
Grissom ARB 388-2203 576-9755 618-256-9755

Langley AFB 574-5907/5908 576-9755 618-256-9755
McGuire AFB 650-3992/3568 576-9755 618-256-9755
DSN DSN Commercial
Minot AFB 453-6385 576-9755 618-256-9755
Offutt AFB 271-3459 576-9755 618-256-9755
Scott AFB 576-5906/3340 576-9755 618-256-9755
Westover ARB 589-3100 576-9755 618-256-9755
Wright Patterson AFB 787-7779 576-9755 618-256-9755
(AFFSA/AFFSA FIL 09-230)
25 OWS at Davis Monthan AFB, Under Command and Control of AFWA
Area of Responsibility: WA, OR, CA, ID, MT, WY, CO, UT, NV, AZ, NM, and western
panhandle of TX (west of 100° W).
*Exceptions:
1) 25 OWS provides support to 90th Space Wing (F.E. Warren AFB) assets within the 15 OWS
AOR.
2) 25 OWS AOR extends out to the US Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ), approximately
200 miles off the U.S. West coasts.
3) 30 OSS/OSW provides supports to Vandenburg AFB
Voice: DSN 312-228-6598/6599, Comm 520-228-6598/6599
Toll Free: 1-877-451-8367
Fax: DSN 312-228-7361, Comm 520-228-7361
STU-III: DSN 312-228-6589
Airborne Contact via Phone Patch: DSN 312-228-6598/6599
NIPRNET Homepage: https://25ows.dm.af.mil
SIPRNET Homepage: http://25ows.davismonthan.af.smil.mil
(30 OSS-OSA/30 OSS-OSA FIL 13-965)


Base/Post
DSN DSN Commercial

Beale AFB 368-9134 228-6598/6599 520-228-6598/6599
Buckley AFB 847-9782 UNAVBL 520-228-6598/6599
Cannon AFB 681-2748/2749 228-6598/6599 520-228-6598/6599
Creech AFB 384-1723 228-6598/6599 520-228-6598/6599
Davis Monthan AFB 228-6014 228-6598/6599 520-228-6598/6599
Edwards AFB 527-4472 228-6598/6599 520-228-6598/6599
F.E. Warren AFB 481-3431/2488 228-6598/6599 520-228-6598/6599
Fairchild AFB 657-5514 228-6598/6599 520-228-6598/6599
Ft Bliss 621-1214/1215 228-6598/6599 520-228-6598/6599
Ft Carson 691-3651 228-6598/6599 520-228-6598/6599
Ft Huachuca 879-2865/2859 228-6598/6599 520-538-2865/2859
Ft Irwin 470-9527 228-6598/6599 520-228-6598/6599
Ft Lewis 357-7061 228-6598/6599 520-228-6598/6599
Hill AFB 777-2018 228-6598/6599 520-228-6598/6599
Holloman AFB 572-3924/3925 228-6598/6599 520-228-6598/6599
Kirtland AFB 246-9707/9722 228-6598/6599 520-228-6598/6599
Luke AFB 896-6805/2992 228-6598/6599 520-228-6598/6599
Malmstrom AFB 632-2981 228-6598/6599 520-228-6598/6599
March ARB 447-3602 228-6598/6599 520-228-6598/6599
McChord AFB 382-5005/3434 228-6598/6599 520-228-6598/6599
Mountain Home AFB 728-6303/6304 228-6598/6599 520-228-6598/6599
Nellis AFB 682-4744 228-6598/6599 520-228-6598/6599
Peterson AFB 834-4337 228-6598/6599 520-228-6598/6599
Schriever AFB N/A 228-6598/6599 520-228-6598/6599
Travis AFB 837-3003 228-6598/6599 520-228-6598/6599
USAF Academy 333-2058/2059 228-6598/6599 520-228-6598/6599
Vandenberg AFB 276-8022 276-8022 805-606-8022
Transient Flight Weather Briefings at Toll Free 1-877-451-8367.

26 OWS at Barksdale AFB, Under Command and Control of AFWA
Area of Responsibility: KS, MO, OK, AR, TX (except western panhandle), LA, MS, AL, TN,
GA, FL (including Florida Keys), SC, NC, a portion of USJFCOM AOR to include Bermuda,
Gulf of Mexico, and Eastern Mexico (East of 100°W).
*Exceptions:
1) 26 OWS AORs extends out to the US Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ), circa 200
miles off the U.S. TX, LA, MS, AL, NC, SC, and FL coasts.
2) 45 WS provides support to Cape Canaveral AS and Patrick AFB.
3) Contract personnel provide weather support at Dobbins ARB.
Voice: DSN 312-331-2651/52, Comm 318-456-4775
Toll Free: 1-866-223-9328
Fax: DSN 312-331-2609, Comm 318-456-3493
NIPRNET Homepage: https://ows.barksdale.af.mil
SIPRNET Homepage: http://ows.barksdale.af.smil.mil
(26 OWS/26 OWS FIL 10-517)

Base/Post
DSN DSN Commercial

Altus AFB 866-7522 331-2651/52 318-529-2651/52
Barksdale AFB 781-3136-/3176 331-2651/52 318-529-2651/52
Cape Canaveral AFS 467-8485/86 331-2651/52 318-529-2651/52
Charleston AFB 673-3016 331-2651/52 318-529-2651/52
Columbus AFB 742-2970 331-2651/52 318-529-2651/52
Dobbins ARB 625-5190 331-2651/52 318-529-2651/52
Dyess AFB 461-2524 331-2651/52 318-529-2651/52
Eglin AFB (Destin Ft 872-4800 331-2651/52 318-529-2651/52
Walton Beach)
Ft Benning 835-5628/3824 331-2651/52 318-529-2651/52
Ft Bragg 236-7100/7414 331-2651/52 318-529-2651/52
Ft Hood 738-9620/9400/9166 331-2651/52 318-529-2651/52
Ft Leavenworth N/A 331-2651/52 318-529-2651/52
Ft Leonard Wood 581-0272 331-2651/52 318-529-2651/52
Ft Polk 863-4100/4021 331-2651/52 318-529-2651/52
Ft Riley 856-6562 331-2651/52 318-529-2651/52
Ft Rucker 558-8385/8397 331-2651/52 318-529-2651/52
Ft Sill 639-4000/3200 331-2651/52 318-529-2651/52
Ft Stewart 870-7823/4090 331-2651/52 318-529-2651/52
Homestead ARB 791-7511/7513 331-2651/52 318-529-2651/52
Hunter AAF 729-5207/5467/5207 331-2651/52 318-529-2651/52
Hurlburt Field 579-7423 331-2651/52 318-529-2651/52
Keesler AFB 597-3305 331-2651/52 318-529-2651/52
Kelly Field 945-5709 331-2651/52 318-529-2651/52

Base/Post
Laughlin AFB 732-5654 331-2651/52 318-529-2651/52

Little Rock AFB 731-6152 331-2651/52 318-529-2651/52
MacDill AFB 968-4405/2854 331-2651/52 318-529-2651/52
Maxwell AFB 493-2071 331-2651/52 318-529-2651/52
McConnell AFB 743-3707 331-2651/52 318-529-2651/52
Moody AFB 460-3457 331-2651/52 318-529-2651/52
Patrick AFB 467-8485/86 331-2651/52 318-529-2651/52
Pope Fld 424-6543 331-2651/52 318-529-2651/52
Randolph AFB 487-3040 331-2651/52 318-529-2651/52
Robins AFB 468-3573 331-2651/52 318-529-2651/52
Seymour Johnson 722-4089 331-2651/52 318-529-2651/52
AFB
Shaw AFB 965-2362/63/64 331-2651/52 318-529-2651/52
Sheppard AFB 736-4256 331-2651/52 318-529-2651/52
Tinker AFB 884-3196 331-2651/52 318-529-2651/52
Tyndall AFB 523-2609 331-2651/52 318-529-2651/52
Vance AFB 448-7530 331-2651/52 318-529-2651/52
Whiteman AFB 975-3061 331-2651/52 318-529-2651/52
Transient Flight Weather Briefings at Toll Free 1-866-223-9328.
MARINE CORPS DSN COMMERCIAL

Beaufort 228-7904
Camp Pendleton 365-3327 760-725-3327
Cherry Point 466-2523 252-466-4442
Miramar 577-4028/4029
New River 752-6828/6968 910-449-6828/6968
Quantico 278-2298 703-784-2298/2468
Twentynine Palms 952-7809/7831
Yuma 269-2266 928-269-2266
NAVY DSN COMMERCIAL

Cecil Field 860-5952/5862 904-778-5952/5862
Corpus Christi 861-2124/2125 361-961-2124/2125
El Centro 958-8522 760-339-2522
Fallon 890-2816 775-426-2816/2425
Fort Worth 739-7065 817-782-7065
Jacksonville 942-2541 904-542-2541
Key West 483-2524 305-292-2524
Kingsville 876-6350 512-516-6350
Lakehurst 624-2334 201-323-2334
Lemoore 949-1020 559-998-1020
Mayport 960-6196/6197 904-270-6196/6197
Meridian 446-2445 601-679-2445
New Orleans 363-3207/3559 504-393-3207/3559
North Island 735-6033/9161 619-545-6033/9161
NAVY DSN COMMERCIAL
Norfolk (LP-1) 564-7797 757-444-7797/1301
Oceana 433-2177 804-433-2177
Patuxent River 342-3174 301-342-3174
Pensacola 922-2460/2386 850-452-2460/2386
Point Mugu 351-8508 805-989-8508
Whidbey Island 820-2677/2244 360-257-2677/2244
Whiting Field N 868-7119/7102 850-623-7119/7102
Willow Grove 991-6578 215-443-6576
(NAVFIG/NAVFIG FIL 163430)
c. EUROPE
AIR FORCE
21st OWS at Sembach AB, Under Command and Control of USAFE/A3
Area of Responsibility: Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Azores, Belarus,

Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Kosovo, Latvia,
Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Netherlands,
Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia (west of 60°E - Ural Mts), San Marino, Serbia and
Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United
Kingdom, Vatican City, Baltic Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Cyprus, Turkey, Syria,
Lebanon, Israel. Africa: Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon,
Central Africa Republic, Chad, Congo, Cote D’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo,
Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya,
Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal,
Sierra Leone, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.
*Exceptions:
1) 26 OWS has responsibility for operational-level weather support for Bermuda, and portions
of the North Atlantic. The 65 OSS/OSW is responsible for the terminal forecast for Lajes AB
and provides flight weather briefings for transient aircrews.
NOTE: The 21st Operational Weather Squadron (21 OWS) provides remote weather briefs
available 24 hours. PMSV contact not available, however communications can be accomplished
with phone patch.
Voice: DSN 314-489-2133 C+49/0631-536-2133, altn DSN 496-6145 C+49/06302-67-6145
Fax: DSN 314-496-6181, Comm +49-6302-67-6181
STU III: DSN 314-496-6190
Airborne Contact via Phone Patch: DSN 314-496-6145
NIPRNET Homepage: https://ows.sembach.af.mil,https://131.54.133.238./
SIPRNET Homepage: http://ows.usafe.af.smil.mil
(21 OWS-DO/21 OWS-DO FIL 11-871)
21st OWS Area of Responsibility

Base/Post
DSN DSN Commercial

Aviano AB 632-7207/7628 Prim 314-489-2133 Prim +49/0631-536-2133
Alt 496-6145 Alt +49/06302-67-6145
Coleman 382-4555/5166 Prim 314-489-2133 Prim +49/0631-536-2133
Alt 496-6145 Alt +49/06302-67-6145
Grafenwoehr 475-8349 Prim 314-489-2133 Prim +49/0631-536-2133
Alt 496-6145 Alt +49/06302-67-6145
Hohenfels 466-2891 Prim 314-489-2133 Prim +49/0631-536-2133
Alt 496-6145 Alt +49/06302-67-6145
Illesheim 467-4557 Prim 314-489-2133 Prim +49/0631-536-2133
Alt 496-6145 Alt +49/06302-67-6145
Incirlik AB 676-6880 Prim 314-489-2133 Prim +49/0631-536-2133
Alt 496-6145 Alt +49/06302-67-6145
Katterbach 467-2789 Prim 314-489-2133 Prim +49/0631-536-2133
Alt 496-6145 Alt +49/06302-67-6145
Lajes AB CONUS 535-3657 CONUS 535-3657 Prim +49/0631-536-2133
Europe 245-3657 Europe 245-3657 Alt +49/06302-67-6145
21st OWS Area of Responsibility

Base/Post
DSN DSN Commercial

RAF Lakenheath 226-2168/4660 Prim 314-489-2133 Prim +49/0631-536-2133
Alt 496-6145 Alt +49/06302-67-6145
RAF Mildenhall 238-2050/2551 Prim 314-489-2133 Prim +49/0631-536-2133
Alt 496-6145 Alt +49/06302-67-6145
Ramstein AB 480-2185/2488 Prim 314-489-2133 Prim +49/0631-536-2133
Alt 496-6145 Alt +49/06302-67-6145
Rota NS 314-727-2404/2405 Prim 314-489-2133 Prim +49/0631-536-2133
Alt 496-6145 Alt +49/06302-67-6145
Sembach AB - Prim 314-489-2133 Prim +49/0631-536-2133
Alt 496-6145 Alt +49/06302-67-6145
Sigonella 314-624-5285/5286 Prim 314-489-2133 Prim +49/0631-536-2133
Alt 496-6145 Alt +49/06302-67-6145
Souda 399-9489 x-274 Prim 314-489-2133 Prim +49/0631-536-2133
Alt 496-6145 Alt +49/06302-67-6145
Spangdahlem AB 452-6064/6749 Prim 314-489-2133 Prim +49/0631-536-2133
Alt 496-6145 Alt +49/06302-67-6145
Tuzla AB 768-2005 Prim 314-489-2133 Prim +49/0631-536-2133
Alt 496-6145 Alt +49/06302-67-6145
Wiesbaden 337-4117 Prim 314-489-2133 Prim +49/0631-536-2133
Alt 496-6145 Alt +49/06302-67-6145
(21 OWS-DO/21 OWS-DO FIL 12-089)
NAVY* DSN
Capodichino, Italy 314-626-5234
*NAVY Switchboard DSN 225-9801 is available for all overseas calls.
d. PACIFIC
AIRFORCE
17 OWS at JBPH-H, Under 13AF
Area of Responsibility: Korea, Japan, China, Taiwan, Mongolia, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos,
Cambodia, Burma, Malaysia, Singapore, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Diego Garcia,
Madagascar, Australia, New Zealand, Indonesia, New Guinea, Hawaiian Islands, tropical and
subtropical Pacific including WESTPAC, the Indian Ocean except for the area north of 5S Lat
and west of 70E Lon, and Alaska, including the Aleutians and Arctic Ocean.
Voice: DSN 315-449-8335 Comm 808-449-8335
Fax: DSN 315-449-8336 Comm 808-449-8336 STE DSN 315-449-4064 Comm 808-449-4064
Airborne Contact via Phone Patch: DSN 315-449-8333 Comm 808-449-8333
NIPRNET Homepage: https://17ows.hickam.af.mil/
SIPRNET Homepage: http://l7ows.hickam.af.smil.mil/

Base/Post
DSN DSN Commercial

Andersen AFB 315-366-5230/1407 315-449-8333 808-449-8333
Bradshaw AAF 315-469-2458 315-449-8333 808-449-8333
Cp Eagle 315-753-7740/6868 315-449-8333 808-449-8333
Cp Humphreys 315-753-7743/7740 315-449-8333 808-449-8333
Cp Red Cloud 315-732-9311 315-449-8333 808-449-8333
Cp Zama 315-263-5787 315-449-8333 808-449-8333
Eielson AFB 317-377-1160/3140 315-449-8333 808-449-8333
Elmendorf AFB 317-552-4903/4397 315-449-8333 808-449-8333
Ft Wainwright 317-353-7111/0691 315-449-8333 808-449-8333
JBPH-H 315-449-2251 315-449-8333 808-449-8333
Wheeler AAF 315-656-1017 315-449-8333 808-449-8333
Wake Island (BaseOps) 315-424-2104 315-449-8333 808-449-8333
Kadena AB 315-634-3129/ 315-449-8333 808-449-8333
3140/4162
Kunsan AB 315-782-4262/ 315-449-8333 808-449-8333
4501/5976
Misawa AB 315-226-3065 315-449-8333 808-449-8333
Osan AB 315-784-9370 315-449-8333 808-449-8333
Seoul AB 315-741-6282 315-449-8333 808-449-8333
Yokota AB 315-225-7213 315-449-8333 808-449-8333
Yongsan AIN 315-725-4206 315-449-8333 808-449-8333
(35 OSS-OSAA/35 OSS-OSAA FIL 14-1004)

Futenma, Okinawa 636-3177
Iwakuni, Japan 235-3005
Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii 207-0404 808-257-2839
NAVY DSN COMMERCIAL

Adak, Alaska 317-892-4186/8069 907-592-4186/8069
Atsugi, Japan 315-264-3208
Diego Garcia, IO 370-3670/3590
e. CARIBBEAN, CENTRAL/SOUTH AMERICA
AIR FORCE
612 SPTS at Davis Monthan AFB, Under Command and Control of 12 AF
Area of Responsibility: Western Mexico (west of 100°W), Central & South America,
Caribbean Basin - including the Bahamas Islands.
Voice: DSN 312-228-1977/2025/2138
Fax: DSN 312-228-1284, Comm 520-228-1284
Toll Free: 1-877-451-8367
STU-III: DSN 312-228-3292
Airborne Contact via Phone Patch: DSN 312-228-1977/2025/2138
NIPRNET Homepage: http://25ows.dm.af.mil
SIPRNET Homepage: http:/25ows.davismonthan.af.smil.mil
612 SPTS Area of Responsibility

Base/Post
DSN DSN Commercial

Soto Cano AB 449-4260/4245/6236 228-1977 520-228-1977
(25 OWS/25 OWS FIL 09-709)
NAVY DSN COMMERCIAL

Guantanamo Bay NS, Cuba 564-4063 x-6439/6494 804-444-4063 x-6439/6493
f. EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN, SOUTHWEST ASIA, SAUDI ARABIA,
SOUTHERN CIS/CASPIAN BASIN
AIR FORCE
28 OWS at Shaw AFB, Under Command and Control of 9 AF
Area of Responsibility: Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait,
Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Yemen, Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Egypt,
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Caspian Sea.
Voice: DSN 312-965-0489/0902/06, Comm 803-895-0489/0902/06
Fax: DSN 312-965-0493, Comm 803-895-0493
Toll Free: 1-877-297-4192
STU-III: DSN 312-965-0489
Airborne Contact via Phone Patch: DSN 312-965-0906/07
NIPRNET Homepage: https://28ows.shaw.af.mil
SIPRNET Homepage: http://28ows.shaw.af.smil.mil
(28 OWS-WXB/28 OWS-WXB FIL 08-304)
3. PILOT-TO-METRO SERVICE (PMSV), USAF

(AFFSA/AFFSA)
a. The USAF weather units operate a Pilot to Metro Service (PMSV) at selected AFBs and
AAFs to provide aircrews a direct contact. "Full Service" facilities are manned by fully qualified
personnel. "Limited Service" facilities are manned by individuals not qualified to prepare, issue or
interpret forecasts and who will identify themselves as a "weather apprentice." If a forecast or
forecast interpretation is required and a fully qualified person is not available, the apprentice will
refer the aircrew to a "Full Service" facility. The apprentice may only relay the following
information: surface observations, TAFs for which an amendment capability exists, weather
watches, warnings, and advisories.
b. Enroute and alternate meteorological watch is the pilot’s responsibility. PMSV will be
used to the maximum to update forecasts and obtain latest weather observations. Destination
meteorological watch is a joint responsibility of the pilot and destination operations section.
Operations will notify pilot of adverse weather information as provided by weather personnel.
c. The radio call for PMSV is "METRO", e.g., "Travis METRO". When requesting terminal
weather, advise the forecaster/observer of your ETA. For overseas flights, use Global HF System
Stations whenever possible (See listing in this Handbook).
4. PILOT-TO-METRO SERVICE (PMSV), USN AND USMC

(NAVFIG/NAVFIG FIL 0047-09)
a. Pilot-to-Metro Services (PMSV) are available from all Naval Meteorology and
Oceanography Command (NAVMETOCCOM) and U. S. Marine Corps (USMC) aviation weather
activities. The primary purpose of PMSV is for communicating various types of weather information
to pilots. PMSV is also used to update the Flight Weather Briefing Form (DD-175-1) and to receive
pilot weather reports (PIREPS) of significant or hazardous weather phenomena, which are entered
into weather telecommunications networks.
b. Sub-Regional Forecast Center (SRFC) Concept. Under the NAVMETOCCOM Sub-

Regional Forecast Center (SRFC) concept of operations, forecasting has been centralized to
support outlying satellite detachments during off-peak hours, when a forecaster is not on duty.
Most NAVMETOCCOM and USMC stations are manned 24 hours with observers maintaining a
basic weather watch. Observers are authorized to provide basic weather information via PMSV,
such as providing the latest field conditions or nearby observation data, or reading a Terminal
Aerodrome Forecast (TAF) report. For any requests for forecast services, DD-175-1 updates or
extensions, the observer acts as an intermediary between the pilot and SRFC forecaster. Some
delay will be experienced in these instances as the SRFC Forecaster receives and processes
information for the observer to pass along to the pilot over PMSV. In some cases the SRFC is close
enough to a supported satellite detachment for the pilot to radio directly to the SRFC for required
assistance.
c. The radio call for PMSV is "METRO", e.g. "Fallon METRO". Advise the forecaster/
observer of ETA when terminal weather is requested.
d. SRFC affects the following facilities:

NAVY HOURS OF SRFC REMARKS

LOCATION OPERATION
Corpus Christi, TX H24 SRFC for Kingsville.
El Centro, CA 1300-0700Z++ North Island
Fort Worth, TX H24 Corpus Christi Observer is intermediary

0001-1200Z++ between the aircraft and SRFC.
Jacksonville, FL H24
Key West, FL H24

2230-1030Z++
Kingsville, TX H24 Corpus Christi Aircraft are referred to "Corpus

0500-1200Z++ Christi Metro" 344.6.
Mon-Thu,
0500-1800Z++ Fri-Sun
Lemoore, CA 1500-0800Z++ OTHER TIMES: One hour prior to

Mon-Thu, and during NOTAMed airfield
1500-0200Z++ Fri, hours.
N/A Sat,
2300-0400Z++ Sun
Mayport, FL H24
2230-1030Z++
Meridian, MS H24 Pensacola Observer is intermediary

0500-1200Z++ between the aircraft and SRFC.
New Orleans, LA 1300-0400Z++ Pensacola Observer is intermediary

Mon-Sat, between the aircraft and SRFC.
1500-2200Z++ Sun
Norfolk, VA H24
North Island, CA H24 SRFC for Miramar and El Centro.
Oceana, VA H24
Patuxent River, MD H24
Pensacola, FL H24 SRFC for Meridian, New Orleans

and Whiting Fld N.
Whidbey Island, H24
WA
Whiting Fld N, FL H24 Pensacola Aircraft are referred to
0500-1200Z++ "Pensacola Metro" 359.6.
Mon-Fri,
H24 Sat-Sun
Willow Grove, PA H24
2300-1200Z++
USMC HOURS OF
LOCATION OPERATION
Beaufort, SC 1200-0400Z++ Mon-
Thu; 1200-2300Z++
Fri; clsd hol.
Camp Pendleton,
CA
Cherry Point, NC H24
Kaneohe Bay, HI H24
Miramar, CA H24
New River, NC 1100-2200Z++ OT ctc
Cherry Point, NC.
Quantico, VA H24
Yuma, AZ H24
5. PILOT-TO-METRO WEATHER RADAR FACILITIES (DoD Non-CONUS
Stations)
(AFFSA/AFFSA FIL 10-486)(NAVFIG/NAVFIG)
Hours are continuous unless otherwise stated in remarks. Consult Enroute Supplement for PMSV
frequencies.
*Weather Radar
AREA/FACILITY REMARKS CHART/PANEL NO.
1. CARIBBEAN
CUBA
Guantanamo Bay NS H-2F, L-5A, 6F
2. PACIFIC
ALASKA
Adak NAF H-2, L-2
*Eielson AFB H-1, L-3 (FAIRBANKS AREA
CHART)
*Elmendorf AFB H-1, L-4 (ANCHORAGE AREA
CHART)
GUAM
Guam Intl Joint Civ/Mil airfield. 1B
Anderson AFB Metro backup.
*Anderson AFB 1B
HAWAII
*Hickam AFB 2F
Kaneohe Bay MCAF 2F
JAPAN
Atsugi NAF 3B, A-1A (Tokyo)
*Chitose 3D
Hamamatsu 3A
Iwakuni MCAS 4G
Miho 2200-0800Z Mon-Fri, 2200- 4G
0300Z Sat, OT 1 hr prior notice
required.
Nyutabaru 4G
Yokota 3B, A-1A (Tokyo)
KOREA
A-511 (Pyongtaek) A-1A (Seoul-Osan)
*Kunsan AB WX svc avbl 1900-1100Z, Mon 4E
thru Fri, excld hol and down-
days; hrs adjusted to coincide
with 8 FW flying and/or
automated sensor outages/
augmentation.
Osan AB Full services A-1A (Seoul-Osan)
OKINAWA 5C
Futenma MCAS
*Kadena AB 5C
AREA/FACILITY REMARKS CHART/PANEL NO.
3. INDIAN OCEAN
Diego Garcia NSF 20E, G
4. EUROPE
FINLAND
Helsinki-Vantaa H-2H, L-1D
Rovaniemi 0300-1900Z++ H-1D, L-1D
6. VOLMET VOICE WEATHER BROADCASTS
Meteorological information for aircraft in flight may be obtained through routine and special VHF
and HF weather broadcasts. VHF broadcasts are normally continuous and contain current airport
weather reports, with trend parts where available, and occasionally SIGMET information. HF
broadcasts are normally scheduled at regular intervals and contain current airport reports, with
trend parts where available, and airport forecasts.
(AFFSA/AIP GEN 3.5)
A - ACTUAL WEATHER REPORT S - SIGMET

F - LANDING FORECAST T - FORECAST TREND TYPE
FACILITY/ OPR
FREQ HOURS BROADCASTS TYPE AIRPORTS SERVICED
ALGER
126.8 0500-2200Z H+10 & H+40 A ALGER, ANNABA, CONSTANTINE, ORAN,

TUNIS, MADRID, BARCELONA, PALMA,
MARSEILLE, NICE.
ALICANTE
126.0 H24 Continuous AT BARAJAS, PALMA DE MALLORCA,

MALAGA, VALENCIA, ALICANTE, IBIZA,
GRANADA, ALGER, ORAN.
AMAZONICA
132.50 H24 Continuous AT CONCEICAO DO ARAGUAAIA, AMAPA,

132.45 H24 ALTA FLORESTA, VAL DE CANS, BOA VISTA
132.10 H24 INTL, CACHIMBO, CAROLINA, CARAJAS,
132.30 H24 CRUZEIRO DO SUL, EDUARDO GOMES
132.40 H24 INTL, JACAREACANGA GUAJARA-MIRIM,
132.25 H24 ALTAMIRA, ITACOATIARA, ITAITUBA
132.15 H24 PREFEITO RENATO MOREIRA, MARABA,
MONTE DOURADO, PONTA PELADA,
SANTAREM, MACAPA, MANICORE,
OIAPOGUE,
GOVERNADOR JORGE TEIXEIRA DE
OLIVEIRA, PRESIDENT MEDICI MARECHAL
CUNHA MACHADO, TROMBETAS, TEFE,
TARAUAC TIRIOS, TABATINGA, TUCURUI,
SAO GABRIEL DA CACHOEIRA, VILHENA,
IAUARETE
AFT AMAPA, ALTA FLORESTA, VAL DE CANS,

BOA VISTA INTL, CAROLINA, CARAJAS,
CRUZEIRO DO SUL, EDUARDO GOMES
INTL, ALTAMIRA, PREFEITO RENATO
MOREIRA, MARABA, PORTA PELADA,
MACAPA, MANICORE, OIAPOGUE,
GOVERNADOR JORGE TEIXEIRA DE
OLIVEIRA, PRESIDENT MEDICI, MARECHAL
CUNHA MACHADO,
SANTAREM, TEFE, TARAUACA,
TABATINGA, SAO GABRIEL
DA CACHOEIRA, VILHENA
FACILITY/ OPR
AMSTERDAM
126.2 H24 Continuous AT AMSTERDAM, ROTTERDAM (T IF

AVAILABLE), BRUSSELS, DUSSELDORF,
HAMBURG, COPENHAGEN, HEATHROW,
GATWICK, CHARLES DE GAULLE. Weather
reports may be obtained on request on
freqs: 123.7, 123.85, 124.3, 124.875, 125.75,
129.3, 133.1 MHZ.
ANCHORAGE
2863 H24 H+25-30 & AT ANCHORAGE, FAIRBANKS, COLD BAY,

6679 H24 H+55-00 VANCOUVER.
8828 H24 A
13282 H24 ELMENDORF AFB, KING SALMON.
ANDERSEN
18002 2200-0700Z H+15 & H+45 A ANDERSEN, KADENA, YOKOTA.

13201 2000-0900Z
11176 H24
8967 H24
6738 0700-2200Z
4721 0900-2000Z
ANKARA
127.0 H24 Continuous AT ESENBOGA, ATATURK, ADNAN

MENDERES, BEIRUT INTL.
ANTANANARIVO*
5499 0225-1930Z H+25 & H+55 A IVATO

10057 * Broadcast in French and Malagasy
language between 0300-1900Z on
frequencies (1502, 3288, 6170, 7105) and at
0200Z and at 2200Z on frequencies 3288 and
6170
ASUNCION
5601 0905-2315Z H+05 AFST SILVIO PETTIROSSI INTL.

10067 H+15
AFT* BASE 5 GENERAL ADRAIN JARA,

TENTIENTE COL. CAMELO PERALTA,
ENCARNACION, DR. LUIS MARIA ARGANA,
CARLOS MIGUEL JIMENEZ, SAN JUAN
BAUTISTA, VILLARRICA, BAHIA NEGRA, LA
VICTORIA, POZO COLORADO, CAPITAN
EMILO NUDDLEMAN, SAN ESTANISLAO,
SAN PEDRO.
*Every 3 hours and if necessary every hour.
ATHINAI
127.8 H24 Continuous AT ANDRAVIDA, ATHINAI, CAIRO INTL, NIKOS

KAZANTZAKIS, IOANNIS KAPODISTRIAS,
ISTANBUL, LARNACA, DIGORAS,
MAKEDONIA.
FACILITY/ OPR
AUCKLAND
6679 H24 H+20+H-25 AFT AUCKLAND, CHRISTCHURCH

8828 H24 WELLINGTON, NADI, FALEOLO, NOUMEA,
13282 H24 PAGO PAGO, TAHITI.
H+50+H-55 AFT AUCKLAND, CHRISTCHURCH

WELLINGTON, NADI, FALEOLO, NOUMEA,
PAGO PAGO, TAHITI.
BAHRAIN
128.8 H24 Continuous AT BAHRAIN INTL, KING FAHD INTL, KING

ABDULAZIZ INTL, KING KHALED INTL,
KUWAIT INTL, ABU DHABI INTL, DUBAI
INTL, RAS AL KHAIMAH INTL, SHARJAH
INTL, MUSCAT INTL, DOHA INTL
BAKU
114.1 H24 Continuous AT HEYDAR ALIYEV (BAKU), TEHRAN, TBILISI,

TURKMENBASHI, ASHGHABAT, ALMATY,
TASHKENT, NAKHCHIVAN
BANGKOK
11387 2310-1145Z H+10-15 & S* BANGKOK INTL

6676 H24 H+40-45 AT
2965 1210-2245Z H+10-15 & AT BANGKOK INTL, CHIANG MAI INTL, HAT
H+40-45 YAI INTL, NOIBAI INTL, PHUKET INTL,
YANGON INTL, U TAPHAO INTL,
TANSONNHAT INTL, PHNOM PENH,
VIENTAINE
*As avbl
BARCELONA
127.6 H24 Continuous AT BARAJAS, BARCELONA, PALMA DE

MALLORCA, MALAGA, IBIZA, GIRONA,
MENORCA, TOULOUSE, MARSEILLE.
BEIJING
*13285 0000-1600Z H+15 - H+20 AFST CAPITAL, ZHOUSHUIZI, HONGQUIAO,

*8849 H+45 - H+50 TAOXIAN, WUSU, BINHAI.
**5673
**3458 *Day
**Ngt
FACILITY/ OPR
BEIRUT
126.0 H24 Continuous AT BEIRUT INTL, NICOSIA, DAMASCUS INTL,

MARKA INTL, CAIRO INTL, BAGHDAD INTL,
ABADAN INTL, KUWAIT INTL, BAHRAIN
INTL, ISTANBUL, ANKARA, TEHRAN
BEOGRAD
126.4 H24 Continuous AF BEOGRAD, ZAGREB, DUBROVNIK, WIEN,

BUDAPEST, BUCURESTI/OTOPENI, SOFIA,
THESSALONIKI.
BERLIN
128.4 Continuous AF SCHONEFELD, TEGEL, DRESDEN*,

LEIPZIG/HALLE, PRAHA, COPENHAGEN,
WARSZAWA, WEIN *(Trend forecast
available).
BLOEMFONTEIN
130.3 0400-1800Z Continuous AT BLOEMFONTEIN*, CAPE TOWN*, EAST

LONDON, JAN SMUTS*, KIMBERLEY, PORT
ELIZABETH*, UPINGTON, DURBAN,
MASERU, GEORGE.
*Trend.
BODO*
124.25 H24 Continuous AST BODO, EVENES, ANDOYA, BARDUFOSS,

TROMSO, ALTA, VAERNES, GARDERMOEN.
*English and Scandinavian language.
BORDEAUX
126.4 H24 Continuous A GENEVA/COINTRIN, MERIGNAC,

BLAGNAC, BARAJAS, BARCELONA,
LISBOA, CHARLES DE GAULLE, ORLY,
PALMA DE MALLORCA.
S SIGMET NOTICES FROM THE BORDEAUX

FIR and FRANCE UIR.
FACILITY/ OPR
BRASILIA
132.15 H24 Continuous AT (SUB AREA 1) BASE AREA, BRASILIA, BARRA

132.25 DO GARCAS, MARECHAL RONDON,
132.40 SANTA GENOVEVA, HIDROELECTRICA,
132.55 BRIGADEIRO LYSIAS RODRIGUES, PORTO
132.60 NACIONAL
AFT BASE AEREA, BRASILIA, BARRA DO

GARCAS, MARECHAL RONDON, SANTA
GENOVEVA, BRIGADEIRO LYSIAS
RODRIGUES
S* BRASILIA FIR
This MET information will be provided for
Enroute aircraft where MET phenomena are
Forecast or observed.
AT (SUB AREA 2) CAMPO DELIO JARDIM DE

MATTOS, ARAXA, PAMPULHA-CARLOS
DRUMMOND DE ANDRADE, MAJOR
BRIGADEIRO DOORGAL BORGES,
UMBERTO MODIANO, CABO FRIO,
TANCREDO NEVES, BARTOLOMEU
LISANDRO RJ, PLATAFORMA P-15 RJ, SAO
PEDRO DA ALDEIA, HELPN SAO TOME,
FRONTEIRA, FURNAS, GALEAO-ANTONIO
CARLOS JOBIM, GOVERNADOR
VALADARES, USIMINAS, FRANCISCO DE
ASSIS, JACAREPAGUA, PLATAFORMA P-25
RJ, LAGOA SANTA, MACAE, MARIO
RIBEIRO, PLATAFORMA P-20 RJ, CARLOS
PRATES, SANTOS DUMONT, SANTA CRUZ,
TEN.-CEL AV.CESAR BOMBONATO MG,
UBERABA, MAJOR BRIGADEIRO
TROMPOWSKY, GOIABEIRAS
AFT CAMPO DELIO JARDIM DE MATTOS,

PAMPULHA-CARLOS DRUMMOND DE
ANDRADE, CABO FRIO, TANCREDO
NEVES, BARTOLOMEU LISANDRO RJ, SAO
PEDRO DA ALDEIA, GALEAO-ANTONIO
CARLOS JOBIM, FRANCISCO DE ASSIS,
JACAREPAGUA, MACAE, SANTOS
DUMONT, SANTA CRUZ, TEN.-
CEL.AV.CESAR BOMBONATO MG,
UBERABA, GOIABEIRAS
AT (SUB AREA 3) ARARAQUARA, CHAFEI

AMSEI, PLATA-FORMA PNA-1 RJ,
GUARULHOS, GUARATINGUETA,
VIRACOPOS, MARTE, POCOS DE CALDAS,
LEITE LOPES, SAO JOSE DOS CAMPOS,
CONGONHAS, SAO JOSE DO RIO PRETO,
BASE AEREA, HELIPONTO BAVT, CAMPO
FONTENELLE
FACILITY/ OPR
AFT GUARULHOS, GUARATINGUETA,

VIRACOPOS, LEITE LOPES, SAO JOSE DOS
CAMPOS, CONGONHAS, SAO JOSE DO
RIO PRETO, BASE AEREA, CAMPO
FONTENELLE
BRATISLAVA
126.2 0500-2030Z++ Continuous AT M R STEFANIK, RUZYNE, KOSICE, SLIAC,

TATRY, PIESTANY, ZILINA, MOSNOV.
BRAZZAVILLE*
10057 1800-0500Z H+15 & H+25 AFST BRAZZAVILLE, NDJAMENA, DOUALA,

H+45 & H+55 BANGUI, LIBREVILLE, YAOUNDE,
KINSHASA, KANO**, LAGOS**, LUANDA**.
*English & French language
** Broadcast upon receipt
BRINDISI
127.6 H24 Continuous S BRINDISI.
A CAPODICHINO, CIAMPINO.
AT BRINDISI, PISA, ROMA/FIUMICINO,

ATHINAI, THESSALONIKI, KERKIRA,
ANDRAVIDA.
BRUSSELS
127.80 H24 Continuous AT BRUSSELS NATIONAL, OOSTENDE,

HEATHROW, LUXEMBOURG, SCHIPHOL,
ORLY, FRANKFURT, KOLN-BONN,
DUSSELDORF.
BUCURESTI
126.8 H24 Continuous AT AUREL VLAICU, BEOGRAD, BUDAPEST,

HENRI COANDA, ISTANBUL, KIEV,
M. KOGALNICEANU, SOFIA, TRAIAN VUIA.
129.4 H24 Continuous S BUCURESTI FIR.
BUDAPEST
127.4 H24 Continuous AT BUDAPEST, PRAHA, BRATISLAVA, ARAD,

BUCURESTI/O, BEOGRAD, SOFIA,
WARSZAWA, WIEN
S BUDAPEST FIR
CAIRO
126.2 H24 H+10, 20, 30, 40, AT CAIRO INTL, HURGHADA, SHARM EL
50 SHEIKH, LUXOR, ASWAN, BORG EL ARAB,
ALEXANDRIA.
F CAIRO INTL.
FACILITY/ OPR
CALCUTTA
11387 H24 H+05-10 & AFT CALCUTTA, MUMBAI, DELHI.

6676 (0300-1300Z) H+35-40 AT DHAKA, RANGOON.
2965 (1300-0300Z)
CASABLANCA
127.6 H24 Continuous AT MOHAMED V, SALE, BOUKHALF, MENARA,

INEZGANE.
A ANGADS, GRAN CANARIA, MALAGA,

SEVILLA.
CHITA
128.3 H24 Continuous AT KADALA, MUKHINO, IRKUTSK,

IGNATYEVO, YAKUTSK
COMODORO RIVADAVIA RADIO
4675 0900-2400Z H+30 A* COMODORO RIVADAVIA, RIO

8938 0900-2400Z GALLEGOS, TRELEW, AEROPARQUE
JORGE NEWBERY, BARILOCHE, BAHIA
BLANCA.
H+30 F* VIEDMA, ESQUEL, LAGO ARGENTINO, SAN

JULIAN SAN ANTONIO OESTE, PERITO
MORENO, GOBERNADOR GREGORES,
PUERTO DESEADO SANTA CRUZ, RIO
GRANDE, MAQUINCHAO, PASO DE
INDIOS, USHUAIA, EL MAITEN, EL
BOLSON, ALTO RIO SENGUER, JOSE DE
SAN MARTIN, RIO MAYO, RIO TURBIO.
H+40 ST COMODORO RIVADAVIA FIR*, EZEIZA

FIR**.
*Every hour.
**Every Even Hour.
NOTE: Broadcast of any information
depends upon availability.
COPENHAGEN
127.0 H24 Continuous AFT KASTRUP, BILLUND, AALBORG, HAMBURG,

MALMO, GOTEBORG, ARLANDA, OSLO,
STAVANGER.
FACILITY/ OPR
CORDOBA RADIO
5475 H24 H+25 A* CORDOBA, JUJUY, SALTA, TUCUMAN,

MENDOZA.
8952 H24 H+25 F* ORAN, LA RIOJA, CATAMARCA, CERES,

RIO CUARTO, MARCOS JUAREZ,
TARTAGAL, VILLA DOLORES, CHILECITO,
SAN JUAN, SAN LUIS, VILLA REYNOLDS,
SAN RAFAEL, MALARGUE, SAN MARTIN,
AEROPARQUE JORGE NEWBERY, SAUCE
VIEJO, ROSARIO.
ST CORDOBA FIR*, MENDOZA FIR**, EZEIZA

FIR***.
*Every Hour.
**Every Even Hour.
***Every Odd Hour.
CURITIBA
132.05 (S sctr) H24 Continuous AT ASSIS, ARACATUBA, CMT. GUSTAVO

132.45 (N sctr) KRAERMER, BACACHERI, BAURU,
CASCAVEL, CACADOR, CAMPO GRANDE,
CHAPECO, FORQUILHINHA, CANOAS,
CORUMBA, AFONSO PENA, CAMPO DOS
BUGRES, PRESIDENTE PRUDENTE,
CATARATAS, HERCILIO LUZ, TANCREDO
THOMAS DE FARIA, JOINVILLE, LAGES,
LINS, LONDRINA, REGIONAL DE MARINGA
SILVO NAME JUNIOR, MARILIA,
NAVEGANTES SANTO ANGELO,
SALGADO, FILHO, LAURO KURTZ,
PELOTAS, PONTA PORA, RIO GRANDE,
SANTA MARIA, TOLEDO, TELEMACO
BORBA, TORRES, RUBEM BERTA,
URUBUPUNGA
AFT CMT. GUSTAVO KRAEMER, BACACHERI,

BAURU, CAMPO GRANDE, CANOAS,
CORUMBA, AFONSO PENA, PRESIDENTE
PRUDENTE, CATARATAS, HERCILIO LUZ,
JOINVILLE, LONDRINA, NAVEGANTES,
SALGADO FILHO, PELOTAS, PONTA PORA,
SANTA MARIA, RUBEM BERTA
S CURITIBA FIR
DAMASCUS
2992 H24 H+30 & Special AFT DAMASCUS INTL.

5667 H24 H+00 & Special AFT* ALEPPO INTL.
8918 H24 *+30 O/R.
13312 H24 H+00 & Special A DEIR ZZOR, KAMISHLY, PALMYRA.
FACILITY/ OPR
DNIPROPETROVSK
126.45 H24 Continuous AT BORYSPIL, DNIPROPETROVSK, DONETSK,

KHARKIV, ODESA, ROSTOV, ZHULUANY.
DUBLIN
127.0 H24 Continuous AFT DUBLIN, SHANNON, CORK, BELFAST,

GLASGOW, PRESTWICK, MANCHESTER,
HEATHROW, GATWICK.
EDMONTON MILITARY
6753 2300-1200Z EVEN HRS+20 A NAMAO, VANCOUVER, WINNIPEG,

COMOX,
15035 1200-2300Z SSB, Voice only COLD LAKE, CALGARY INTL, RESOLUTE
BAY, CAMBRIDGE BAY, CHURCHILL,
YELLOWKNIFE, WHITEHORSE, THULE AFB.
F RESOLUTE BAY*, CAMBRIDGE BAY*,

CHURCHILL*, YELLOWKNIFE*,
WHITEHORSE*, THULE AFB*.
ODD HRS+20 F NAMAO, VANCOUVER WINNIPEG,

SSB, Voice only COMOX, COLD LAKE, CALGARY INTL,
RESOLUTE BAY*, CAMBRIDGE BAY*,
CHURCHILL*, YELLOWKNIFE*,
WHITEHORSE*, THULE AFB*.
EKOFISK
118.975 0500-1700Z AS SOLA, KARMOY, LISTA.

FACILITY/ OPR
EZEIZA RADIO
2881 H24 H+15 A* AEROPARQUE JORGE NEWBERY,

5601 H24 ROSARIO, MAR DEL PLATA, NEUQUEN,
11369 H24 BAHIA BLANCA, BARILOCHE, SAUCE
VIEJO, PORTO ALEGRE (Brazil),
MONTEVIDEO (Uruguay), ASUNCION
(Paraguay), PUDAHUEL (Chile),
ANTOFAGASTA (Chile).
H+15 A** CORDOBA, JUJUY, SALTA, TUCUMAN,

MENDOZA.
H+15 A*** RESISTENCIA, CORRIENTES, POSADAS,

CATARATAS DEL IGUAZU, COMODORO
RIVADAVIA, TRELEW, RIO GALLEGOS.
H+15 F* EL PALOMAR, PARANA, GUALEGUAYCHU,

LABOULAYE, JUNIN, SANTA ROSA,
TANDIL, CONCORDIA, GENERAL PICO,
DON TORCUATO, LA PLATA, AZUL,
DOLORES, NECOCHEA, PEHUAJO.
H+15 F** ORAN, LA RIOJA, CATAMARCA, CERES,

TARTAGAL, VILLA DOLORES, CHILECITO,
SAN JUAN, SAN LUIS, VILLA REYNOLDS,
SAN RAFAEL, MALARGUE, SAN MARTIN.
H+15 F*** PRESIDENCIA ROQUE SANEZ PENA,

FORMOSA, RECONQUISTA, MONTE
CASEROS, PASO DE LOS LIBRES, CURUZU
CUATIA, GOYA, VIEDMA, ESQUEL, LAGO
ARGENTINO, SAN JULIAN, SAN ANTONIO
OESTE, PERITO MORENO, GOBERNADOR
GREGORES, PUERTO DESEADO, SANTA
CRUZ, RIO GRANDE, MAQUINCHAO, PASO
DE INDIOS, USHUAIA, EL MAITEN, EL
BOLSON, ALTO RIO SENGUER, JOSE DE
SAN MARTIN, RIO MAYO, RIO TURBIO.
H+01 ST EZEIZA FIR*, COMODORO RIVADAVIA.

FIR**, RESISTENCIA FIR***.
*Every Hour.
**Every Even Hour.
***Every Odd Hour.
FRANKFURT 1
127.6 H24 Continuous AFT FRANKFURT, BRUSSELS, AMSTERDAM,

ZURICH, GENEVA, BALE-MULHOUSE,
WIEN, PRAHA, CHARLES DE GAULLE.
FACILITY/ OPR
FRANKFURT 2
135.775 Continuous AF FRANKFURT, KOLN/BONN, DUSSELDORF,

STUTTGART*, NURNBERG*, MUNCHEN,
HAMBURG, TEGEL *(Trend forecast
available).
GANDER
3485 H24 H+20-25 F MONTREAL/PIERRE ELLIOTT TRUDEAU,

TORONTO, OTTAWA.
6604 H24 A MONTREAL/PIERRE ELLIOTT TRUDEAU,

TORONTO, GANDER, OTTAWA, GOOSE.
10051 H24 H+25-30 FS(1*) WINNIPEG, EDMONTON, CALGARY,

CHURCHILL.
13270 H24 A KUUJJUAQ, WINNIPEG, CHURCHILL.
H+50-55 F GANDER, ST JOHNS, HALIFAX.
A MONTREAL/Mirabel, STEPHENVILLE,
GANDER, HALIFAX, ST JOHNS.
H+55-60 FS(1*) GOOSE, IQALUIT, SONDRESTROM.
A GOOSE, IQALUIT, SONDRESTROM,

KUUJJUAQ.
1* Includes SIGMET or notification of
SIGMET affecting flights operating above FL
100 in the Gander Oceanic and the Gander,
Moncton, Montreal and Toronto domestic
FIR.
GENEVA
126.8 H24 Continuous A COINTRIN, ZURICH, BALE/MULHOUSE,

NICE, SAINT EXUPERY, CHARLES DE
GAULLE, ORLY, LINATE, MALPENSA.
HANNOVER (BREMEN
VOLMET)
127.4 H24 Continuous AF HANNOVER*, HAMBURG, BREMEN*,

KOLN/BONN, FRANKFURT, TEGEL,
AMSTERDAM, COPENHAGEN *(Trend
forecast available).
HARARE
113.1 0400-1800Z Continuous A HARARE.

FACILITY/ OPR
HELSINKI-VANTAA
128.4 H24 Continuous AT HELSINKI, ST PETERSBERG/PULKOVO,

ARLANDA, TALLIN/YULEMIST.
A OULU*, VAASA*, TAMPERE/PIRKKALA,

TURKU KUOPIO*.
*Hourly only.
HONG KONG
128.875 H24 Continuous A SHENZHEN,TAIPEI
AT MACAU, GAOXIONG
2863 H24 H+15-20 & A NAHA
6679 H+45-50 AT HONG KONG INTL,
8828 GUANGZHOU/BAIYUN, CHIANG KAI SHEK

13282 INTL, GAOXIONG, NINOY AQUINO INTL,
MACTAN
F HONG KONG INTL
338 H24 H+15-20 & ST HONG KONG INTL

H+45-50
HONOLULU
2863 H24 H+00-05 & A HONOLULU, HILO, AGANA, KAHULUI.
6679 H24 H+30-35 F HONOLULU, HILO, AGANA.
8828 H24 S HONOLULU FIR.
13282 H24 H+05-10 & A SAN FRANCISCO, SEATTLE, LOS ANGELES,

H+35-40 PORTLAND, SACRAMENTO, ONTARIO, LAS
VEGAS.
F SAN FRANCISCO, SEATTLE, LOS ANGELES.
S HONOLULU FIR.
H+25-30 & A ANCHORAGE, FAIRBANKS, COLD BAY,

H+55-60 VANCOUVER, ELMENDORF, KING
SALMON.
F ANCHORAGE, FAIRBANKS, COLD BAY,

VANCOUVER.
INNSBRUCK
130.475 H24 Continuous AFST MUNCHEN, ZURICH, ALTENRHEIN,

FRIEDRICHSHAFEN, HOHENEMS, ALPE
RAUZ, PATSCHERKOFEL, GERLOS, ZELL
AM SEE, BOLZANO/BOZEN.
0250-2250Z++ Continuous AFST INNSBRUCK*, SALZBURG*, KLAGENFURT*,
LINZ*.
*During operational hours.
FACILITY/ OPR
IRKUTSK
125.475 H24 Continuous AT IRKUTSK, KADALA, MUKHINO, BRATSK,

YEMELYANOVO
ISTANBUL
127.4 H24 Continuous AT ATATURK, ESENBOGA, ADNAN

MENDERES, ATHENS, SOFIA, BUCHAREST.
JONKOPING*
127.2 H24 Continuous AFT ARLANDA, STURUP.
AF BROMMA, LANDVETTER**, VISBY,

JONKOPING, KARLSTAD, ANGELHOLM,
RONNEBY, KALMAR.
A HALMSTAD
*The transmission is controlled from
ARLANDA.
**Available 0500-1800Z++.
NOTE: Information updated H+05 & H+35
KARACHI
11387 0130-1500Z H+15-H+20 & H- AT KARACHI, NAWABSHAH, LAHORE

45-H-50
2965 1500-0130Z AT ISLAMABAD
6676 Continuous AT DELHI, BOMBAY, SINGAPORE
KAZAKHSTAN
130.1 H24 Continuous ATS AKTAU
126.0 H24 Continuous ATS AKTOBE
129.8 H24 Continuous ATS ALMATY
127.7 H24 Continuous ATS ASTANA
127.4 H24 Continuous ATS ATYRAU
127.8 H24 Continuous ATS KARAGANDA
119.2 H24 Continuous ATS SHYMKENT
KHABAROVSK
127.875 H24 Continuous AT NOVY, IGNATYEVO, KNEVICHI,

KHOMUTOVO, KADALA, IRKUTSK
FACILITY/ OPR
KLAGENFURT
122.275 H24 Continuous AFST KLAGENFURET*, GRAZ*, ZEL am SEE,

FELBERTAUERN, LAVANT bei LIENZ,
SPITTAL/DRAU, NEUMARKTER SATTEL,
SONNBLICK, MAUTERNDORF,
SCHOBERPAL, 2 ZELTWEG*, AIGEN/
ENNSTAL*.
*During operational hours.
KUWAIT
126.625 H24 Continuous AFST BAHRAIN, DOHA, ABU DHABI, DUBAI,

RIYADH, DAMMAM, TEHRAN, MASHHAD,
SHIRAZ
KYIV (VOLMET BORYSPIL)
129.375 H24 Continuous AT BORYSPIL, CHISINAU, LVIV, MINSK-2,

ODESA, RIGA, SHEREMETYEVO,
VNUKOVO.
KYRGYZ REPUBLIC
127.9 H24 Continuous AT BISHKEK/MANAS
134.2 H24 Continuous AT OSH
LA PAZ
8070 1015-2315 H+15 A ASCENSION DE GUARAYOS, COBIJA,

COCHABAMBA, EL TROMPILLO,
GUAYARAMERIN, LAPAZ, MAGDALENA,
ORURO, PUERTO SUAREZ, RIBERALTA,
ROBORE, RURRENABAQUE, SAN BORJA,
SAN IGNACIO DE MOXOS, SAN IGNACIO
DE VELASCO, SANTA ANA, SUCRE, TARIJA,
TRINIDAD, VIRU VIRU, YACUIBA.
LAS PALMAS
126.2 H24 Continuous AT GRAN CANARIA, TENERIFE NORTE,

TENERIFE SUR, FUERTEVENTURA,
LANZAROTE, CASABLANCA, MARRAKECH,
AGADIR, BARAJAS, LISBOA.
LIBREVILLE*
112.1 0700-1800Z Continuous AT LIBREVILLE.

*English and French language.
NOTE: Information update H+00 & H+30.
LISBOA
126.4 H24 Continuous AST LISBOA.
A PORTO, FARO, SEVILLA, BARAJAS,

TENERIFE SUR, MADEIRA, PORTO SANTO.
FACILITY/ OPR
LONDON (MAIN)
135.375 H24 Continuous AT AMSTERDAM, BRUSSELS, CHARLES DE

GAULLE, DUBLIN, GATWICK, GLASGOW,
HEATHROW, MANCHESTER, STANSTED.
LONDON (NORTH)
126.6 H24 Continuous AT BLACKPOOL, EAST MIDLANDS, GATWICK,

LEEDS BRADFORD, LIVERPOOL,
MANCHESTER, NEWCASTLE, DURHAM
TREES VALLEY.
LONDON (SOUTH)
128.6 H24 Continuous AT BIRMINGHAM, BOURNEMOUTH, BRISTOL,

CARDIFF, EXETER, JERSEY, LUTON,
NORWICH, SOUTHAMPTON, SOUTHEND.
LVIV
133.325 H24 Continuous AT BRATISLAVA, CHERNIVITSI,

DNIPROPETROVSK, FERIHEGY, IVANO
FRANKIVSK, LVIV, ODESA, RIVNE,
WARSAW.
MACDILL
18019 0900-2400Z H+15 & H+45 A ANDREWS, CHARLESTON, DOVER,

13244 0900-2400Z MCGUIRE, POPE.
11246 H24
8993 H24
6750 0001-0900Z
4746 0001-0900Z
MADRID
126.2 H24 Continuous AT BARAJAS, BARCELONA, SEVILLA,

MALAGA, VALENCIA, ALICANTE, BILBAO,
LISBOA, BORDEAUX.
MAGADAN
126.2 HO Continuous AT SOKOL, YELIZOVO, NOVY
MALTA
126.8 Continuous AT ROME/FIUMICINO, NAPLES, PALERMO,

CATANIA, TUNIS, TRIPOLI, BENGHAZI,
MALTA/LUQA
FACILITY/ OPR
MARSEILLE
127.4 H24 Continuous A PROVENCE, LINATE, COTE D’AZUR, SAINT

EXUPERY, GENEVA/COINTRIN, CHARLES
DE GAULLE, BARCELONA, ROME/
FIUMICINO, PALMA DE MALLORCA.
S SIGMET notices from the MARSEILLE FIR

and FRANCE UIR.
MILANO
126.6 H24 Continuous S MILANO.
A TORINO, GENOVA/SESTRI, VENEZIA/

TESSERA, BERGAMO/ORIO AL SERIO.
AT MILANO/LINATE, MILANO/MALPENSA,
PISA/SAN GIUSTO, ROMA/FIUMICINO,
NICE.
MINSK-2
126.675 H24 Continuous AT MINSK-2, KYIV/BORYSPIL, WARSAW, RIGA,

MOSCOW/SHEREMETYEVO, MOSCOW
VNUKOVO, FRANKFURT MAIN, HOMIEL,
SANKT-PETERBURG/PULKOVO.
MONTEVIDEO
8873 1000-2100Z H+15 AFST CARRASCO INTL.
5451 AFT ANGEL S ADAMI, ARTIGAS, CAPT.

CORBETA CC CURBELO, CERR LARGO,
COLONIA, EL JAGUEL, RIVERA.
MOSCOW
127.875 0300-2100Z Continuous AT SHEREMETYEVO, PULKOVO, BORYSPIL’,

VNUKOVO, OKENCIE, VANTAA,
DOMODEDOVO, VILNIUS
MUMBAI
11387 H24 H+25-30 & AFT MUMBAI, COLOMBO/KATUNAYAKE INTL.

6676 H24 H+55-00 AT CHENNAI, KARACHI CIVIL, AHMEDABAD.
(T-only 0110-1610Z).
2965
MUSCAT
127.4 H24 Continuous A MUSCAT INTL, UAE AERODROMES,

BAHRAIN
FACILITY/ OPR
NEW YORK
3485 H24 H+00-05 A DETROIT, CHICAGO, CLEVELAND,

6604 H24 NIAGARA FALLS, MILWAUKEE,
INDIANAPOLIS.
10051 H24 F DETROIT, CHICAGO, CLEVELAND.
13270 H24 H+05-10 A BANGOR, PITTSBURGH, WINDSOR LOCKS,

ST LOUIS, CHARLOTTE, MINNEAPOLIS.
F BANGOR, PITTSBURGH, CHARLOTTE.
S NEW YORK FIR.
H+10-15 A NEW YORK, NEWARK, BOSTON,

BALTIMORE, PHILADELPHIA,
WASHINGTON.
F NEW YORK, NEWARK, BOSTON.
H+15-20 A BERMUDA, MIAMI, TAMPA, WEST PALM

BEACH, ATLANTA.
F BERMUDA, MIAMI, ATLANTA.
S MIAMI/SAN JUAN FIR.
H+30-35 A DETROIT, CHICAGO, CLEVELAND,

NIAGARA FALLS, MILWAUKEE,
INDIANAPOLIS.
F NIAGARA FALLS, MILWAUKEE,

INDIANAPOLIS.
H+35-40 A BANGOR, PITTSBURGH, WINDSOR LOCKS,

ST LOUIS, CHARLOTTE, MINNEAPOLIS.
F WINDSOR LOCKS, ST LOUIS.
S NEW YORK FIR.
H+40-45 A NEW YORK, NEWARK, BOSTON,

BALTIMORE, PHILADELPHIA,
WASHINGTON.
F BALTIMORE, PHILADELPHIA,
WASHINGTON.
H+45-50 A BERMUDA, MIAMI, TAMPA, WEST PALM

BEACH, ATLANTA.
S MIAMI/SAN JUAN FIR.
NICOSIA
127.2 H24 Continuous LARNACA, ATHINAI, RODOS/PARADISI,

BEIRUT INTL, DAMASCUS INTL,
ESENBOGA, ATATURK, BEN GURION,
PAPHOS.
FACILITY/ OPR
NOVOSIBIRSK
128.3 H24 Continuous A TOLMACHEVO, BARNAUL, ABAKAN,

KRASNOYARSK, OMSK
OAKLAND
2863 H24 H+05-10 & AT SAN FRANCISCO, LOS ANGELES, SEATTLE.
6679 H24 H+35-40 T SACRAMENTO, ONTARIO, LAS VEGAS.
8828 H24 S* SAN FRANCISCO, SALT LAKE CITY.

13282 H24 *To be included in the broadcasts only if time
available.
OSH
128.8 H24 Continuous AT TASHKENT/YUZHNY, SAMARKAND,

BUHARA, DUSHANBE, KHUDZHAND,
NAMANGAN, NUKUS, TERMEZ, URGENCH
OSLO
128.6 H24 Continuous AT FLESLAND, LANDVETTER, KASTRUP,

KJEVIK, GARDERMOEN, SOLA, ARLANDA.
PARIS
126.0 H24 Continuous A CHARLES DE GAULLE, ORLY, GATWICK,

SAINT EXUPERY, ZURICH, GENEVA/
COINTRIN, BRUSSELS NATIONAL,
HEATHROW, SCHIPHOL.
S SIGMET notices from the BREST, REIMS,

PARIS FIRS and FRANCE UIR.
PISA
128.4 H24 Continuous S ROMA ACC
A BOLOGNA, RONCHI DEI LEGIONARI,

VENEZIA/TESSERA.
AT PISA, RIMINI, ZURICH, GENEVE, BALE/

MULHOUSE, MUNCHEN.
PORTO VELHO
METRO
132.30 H24 Continuous AT GUAJARA-MIRIM
AFT CRUZEIRO DO SUL, PORTO VELHO,

PRESIDENTE MEDICI, TARAUACA,
TABATINGA, VILHENA
S* PORTO VEHLO FIR.

*This MET information will be provided for
enroute aircraft where MET phenomena are
forecast or observed.
FACILITY/ OPR
PRAHA
128.605 H24 Continuous AS SCHONEFELD, IVANKA, FERIHEGY,

FRANKFURT/MAIN, MUNCHEN, RUZYNE,
OKECIE, ZURICH.
125.525 H24 Continuous AS TURANY, KARLOVY VARY, MOSNOV,

PARDUBICE, RUZYNE, KUNOVICE.
RECIFE
123.95 H24 Continuous AT SANTA MARIA, CARAVELAS, FERNANDO

124.90 DE NORONHA, PINTO MARTINS, ILHEUS,
PRESIDENTE CASTRO PINTO, REGIONAL
DO CARIRI, JOAO SUASSUNA, CHAPADA
DIAMANTINA, BOM JESUS DA LAPA,
ZUMBI DOS PALMARES, DIX-SEPT ROSADO
AUGUSTO SEVERO, PARNAIBA,
PETROLINA, PORTO SEGURO, VITORIA DA
CONQUISTA, HOTEL TRANS-AMERICA,
TERESINA, PAULO AFONSO
AFT SANTA MARIA, CARAVELAS, FERNANDO

DE NORONHA, PINTO MARTINS, ILHEUS,
PRESIDENTE CASTRO PINTO, JOAO
SUASSUNA, BOM JESUS DA LAPA, ZUMBI
DOS PALMARES, AUGUSTO SEVERO,
PETROLINA, PORTO SEGURO, VITORIA DA
CONQUISTA, TERESINA
S* RECIFE FIR.
*This MET information will be provided for
Enroute aircraft where MET phenomena are
forecast or observed.
RESISTENCIA RADIO
4675 H24 H+20 A* RESISTENCIA, CORRIENTES, POSADAS,

CATARATAS DEL IGUAZU, AEROPARQUE
JORGE NEWBERY, ROSARIO, SAUCE
VIEJO, ASUNCION (Paraguay).
H+20 F PRESIDENCIA ROQUE SANEZ PENA,

FORMOSA, RECONQUISTA, MONTE
CASEROS, PASO DE LOS LIBRES, CURUZU
CUATIA, GOYA.
H+50 ST RESISTENCIA FIR*, EZEIZA FIR**,

CORDOBA FIR***.
*Every Hour.
**Every Even Hour.
***Every Odd Hour.
FACILITY/ OPR
RIGA
127.65 H24 Continuous AFST RIGA, VILNIUS, TALLIN/ULLEMISTE
AFT STOCKHOLM/ARLANDA,
MOSCOW/SHEREMETYEVO,
ST. PETERSBURG/PULKOVO, MOSCOW/
VNUKOVO, HELSINKI/VANTAA, WARSAW
ROMA CIAMPINO
126.0 H24 Continuous S ROMA ACC.
A ROMA CIAMPINO, CATANIA/

FONTANAROSSA, PALERMO.
AT ROMA/FIUMICINO, CAPODICHINO,
LINATE, MALPENSA, MALTA, TUNIS.
ROYAL AIR FORCE
5450 H24 Continuous A
11253 H24 Continuous A
Broadcast of airfields will be twice an hour in slot times allotted below:
00/30 BENSON, COLTISHALL, CONINGSBY,

LEEMING, LEUCHARS, LOSSIEMOUTH,
MARHAM, ODIHAM, SHAWBURY,
HANNOVER, GEILENKIRCHEN,
GARDERMOEN, TRONDHEIM
06/36 ALDERGROVE, BIRMINGHAM, BRIZE,

NORTON, CRANWELL, EAST MIDLANDS,
KINLOSS, LYNEHAM, MANCHESTER,
NORTHOLT, PRESTWICK, STANSTED,
WADDINGTON
12/42 SPLIT, BUDAPEST, BARI, GIOIA DEL COLLE,

AVIANO, RIMINI, ANCONA, ROME,
CONSTANTA, BUCHAREST, PRISTINA,
SKOPJE
18/48 KEFLAVIK, ASCENSION, BANJUL, DAKAR,

GIBRALTAR, MOMBASA, NAIROBI, RIO DE
JANEIRO, MONTEVIDEO, BRIZE, NORTON,
LYNEHAM, WADDINGTON, FUJAIRAH
24/54 ADANA, AKROTIRI, AL UDEID, AMMAN,

BASRAH, BAHRAIN, CARIO, KEBUL,
KUWAIT, MUSCAT, AL KHARJ, SALALAH,
THUMRAIT
FACILITY/ OPR
SALTA RADIO
5475 H24 H+15 A* CORDOBA, JUJUY, SALTA, TUCUMAN,

RESISTENCIA, CATARATAS DEL IGUAZU,
AEROPARQUE JORGE NEWBERY,
ANTOFAGASTA (Chile), SANTA CRUZ DE LA
SIERRA (Bolivia).
H+15 F* ORAN, LA RIOJA, CATAMARCA, CERES,

TARTAGAL, VILLA DOLORES, CHILECITO.
H+45 ST CORDOBA FIR*, RESISTENCIA FIR**,

MENDOZA FIR***.
*Every Hour.
**Every Even Hour.
***Every Odd Hour.
SAMARA
126.875 H24 Continuous AT KURUMOCH, BARATAYEVKA, KAZAN,

SARATOV, NIZHNY, NOVGOROD, UFA,
VOLGOGRAD, ORENBURG
SANKT-PETERBURG
125.875 H24 Continuous AT PULKOVO, SHEREMETYEVO, VNUKOVO,

MINSK-2, KHRABROVO, VILNIUS,
ARLANDA, VANTAA
SANTIAGO
126.6 H24 Continuous A MADRID, BARCELONA, ASTURIAS,

SANTIAGO, LISBOA, PORTO, FARO, BREST,
NANTES.
SCOTTISH
125.725 H24 Continuous AT ABERDEEN, ALDERGROVE, EDINBURGH,

GLASGOW, HEATHROW, INVERNESS,
PRESTWICK, STORNOWAY, SUMBURGH.
SEVILLA
127.0 H24 Continuous AT BARAJAS, SEVILLA, MALAGA, GIBRALTAR,

LISBOA, FARO, CASABLANCA, TANGER,
RABAT/SALE.
FACILITY/ OPR
SHANNON
3413 SS-SR H+00 FS BRUSSELS NTL, HAMBURG.
8957 H24 AS BRUSSELS NTL, HAMBURG, FRANKFURT

5505 H24 MAIN, COLOGNE/BONN, DUSSELDORF,
13264 SR-SS MUNICH.
H+05 F HEATHROW, SHANNON, PRESTWICK.
A HEATHROW, SHANNON, PRESTWICK,

GATWICK, SCHIPHOL, MANCHESTER.
H+10 AS KASTRUP, ARLANDA, LANDVETTER,

BERGEN/FLESLAND, OSLO/
GARDERMOEN, HELSINKI/VANTAA,
DUBLIN, BARCELONA.
H+15 F BARAJAS, LISBON, ORLY.
A BARAJAS, LISBON, SANTA MARIA, ORLY,

CHARLES DE GAULLE, SATOLAS.
H+20 FS ROME/FIUMICINO, MALPENSA.
AS ROME/FIUMICINO, MALPENSA, ZURICH,

GENEVA/COINTRIN, TURIN/CASELLE,
KEFLAVIK.
H+30 FS FRANKFURT MAIN, COLOGNE/BONN.
AS BRUSSELS NTL, HAMBURG, FRANKFURT

MAIN, COLOGNE/BONN, DUSSELDORF,
MUNICH.
H+35 F GATWICK, SCHIPHOL, MANCHESTER.
A HEATHROW, SHANNON, PRESTWICK,

GATWICK, SCHIPHOL, MANCHESTER.
H+40 AS KASTRUP, ARLANDA, LANDVETTER,

BERGEN/FLESLAND, OSLO/
GARDERMOEN, HELSINKI/VANTAA,
DUBLIN, BARCELONA.
H+45 F SANTA MARIA, ATHENS, CHARLES DE

GAULLE.
H+45 A BARAJAS, LISBON, SANTA MARIA, ORLY,

CHARLES DE GAULLE, SAINT EXUPERY.
H+50 FS ZURICH, GENEVA/COINTRIN.
AS ROME/FIUMICINO, MALPENSA, ZURICH,

GENEVA/COINTRIN, TURIN/CASELLE,
KEFLAVIK.
FACILITY/ OPR
SIMFEROPOL (VOLMET BORYSPIL)
128.125 H24 Continuous AT CHISINAU, DNIPROPETROVSK, ISTANBUL,

KRYVYI RIH, MYKOLAIV, ODESA,
SHEREMETYEVO, SIMFEROPOL, SOCHI.
SINGAPORE
6676 1230-2230Z H+20 & H+50 A SINGAPORE, KUALA LUMPUR, SUBANG,

11387 2230-1230Z SOEKARNO-HATTA, KUCHING, BRUNEI,
KOTA KINABALU, DEN PASAR, PENANG.
F SINGAPORE
F* KUALA LUMPUR
F** SOEKARNO-HATTA
S SINGAPORE
* H+20 only
** H+50 only
SOFIA
126.6 H24 Continuous T SOFIA, VARNA, BURGAS, PLOVDIV,

BUDAPEST, BUCURESTI, BEOGRAD,
THESSALONKI, ISTANBUL
STOCKHOLM
127.6 H24 Continuous AFT ARLANDA, SKAVSTA, KASTRUP,

LANDVETTER*, OSLO, HELSINKI, TURKU.
AF KUNGSANGEN, STURUP, VISBY.

*Available 0500-1800Z++.
NOTE: Information updated H+05 & H+35
SUNDSVALL*
127.8 H24 Continuous AFT ARLANDA.
AF BROMMA, SUNDSVALL-HARNOSAND,
UMEA, FROSON, ORNSKOLDSVIK,
SKELLETEA, LULEA, KIRUNA.
A KRAMFORS.
*The transmission is controlled from

ARLANDA.
NOTE: Information updated H-05 & H-35.
SYDNEY
6676 H24 H+00 & H+30 T SYDNEY/KINGSFORD SMITH, BRISBANE,

11387 H24 MELBOURNE, ADELAIDE, DARWIN,
TOWNSVILLE, PERTH, CAIRNS.
F CAIRNS.
FACILITY/ OPR
TAIWAN
124.4 H24 AFST TAOYUAN INTL, KAOHSIUNG
TASHKENT/YUZHNY
125.475 H24 Continuous AT TASHKENT/YUZHNY, ALMATY,

SAMARKAND, BUKHARA, BISHKEK,
DUSHANBE, ASHGABAT, TERMEZ,
URGENCH
TRENTON (MILITARY)
15034 1000-0000Z H+10-15 AT SHEARWATER, GREENWOOD, GANDER,

6754 2300-1100Z HALIFAX
H+15-20 BAGOTVILLE, TRENTON, OTTAWA,

TORONTO
H+20-25 CALGARY, COLD LAKE, WINNIPEG,

EDMONTON
H+25-30 COMOX, VICTORIA, VANCOUVER,

ABBOTSFORD
TEL-AVIV
126.8 H24 Continuous AS BEN GURION
TOKYO
2863 H24 H+10-15 & AFT NEW TOKYO INTL (NARITA), KANSAI INTL.
6679 H+40-45
8828 A TOKYO INTL (HANEDA), NEW CHITOSE,

13282 NAGOYA, FUKUOKA, SEOUL/KOREA.
TUNIS
126.6 H24 Continuous AST CARTHAGE, ZARZIS, HABIB BOURGUIBA,

THYNA, TABARKA 7 NOVEMBRE, NEFTA,
GAFSA
WARSZAWA
127.6 H24 Continuous AT OKECIE, LAWICA, LECH WALESA,

SHEREMETYEVO, FERIHEGY, RUZYNE,
SCHONEFELD, KASTRUP, ARLANDA.
FACILITY/ OPR
WIEN
126.00 H24 Continuous AFST SCHWECHAT, BRATISLAVA, BUDAPEST,

ZAGREB, MUNCHEN.
0250-2250Z++ AFST LINZ,* SALZBURG*, GRAZ*, KLAGENFURT*.
During operational hours.
WR. NEUSTADT, WR. NEUSTADT/OST,
122.55 0500-1800Z++ Continuous AFST VOSLAU SEMMERING/STUJLECK,
NEUTENGBACH, TULLN, ST. POLTEN,
KREMS, ALLENTSTEIG, HAAG, FREISTADT/
FLUGPLATZ, MARIAZELL, PYHRNPAL
SCHOBERSTEIN, SCHOBERPAL,
UBELBACH, KAPFENBERG, GUSSING.
122.55 0500-1800Z++ Continuous AS WIENER NEUSTADT, VOSLAU,

NEULENGBACH, TULIN, ST. POLTEN,
KREMS, ALLENSTEIG, HAAG, MARIAZELL,
PYHRNPAL, SCHOBERPAL, UBELBACH,
KAPFENBERG, MONICKIRCHEN, GUSSING.
YOKOTA
18002 0001-0800Z H+00 & H+30 A ELMENDORF, KADENA, OSAN, YOKOTA.

13201 2100-1000Z
11236 H24
8967 H24
6738 0800-2400Z
4747 1000-2100Z
ZAGREB
127.8 0500-2100Z H+10-H+15 AT ZAGREB, LJUBLJANA, BEOGRAD,

DUBROVNIK, SPLIT, RIJEKA, ZURICH,
MUNCHEN, FRANKFURT MAIN, SARAJEVO.
ZURICH
127.2 H24 Continuous A ZURICH, GENEVA, BALE-MULHOUSE,

FRANKFURT/MAIN, MUNCHEN,
STUTTGART, MALPENSA, LINATE,
LUGANO.
7. NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE - FAA WEATHER INFORMATION SERVICE

(AIM)
a. The National Weather Service (NWS) maintains an extensive surface, upper air, and radar
observation program and also supports the FAA pilot weather briefing services.
b. Aviation weather forecasts are prepared by Weather Service Forecast Offices. Types of
forecasts prepared are:
(1) Terminal Forecasts (FT) - prepared 3 times a day (CONUS and Caribbean) or 4
times a day (Alaska and Hawaii). FT are valid for 24 hours with the last 6 hours in categorical
outlooks.
(a) Categorical outlooks describing ceiling and visibility are defined as follows:
1. LIFR (Low IFR) - Ceiling less than 500 feet and/or visibility less than 1 mile.
2. IFR - Ceiling 500 to less than 1,000 feet and/or visibility 1 to less than 3
miles.
3. MVFR (Marginal VFR) - Ceiling 1,000 to 3,000 feet and/or visibility 3 to 5

miles inclusive.
4. VFR - Ceiling greater than 3,000 feet and visibility greater than 5 miles
including sky clear.
5. The cause of LIFR, IFR, or MVFR is indicated by either ceiling or visibility

restrictions or both. The contraction "CIG" and/or weather and obstruction
to vision symbols are used. If wind or gusts of 25 knots or greater are
forecast for the outlook period, the word "WIND" is also included for all
categories including VFR.
(2) Route Forecasts - prepared 3 times a day, with the morning and mid- day forecasts
valid for 12 hours and the evening forecast valid for 18 hours.
(3) Area Forecasts (FA) - prepared 3 times a day (CONUS) and 4 times a day (Hawaii)
and amended as required.
(4) Winds aloft forecasts - provided for CONUS, Alaska, and Hawaii.
c. Inflight weather advisories are issued only when required.
d. FAA Weather Services:
(1) Preflight weather briefings are obtained from FSS or NWS briefer and are available
24 hours a day in person, by radio, or by phone. FSS briefers are not authorized to make original
forecasts, but translate and interpret available weather data for your route and destination. NWS
briefers do not provide aeronautical information or accept flight plans. There are three types of
preflight briefings. You should specify the type you desire along with route, destination, ETD,
ETA, and type of flight, IFR or VFR.
(a) Standard briefing - request this briefing if you have not received recorded
preliminary information such as TWEB.
(b) Abbreviated briefing - request this briefing if you have received recorded
preliminary information, need to update a previous briefing, or need only one or two specific items.
(c) Outlook briefing - request this briefing when your ETD is 6 or more hours from
the briefing time. This is for planning purposes only and a Standard or Abbreviated briefing is
needed prior to departure.
(2) Available weather reports and forecasts are displayed at each FSS and Weather
Service Office. Pilots should feel free to use this information or ask a specialist for assistance.
8. FAA PILOT-TO-WEATHER BRIEFER SERVICE

(AIM)
a. Direct pilot-to-weather briefer service is available by radio contact with any Flight Service
Station operated by the FAA. Flight Service Specialists are qualified and certified by the NWS as
Pilot Weather Briefers. They are not authorized to make original forecasts, but are authorized to
translate and interpret the available forecasts and reports directly into terms of weather conditions
which you can expect along your flight route and at destination. They will also assist you in selecting
an alternate course of action in the event adverse weather is encountered. Combined Station/
Tower (CS/T) personnel are not certified pilot weather briefers. They can assist by providing factual
data from weather reports and forecasts.
9. FAA WEATHER BROADCASTS
(AIM)
a. TRANSCRIBED WEATHER BROADCASTS (TWEB)
(1) Meteorological and aeronautical data are recorded on tapes and broadcast
continuously over selected low frequency (190-535 KHz) navigational aids and/or VORs.
(2) Generally, the broadcast contains route-oriented data with prepared National
Weather Service (NWS) forecasts, inflight advisories, winds aloft, and select current information
such as weather reports, NOTAMs, or special notices. At selected locations, telephone access to
the TWEB has been provided (TEL- TWEB). Telephone numbers for this service are available from
the FSS. TWEB services are made available for preflight and inflight planning and should not be
considered a substitute for preflight weather briefings.
b. Hazardous Inflight Weather Advisory Service (HIWAS)
(1) A continuous broadcast of inflight weather advisories on VOR frequencies

including summarized Severe Weather Forecast Alert (AWW), SIGMETs, Convective SIGMETs,
Center Weather Advisories (CWA), AIRMETs, and PIREPs. HIWAS makes additional weather
information available but is not a replacement for preflight or inflight briefings or real time
weather updates from EFAS.
(2) Where HIWAS has been implemented, a HIWAS alert will be broadcast on all but
emergency frequencies by ARTCC and terminal facilities and will include an alert announcement,
frequency instruction, and type of advisory updated.
(3) Where HIWAS has been implemented, a HIWAS alert will be broadcast on all but
emergency frequencies by FSSs and will include an alert announcement, frequency instruction,
and type of advisory updated.
(4) In those areas where HIWAS has been implemented, ARTCC, Terminal, and FSS
facilities have discontinued broadcast of inflight weather advisories listed and paragraph
SIGMETs and AIRMETs, subparagraphs (6) and (8).
c. UNSCHEDULED BROADCASTS - These broadcasts are made by FSSs on VOR and select
VHF frequencies upon receipt of special weather reports, PIREPs, NOTAMs, and other information
enhancing safety of flight. These broadcasts will begin with the announcement "Aviation
Broadcast" followed by data identification.
d. Select Alaskan Flight Service Stations having voice facilities on VORs or NDBs, broadcast
weather reports and Notice to Airmen information at 15 minutes past each hour from reporting
points within approximately 150 miles from the broadcast station.
10. ENROUTE FLIGHT ADVISORY SERVICE (EFAS)

(AIM 7-1-4)
a. EFAS is a service specifically designed to provide enroute aircraft with timely and
meaningful weather advisories pertinent to the type of flight intended, route of flight, and altitude.
In conjunction with this service, EFAS is also a central collection and distribution point for pilot
reported weather information. EFAS is provided by specially trained specialists in selected AFSS’s
controlling multiple Remote Communications Outlets covering a large geographical area and is
normally available throughout the conterminous U.S. and Puerto Rico from 6 a.m. to 10 p.m. EFAS
provides communications capabilities for aircraft flying at 5,000 feet above ground level to 17,500
feet MSL on a common frequency of 122.0 MHz. Discrete EFAS frequencies have been established
to ensure communications coverage from 18,000 through 45,000 MSL serving in each specific
ARTCC area. These discrete frequencies may be used below 18,000 feet when coverage permits
reliable communication.
NOTE: When an EFAS outlet is located in a time zone different from the zone in which the flight
watch control station is located, the availability of service may be plus or minus one hour from the
normal operating hours.
b. Contact flight watch by using the name of the ARTCC facility identification serving the
area of your location, followed by your aircraft identification, and the name of the nearest VOR to
your position. The specialist needs to know this approximate location to select the most
appropriate transmitter/receiver outlet for communications coverage.
EXAMPLE-
Cleveland Flight Watch, Cessna One Two Three Four Kilo, Mansfield V-O-R, over.
c. Charts depicting the location of the flight watch control stations (parent facility) and the
outlets they use are contained in the A/FD. If you do not know in which flight watch area you are
flying, initiate contact by using the words "Flight Watch," your aircraft identification, and the name
of the nearest VOR. The facility will respond using the name of the flight watch facility.
EXAMPLE-
Flight Watch, Cessna One Two Three Four Kilo, Mansfield V-O-R, over.
d. AFSS’s that provide Enroute Flight Advisory Service are listed regionally in the A/FD’s.
e. EFAS is not intended to be used for filing or closing flight plans, position reporting,
getting complete preflight briefings, or obtaining random weather reports and forecasts. Enroute
flight advisories are tailored to the phase of flight that begins after climb-out and ends with descent
to land. Immediate destination weather and terminal aerodrome forecasts will be provided on
request. Pilots requesting information not within the scope of flight watch will be advised of the
appropriate AFSS/FSS frequency to obtain the information. Pilot participation is essential to the
success of EFAS by providing a continuous exchange of information on weather, winds, turbulence,
flight visibility, icing, etc., between pilots and flight watch specialists. Pilots are encouraged to
report good weather as well as bad, and to confirm expected conditions as well as unexpected to
EFAS facilities.
11. INFLIGHT WEATHER ADVISORIES

(AIM 7-1-5)
a. The NWS issues inflight weather advisories designated as Severe Weather Forecasts
Alerts (AWW’s), Convective SIGMET’s (WST’s), SIGMET’s (WS’s), Center Weather Advisories
(CWA’s), and AIRMET’s (WA’s). Inflight advisories serve to notify enroute pilots of the possibility of
encountering hazardous flying conditions which may not have been forecast at the time of the
preflight briefing. Whether or not the condition described is potentially hazardous to a particular
flight is for the pilot and/or aircraft dispatcher in a 14 CFR Part 121 operation to evaluate on the
basis of experience and the operational limits of the aircraft. Inflight weather advisories in the
contiguous U.S. are described and plotted primarily using high altitude VOR’s as reference points.
In Alaska and Hawaii, advisories are described and plotted using either geographic references or
latitude/longitude coordinates.
b. Severe Weather Forecast Alerts (AWW’s) are preliminary messages issued in order to
alert users that a Severe Weather Bulletin (WW) is being issued. These messages define areas of
possible severe thunderstorms or tornado activity. The messages are unscheduled and issued as
required by the Aviation Weather Center at Kansas City, Missouri.
(1) Each AWW is numbered sequentially beginning January 1 of each year.

EXAMPLE-
MKC AWW 161755
WW 279 SEVERE TSTM NY PA NJ
161830Z-170000Z
AXIS..70 STATUTE MILES EITHER SIDE OF LINE..10W KMSS TO 20E KABE..AVIATION
COORDS..60 NM EITHER SIDE / 60 NW KSLK - 35W KEWR..HAIL SURFACE AND ALOFT..2
INCHES. SURFACE WIND GUSTS..65 KNOTS. MAX TOPS TO 540. MEAN WIND VECTOR 19020.
REPLACES WW 278..OH PA NJ
(2) Status reports are issued as needed on Severe Weather Watch Bulletins to show
progress of storms and to delineate areas no longer under the threat of severe storm activity.
Cancellation bulletins are issued when it becomes evident that no severe weather will develop or
that storms have subsided and are no longer severe.
c. Convective SIGMETS’s (WST’s) in Conterminous U.S.: WST’s concern only thunderstorms

and related phenomena (tornadoes, heavy precipitation, hail, and high surface winds) over the
conterminous U.S. and imply the associated occurrence of turbulence, icing, and convective low
level wind shear. Individual WST’s for each day are numbered sequentially (00-1-99), beginning at
00Z. The affected geographic area is contained in the number; i.e., the first WST issued each day
in the eastern U.S. is Convective SIGMET 1E, the second is Convective SIGMET 2E, and so forth.
WST’s are issued on a scheduled basis, hourly at 55 minutes past the hour (H+55), and are valid for
two hours or until superseded by the next hourly update. WST’s are issued for any of the following
phenomena:
(1) Severe thunderstorm due to:
(a) Surface winds greater than or equal to 50 knots.
(b) Hail at the surface greater than or equal to 3/4 inches in diameter.
(c) Tornadoes.
(2) Embedded thunderstorms.
(3) A line of thunderstorms.
(4) Thunderstorms greater than or equal to VIP level 4 affecting 40% or more of an
area at least 3,000 square miles.
REFERENCE-
Pilot/Controller Glossary Term-Radar Weather Echo Intensity Levels.
NOTE: Since thunderstorms are the reason for issuing the WST, severe or greater turbulence,
severe icing, and low-level wind shear (gust fronts, downbursts, microbursts, etc.) are implied and
will not be specified in the advisory.
d. Convective SIGMET Bulletins.
(1) Three Convective SIGMET bulletins, each covering a specified geographic area,
are issued. These areas are the Eastern (E), Central (C), and Western (W) U.S.. The boundaries
that separate the Eastern from the Central and the Central from the Western U.S. are 87 and 107
degrees West, respectively. These bulletins are issued on a scheduled basis, hourly at 55 minutes
past the hour (H+55), and as a special bulletins on an unscheduled basis.
(2) Each of the Convective SIGMET bulletins will be:
(a) Made up of one or more individually numbered Convective SIGMET’s.
(b) Valid for two hours or until superseded by the next hourly issuance.
(c) The text of the bulletin consists of either an observation and a forecast or just
a forecast.
(3) On an hourly basis, an outlook is made for each of the three Convective SIGMET
regions. The outlook for a particular region is appended to the Convective SIGMET bulletin for
the same region. The convective outlook is also appended to special Convective SIGMET’s. The
outlook is reviewed each hour and revised when necessary. The outlook is a forecast and
meteorological discussion for thunderstorm systems that are expected to require Convective
SIGMET issuances during a time period 2-6 hours into the future. Furthermore, an outlook will
always be made for each of the three regions, even if it is a negative statement.
e. SIGMET’s (WS’s) within the conterminous U.S. are issued by the Aviation Weather Center
(AWC) when the following phenomena occur or are expected to occur:
(1) Severe or extreme turbulence or clear air turbulence (CAT) not associated with
thunderstorms.
(2) Severe icing not associated with thunderstorms.
(3) Duststorms, sandstorms, or volcanic ash lowering surface or inflight visibilities to

below three miles.
(4) Volcanic eruption.
f. Volcanic eruption SIGMET’s are identified by an alphanumeric designator which consists

of an alphabetic identifier and issuance number. The first time an advisory is issued for a
phenomenon associated with a particular weather system, it will be given the next alphabetic
designator in the series and will be numbered as the first for that designator. Subsequent advisories
will retain the same alphabetic designator until the phenomenon ends. In the conterminous U.S.,
this means that a phenomenon that is assigned an alphabetic designator in one area will retain that
designator as it moves within the area or into one or more other areas. Issuances for the same
phenomenon will be sequentially numbered, using the same alphabetic designator until the
phenomenon no longer exists. Alphabetic designators NOVEMBER through YANKEE, except
SIERRA and TANGO are only used for SIGMET’s, while designators SIERRA, TANGO and ZULU are
used for AIRMET’s.
g. Center Weather Advisories(CWA’s)
(1) CWA’s are unscheduled inflight, flow control, air traffic, and air crew advisory. By
nature of its short lead time, the CWA is not a flight planning product. It is generally a Nowcast
for conditions beginning within the next two hours. CWA’s will be issued:
(a) As a supplement to an existing SIGMET, Convective SIGMET or AIRMET.
(b) When an Inflight Advisory has not been issued but observed or expected
weather conditions meet SIGMET/AIRMET criteria based on current pilot reports and reinforced by
other sources of information about existing meteorological conditions.
(c) When observed or developing weather conditions do not meet SIGMET,

Convective SIGMET, or AIRMET criteria; e.g., in terms of intensity or area coverage, but current
pilot reports or other weather information sources indicate that existing or anticipated
meteorological phenomena will adversely affect the safe flow of air traffic within the ARTCC area
of responsibility.
(2) The following example is a CWA issued from the Kansas City, Missouri, ARTCC.
The "3" after ZKC in the first line denotes this CWA has been issued for the third weather
phenomena to occur for the day. The "301" in the second line denotes the phenomena number
again (3) and the issuance number (1) for this phenomena. The CWA was issued at 2140Z and is
valid until 2340Z.
EXAMPLE-
ZKC3 CWA 032140
ZKC CWA 301 VALID UNTIL 032340
ISOLD SVR TSTM over KCOU MOVG SWWD 10KTS ETC.
h. AIRMET’s (WA) may be of significance to any pilot or aircraft operator and are issued for
all domestic airspace. They are of particular concern to operators and pilots of aircraft sensitive to
the phenomena described and to pilots without instrument ratings and are issued by the AWC for
the following weather phenomena which are potentially hazardous to aircraft:
(1) Moderate icing.
(2) Moderate turbulence.
(3) Sustained winds of 30 knots or more at the surface.
(4) Widespread area of ceilings less than 1,000 feet and/or visibility less than three
miles.
(5) Extensive mountain obscurement.
i. AIRMET’s are issued on a scheduled basis every six hours, with unscheduled
amendments issued as required. AIRMET’s have fixed alphanumeric designator with ZULU for icing
and freezing level data, TANGO for turbulence, strong surface winds, and wind shear, and SIERRA
for instrument flight rules and mountain obscuration.
12. USAF AUTOMATIC METEOROLOGICAL SYSTEM (FMQ-19)
a. The FMQ-19 is the primary surface weather observing system of the United States Air
Force and operates similarly to ASOS as discussed in Paragraph 14a.
(1) System Description:
(a) The FMQ-19 consists of individual weather sensor groups normally located at
the instrumented approach ends of the airfield. (CAT II and above instrumented runways in excess
of 8,000 feet will also have a midfield visibility sensor for midfield Runway Visual Range readings.)
(b) Every FMQ-19 will contain the following basic set of sensors:
1. Cloud height indicator(s)
2. Visibility sensor(s)
3. Precipitation identification sensor(s)
4. Freezing rain sensor (cold climate locations)
5. Pressure sensor (three sensors for triple redundancy and cross comparison)
6. Ambient temperature/Dew point temperature sensor
7. Anemometer(s) (wind direction and speed sensor)
8. Rainfall accumulation sensor
9. Lightning Detector
(2) USAF weather personnel will augment FMQ-19 observations IAW Air Force
Manual 15-111. Augmentation infers Air Force weather personnel will remain situational aware of
weather conditions occurring and will enter weather information that the system can not sense
(e.g., Tornados, Funnel Clouds, Waterspouts, Hail, Dust, Volcanic Ash, etc). In addition, Air Force
weather personnel will augment the FMQ-19 sensors whenever they are inoperable. Augmented
observations will have the Remark "AO2A" encoded in the remarks section.
(3) A FMQ-19 report without augmentation will contain only weather data capable of
being reported automatically. The report modifier for an automated observation is "AUTO" and
the Remark "AO2" will be encoded in the remarks section.
(AF-A30-WP/AF A30-WP FIL 08-496)
13. AUTOMATED WEATHER OBSERVATION SYSTEM (AWOS)

(AIM)
a. AWOS is a real time system consisting of various sensors, a processor, a computer

generated voice subsystem, and transmitter to broadcast local minute-by-minute weather directly
to the aircraft.
(1) AWOS observations derived from an automated system will include the prefix
"AWOS."
(2) Some AWOS locations will be augmented by certified observers who will provide
weather and obstruction to visibility information in the remarks of the report when the reported
visibility is less than 3 miles. Augmentation is identified as "OBSERVER WEATHER."
(3) The reported visibility is derived from a sensor near the touchdown of the primary
instrument runway. The AWOS visibility is reported as a runway visibility value and may differ
from the prevailing visibility.
(4) The reported sky condition/ceiling is derived from the ceilometer located next to
the visibility sensor and may differ from the Observer sky condition because the AWOS is totally
dependent on clouds over the sensor site.
b. There are nine operational levels of AWOS:
AWOS-A - reports altimeter setting (any other information is advisory only).
AWOS-AV - reports altimeter setting and visibility (any other information is advisory
only).
AWOS-1 - usually reports altimeter setting, wind data, temperature, dew point, and
density altitude.
AWOS-2 - reports the same as AWOS-1 plus visibility.
AWOS-3 - reports the same as AWOS-2 plus cloud/ceiling data.
AWOS-3P - reports the same as AWOS-3 plus a precipitation identification sensor.
AWOS-3PT - reports the same as AWOS-3P plus thunderstorm/lightning reporting

capability.
AWOS-3T - reports the same as AWOS-3 plus thunderstorm/lighting reporting

capability.
AWOS-4 - reports the same as AWOS-3 plus precipitation occurance, type and
accumulation, freezing rain, thunderstorm, and runway surface sensors.
NOTE: AWOS information is transmitted over a discrete radio frequency or the voice portion of a
local NAVAID. The system transmits a 20 to 30 second weather message each minute. The
messages are updated each minute and are receivable within 25 NM of the AWOS site, at or above
3000’ AGL.
c. AWOS broadcasts phraseology generally follows that used in other weather broadcasts.
Following are explanations of exceptions.
(1) The word "TEST" is added when the system is not in commissioned status.
(2) The phrase "TEMPORARILY INOPERATIVE" is added when the system is
inoperative.
(3) Ceiling is announced as either "CEILING" or "INDEFINITE CEILING." All

automated ceiling heights are measured ceilings except indefinite ceilings.
(4) The word "CLEAR" is not used in AWOS due to limitations in height ranges of the
sensors. No clouds detected is announced as "NO CLOUDS BELOW" or "CLEAR BELOW."
(5) "SKY CONDITION MISSING" is announced only if the system level is able to
report ceiling/sky condition and the data is not available. Ceiling/sky conditions are not
announced if the system level is not able to report them.
(6) "VISIBILITY LESS THAN ONE QUARTER" is the lowest visibility reported.
"VISIBILITY MISSING" is announced only if the system level is able to report visibility and the
data is not available. Visibility is not announced if the system level is not able to report it.
(7) If remarks are included, the word "REMARKS" is announced after the altimeter
setting in the following priority:
(a) Automated remarks
- Density altitude
- Variable visibility
- Variable wind direction
(b) Manual remarks (prefaced with "OBSERVER WEATHER")
- Type and intensity of precipitation
- Direction and intensity of thunderstorms
- Obstructions to visibility when 3 miles or less
14. AUTOMATED SURFACE OBSERVATION SYSTEM (ASOS) / AUTOMATED

WEATHER SENSOR SYSTEM (AWSS)
(AIM)
a. The ASOS/AWSS is the primary surface weather observing system of the United States.
The program to install and operate these systems throughout the United States is a joint effort of
the National Weather Service (NWS), the FAA and the Department of Defense. ASOS/AWSS is
designed to support aviation operations and weather forecast activities. The ASOS/AWSS will
provide continuous minute-by-minute observations and perform the basic observing functions
necessary to generate an aviation routine weather report (METAR) and other aviation weather
information. The information may be transmitted over a discrete VHF radio frequency or the voice
portion of a local NAVAID. ASOS/AWSS transmissions on a discrete VHF radio frequency are
engineered to be receivable to a maximum of 25 NM from the ASOS/AWSS site and a maximum
altitude of 10,000 feet AGL. At many locations, ASOS/AWSS signals may be received on the surface
of the airport, but local conditions may limit the maximum reception distance and/or altitude. While
the automated system and the human may differ in their methods of data collection and
interpretation, both produce an observation quite similar in form and content. For the "objective"
elements such as pressure, ambient temperature, dew point temperature, wind, and precipitation
accumulation, both the automated system and the observer use a fixed location and time-averaging
technique. The quantitative differences between the observer and the automated observation of
these elements are negligible. For the "subjective" elements, however, observers use a fixed time,
spatial averaging technique to describe the visual elements (sky condition, visibility and present
weather), while the automated systems use a fixed location, time averaging technique. Although
this is a fundamental change, the manual and automated techniques yield remarkably similar results
within the limits of their respective capabilities.
(1) System Description:
(a) The ASOS/AWSS at each airport location consists of four main components:
1. Individual weather sensors.
2. Data collection and processing units.
3. The acquisition control unit.
4. Peripherals and displays.
(b) The ASOS/AWSS sensors perform the basic function of data acquisition. They
continuously sample and measure the ambient environment, derive raw sensor data and make them
available to the collection and processing units.
(2) Every ASOS/AWSS will contain the following basic set of sensors:
(a) Cloud height indicator (one or possibly three).
(b) Visibility sensor (one or possibly three).
(c) Precipitation identification sensor.
(d) Freezing rain sensor (at select sites).
(e) Pressure sensors (two sensors at small airports; three sensors at large airports).
(f) Ambient temperature/Dew point temperature sensor.
(g) Anemometer (wind direction and speed sensor).
(h) Rainfall accumulation sensor.
(3) The ASOS/AWSS data outlets include:
(a) Those necessary for on-site airport users.
(b) National communications networks.
(c) Computer-generated voice (available through FAA radio broadcast to pilots,

and dial-in telephone line).
(4) An ASOS/AWOS/AWSS report without human intervention will contain only that
weather data capable of being reported automatically. The modifier for this METAR report is
"AUTO". When an observer augments or backs-up an ASOS/AWOS/AWSS site, the "AUTO"
modifier disappears.
(5) There are two types of automated stations, AO1 for automated weather reporting
stations without a precipitation discriminator, and AO2 for automated stations with a
precipitation discriminator. As appropriate, "AO1" and "AO2" shall appear in remarks. (A
precipitation discriminator can determine the difference between liquid and frozen/freezing
precipitation).
15. METAR and TAF Code

(AFFSA-XOS/AFFSA-XOS, AFPAM 11-238, FIL 16-302)
a. Aviation Routine Weather Reports (METAR) is the observation code used to report
meteorological data. METAR was adopted internationally for worldwide use, but each country can
modify the code (i.e. use meters vice miles). When METAR data is missing, it is simply omitted.
Some exceptions apply in remarks such as RVRNO or SLPNO when RVR or SLP are normally
reported but are not currently available.
- Report Type: METAR is a scheduled observation taken between 55-59 minutes past the
hour (a.k.a. hourly observation). SPECI (Special Report) is an unscheduled observation taken when
certain criteria have been met and may be taken anytime.
METAR KBLV 011657Z AUTO/COR 25015G30KT 210V290 3/8SM R32L/1000FT FG BKN005

01/M01 A2984 RMK SLP034
SPECI KBLV 011715Z 25015G30KT 210V290 3SM BKN015 01/M01 A2984 RMK SLP034
Where: KBLV, Scott AFB (International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).

When: 011657Z, first two digits (01) are the date; the last four
(1657) are time (UTC).
Designators/Correction
Modifiers: AUTO is an observation taken from an unattended Automated
Surface Observation System (ASOS), Automated Weather Ob-
serving System (AWOS), or the Air Force’s Automated Meteoro-
logical Station (AMS), also known as AN/FMQ-19. AO1 is an ASOS
without a rain vice snow discriminator and AO2 has a discrimina-
tor. AO2A denotes an automated observation augmented by a hu-
man observer. COR indicates a corrected observation.
Wind: 25015G30KT, 250 degrees at 15 knots (KTS) gusting (G) to 30
knots
Wind Variability: 210V290, reported when direction varies by at least 60 degrees
and speeds are greater than 6 knots, with direction extremes (210
and 290) separated by "V." VRB is used (without direction
extremes) when speed is less than or equal to 6 knots.
Visibility: 3/8SM (statute miles), is the prevailing visibility. Sector visibility is
reported in Remarks, if it differs from the prevailing and is less
than 3 miles. Overseas locations use meters vice statute miles with
9999 (7 sm or greater) as the largest value.
Runway Visual Range (RVR): R32L/1000FT, used when prevailing visibility is one sm or less
and/or the RVR for the runway is 6000 ft/1830 meters or less.
Runway 32L (32-Left(C-Center, R-Right)) has 1000ft (meters
overseas) visibility. M is RVR less than lowest reportable sensor
value and P is greater than highest value V means RVR is variable.
R06L2000V4000FT means RVR for 6 Left is Variable between
2,000 and 4,000ft.
Significant Weather: FG, is fog. See weather Table to decode.
Sky Condition: BKN005, is broken (BKN) ceiling at 500 feet (005) AGL. Clouds
are reported in eights for coverage and hundreds of feet AGL for
heights. Automated systems do not report cloud bases above
12,000 feet. NOTE: an asterisk (*) denote ceiling:
SKC 0 (Sky clear, NOTE: ASOS will use CLR for no clouds below 12,000 ft)
FEW Trace-2
SCT 3-4
*BKN 5-7
*OVC 8
TCU Towering Cumulus present
CB Cumulonimbus/thunderstorm present
*VV Vertical Visibility (indefinite ceiling)
Temperature/Dew Point: 01/M01, Temperature (01) and dewpoint (M01) in degrees

Celsius. An "M" is minus or below zero.
Altimeter: A2984, A is the altimeter designator and 2984 is 29.84 inches of
mercury (U.S.). International locations may use hectopascals or
millibars.
Remarks: RMK SLP034, Remarks (RMK) may be encoded in plain language and will contain
supplementary data. SLP034 is sea level pressure (SLP) at 1003.4 millibars (034). Place a "10" (if
the 3 digit value is 400 or less) or "9" before the group and a decimal before the last digit.
Caution: Do not confuse METAR RMK 5xxxx (3 hr pressure tendency) or 6xxxx (6-hr precipitation
amounts) with the TAF 5xxxx (turbulence) and 6xxxx (icing).
Weather Table:
Step 1: Step 3: Step 4: Step 5: Step 6: Other

Intensity Description Precipitation Obscuration
(preceding
group
Light (-) MI Shallow DZ Drizzle FG Fog (vsby<= PO dust/sand
5/8 mile) whirls
Moderate PR Partial RA Rain BR Mist (vsby>= SQ Squalls
No sign (covering only 5/8 mile)
part of sky)
Heavy (+) SN Snow FU Smoke FC Funnel cloud

(S) ex. Tornado or
Waterspout
+can also mean BC Patches SG Snow Grains VA Volcanic Ash SS Sandstorm
" a well
developed
dust/sand
storm, whirl,
dust devil
tornado or
waterspout
DR Low Drifting IC Ice Crystals DU Dust DS Dust Storm
BL Blowing PL Ice Pellets SA Sand
SH Showers GR Hail HZ Haze
(>5 mm or .2)
Step 2: TS Thunderstorm GS Small hail PY Spray
Proximity (<5 mm or .2")
VC In the FZ Freezing UP Unknown
Vicinity Precipitation
(ASOS only)
Examples:
TSRA - -RA FG - light BLPY - blowing VCSH - showers FZDZ - freezing
thunderstorm, rain, fog spray in the vicinity drizzle
moderate rain
+SN - heavy BR HZ - mist, haze BCFG - patchy +DRSN - heavy BCFG - patchy
snow (vis>=5/8 mi.) fog snow, drifting fog
REMARKS TABLE:
REMARK: Decode as:

WSHFT45 Wind ShiFT at 45 minutes past the hour
FROPA FROntal PAssage
PKWND 34050/38 Peak Wind 340 at 50 knots occurred at 38 minutes past the hour
RVRNO RVR NOt reported
RABO5E30SNB20E55 Rain Began at 05 min past hour-Ended at 30 min past hour
SNow Began at 20 min. past the hour Ended at 55 min. past hour
TSB05E30 ThunderStorm Began at 05 min. past hour and Ended at 30 min past
hour
PRESRR/PRESFR PRESsure Rising Rapidly/PRESsure Falling Rapidly
RSC Runway Surface Condition
RCR01 Runway Condition Reading valued 0 to 25 - highest values are
optimum
LSR Loose Snow on Runway
PSR Packed Snow on Runway
IR Ice on Runway
RCRNR RCR NOT Reported or base operations closed
OCNL OCcasioNaL (less than 1 flash/minute)
FRQ FReQuent (about 1 to 6 flashes/minute)
CONS COntiNuouS (more than 6 flashes/minute)
CG Cloud to Ground
IC In Cloud
CC Cloud to Cloud
CB W MOV E CumulonimBus West Moving East
CBMAM DSNT S CumulonimBus MAMmatus DiStaNT South
TCU OVD Towering CUmulus OVerheaD
ACC W AltoCumulus Castellanus West
ACSL SW-S AltoCumulus Standing Lenticular SouthWest through south
CCSL OVR MT E CirroCumulus Standing Lenticular OVeR the MounTain(s) East
VIRGA DSNT NE Virga (Precipitation observed but not reaching ground) distant
northeast
TWR VIS 1 ToWeR VISibility 1 mile (reported if greater than surface)
SFC VIS 2 1/2 SurFaCe VISibility 2-1/2 miles
VIS 2 RY 11 VISibility 2 miles at Runway one-one
VIS 1V2 VISibility Variable between 1 and 2 miles
VIS N2 VISibility to the North 2 miles
WR Wet Runway
Statute Miles to Meters

STATUTE STATUTE STATUTE
METERS METERS METERS
MILES MILES MILES
0 0000 1-1/2 2400 3 4800

1/16 0100 - 2500 - 4900
1/8 0200 1-5/8 2600 - 5000
3/16 0300 - 2700 4 6000
1/4 0400 1-3/4 2800 - 7000
5/16 0500 - 2900 5 8000
3/8 0600 1-7/8 3000 6 9000
- 0700 - 3100 7 9999
1/2 0800 2 3200 8 9999
- 0900 - 3300 9 9999
5/8 1000 - 3400 10 9999
- 1100 - 3500 11 9999
3/4 1200 2-1/4 3600 12 9999
- 1300 - 3700 13 9999
7/8 1400 - 3800 14 9999
- 1500 - 3900 15 9999
1 1600 2-1/2 4000 20 9999
- 1700 - 4100 25 9999
1-1/8 1800 - 4200
- 1900 - 4300
1-1/4 2000 2-3/4 4400
- 2100 - 4500
1-3/8 2200 - 4600
- 2300 - 4700
b. Aerodrome Forecast (TAF). The TAF is a forecast for a particular terminal covering a
period of time up to 24 hours. A TAF contains a forecast of wind, prevailing visibility, precipitation
and/or obstruction to visibility, sky coverage (eights), icing, turbulence, minimum altimeter setting
and pertinent plain language remarks. If required an amended TAF (AMD) is issued and supersedes
the previous TAF because it no longer represents the current or expected weather. Also corrected
TAF (COR) is a TAF corrected for error and supersedes previous TAF’s. Refer to the time in the last
text line for the current forecast.
CIVIL TAF:
KSTL 161125Z 1612/1718 29014KT P6SM OVC035

TEMPO 1612/1616 -SN OVC025
FM161900 30014KT P6SM FEW040
FM170200 30009KT P6SM SCT150
MILITARY TAF:
KBLV051151Z 0512/0612 14005KT 8000 BR FEW030 WS010/18040KT QNH2960INS

BECMG 0513/0514 16010KT 3200 -SHRA OVC020 QNH2959INS
TEMPO 0514/0516 21015G30KT 1600 TSRA BKN008CB OVC020
BECMG 0516/0517 29008KT 3200 -RA OVC030 620304 QNH2958INS
BECMG 0518/0519 31012G22KT 9999 NSW SCT040 WSCONDS 520004 QNH2952INS
BECMG 0520/0521 30008KT 9999 SKC QNH2950INS T08/18Z TM01/11Z
Where: KBLV, Scott AFB and KSTL St. Louis (ICAOs)

Date and Valid Times: 051130Z 051212, is the date (05) and the issuance time (1130Z)
(omitted in military TAFs). Forecast is valid for 05 at 12Z until the
next day (06) at 12Z.
Change Groups: TEMPO 1316, FM 1600, BECMG 2224, and PROB40 0006,
TEMPO 1316 is a temporary condition between 13Z and 16Z.
FM 1600 is "From 16Z" indicating a rapid change in conditions.
BECMG 2224 is "becoming 22Z to 24Z" indicating a gradual
change in conditions by the end time listed. PROB40 0006 (civil
use only) is "40% probability of associated weather conditions
occurring between 00Z and 06Z."
Wind: 20013G20KT, 200 degrees (true) at 13 knots (KT) gusting (G) to
20 knots. Variable (VRB) winds can’t be forecasted with
confidence due to: thunderstorms, are less than 6 knots, or vary
by more than 60 degrees (has a variance (V) range (i.e. 210V300)).
Visibility: 5SM, P6SM, 8000, 9999, is 5 statute miles (SM). P6SM means
plus (P) six statute miles (6SM) or unrestricted (U.S. civil). 8000
meters (military/overseas) and 9999 is visibility greater than 9000
meters (7 sm or greater). CAVOK (Ceiling And Visibility OK) is no
significant weather, visibility is 10 km or greater and no ceilings
below 5,000 ft.
Forecast Weather: SHRA is light rain showers. See Weather Table to decode. NSW
(no significant weather) is used when the weather listed in the
previous group is no longer expected to occur. NSW does NOT
indicate the absence of clouds or hazards. Absence of any weather
group indicates that no weather is expected during the forecast
period.
Sky Condition: BKN030 is a broken (BKN) ceiling at 3000 feet (030) AGL. Clouds
are forecasted in eights for coverage and hundreds of feet AGL for
heights. NOTE: an asterisk (*) denotes a ceiling:
SKC Sky clear
FEW Trace-2
SCT 3-4
*BKN 5-7
*OVC 8
CB Cumulonimbus/thunderstorm
*VV Vertical Visibility (indefinite ceiling)
Icing Conditions: 620304, is icing (6) light in cloud (RIME) (2) from 3,000 ft (030) to 7,000 ft (4).
The icing group is for surface up to 10,000 ft, non-thunderstorm associated, and is prefixed with
a 6. To decode:
1. The icing designator "6" (620304).
2. Next digit is type and intensity (620304) (see table)
3. Next three digits is the base in hundreds of feet (620304).
4. Last digit is the thickness in thousands of feet (620304), add to base to get layer top.
Icing intensity
Code Decode
0 Trace or none
1 Light icing (mixed)
2 Light icing in cloud (RIME)
3 Light icing in precipitation (clear)
4 Moderate icing (mixed)
5 Moderate icing in cloud (RIME)
6 Moderate icing in precipitation (clear)
7 Sever icing (mixed)
8 Severe icing in cloud (RIME)
9 Severe icing in precipitation (clear)
Turbulence Conditions: 520004, turbulence (5) is occasional turbulence in clear air (2) from surface
(000) to 4,000 feet (4). The turbulence group is for surface up to 10,000 ft, non-thunderstorm
associated, CAT II aircraft, and is prefixed with a 5. To decode:
1. The turbulence designator is "5" (520004).
2. Next digit is the intensity (520004) (see table).
3. Next three digits is the base in hundreds of feet (520004).
4. Last digit is the thickness in thousands of feet (520004), add to base to get layer top.
Turbulence Intensity
Code Decode
0 Trace
1 Light turbulence
2 Moderate turbulence in clear air occasional
3 Moderate turbulence in clear air frequent
4 Moderate turbulence in cloud occasional
5 Moderate turbulence in cloud frequent
6 Severe turbulence in clear air occasional
7 Severe turbulence in clear air frequent
8 Severe turbulence in cloud occasional
9 Severe turbulence in cloud frequent
X Extreme turbulence
Lowest Altimeter Setting: QNH2960INS (military and international), is the minimum altimeter
(QNH) setting of 29.60 inches of mercury (INS). Some countries are hectopascals or millibars
(Q1016).
Wind Shear: WS010/18040KT, is wind shear (WS) at 1,000 ft (010) AGL, 180 degrees true
direction at 40 knots (040KT). WS is included when non-convective low level winds (up to 2,000 ft
AGL) change in speed and/or direction creating shear. WSCONDS is potential wind shear when not
enough data is available to reliably predict exact parameters.
Temperatures: TM01/11Z 08/18Z (first or last line military TAF’s), are temperatures (T) for TAF
time period (051212Z). Minimum is -1°C (M01) and will occur at 11Z. Maximum is 8°C (08) and will
occur at 18Z.
16. AUTOMATIC TERMINAL INFORMATION SERVICE (ATIS)

(AIM)
a. ATIS frequencies are incorporated on individual FLIP Terminal Instrument Approach

Procedures, Enroute Charts and aerodrome listings in the Enroute Supplement. Where this service
is available, listing will be found on the COMMUNICATIONS line, e.g., (ATIS 108.5). Pilots will be
expected to listen to ATIS broadcasts where in operation to obtain essential, but routine, terminal
information. The following procedures apply:
(1) ATIS broadcasts are recorded and the pilot should notify controllers that he has
received the broadcast by repeating the alphabetical code word appended to the broadcast.
Example: "INFORMATION ECHO RECEIVED".
(2) When the pilot acknowledges that he has received the ATIS broadcast, controllers
may omit those items contained on the broadcast if they are current. Rapidly changing conditions
will be issued by Air Traffic Control and the ATIS will contain words as follows: "LATEST
CEILING/VISIBILITY/ALTIMETER/(OTHER CONDITIONS) WILL BE ISSUED BY APPROACH
CONTROL/TOWER."
(3) The absence of a sky condition/ceiling and/or visibility on ATIS indicates a sky
condition/ceiling of 5000 feet or above and visibility of 5 miles or more. A remark may be made
on the broadcast, "The weather is better than 5000 and 5," or the existing weather may be
broadcast.
(4) Controllers will automatically issue pertinent information to pilots who do not
acknowledge receipt of the ATIS broadcast or who acknowledge receipt of a broadcast which is
not current.
17. PILOT WEATHER REPORTS (PIREPs) FORMAT

(AFFSA/AFFSA LTR)
a. Pilots will immediately report hazardous weather conditions, thunderstorms/lightning,

turbulence, icing and windshear to ARTCC, terminal ATC, or FSS. Also, pilots are urged to promptly
volunteer reports of cloud bases, tops and layers, flight visibility, precipitation, strong winds, and
any other significant flight condition information. Follow with a report to METRO to ensure rapid
dissemination to other using agencies. If flight conditions delay reporting to METRO while airborne,
ensure the PIREP is reported to METRO immediately after landing.
b. The following procedures are applicable when making inflight weather reports:
(1) PILOT REPORTS WILL BE MADE UNDER THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS:
(a) Inflight when requested.
(b) When unusual and unforecast weather conditions are encountered.
(c) When weather conditions on an IFR approach differ from the latest observation.
(d) When a missed approach is executed due to weather.
(e) When a wind shear is encountered on departure or arrival. (See following report
format)
(2) PIREP FORMAT:
(a) Location of phenomena (station identifier, radial/DME and route segment)
(b) Time (UTC)
(c) Altitude (MSL)
(d) Type Aircraft
(e) Sky Cover (bases, tops and amount)
(f) Flight Visibility and Weather

(g) Air Temperature
(h) Wind
(i) Turbulence (see tables below)
(j) Icing (see tables below)
(k) Remarks
(3) TURBULENCE REPORTING TABLES - REPORT THE TURBULENCE INTENSITY

AND FREQUENCY -
INTENSITY AIRCRAFT REACTION REACTION INSIDE ACFT
LIGHT LIGHT TURBULENCE: Occupants may feel a slight strain

Turbulence that momentarily causes against seat belts or shoulder straps.
slight, erratic changes in altitude and/ Unsecured objects may be displaced
or attitude. slightly. Food service may be
conducted and little or no difficulty is
encountered in walking.
MODERATE MODERATE TURBULENCE: Occupants feel definite strains against

Turbulence that causes changes in seat belts or shoulder straps.
altitude and/or attitude, but with the Unsecured objects are dislodged.
aircraft remaining in positive control at Food service and walking are difficult.
all times. It usually causes variations in
indicated airspeed.
or
MODERATE CHOP: Turbulence that
causes rapid bumps or jolts without
appreciable changes in aircraft altitude
or attitude.
SEVERE SEVERE TURBULENCE: Occupants are forced violently against

Turbulence that causes large, abrupt seat belts or shoulder straps.
changes in altitude and/or attitude. It Unsecured objects are tossed about.
usually causes large variations in Food service and walking are
indicated airspeed. Aircraft may be impossible.
momentarily out of control.
EXTREME EXTREME TURBULENCE:

Turbulence in which the aircraft is
violently tossed about and is
practically impossible to control. It
may cause structural damage.
FREQUENCY DEFINITION
OCCASIONAL Less than 1/3 of the time

INTERMITTENT 1/3 to 2/3 of the time
CONTINUOUS More than 2/3 of the time
CLEAR AIR TURBULENCE (CAT)
High level turbulence (normally above 15,000 feet MSL) not associated with cumuliform clouds
should be reported as CAT, preceded by the appropriate intensity. The success of the CAT
Forecast Program depends heavily on CAT PIREPs.
(4) AIRFRAME ICING REPORTING TABLES - REPORT ICING INTENSITY AND TYPE
INTENSITY ICE ACCUMULATION
TRACE Ice becomes perceptible. Rate of accumulation slightly greater

than rate of sublimation. It is not hazardous even though de- icing/
anti-icing equipment is not used, unless encountered for an
extended period of time (over one hour).
LIGHT The rate of accumulation may create a problem if flight is

prolonged in this environment (over one hour). Occasional use of
de-icing/anti-icing equipment removes/prevents accumulation. It
does not present a problem if the de- icing/anti-icing equipment is
used.
MODERATE The rate of accumulation is such that even short encounters

become potentially hazardous and use of de-icing/anti-icing
equipment or diversion is necessary.
SEVERE The rate of accumulation is such that de-icing/anti-icing equipment

fails to reduce or control the hazard. Immediate diversion is
necessary.
TYPE DEFINITION
RIME ICE Rough, milky, opaque ice formed by the instantaneous freezing of
small super cooled water droplets.
CLEAR ICE Glossy, clear or translucent ice formed by the relatively slow
freezing of large super cooled water droplets.
(5) WIND SHEAR REPORTS - Pilots should, as soon as possible, report the following
to the controlling agency with a follow-up call to Metro when time permits.
(a) If able state the loss/gain of airspeed and the altitude(s) at which it was
encountered.
EXAMPLE: "Lewandowski Approach Control (call sign) encountered wind shear on
final, gained 25 knots between 600 and 400 feet followed by loss of 40 knots between 400 feet and
surface."
(b) If unable to report shear in specific terms, make reports in terms of the effect
upon their aircraft.
EXAMPLE: "Even Tower (call sign) encountered an abrupt wind shear at 800 feet on
final, max thrust required."
18. WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION GROUND/AIR CODE

(AFFSA/ICAO Doc. 8896 Ed. 6, Appendix 9)
Civil Meteorological Messages transmitted to aircraft may utilize this Code in reporting the
amount of individual Cloud Layer or Mass. The term "OKTA" is used, in this instance,
preceded by a number 1 through 8. The relationship of this Code System to the more
common use of tenths is shown in the following table:
0 0
1 OKTA or less, but not zero 1/10 or less, but not zero
2 OKTAS 2/10 - 3/10
3 OKTAS 4/10
4 OKTAS 5/10
5 OKTAS 6/10
6 OKTAS 7/10 - 8/10
7 OKTAS or more but no 8 OKTAS 9/10 or more but not 10/10
8 OKTAS 10/10
9 Sky obscured, or cloud amount
cannot be estimated.
19. NATO COLOR CODED WEATHER CONDITIONS

(RAF FIH)
BASE OF LOWEST CLOUD

COLOR LAYER OF 3/8 (SCT) OR MORE SURFACE VISIBILITY
BLUE 2500 ft AGL 8 km (4.3 nm)

WHITE 1500 ft AGL 5 km (2.7 nm)
GREEN 700 ft AGL 3.7 km (2 nm)
YELLOW* 300 ft AGL 1.6 km (0.9 nm)
AMBER 200 ft AGL 0.8 km (0.4 nm)
RED Below 200 ft AGL Less than 0.8 km (0.4 nm)
BLACK BLACK
Airfield not usable for other reasons than cloud and/or
visibility minima.
BLACK, when used, will precede weather color code.
*NOTE:
At RAF airfields under the control of HQ 1-3 and at RN airfields code yellow is sub-divided as
follows:
YELLOW 1 500 ft AGL 2.5 KM (1.4 nm)
YELLOW 2 300 ft AGL 1.6 KM (0.9 nm)
D-1
SECTION D
CONVERSION TABLES
&
FREQUENCY PAIRING
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE NO.
Aircraft Classification Numbers - DoD Aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-13

Frequency Pairing Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-16
Tables (Conversion) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-2
Altimeter Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-2
Altitude Pressure Table - Inches Feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-3
Flight Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-2
Gallons/Pounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-10
Inches/Millibars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-4
Kilograms/Pounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-11
Kilometers/SM/NM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-7
Liters/Kilograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-11
Liters/U.S. Gallons/Imperial Gallons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-10
Meters/Feet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-7
Meters/NM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-8
Meters/Yards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-8
Meters to Feet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-9
Meters per Second to Nautical Miles per Hours (Knots) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-9
Millimeters to Hectopascals or Millibars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-6
Millimeters to Inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-5
PSI/DYNE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-12
Standard Naming Convention For Aircraft Landing Gear Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-13
Temperature Scales in Degrees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-2
Temperature Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-15
Julian Date Calendar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-22
D-2 CONVERSION TABLES
1. TABLES (CONVERSION)
ALTIMETER SETTING
SETTING AT AIRPORT IN THE AIR
Variable elevation reading Positive separation by
Standard
above or below actual pressure level but at varying
29.92 Hg - 1013.25 mb
elevation actual altitudes
Altitude indicated (without
Actual elevation reading
QNH consideration of
when aircraft on ground
temperature)
TEMPERATURE SCALES IN DEGREES

°C °F °C °F °C °F °C °F °C °F °C °F °C °F °C °F
-40 -40.0 -28 -18.4 -16 3.2 -4 24.8 8 46.4 20 68.0 32 89.6 44 111.2
-39 -38.2 -27 -16.6 -15 5.0 -3 26.6 9 48.2 21 69.8 33 91.4 45 113.0
-38 -36.4 -26 -14.8 -14 6.8 -2 28.4 10 50.0 22 71.6 34 93.2 46 114.8
-37 -34.6 -25 -13.0 -13 8.6 -1 30.2 11 51.8 23 73.4 35 95.0 47 116.6
-36 -32.8 -24 -11.2 -12 10.4 0 32.0 12 53.6 24 75.2 36 96.8 48 118.4
-35 -31.0 -23 -9.4 -11 12.2 1 33.8 13 55.4 25 77.0 37 98.6 49 120.2
-34 -29.2 -22 -7.6 -10 14.0 2 35.6 14 57.2 26 78.8 38 100.4 50 122.0
-33 -27.4 -21 -5.8 -9 15.8 3 37.4 15 59.0 27 80.6 39 102.2
-32 -25.6 -20 -4.0 -8 17.6 4 39.2 16 60.8 28 82.4 40 104.0
-31 -23.8 -19 -2.2 -7 19.4 5 41.0 17 62.6 29 84.2 41 105.8
-30 -22.0 -18 -0.4 -6 21.2 6 42.8 18 64.4 30 86.0 42 107.6
-29 -20.2 -17 1.4 -5 23.0 7 44.6 19 66.2 31 87.8 43 109.4
CONVERSION TABLES D-3
BAROMETRIC READINGS FROM INCHES TO HECTOPASCALS OR MILLIBARS
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
Inches
Hectopascals or Millibars
28.0- 948.2 948.5 948.9 949.2 949.5 949.9 950.2 950.6 950.9 951.2
28.1- 951.6 951.9 952.3 952.6 952.9 953.3 953.6 953.9 954.3 954.6
28.2- 955.0 955.3 955.6 956.0 956.3 956.7 957.0 957.3 957.7 958.0
28.3- 958.3 958.7 959.0 959.4 959.7 960.0 960.4 960.7 961.1 961.4
28.4- 961.7 962.1 962.4 962.7 963.1 963.4 963.8 964.1 964.4 964.8
28.5- 965.1 965.5 965.8 966.1 966.5 966.8 967.2 967.5 967.8 968.2
28.6- 968.5 968.8 969.2 969.5 969.9 970.2 970.5 970.9 971.2 971.6
28.7- 971.9 972.2 972.6 972.9 973.2 973.6 973.9 974.3 974.6 974.9
28.8- 975.3 975.6 976.0 976.3 976.6 977.0 977.3 977.6 978.0 978.3
28.9- 978.7 979.0 979.3 979.7 980.0 980.4 980.7 981.0 981.4 981.7
29.0- 982.1 982.4 982.7 983.1 983.4 983.7 984.1 984.4 984.8 985.1
29.1- 985.4 985.8 986.1 986.5 986.8 987.1 987.5 987.8 988.1 988.5
29.2- 988.8 989.2 989.5 989.8 990.2 990.5 990.9 991.2 991.5 991.9
29.3- 992.2 992.5 992.9 993.2 993.6 993.9 994.2 994.6 994.9 995.3
29.4- 995.6 995.9 996.3 996.6 997.0 997.3 997.6 998.0 998.3 998.6
29.5- 999.0 999.3 999.7 1000.0 1000.3 1000.7 1001.0 1001.4 1001.7 1002.0
29.6- 1002.4 1002.7 1003.0 1003.4 1003.7 1004.1 1004.4 1004.7 1005.1 1005.4
29.7- 1005.8 1006.1 1006.4 1006.8 1007.1 1007.4 1007.8 1008.1 1008.5 1008.8
29.8- 1009.1 1009.5 1009.8 1010.2 1010.5 1010.8 1011.2 1011.5 1011.9 1012.2
29.9- 1012.5 1012.9 1013.2 1013.5 1013.9 1014.2 1014.6 1014.9 1015.2 1015.6
30.0- 1015.9 1016.3 1016.6 1016.9 1017.3 1017.6 1017.9 1018.3 1018.6 1019.9
30.1- 1019.3 1019.6 1020.0 1020.3 1020.7 1021.0 1021.3 1021.7 1022.0 1022.3
30.2- 1022.7 1023.0 1023.4 1023.7 1024.0 1024.4 1024.7 1025.1 1025.4 1025.7
30.3- 1026.1 1026.4 1026.8 1027.1 1027.4 1027.8 1028.1 1028.4 1028.8 1029.1
30.4- 1029.5 1029.8 1030.1 1030.5 1030.8 1031.2 1031.5 1031.8 1032.2 1032.5
30.5- 1032.8 1033.2 1033.5 1033.9 1034.2 1034.5 1034.9 1035.2 1035.6 1035.9
30.6- 1036.2 1036.6 1036.9 1037.2 1037.6 1037.9 1038.3 1038.6 1038.9 1039.3
30.7- 1039.6 1040.0 1040.3 1040.6 1041.0 1041.3 1041.7 1042.0 1042.3 1042.7
30.8- 1043.0 1043.3 1043.7 1044.0 1044.4 1044.7 1045.0 1045.4 1045.7 1046.1
30.9- 1046.4 1046.7 1047.1 1047.4 1047.7 1048.1 1048.4 1048.8 1049.1 1049.4
Thousandths of an inch
Inches 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009
Hectopascals
0.03 0.07 0.10 0.14 0.17 0.20 0.24 0.27 0.30
or Millibars
BAROMETRIC READINGS FROM MILLIBARS OR HECTOPASCALS TO INCHES
Hecto- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
pascals
or
Millibars Inches
940 27.76 27.79 27.82 27.85 27.88 27.91 27.94 27.96 27.99 28.02
950 28.05 28.08 28.11 28.14 28.17 28.20 28.23 28.23 28.29 28.32
960 28.35 28.38 28.41 28.44 28.47 28.50 28.53 28.56 28.59 28.61
970 28.64 28.67 28.70 28.73 28.76 28.79 28.82 28.85 28.88 28.91
980 28.94 28.97 29.00 29.03 29.06 29.09 29.12 29.15 29.18 29.21
990 29.23 29.26 29.29 29.32 29.35 29.38 29.41 29.44 29.47 29.50
1000 29.53 29.56 29.59 29.62 29.65 29.68 29.71 29.74 29.77 29.80
1010 29.83 29.85 29.88 29.91 29.94 29.97 30.00 30.03 30.06 30.09
1020 30.12 30.15 30.18 30.21 30.24 30.27 30.30 30.33 30.36 30.39
1030 30.42 30.45 30.47 30.50 30.53 30.56 30.59 30.62 30.65 30.68
1040 30.71 30.74 30.77 30.80 30.83 30.86 30.89 30.92 30.95 30.98
1050 31.01 31.04 31.07 31.10 31.12 31.15 31.18 31.21 31.24 31.27
BAROMETRIC READINGS FROM MILLIMETERS TO INCHES
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Milli-
meters
Inches
710 27.97 28.01 28.05 28.09 28.13 28.17 28.21 28.24 28.28 28.32
720 28.36 28.40 28.44 28.48 28.52 28.56 28.60 28.64 28.68 28.72
730 28.76 28.80 28.84 28.88 28.91 28.95 28.99 29.03 29.07 29.11
740 29.15 29.19 29.23 29.27 29.31 29.35 29.39 29.43 29.47 29.51
750 29.55 29.58 29.62 29.66 29.70 29.74 29.78 29.82 29.86 29.90
760 29.94 29.98 30.02 30.06 30.10 30.14 30.18 30.21 30.25 30.29
770 30.33 30.37 30.41 30.45 30.49 30.53 30.57 30.61 30.65 30.69
780 30.73 30.77 30.81 30.85 30.88 30.92 30.96 31.00 31.04 31.08
BAROMETRIC READINGS FROM MILLIMETERS

TO HECTOPASCALS OR MILLIBARS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Milli-
meters
Hectopascals or Millibars
530 706.6 707.9 709.3 710.6 711.9 713.3 714.6 715.9 717.3 718.6
540 719.9 721.3 722.6 723.9 725.3 726.6 727.9 729.3 730.6 731.9
550 733.3 734.6 735.9 737.3 738.6 739.9 741.3 742.6 743.9 745.3
560 746.6 747.9 749.3 750.6 751.9 753.3 754.6 755.9 757.3 758.6
570 759.9 761.3 762.6 763.9 765.3 766.6 767.9 769.3 770.6 771.9
580 773.3 774.6 775.9 777.3 778.6 779.9 781.3 782.6 783.9 785.3
590 786.6 787.9 789.3 790.6 791.9 793.3 794.6 795.9 797.3 798.6
600 799.9 801.3 802.6 803.9 805.3 806.6 807.9 809.3 810.6 811.9
610 813.3 814.6 815.9 817.3 818.6 819.9 821.3 822.6 823.9 825.3
620 826.6 827.9 829.3 830.6 831.9 833.3 834.6 835.9 837.3 838.6
630 839.9 841.3 842.6 843.9 845.2 846.6 847.9 849.3 850.6 851.9
640 853.3 854.6 855.9 857.3 858.6 859.9 861.3 862.6 863.9 865.3
650 866.6 867.9 869.3 870.6 871.9 873.3 874.6 875.9 877.3 878.6
660 879.9 881.3 882.6 883.9 885.3 886.6 887.9 889.3 890.6 891.9
670 893.3 894.6 895.9 897.3 898.6 899.9 901.3 902.6 903.9 905.3
680 906.6 907.9 909.3 910.6 911.9 913.3 914.6 915.9 917.3 918.6
690 919.9 921.3 922.6 923.9 925.3 926.6 927.9 929.3 930.6 931.9
700 933.3 934.6 935.9 937.3 938.6 939.9 941.3 942.6 943.9 945.3
710 946.6 947.9 949.3 950.6 951.9 953.3 954.6 955.9 957.3 958.6
720 959.9 961.3 962.6 963.9 965.3 966.6 967.9 969.3 970.6 971.9
730 973.3 974.6 975.9 977.3 978.6 979.9 981.3 982.6 983.9 985.3
740 986.6 987.9 989.3 990.6 991.9 993.3 994.6 995.9 997.3 998.6
750 999.9 1001.3 1002.6 1003.9 1005.3 1006.6 1007.9 1009.3 1010.6 1011.9
760 1013.3 1014.6 1015.9 1017.2 1018.6 1019.9 1021.2 1022.6 1023.9 1025.2
770 1026.6 1027.9 1029.2 1030.6 1031.9 1033.2 1034.6 1035.9 1037.2 1038.6
780 1039.9 1041.2 1042.6 1043.9 1045.2 1046.6 1047.9 1049.2 1050.6 1051.9
790 1053.2 1054.6 1055.9 1057.2 1058.6 1059.9 1061.2 1062.6 1063.9 1065.2
800 1066.6 1067.9 1069.2 1070.6 1071.9 1073.2 1074.6 1075.9 1077.2 1078.6
LIQUIDS
IMP/U.S.
U.S. GALS. LTRS IMP. GALS U.S. GALS IMP. GALS
GALS
0.264 1 0.220 1.201 1 0.833

0.528 2 0.440 2.402 2 1.665
0.792 3 0.660 3.603 3 2.498
1.057 4 0.880 4.803 4 3.331
1.321 5 1.100 6.004 5 4.164
1.585 6 1.320 7.205 6 4.996
1.849 7 1.540 8.406 7 5.829
2.113 8 1.760 9.607 8 6.662
2.377 9 1.980 10.808 9 7.495
2.642 10 2.200 12.009 10 8.327
5.283 20 4.399 24.017 20 16.655
7.925 30 6.599 36.026 30 24.982
10.566 40 8.799 48.035 40 3.309
13.208 50 10.999 60.043 50 41.636
15.849 60 13.198 72.052 60 49.964
18.491 70 15.398 84.061 70 58.291
21.132 80 17.598 96.070 80 66.618
23.774 90 19.797 108.078 90 74.946
26.416 100 21.997 120.087 100 83.273
U.S. GALLONS* LITERS*

TO LBS. TO LBS. TO KGS. TO KGS.
AVIATION FUEL TURBINE FUEL AVIATION FUEL TURBINE FUEL
6 1 6.7 0.7 1 0.8
60 10 66.8 7.2 10 8.0
120 20 133.5 14.4 20 16.0
180 30 200.3 21.6 30 24.0
240 40 267.0 28.8 40 32.0
300 50 333.8 35.9 50 40.0
360 60 400.6 43.1 60 48.0
420 70 467.3 50.3 70 56.0
480 80 534.1 57.5 80 64.0
540 90 600.9 64.7 90 72.0
600 100 667.6 71.9 100 80.0
1200 200 1335.0 143.8 200 160.0
1800 300 2003.0 215.7 300 240.0
2400 400 2670.0 287.6 400 320.0
3000 500 3338.0 359.4 500 400.0
3600 600 4006.0 431.3 600 480.0
4200 700 4673.0 503.2 700 560.0
4800 800 5341.0 575.1 800 640.0
5400 900 6009.0 647.0 900 720.0
6000 1000 6676.0 718.9 1000 800.0
12000 2000 13352.0 1438.0 2000 1600.0
18000 3000 20028.0 2157.0 3000 2400.0
24000 4000 26705.0 2876.0 4000 3200.0
30000 5000 33382.0 3595.0 5000 4000.0
60000 10000 66763.0 7189.0 10000 8000.0
*NOTE: These figures are approximate only, as temperature or
octane will change volume/weight ratio.
WEIGHTS
KGS. LBS./KGS. LBS.
0.454 1 2.205
0.907 2 4.409
1.361 3 6.614
1.814 4 8.818
2.268 5 11.023
2.722 6 13.228
3.175 7 15.432
3.629 8 17.637
4.082 9 19.842
4.536 10 22.046
9.072 20 44.092
13.608 30 66.139
18.144 40 88.185
22.68 50 110.23
27.216 60 132.28
31.751 70 154.32
36.287 80 176.37
40.823 90 198.42
45.359 100 220.46
OIL
LITERS to KGS. OIL U.S. GALS to LBS.OIL

1 0.9 1 7.5
2 1.8 2 15.0
3 2.7 3 22.5
4 3.6 4 30.0
5 4.5 5 37.5
6 5.4 6 45.0
7 6.3 7 52.5
8 7.2 8 60.0
9 8.1 9 67.5
10 9.0 10 75.0
20 18.0 20 150.0
30 27.0 30 225.0
40 36.0 40 300.0
50 45.0 50 375.0
60 54.0 60 450.0
70 63.0 70 525.0
80 72.0 80 600.0
90 81.0 90 675.0
100 90.0 100 750.0
PSI/DYNE CONVERSION TABLE
PRESSURE READING FROM PSI TO NEWTON/M2 AND DYNES/CM2

TO OBTAIN:
NEWTON/M2 = CF x 104 OR DYNES/CM2 = CF x 105
PSI CF EXAMPLE
1 .6895 20 PSI = 13.79x104 NT/M2

5 3.4475 = 13.79x105 DYNES/CM2
10 6.895 OR
15 10.3425 25x105 DYNES/CM2 = 36.25 PSI
20 13.79 OR
25 17.2375 37x104 NT/M2 = 53.66 PSI
30 20.685 OR
35 24.1325 250 PSI = 172.375x105 DYNES/CM2
40 27.58
45 31.0275
50 34.475
55 37.9225
60 41.37
65 44.8175 FORMULA
70 48.265 PSI x 6895 = NT/M2 x 10 = DYNES/CM2
75 51.7125
80 55.16
85 58.6075
90 62.055
95 65.5025
100 68.95
CF = Conversion Factor
2. STANDARD NAMING CONVENTION FOR AIRCRAFT LANDING GEAR
CONFIGURATION
(SF/FAA ORDER 5300.7)
OLD CURRENT NEW DESCRIPTION

S S Single wheel type ldg gear (DC3, C47, F15), etc
D* D Dual wheel type ldg gear (B737, BE1900), etc
T D Dual wheel type ldg gear (P3, C9)
ST 2S Two single wheels in tandem type ldg gear (C130)
TRT 2T Two triple wheels in tandem type ldg gear (C17), etc
DT* 2D Two dual wheels in tandem type ldg gear (707), etc
TT 2D Two dual wheels in tandem type ldg gear (B757, KC135)
SBTT 2D/D1 Two dual wheels in tandem/dual wheel body gear type ldg
gear (KC10)
none 2D/2D1 Two dual wheels in tandem/two dual wheels in tandem body
gear type ldg gear (A340-600)
Two dual wheels in tandem/two dual wheels in double
DDT 2D/2D2 tandem body gear type ldg gear (747, E4)
TTT* 3D Three dual wheels in tandem type ldg gear (777), etc
Dual wheel gear two struts per side main gear type ldg gear
TT D2 (B52)
Complex dual wheel and quadruple wheel combination ldg
TDT C5 gear (C5)
*FAA only
3. AIRCRAFT CLASSIFICATION NUMBERS - DoD AIRCRAFT

(AFFSA/USAF FIL 16-200)
The aircraft and Pavement Classification Number (ACN/PCN) System is fully explained in the
Airport/Facility Directory Legend of each Enroute Supplement. The table below gives the ACN
values for DoD aircraft at the aircraft empty weight and maximum takeoff weight. An ACN value
for an intermediate weight can be calculated by interpolation between the limits.
An interactive ACN/PCN calculator for many DoD aircraft can be accessed at:
https://transportation.wes.army.mil/acnpcn/
AIRCRAFT CLASSIFICATION NUMBERS
WEIGHT RIGID PAVEMENT FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT

TIRE SUBGRADES SUBGRADES
AIRCRAFT EMPTY
PRESSURE
TYPE MAX T/O HIGH MED LOW ULTRA HIGH MED LOW ULTRA
PSI
(1000 LBS) LOW LOW
20 185 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
A-10
50 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
189 220 20 22 26 30 21 22 25 33
B-1B
477 67 80 93 103 69 79 98 117
110 215 12 11 13 15 11 12 13 16
B-2A
336.5 52 44 61 67 45 50 62 78
230 305 36 40 45 50 30 31 35 42
B-52
480 95 108 119 127 76 82 92 110
375 130 13 14 16 20 14 15 17 23
C-5A/B
837 30 36 37 58 36 41 50 69
22 148 4 5 5 5 4 4 4 5
C-9
108 27 29 31 31 25 26 30 33

AIRCRAFT EMPTY
PRESSURE
PSI
(1000 LBS) LOW LOW
10 95 2 2 2 3 1 2 2 2
C-12
17 4 4 4 5 3 4 4 5
11 95 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 3
C-12J
16.6 4 4 4 5 3 4 4 5
279 144 20 23 21 23 15 16 18 24
C-17
585 51 49 53 66 40 44 53 69
42 175 12 13 13 13 10 11 12 13
C-20A,B
70 22 23 23 24 19 21 22 23
44 175 13 13 13 14 11 12 13 15
C-20H
75 24 25 26 26 21 22 23 24
10.7 160 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
C-21
18.3 4 5 5 5 4 4 5 5
17.4 79 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
C-23
24.6 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9
138 190 15 17 20 23 15 17 19 25
C-32
255 31 37 43 49 32 36 44 57
49 198 15 15 16 16 11 12 14 15
C-37A
90.5 31 32 32 33 24 26 28 29
100 204 25 26 28 29 22 23 24 28
C-40A,B,C
171.5 47 49 52 54 41 43 48 53
C-130 85 70 12 14 15 17 9 12 15 18
E,H,AMP 175 123 36 38 42 44 27 33 37 43
C-130J 85 70 16/16 17/17 18/18 20/20 14/14 16/16 17/17 19/19
Short/Long 155/164 118 30/32 33/34 35/36 38/38 27/27 30/31 33/34 38/39
110 76 18 20 22 24 15 17 21 25
AC-130
175 123 34 37 41 43 30 34 37 43
105 75 17 19 21 23 13 16 20 23
EC-130
175 123 36 39 42 45 28 33 37 44
84 70 13 14 15 17 8 12 15 18
HC-130
175 123 34 37 41 43 30 34 37 43
142 155 11 12 14 17 10 13 16 20
C-135
302 34 41 50 56 34 41 49 56
158.7 195 15 16 19 22 16 17 20 26
E-3
325 36 43 52 59 40 45 55 70
488 200 23 27 32 37 27 29 33 44
E-4
798 44 53 63 72 50 55 67 88
180 195 20 22 26 30 21 23 25 33
E-6
342 46 53 62 71 47 53 64 80
32 265 11 12 12 12 13 13 13 13
F-4
58 26 26 25 25 27 26 26 25
42 290 17 17 17 17 18 17 17 17
F-15A, B
54 24 24 23 23 24 23 22 22
28.2 355 13 13 13 13 12 12 12 12
F-15C/D
68 32 32 32 32 28 28 28 28
31.7 320 14 14 14 14 13 13 13 13
F-15E
81 37 37 37 37 33 33 33 33
17 275 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
F-16A, B
35 15 15 15 15 14 14 14 13

AIRCRAFT EMPTY
PRESSURE
PSI
(1000 LBS) LOW LOW
16.9 310 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7
F-16C/D
37.5 18 18 18 18 16 16 16 16
270.8 190 19 20 23 27 22 23 25 32
KC-10
590 45 55 67 77 56 62 74 101
140 170 15 16 18 20 14 16 18 23
KC-135E
300 33 39 47 54 37 41 49 64
160 170 12 13 17 25 18 19 22 28
KC-135R
322 36 43 52 60 41 45 55 71
61 180 16 17 18 19 14 14 16 18
P-3A/B/C
140 44 46 48 49 38 41 44 47
60.5 148 14 15 16 16 13 13 14 16
T-43
128 33 36 37 39 30 31 35 39
VC-25 445 190 +0/-5 16* 23 20* 24* 18* 26 21* 27*
B747-200 836 46* 55 66* 76* 52* 58 71* 92*
4. TEMPERATURE ERRORS
(AFFSA-A3OF/AFFSA-A3OF FIL 16-140)
a. Pressure altimeters are calibrated to indicate true altitudes under International Standard
Atmospheric (ISA) conditions. Any deviation from these standard conditions will result in an
erroneous reading on the altimeter. This error becomes important when considering obstacle
clearances in temperatures lower than standard since the aircraft’s altitude is below the figure
indicated by the altimeter.
b. The error is proportional to the difference between actual and ISA temperature and the
height of the aircraft above the altimeter setting source. Height above altimeter source is
considered to be published HAT or HAA for the approach. The amount of error is approximately 4
feet per thousand feet for each degree Celsius of difference.
c. Corrections should be made to all altitude inside the FAF to include Decision Heights
(DHs), Decision Altitude (DAs), Minimum Descent Altitude (MDAs) as well as any step down fix
altitudes. See service regulations for corrections to the FAF altitude and other altitudes outside the
FAF.
d. Temperature values are those at the altimeter setting source (normally the aerodrome
unless using remote altimeter settings).
TEMPERATURE CORRECTION CHART

Height Above Altimeter Setting
Reported
Temp °C
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 10001300 1500 18002000 2300300040005000
0 20 20 30 30 40 40 50 50 60 80 90 100 120 130 170 230 280
-5 20 30 30 40 50 60 60 70 80 100 120 140 160 180 230 310 390
-10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 130 150 180 200 230 290 390 490
-15 30 40 50 60 70 90 100 110 120 160 180 220 240 270 360 480 600
-20 30 50 60 70 90 100 120 130 140 190 210 260 280 330 420 570 710
-25 40 50 70 90 100 120 130 150 170 220 250 300 330 380 490 660 830
-30 40 60 80 100 120 140 150 170 190 250 280 340 380 430 570 760 950
-35 50 70 90 110 130 150 170 190 220 280 320 390 430 490 640 860 1080
-40 50 80 100 120 150 170 190 220 240 310 360 430 480 550 720 970 1210
-45 60 80 110 140 160 190 220 240 270 350 400 480 540 620 800 1080 1350
-50 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 390 450 530 590 680 890 1190 1500
HAT/HAA
EXAMPLE: TACAN RWY 35 - GRAND FORKS AFB, TEMP -25°C. (CAT "D")
NOTE: Must round interpolated values to nearest 10 feet.
CORRECTED
ALTITUDE HAT/HAA CORRECTION
ALTITUDE
MDA STR IN 1300’ MSL 389’ +70’ 1370’ MSL
CIRCLING MDA 1480’ MSL 569’ +100’ 1580’ MSL
5. FREQUENCY PAIRING PLAN
The following is a list of VHF/UHF NAVAID FREQUENCY CHANNELING AND PAIRING:
DME AIRBORNE DME GND

INTERROGATE REPLY
PULSE CODE
DME ------------ FREQUENCY ------------ MLS NORMAL P/DME
CHN LOC GS VHF/ MLS CHN DME IA FA DME PC
NO. VOR NO. FREQ US US US FREQ US
1X - - 134.40 - - 1025 12 -- -- 962 12
1Y - - 134.45 - - 1025 36 -- -- 1088 30
2X - - 134.50 - - 1026 12 -- -- 963 12
2Y - - 134.55 - - 1026 36 -- -- 1089 30
3X - - 134.60 - - 1027 12 -- -- 964 12
3Y - - 134.65 - - 1027 36 -- -- 1090 30
4X - - 134.70 - - 1028 12 -- -- 965 12
4Y - - 134.75 - - 1028 36 -- -- 1091 30
5X - - 134.80 - - 1029 12 -- -- 966 12
5Y - - 134.85 - - 1029 36 - - 1092 30
6X - - 134.90 - - 1030 12 - - 967 12
6Y - - 134.95 - - 1030 36 - - 1093 30
7X - - 135.00 - - 1031 12 - - 968 12
7Y - - 135.05 - - 1031 36 - - 1094 30
8X - - 135.10 - - 1032 12 - - 969 12
8Y - - 135.15 - - 1032 36 - - 1095 30
9X - - 135.20 - - 1033 12 - - 970 12
9Y - - 135.25 - - 1033 36 - - 1096 30
10X - - 135.30 - - 1034 12 - - 971 12
10Y - - 135.35 - - 1034 36 - - 1097 30
11X - - 135.40 - - 1035 12 - - 972 12
11Y - - 135.45 - - 1035 36 - - 1098 30
12X - - 135.50 - - 1036 12 - - 973 12
12Y - - 135.55 - - 1036 36 - - 1099 30
13X - - 135.60 - - 1037 12 - - 974 12
13Y - - 135.65 - - 1037 36 - - 1100 30
14X - - 135.70 - - 1038 12 - - 975 12
14Y - - 135.75 - - 1038 36 - - 1101 30
15X - - 135.80 - - 1039 12 - - 976 12
15Y - - 135.85 - - 1039 36 - - 1102 30
16X - - 135.90 - - 1040 12 - - 977 12
16Y - - 135.95 - - 1040 36 - - 1103 30
INTERROGATE REPLY
PULSE CODE
17X - - 108.00 - - 1041 12 - - 978 12
17Y - - 108.05 5043.0 540 1041 36 36 42 1104 30
18X 108.10 334.70 108.10 5031.0 500 1042 12 12 18 979 12
18Y 108.15 334.55 108.15 5043.6 542 1042 36 36 42 1105 30
19X - - 108.20 - - 1043 12 - - 980 12
19Y 108.25 - 108.25 5044.2 544 1043 36 36 42 1106 30
20X 108.30 334.10 108.30 5031.6 502 1044 12 12 18 981 12
20Y 108.35 333.95 108.35 5044.8 546 1044 36 36 42 1107 30
21X - - 108.40 - - 1045 12 - - 982 12
21Y - - 108.45 5045.4 548 1045 36 36 42 1108 30
22X 108.50 329.90 108.50 5032.2 504 1046 12 12 18 983 12
22Y 108.55 329.75 108.55 5046.0 550 1046 36 36 42 1109 30
23X - - 108.60 - - 1047 12 - - 984 12
23Y - - 108.65 5046.6 552 1047 36 36 42 1110 30
24X 108.70 330.50 108.70 5032.8 506 1048 12 12 18 985 12
24Y 108.75 330.35 108.75 5047.2 554 1048 36 36 42 1111 30
25X - - 108.80 - - 1049 12 - - 986 12
25Y - - 108.85 5047.8 556 1049 36 36 42 1112 30
26X 108.90 329.30 108.90 5033.4 508 1050 12 12 18 987 12
26Y 108.95 329.15 108.95 5048.4 558 1050 36 36 42 1113 30
27X - - 109.00 - - 1051 12 - - 988 12
27Y - - 109.05 5049.0 560 1051 36 36 42 1114 30
28X 109.10 331.40 109.10 5034.0 510 1052 12 12 18 989 30
28Y 109.15 331.25 109.15 5049.6 562 1052 36 36 42 1115 30
29X - - 109.20 - - 1053 12 - - 990 12
29Y - - 109.25 5050.2 564 1053 36 36 42 1116 30
30X 109.30 332.00 109.30 5034.6 512 1054 12 12 18 991 12
30Y 109.35 331.85 109.35 5050.8 566 1054 36 36 42 1117 30
31X - - 109.40 - - 1055 12 - - 992 12
31Y - - 109.45 5051.4 568 1055 36 36 42 1118 30
32X 109.50 332.60 109.50 5035.2 514 1056 12 12 18 993 12
32Y 109.55 332.45 109.55 5052.0 570 1056 36 36 42 1119 30
33X - - 109.60 - - 1057 12 - - 994 12
33Y - - 109.65 5052.6 572 1057 36 36 42 1120 30
34X 109.70 333.20 109.70 5035.8 516 1058 12 12 18 995 12
34Y 109.75 333.05 109.75 5035.2 574 1058 36 36 42 1121 30
35X - - 109.80 - - 1059 12 - - 996 12
35Y - - 109.85 5053.8 576 1059 36 36 42 1122 30
36X 109.90 333.80 109.90 5036.4 518 1060 12 12 18 997 12
36Y 109.95 333.65 109.95 5054.4 578 1060 36 36 42 1123 30
37X - - 110.00 - - 1061 12 - - 998 12
37Y - - 110.05 5055.0 580 1061 36 36 42 1124 30
38X 110.10 334.40 110.10 5037.0 520 1062 12 12 18 999 12
38Y 110.15 334.25 110.15
39X 110.20 - - 1063 12 - - 1000 12
INTERROGATE REPLY
PULSE CODE
39Y - - 110.25 5056.2 584 1063 36 36 42 1126 30
40X 110.30 335.00 110.30 5037.6 522 1064 12 12 18 1001 12
40Y 110.35 334.85 110.35 5056.8 586 1064 36 36 42 1127 30
41X - - 110.40 - - 1065 12 - - 1002 12
41Y - - 110.45 5057.4 588 1065 36 36 42 1128 30
42X 110.50 329.60 110.50 5038.2 524 1066 12 12 18 1003 12
42Y 110.55 329.45 110.55 5058.0 590 1066 36 36 42 1129 30
43X - - 110.60 - - 1067 12 - - 1004 12
43Y - - 110.65 5058.6 592 1067 36 36 42 1130 30
44X 110.70 330.20 110.70 5038.8 526 1068 12 12 18 1005 12
44Y 110.75 330.05 110.75 5059.2 594 1068 36 36 42 1131 30
45X - - 110.80 - - 1069 12 - - 1006 12
45Y - - 110.85 5059.8 596 1069 36 36 42 1132 30
46X 110.90 330.80 110.90 5039.4 528 1070 12 12 18 1007 12
46Y 110.95 330.65 110.95 5060.4 598 1070 36 36 42 1133 30
47X - - 111.00 - - 1071 12 - - 1008 12
47Y - - 111.05 5061.0 600 1071 36 36 42 1134 30
48X 111.10 331.70 111.10 5040.0 530 1072 12 12 18 1009 12
48Y 111.15 331.55 111.15 5061.6 602 1072 36 36 42 1135 30
49X - - 111.20 - - 1073 12 - - 1010 12
49Y - - 111.25 6062.2 604 1073 36 36 42 1136 30
50X 111.30 332.30 111.30 5040.6 532 1074 12 12 18 1011 12
50Y 111.35 332.15 111.35 5062.8 606 1074 36 36 42 1137 30
51X - - 111.40 - - 1075 12 - - 1012 12
51Y - - 111.45 5063.4 608 1075 36 36 42 1136 30
52X 111.50 332.90 111.50 5041.2 534 1076 12 12 18 1013 12
52Y 111.55 332.75 111.55 5064.0 610 1076 36 36 42 1139 30
53X - - 111.60 - - 1077 12 - - 1014 12
53Y - - 111.65 5064.4 612 1077 36 36 42 1140 30
54X 111.70 333.50 111.70 5041.8 536 1078 12 12 18 1015 12
54Y 111.75 333.35 111.75 5065.2 614 1078 36 36 42 1141 30
55X - - 111.80 - - 1079 12 - - 1016 12
55Y - - 111.85 5065.8 616 1079 36 36 42 1142 30
56X 111.90 331.10 111.90 5042.4 538 1080 12 12 18 1017 12
56Y 111.95 330.95 111.95 5066.4 618 1080 36 36 42 1143 30
57X - - 112.00 - - 1081 12 - - 1018 12
57Y - - 112.05 - - 1081 36 - - 1144 30
58X - - 112.10 - - 1082 12 - - 1019 12
58Y - - 112.15 - - 1082 36 - - 1145 30
59X - - 112.20 - - 1083 12 - - 1020 12
59Y - - 112.25 - - 1083 36 - - 1146 30
60X - - 133.30 - - 1084 12 - - 1021 12
60Y - - 133.35 - - 1084 36 - - 1147 30
61X - - 133.40 - - 1085 12 - - 1022 12
61Y - - 133.45 - - 1085 36 - - 1148 30
INTERROGATE REPLY
PULSE CODE
62X - - 133.50 - - 1086 12 - - 1023 12
62Y - - 133.55 - - 1086 36 - - 1149 30
63X - - 133.60 - - 1087 12 - - 1024 12
63Y - - 133.65 - - 1087 36 - - 1150 30
64X - - 133.70 - - 1088 12 - - 1151 12
64Y - - 133.75 - - 1088 36 - - 1025 30
65X - - 133.80 - - 1089 12 - - 1152 12
65Y - - 133.85 - - 1089 36 - - 1026 30
66X - - 133.90 - - 1090 12 - - 1153 12
66Y - - 133.95 - - 1090 36 - - 1027 30
67X - - 134.00 - - 1091 12 - - 1154 12
67Y - - 134.05 - - 1091 36 - - 1028 30
68X - - 134.10 - - 1092 12 - - 1155 12
68Y - - 134.15 - - 1092 36 - - 1029 30
69X - - 134.20 - - 1093 12 - - 1156 12
69Y - - 134.25 - - 1093 36 - - 1030 30
70X - - 112.30 - - 1094 12 - - 1157 12
70Y - - 112.35 - - 1094 36 - - 1031 30
71X - - 112.40 - - 1095 12 - - 1158 12
71Y - - 112.45 - - 1095 36 - - 1032 30
72X - - 112.50 - - 1096 12 - - 1159 12
72Y - - 112.55 - - 1096 36 - - 1033 30
73X - - 112.60 - - 1097 12 - - 1160 12
73Y - - 112.65 - - 1097 36 - - 1034 30
74X - - 112.70 - - 1098 12 - - 1161 12
74Y - - 112.75 - - 1098 36 - - 1035 30
75X - - 112.80 - - 1099 12 - - 1162 12
75Y - - 112.85 - - 1099 36 - - 1036 30
76X - - 112.90 - - 1100 12 - - 1163 12
76Y - - 112.95 - - 1100 36 - - 1037 30
77X - - 113.00 - - 1101 12 - - 1164 12
77Y - - 113.05 - - 1101 36 - - 1038 30
78X - - 113.10 - - 1102 12 - - 1165 12
78Y - - 113.15 - - 1102 36 - - 1039 30
79X - - 113.20 - - 1103 12 - - 1166 12
79Y - - 113.25 - - 1103 36 - - 1040 30
80X - - 113.30 - - 1104 12 - - 1167 12
80Y - - 113.35 5067.0 620 1104 36 36 42 1041 30
81X - - 113.40 - - 1105 12 - - 1168 12
81Y - - 113.45 5067.6 622 1105 36 36 42 1042 30
82X - - 113.50 - - 1106 12 - - 1169 12
82Y - - 113.55 5068.2 624 1106 36 36 42 1043 30
83X - - 113.60 - - 1107 12 - - 1170 12
83Y - - 113.65 5068.8 626 1107 36 36 42 1044 30
84X - - 113.70 - - 1108 12 - - 1171 12
INTERROGATE REPLY
PULSE CODE
84Y - - 113.75 5069.4 628 1108 36 36 42 1045 30
85X - - 113.80 - - 1109 12 - - 1172 12
85Y - - 113.85 5070.0 630 1109 36 36 42 1046 30
86X - - 113.90 - - 1110 12 - - 1173 12
86Y - - 113.95 5070.6 632 1110 36 36 42 1047 30
87X - - 114.00 - - 1111 12 - - 1174 12
87Y - - 114.05 5071.2 634 1111 36 36 42 1048 30
88X - - 114.10 - - 1112 12 - - 1175 12
88Y - - 114.15 5071.8 636 1112 36 36 42 1049 30
89X - - 114.20 - - 1113 12 - - 1176 12
89Y - - 114.25 5072.4 638 1113 36 36 42 1050 30
90X - - 114.30 - - 1114 12 - - 1177 12
90Y - - 114.35 5073.0 640 1114 36 36 42 1051 30
91X - - 114.40 - - 1115 12 - - 1178 12
91Y - - 114.45 5073.6 642 1115 36 36 42 1052 30
92X - - 114.50 - - 1116 12 - - 1179 12
92Y - - 114.55 5074.2 644 1116 36 36 42 1053 30
93X - - 114.60 - - 1117 12 - - 1180 12
93Y - - 114.65 5074.8 646 1117 36 36 42 1054 30
94X - - 114.70 - - 1118 12 - - 1181 12
94Y - - 114.75 5075.4 648 1118 36 36 42 1055 30
95X - - 114.80 - - 1119 12 - - 1182 12
95Y - - 114.85 5076.0 650 1119 36 36 42 1056 30
96X - - 114.90 - - 1120 12 - - 1183 12
96Y - - 114.95 5076.6 652 1120 36 36 42 1057 30
97X - - 115.00 - - 1121 12 - - 1184 12
97Y - - 115.05 5077.2 654 1121 36 36 42 1058 30
98X - - 115.10 - - 1122 12 - - 1185 12
98Y - - 115.15 5077.8 656 1122 36 36 42 1059 30
99X - - 115.20 - - 1123 12 - - 1186 12
99Y - - 115.25 5078.4 658 1123 36 36 42 1060 30
100X - - 115.30 - - 1124 12 - - 1187 12
100Y - - 115.35 5079.0 660 1124 36 36 42 1061 30
101X - - 115.40 - - 1125 12 - - 1188 12
101Y - - 115.45 5079.6 662 1125 36 36 42 1062 30
102X - - 115.50 - - 1126 12 - - 1189 12
102Y - - 115.55 5050.2 664 1126 36 36 42 1063 30
103X - - 115.60 - - 1127 12 - - 1190 12
103Y - - 115.65 5080.8 666 1127 36 36 42 1064 30
104X - - 115.70 - - 1128 12 - - 1191 12
104Y - - 115.75 5081.4 668 1128 36 36 42 1065 30
105X - - 115.80 - - 1129 12 - - 1192 12
105Y - - 115.85 5082.0 670 1129 36 36 42 1066 30
106X - - 115.90 - - 1130 12 - - 1193 12
106Y - - 115.95 5082.6 672 1130 36 36 42 1067 30
INTERROGATE REPLY
PULSE CODE
107X - - 116.00 - - 1131 12 - - 1194 12
107Y - - 116.05 5083.2 674 1131 36 36 42 1068 30
108X - - 116.10 - - 1132 12 - - 1195 12
108Y - - 116.15 5083.8 676 1132 36 36 42 1069 30
109X - - 116.20 - - 1133 12 - - 1196 12
109Y - - 116.25 5084.4 678 1133 36 36 42 1070 30
110X - - 116.30 - - 1134 12 - - 1197 12
110Y - - 116.35 5085.0 680 1134 36 36 42 1071 30
111X - - 116.40 - - 1135 12 - - 1198 12
111Y - - 116.45 5085.6 682 1135 36 36 42 1072 30
112X - - 116.50 - - 1136 12 - - 1199 12
112Y - - 116.55 5086.2 684 1136 36 36 42 1073 30
113X - - 116.60 - - 1137 12 - - 1200 12
113Y - - 116.65 5086.8 686 1137 36 36 42 1074 30
114X - - 116.70 - - 1138 12 - - 1201 12
114Y - - 116.75 5087.4 688 1138 36 36 42 1075 30
115X - - 116.80 - - 1139 12 - - 1202 12
115Y - - 116.85 5088.0 690 1139 36 36 42 1076 30
116X - - 116.90 - - 1140 12 - - 1203 12
116Y - - 116.95 5088.6 692 1140 36 36 42 1077 30
117X - - 117.00 - - 1141 12 - - 1204 12
117Y - - 117.05 5089.2 694 1141 36 36 42 1078 30
118X - - 117.10 - - 1142 12 - - 1205 12
118Y - - 117.15 5089.8 696 1142 36 36 42 1079 30
119X - - 117.20 - - 1143 12 - - 1206 12
119Y - - 117.25 5090.4 698 1143 36 36 42 1080 30
120X - - 117.30 - - 1144 12 - - 1207 12
120Y - - 117.35 - - 1144 36 - - 1081 30
121X - - 117.40 - - 1145 12 - - 1208 12
121Y - - 117.45 - - 1145 36 - - 1082 30
122X - - 117.50 - - 1146 12 - - 1209 12
122Y - - 117.55 - - 1146 36 - - 1083 30
123X - - 117.60 - - 1147 12 - - 1210 12
123Y - - 117.65 - - 1147 36 - - 1084 30
124X - - 117.70 - - 1148 12 - - 1211 12
124Y - - 117.75 - - 1148 36 - - 1085 30
125X - - 117.80 - - 1149 12 - - 1212 12
125Y - - 117.85 - - 1149 36 - - 1086 30
126X - - 117.90 - - 1150 12 - - 1213 12
126Y - - 117.95 - - 1150 36 - - 1087 30
(FCC/NGA-NACO)
6. JULIAN DATE CALENDAR
Regular Years (2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021...)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1 1 32 60 91 121 152 182 213 244 274 305 335
2 2 33 61 92 122 153 183 214 245 275 306 336
3 3 34 62 93 123 154 184 215 246 276 307 337
4 4 35 63 94 124 155 185 216 247 277 308 338
5 5 36 64 95 125 156 186 217 248 278 309 339
6 6 37 65 96 126 157 187 218 249 279 310 340
7 7 38 66 97 127 158 188 219 250 280 311 341
8 8 39 67 98 128 159 189 220 251 281 312 342
9 9 40 68 99 129 160 190 221 252 282 313 343
10 10 41 69 100 130 161 191 222 253 283 314 344
11 11 42 70 101 131 162 192 223 254 284 315 345
12 12 43 71 102 132 163 193 224 255 285 316 346
13 13 44 72 103 133 164 194 225 256 286 317 347
14 14 45 73 104 134 165 195 226 257 287 318 348
15 15 46 74 105 135 166 196 227 258 288 319 349
16 16 47 75 106 136 167 197 228 259 289 320 350
17 17 48 76 107 137 168 198 229 260 290 321 351
18 18 49 77 108 138 169 199 230 261 291 322 352
19 19 50 78 109 139 170 200 231 262 292 323 353
20 20 51 79 110 140 171 201 232 263 293 324 354
21 21 52 80 111 141 172 202 233 264 294 325 355
22 22 53 81 112 142 173 203 234 265 295 326 356
23 23 54 82 113 143 174 204 235 266 296 327 357
24 24 55 83 114 144 175 205 236 267 297 328 358
25 25 56 84 115 145 176 206 237 268 298 329 359
26 26 57 85 116 146 177 207 238 269 299 330 360
27 27 58 86 117 147 178 208 239 270 300 331 361

Regular Years (2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021...)
28 28 59 87 118 148 179 209 240 271 301 332 362
29 29 88 119 149 180 210 241 272 302 333 363
30 30 89 120 150 181 211 242 273 303 334 364
31 31 90 151 212 243 304 365
Leap Years (2012, 2016, 2020, 2024, 2028, 2032...)
1 1 32 61 92 122 153 183 214 245 275 306 336
2 2 33 62 93 123 154 184 215 246 276 307 337
3 3 34 63 94 124 155 185 216 247 277 308 338
4 4 35 64 95 125 156 186 217 248 278 309 339
5 5 36 65 96 126 157 187 218 249 279 310 340
6 6 37 66 97 127 158 188 219 250 280 311 341
7 7 38 67 98 128 159 189 220 251 281 312 342
8 8 39 68 99 129 160 190 221 252 282 313 343
9 9 40 69 100 130 161 191 222 253 283 314 344
10 10 41 70 101 131 162 192 223 254 284 315 345
11 11 42 71 102 132 163 193 224 255 285 316 346
12 12 43 72 103 133 164 194 225 256 286 317 347
13 13 44 73 104 134 165 195 226 257 287 318 348
14 14 45 74 105 135 166 196 227 258 288 319 349
15 15 46 75 106 136 167 197 228 259 289 320 350
16 16 47 76 107 137 168 198 229 260 290 321 351
17 17 48 77 108 138 169 199 230 261 291 322 352
18 18 49 78 109 139 170 200 231 262 292 323 353
19 19 50 79 110 140 171 201 232 263 293 324 354
20 20 51 80 111 141 172 202 233 264 294 325 355
21 21 52 81 112 142 173 203 234 265 295 326 356

Leap Years (2012, 2016, 2020, 2024, 2028, 2032...)
22 22 53 82 113 143 174 204 235 266 296 327 357
23 23 54 83 114 144 175 205 236 267 297 328 358
24 24 55 84 115 145 176 206 237 268 298 329 359
25 25 56 85 116 146 177 207 238 269 299 330 360
26 26 57 86 117 147 178 208 239 270 300 331 361
27 27 58 87 118 148 179 209 240 271 301 332 362
28 28 59 88 119 149 180 210 241 272 302 333 363
29 29 60 89 120 150 181 211 242 273 303 334 364
30 30 90 121 151 182 212 243 274 304 335 365
31 31 91 152 213 244 305 366

E-1
SECTION E
STANDARD TIME SIGNALS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE NO.
BBC Radio Time Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-3

Canadian Time Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-2
Standard Time Zones of the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-4
Station JJY, Tokyo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-2
U.S. Naval Observatory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-2
VNG Llandilo - NSW, Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-3
WWV and WWVH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-2
E-2 STANDARD TIME SIGNALS
1. WWV AND WWVH
a. WWV and WWVH continuously broadcast nominal frequencies and time consistent with
the internationally agreed upon time scale, Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) on 2.5, 5, 10, 15 and
20 MHz.
(1) Station Identification is made by voice announcement in English every thirty
minutes approximately on the hour and the half hour. Periods with no Audio Tones or Special
Announcements, during which the Carrier, Second Ticks, Time Announcements and 100 Hz
modified IRIG H Time Code continue, occur from 45 to 50 minutes after the hour at WWV, and
from 15 to 20 minutes after the hour at WWVH.
(2) The Time System used is Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), expressed in terms of
a 24-hour clock, and is given in a voice announcement every minute preceding the return of the
Audio Tone.
EXAMPLE: 1435 UTC would be: "At the tone - fourteen hours, thirty five minutes
Coordinated Universal Time."
(3) The Time and Frequency Signals broadcast by WWV may be heard live via
telephone by calling C303-499-7111. This service is automatically limited to 3 minutes per call.
Similar time-of-day broadcasts from WWVH can be heard by calling C808-335-4363 on the Island
of Kauai through the overseas operator.
NOTE: The specific hour and minute mentioned is actually the time in the time zone centered
around Greenwich, England, and may be better known as "Greenwich Mean Time" (GMT).
2. STATION JJY, TOKYO
a. Station JJY Time Signals are in the form of an interruption of the Carrier Wave for 20 milli-
seconds before the second and 200 milliseconds before the minute. The end of each interruption
is the exact time. The signals are broadcast on the following times:
2.5 MHz - 0659 to 2259Z
4 MHz and 5 MHz - 24 hours
8 MHz and 10 MHz - 2059 to 1059Z
b. The standard 1000 Hz carrier is omitted 4 minutes beginning at 0000 UTC. The 5th
minute, from the 23rd to the 57th second, will be the Identification Signals on 1000 Hz/S
modulation as follows:
Call Sign Twice
Time Code Once (24 hour JST)
Warning Code Five (5) times
W Abnormal
U Unstable
N Normal
Voice Announcement (except 4000 kHz)
Call Sign Twice
Time (24 hour JST) once in Japanese and once in English
3. U.S. NAVAL OBSERVATORY
(NAVFIG/NAVFIG FIL 0029-12)
U.S. Naval Observatory master clock time may be obtained via telephone by calling DSN 762-
1401, C202-762-1401. This service is limited to approximately one minute. Alternate USN master
clock at Schriever AFB, CO DSN 560-6742 C719-567-6742.
4. CANADIAN TIME SIGNALS
STATION CHU, OTTAWA, ONTARIO, operates continuously on the following frequencies:
3330 kHz, 7335 kHz, and 14670 kHz. The second pulses consist of 300 cycles of a 1000 Hz tone with
certain omissions and identifications. Omission of the 29th pulse identifies the half minute and
omission of the 51st to 59th pulse provides a window for voice announcement. Zero pulse of each
minute is 1/2 second long and the hour is identified by a pulse of one full second followed by 40
seconds of silence. The bilingual voice announcement which is heard each minute takes the form:
"CHU CANADA-EASTERN STANDARD TIME- -HOURS- -MINUTES- -HEURES- -MINUTES" (English
STANDARD TIME SIGNALS E-3
on even minutes, French on odd) and on the hour "CHU CANADA-EASTERN STANDARD TIME- -
HOURS EXACTLY,- -HEURES PRECISES".
5. BBC RADIO TIME SIGNALS
The time signal consists of five short "pips" from second 55 to second 59, followed by a
lengthened pip, the start of which marks the minute to an accuracy of 261 1/20 second. The
duration of each short pip is 100 milliseconds and that of the long pip is 500 milliseconds.
TIME OF EMISSION (GMT)
FREQ (kHz) MON-FRI SAT SUN
BBC 1053 0530 0600 0600

RADIO 1 1089 0600 1300 1700
0700 1930 2400
0800 2400
2200
2400
BBC 198 0200 0200 0200
RADIO 4 0300 0300 0300
0400 0400 0400
0500 0500 0500
0600 0600 0600
0700 0700 0700
720 0800 0800 0800
0900 0900 0900
1000 1000 1300
1100 1100 1600
1200 1300 1700
1300 1400 1800 (B)
1400 1500 1900
1500 1800 (B) 2100
1600 ➀ 2200 (B) 2200 (B)
1700 2400 (B) 2400 (B)
1800 (B)
1900
2400 (B)
➀ Not Mon.
(B) BIG BEN
6. VNG LLANDILO - NSW, AUSTRALIA

a. Air Services Australia provides a time signal broadcast service from its transmitters
located at Llandilo NSW VNG
b. The transmission schedule is as follows:
FREQ (MHZ) TIME POWER (KW)

2.5 H24 1.0
5.0 H24 10.0
16.0 2200-1000Z 5.0
c. The VNG station identification is given each quarter hour.

d. The start of each minute is marked by a 500 millisecond pulse. Normal second markers
are 50 milliseconds long. Seconds number 55-58 are only 5 milliseconds long; in minutes number 5,
10, 15, etc, seconds number 50-58 are only 5 milliseconds long. Second number 59 is always
omitted.
E-4 STANDARD TIME SIGNALS
F-1
SECTION F
FLIP AND NOTAM

ABBREVIATIONS/CODE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE NO.
FLIP and NOTAM Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-2

National Flight Data Center (NFDC) FDC NOTAM Contractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-39
NOTAM Code. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-31
F-2 FLIP AND NOTAM ABBREVIATIONS
1. FLIP and NOTAM ABBREVIATIONS - This listing provides a ready reference of
abbreviations used in Flight Information Publications (FLIPs) and the DoD NOTAM System. Codes,
e.g., POL, Lighting, JASU etc., are listed elsewhere in the Supplement Legends. The abbreviations
presented are intended to represent grammatical variations of the basic form. (Example - "trans"
may mean "transmit", "transmitting," "transmitted," or "transmits.")
A A/D Aerodrome
ADA Advisory Area

A Alert Area (followed by
identification)
ADC Aerospace Defense
Command
A Area Chart (followed by
identification)
ADCC Air Defense Control Center
A/A air to air
ADCF air defense control facility
AAF Army Air Field
ADCUS Advise Customs
AAI Angle of Approach Indicator
ADDC Air Defense Direction Center
AAL above airport level
addn addition
AAL Aircraft Approach
ADF Automatic Direction Finder
Limitations
ADIZ Air Defense Identification
AAS Airport Advisory Service
Zone
AB Airbase
adj adjacent
abm abeam
admin administration
ABn Aerodrome Beacon
ADR Advisory Route
abt about
ADS-B Automatic Dependent
Surveillance-Broadcast
abv above
advs advise
ACA Arctic Control Area
advsy advisory
ACC Air Combat Command
AEIS Aeronautical Enroute
ACC Area Control Center
Information Service
ACCID notification of aircraft
AER Approach End of Runway
accident
AFA Army Flight Activity
accom accommodate
AFB Air Force Base
acft aircraft
afct affect
ACL altimeter check location
AFFF Aqueous Film Forming Foam
ACLS Automatic Carrier Landing
System
AFFSA Air Force Flight Standards
Agency
ACN Aircraft Classification
Number
AFHP Air Force Heliport
acpt accept
AFI African/Indian Ocean (ICAO
Region, Air Force Instruction
act activity
AFIL Flight plan filed while
ACW Aircraft Control and Warning
airborne
FLIP AND NOTAM ABBREVIATIONS F-3
AFIO Authorization for Fighter AL Approach and Landing Chart
Interceptor Operations
ALA alighting area
AFIS Automatic Flight Information
Service ALERFA alert phase
afld airfield ALF Auxiliary Landing Field
AFM Air Force Manual ALS Approach Light System
AFMC Air Force Material Command ALSF-1 High Intensity ALS

Category I configuration
AFOD US Army Flight Operations with sequenced Flashers
Detachment (code)
AFR Air Force Regulation ALSF-2 High Intensity ALS

Category II configuration
AFRC Armed Forces Reserve with sequenced Flashers
Center (code)
AFRC Air Force Reserve Command alt altitude
AFRS American Forces Radio altn alternate

Stations
ALTRV Altitude Reservation
aft after
AM Amplitude Modulation
AFTN Aeronautical Fixed
Telecommunication Network AM ante meridiem, midnight to
noon
AG Agriculture
AMC Air Mobility Command
A/G air/ground
amd amend
A-G Arresting Gear
amdt amendment
AGA airfield or air routes ground
aids ammo ammunition
agcy Agency AMSL Above Mean Sea Level
A-GEAR Arresting Gear ANGB Air National Guard Base
AGL above ground level ANG Air National Guard
agn again ANGS Air National Guard Station
AHP Army heliport ANO Air Navigation Order
AIP Aeronautical Information ant antenna

Publication
AOE Airport/Aerodrome of Entry
AIRAC aeronautical information
regulation and control AP Area Planning, Autopilot
System (FAA)
AIREP Air Reports (Metro in Plain
Language) APAPI Abbreviated Precision
Approach Path Indicator
AIRNAVO US Navy Air Navigation
Office apch approach
AIS Aeronautical Information apn apron

Services
APO Air Force or Army Post AS Air Station
Office
ASAP as soon as possible
APP Approach Control
ASDA accelerate - stop distance
Apr April available
aprx approximate ASDE Airport Surface Detection

Equipment
APU Auxiliary Power Unit
asgn assign
APV Approach with Vertical
Guidance ASL Above Sea Level
apv approve ASOS Automated Surface

Observation System
apvl approval
ASR Airport Surveillance Radar
AR Aerial Refueling
ASRgn Altimeter Setting Region
AR Army Reserve, Air Receive
ASSC Airport Surface Surveillance
ARB Air Reserve Base Capability
ARC Area of Responsibility ASU Aircraft Starting Unit

Center
AT Air Transmit
ARCAL Aircraft Radio Control
(Canada) of Aerodrome Lighting ATA Actual Time of Arrival
ARCP Air Refueling Control Point ATC Air Traffic Control
ARCT Air Refueling Control Time ATC Air Training Command
ARFOR Area Forecast ATCAA Air Traffic Control Assigned

Airspace
ARINC Aeronautical Radio Inc.
ATCC Air Traffic Control Center
ARIP Air Refueling Initial Point
ATCOM Air Traffic Control
arng arrange Communications (Ship to
Shore)
ARNG Army National Guard
ATCRBS Air Traffic Control Radar
ARO ATS Reporting Office Beacon System
ARP Airport Reference Point ATD Actual Time of Departure
arpt airport ATD Along Track Distance
arr arrive ATF Automatic Terrain Following
ARS Air Rescue Service/Air ATFM Air Traffic Flow Management

Reserve Station
ATIS Automatic Terminal
ARSA Airport RADAR Service Area Information Service
ARSR Air Route Surveillance Radar ATS Air Traffic Service
ARTC Air Route Traffic Control attn attention
ARTCC Air Route Traffic Control ATZ airport traffic zone

Center
Aug August
auth authority BOA Break-Off Altitude
auto automatic BOH Break-Off Height
AUW All Up Weight (gross weight) BOQ Bachelor Officers Quarters
aux auxiliary brg bearing
AVASI abbreviated VASI brkg braking
avbl available BRNAV Basic Area Navigation
avg average BS Broadcast Station

(commercial)
AvGas aviation gasoline
btn between
avn aviation
bus business
AvOil aviation oil
BWC Bird Watch Condition
avord aviation ordnance
byd beyond
AWOS Automated Weather
Observing System BZ Buffer Zone
AWS Air Weather Service C

AWSS Automated Weather Sensor
System C Celsius (degrees),
Centigrade (degrees)
awt await
C Center (runway designation)
awy airway
C Circling Approach (on
az azimuth instrument approach chart)
C Commercial Circuit
B (Telephone)
BA braking action CAC Centralized Approach

Control
BASH Bird Aircraft Strike Hazard
CALS combat assault landing strip
BC back course
cap capacity
bcn beacon
CAR Caribbean (ICAO Region)
bcst broadcast
CARF Central Altitude Reservation
bdry boundary Facility
BEQ Bachelor Enlisted Quarters CAS Calibrated Airspeed
BKN Broken cat category
bldg building CAT Clear Air Turbulence
blkd blocked CAVU Ceiling and Visibility

Unlimited
blw below
CB Crash Boat
BM bone marker, back marker
CCW or counterclockwise
BN Bound (FAA) cntclkws
CDI Course Direction Indicator CNATRA Chief of Naval Air Training
ceil ceiling CNF Computer Navigation Fix
CERAP Center Radar Approach cnl cancel

Control
CNO Chief of Naval Operations
cfm confirm
cns continuous
CFMU Central Flow Management
Unit cnsld Consolidated
CGAF Coast Guard Air Facility cntclkws counterclockwise

or CCW
CGAS Coast Guard Air Station
cntr center
CH channel
cntrln centerline
chan channel
CO Commanding Officer
CHAPI Chase Helicopter Approach
Path Indicator Co Company, County
chg change com communication
cht chart comd command
CIG ceiling Comdr Commander
cir circle, circling comdt commandant
CIS Commonwealth of coml commercial

Independent States
compl complete
CIRVIS Communications Instructions
Reporting Vital Intelligence compul compulsory
Sightings
comsn commission
CIT near or over large towns
CON Control (voice call),
civ civil, civilian Consol, Consolan
ck check conc concrete
cl class cond condition
CL Centerline Lighting System const construction
clbr calibration cont continue
clnc clearance CONUS Continental United States
CLNC DEL clearance delivery convl conventional
CLR Clear coord coordinate
clsd closed COP change over point
CMNPS Canadian Minimum copter helicopter

Navigation Performance
Specifications Airspace. corr correct
cmsn commission cov cover

CPDLC Controller-Pilot Data Link DAFIF™ Digital Aeronautical Flight
Communications Information File
crdr corridor DASR Digital Airport Surveillance

Radar
cros cross
D-ATIS Digital Automatic Terminal
CRP Compulsory Reporting Point Information Service
crs course daylt daylight
CRT Cathode Ray Tube db decibel
CS call sign dckg docking
CS communication station DCL Departure Clearance
CSA Caribbean and South dct direct

America
Dec December
cstl coastal, coastline
DECCA Decca Navigator
CSTMS Customs
decom decommission
CStn communication station
deg degree
CTA Control Area
del delivery
CTAF Common Traffic Advisory
Frequency DEMIZ DEW East Military
Identification Zone
CTAM climb to and maintain
DENEB fog dispersal operations
ctc contact
dep depart
ctl control
DEP Departure Control
CTLZ Control Zone
DER Departure End of Runway
ctn caution
destn destination
CVFP Charted Visual Flight
Procedure det detachment
CVFR Controlled Visual Flight DF Direction Finder

Rules
DFTI distance from touchdown
CW Clockwise, Continuous indicator
Wave, Carrier Wave
dgr danger
CWA Center Weather Advisory
DH Decision Height
CWT hundredweight
direc directional
cwy clearway
disc discontinue
D
disem disseminate
D Danger Area (followed by displ displace

identification)
dist district, distance
DA Decision Altitude
div division
DL Direct Line to FSS EDCT expected departure
clearance time
dlt delete
EEFC Eastern European Fuel
dly daily Codes
dly delay EET estimated elapsed time
DME Distance Measuring EFAS Enroute Flight Advisory

Equipment (UHF standard, Service
TACAN compatible)
EFC Expect Further Clearance
DND Department of National
Defense (Canada) eff effect
DNVT Digital Non-Secure Voice EFIS Electronic Flight Information

Telephone System
DoD Department of Defense E-HA Enroute High Altitude
dpth depth EHF extremely high frequency

(30,000 to 300,000 MHz)
DR Dead Reckoning
E-LA Enroute Low Altitude
drct direct
elev elevation
DSB Double Sideband
ELT Emergency Locator
DSN Defense Switching Network Transmitter
DT Daylight Savings Time em emission
DTAM descent to and maintain EMAS Engineered Materials

Arresting System
DTU Data Transfer Unit
emerg emergency
dupe duplication
eng engine
dur duration
enrt enroute
dur during
EOBT estimated off-block time
DV Distinguished Visitor
EOR End of Runway
DVFR Defense Visual Flight Rule
EPD Earliest Practicable Date
DVOR Doppler VOR
EPI Expanded Position Indicator
E
eqpt equipment
E East ERDA Energy Research and

Development Administration
ea each
E-S Enroute Supplement
EAF Expeditionary airfield
est estimate
EAT Expected Approach Time
estab establish
Ebnd Eastbound
ETA Estimated Time of Arrival
ECM Electronic Counter Measures
ETD Estimated Time of Departure
ECN Enroute Change Notice
ETE Estimated Time Enroute fax facsimile
ETO estimated time over FBAA Flying Boat Alighting Area

significant point
FBO Fixed Base Operator
ETS European Telephone System
FBW Fly by Wire
EUCARF European Central Altitude
Reservation Function FCC Flight Control Center
Eur Eureka FCG Foreign Clearance Guide
Eur Europe FCLP field carrier landing practice
EUR European (ICAO Region) fcst forecast
ev every FD Flight Director System (FAA)
evac evacuate Feb February
exc except FIC Flight Information Center
excld exclude FIFOR Flight Forecast (in

international MET figures)
exer exercise
FIH Flight Information Handbook
exm exempt
FI/P Flight Inspection Permanent
exp expect
FIR Flight Information Region
ext extent
FIS Flight Information Service
extn extend, extension
FI/T Flight Inspection Temporary
extv extensive
FL flight level
F
fld field
F Fahrenheit (degrees) flg flashing
F fixed FLIP Flight Information

Publication
FAA Federal Aviation
Administration flr flare
fac facility flt flight
FAF Final Approach Fix fltck flight check
FACSFAC Fleet Area Control and FLT CON Flight Control

Surveillance Facility
fluc fluctuate
FAP Final Approach Point
flw follow
FAR Federal Air Regulations
FM Fan Marker, Frequency
FARP Forward Arming and Modulation
Refueling Point
FMP Flow Management Position
FAS Final Approach Speed
FMS Flight Management System
FAWS Flight Advisory Weather
Service FMU Flow Management Unit
FNA final approach GCA Ground Controlled
Approach
FOC Flight Operations Center
GCAS Ground Collision Avoidance
FOD Foreign Object Damage System
fone telephone GCI Ground Control Intercept
FPL Flight Plan GCO Ground Communications

Outlet
fpm feet per minute
GCT Greenwich Civil Time
FPO Fleet Post Office
gen general
fqt frequent
gldr glider
fr from
GLS GNSS Landing System
freq frequency, frequent
GMT Greenwich Mean Time (when
Fri Friday not a figure of time)
frng firing gnd ground
FS Flight Service gndck ground check
FSC Flight Service Center GND Ground Control
FSL full stop landing gnry gunnery
FSS Flight Service Station GNSS Global Navigation Satellite

System
fst first
govt government
ft foot
GP Glide Path
ftr fighter
Gp Group
furn furnish
GPI Ground Point of Intercept
F/W Fixed Wing
GPS Global Positioning System
G
GPWS Ground Proximity Warning
System
G green
grad gradient
G grid
grav gravel
GA Glide Angle
grd guard
G/A ground-to-air
grdl gradual
gal gallon
Griv Grivation
G-,A-,R-,B- Low Frequency Airways
(green, amber, red, blue) GS glide slope
GAT General Air Traffic (Europe- GV Grid variation

Asia)
GWT gross weight
GBAS Ground-Based
Augmentation System
H HJ Sunrise to Sunset
HKSAR Hong Kong Special

H Enroute High Altitude Chart
Administrative Region
(followed by identification)
hldg holding
H+ Hours or hours plus...
minutes past the hour
HN Sunset to Sunrise
H24 continuous operation
HO Service available to meet
operational requirements
HAA Height Above Airport/
Aerodrome
hol holiday
HAL Height Above Landing Area
HOLF Helicopter Outlying Field
HALS Helicopter Approach
horiz horizontal
Lighting System
hosp hospital
HAR Height Above Runway
hPa hectopascal
HAT Height Above Touchdown
HPMA High Performance Military
HATh Height Above Threshold
Aircraft
haz hazard
HPOX High Pressure Oxygen
HDF High Frequency Direction
HPZ Helicopter Protected Zone
Finder
HQ Headquarters
hdg heading
hr hour
HDTA High Density Traffic Airport/
Aerodrome
HS service available during
hours of scheduled
HF High Frequency (3000 to
operations
30,000 KHz)
hsg housing
Hg mercury
HTA Helicopter Training Area
hgr hangar
HUD Heads-up Display
HGS Heads-up Guidance System
(FAA)
HVDF High and Very High
Frequency Direction Finder
hgt height
(at the same location)
hi high
hvy heavy
Hi ALT High Altitude
HW Heavy Weight
or HA
hwy highway
HIFOR High Level Forecast
HX Station having no specific
HILS Heliport Instrument Lighting
working hours
System
Hz Hertz (cycles per second)
HIRL High Intensity Runway Lights
HIRTA high intensity radio I

transmission area
I island
HIWAS Hazardous Inflight Weather
Advisory Service
IACC Inter-Agency Air in inch
Cartographic Committee
INA initial approach
IAF Initial Approach Fix
inactv inactive
IAL instrument approach and
landing chart inad inadvertent
IAP Instrument Approach inbd inbound

Procedure
INC In Cloud
IAR intersection of air routes
Inc Incorporated
IAS Indicated Air Speed
incl include
IATA International Air Transport
Association INCR INCREASE
IAW in accordance with indef indefinite
IBn identification Beacon info information
ICAO International Civil Aviation inop inoperative

Organization
INP if not possible
ice icing
inpr in progress
ICLS Instrument Carrier Landing
System INREQ information request
ident identification INS Inertial Navigation System
IF Intermediate Fix inst instrument
IFF Identification, Friend or Foe instl install
IFIM International Flight instr instruction

Information Manual.
int intersection
IFPS Integrated Initial Flight Plan
Processing System intcntl intercontinental
IFR Instrument Flight Rules intcp intercept
IFR-S FLIP IFR Supplement intl international
IFSS International Flight Service intmed intermediate

Station
intmt intermittent
IGS Instrument Guidance System
intrg interrogate
ILA Instrument Landing Aid
introd introduce
ILS Instrument Landing System
intrp interrupt
IM Inner Marker
ints intense
IMC Instrument Meteorological
Conditions intsf intensify
IMG Immigration INTXN Intersection (for Instrument

Approach Procedures only)
immed immediate
IP Initial Point
IR IFR Military Training Route KLIZ Korea Limited Identification
Zone (KLIZ is also the ICAO
irreg Irregularly identifier for LORING AFB,
ME)
IRU Inertial Reference Unit
km kilometer
ISJTA Intensive Student Jet
Training Area kmh kilometers per hour
ISMLS Interim Standard Microwave KPa Kilopascal

Landing System
Kt or K Knots
isol isolate
kw kilowatt
J
L
J Jet Fuel
L Compass locator
J Jet Route (followed by
identification) L Enroute Low Altitude Chart
JAL High Altitude Instrument
Approach Procedure Chart L Left (Runway designation)
J-bar jet aircraft barrier L Local Time
Jan January LAAS Low Altitude Alert System,

Local Area Augmentation
JARB Joint Air Reserve Base System (FAA)
JASU Jet Aircraft Starting Unit LAHSO Land And Hold Short
Operations
JATO Jet Assisted Take-Off
L-AOE Limited Airport of Entry
JCS Joint Chiefs of Staff
lat latitude
JNC Jet Navigation Chart
latrl lateral
jng joining
LAWRS Limited Aviation Weather
JOAP Joint Oil Analysis Program Reporting Station
JOSAC Joint OperationalSupport lb pound (weight)

Airlift Center
lcl local
JRB Joint Reserve Base
LCN load classification number
jtstr jet stream
LCP French Peripheral
Jul July Classification Line
Jun June lctd located
K lctn location
lctr locator
K Kopter (spoken ICAO ATS
route designator) LCVASI Low Cost Visual Approach
Slope Indicator
kg kilograms
lczr localizer
kHz kilohertz
LDA Landing Distance Available
KIAS Knots Indicated Airspeed
LDA Localizer-type Directional LOX Liquid Oxygen
Aid
LP Low Power, Localizer
ldg landing Performance (FAA)
LDI landing direction indicator LPOX Low Pressure Oxygen
len length LPV Localizer Performance with

Vertical Guidance
LF Low Frequency (30 to 300
KHz) LR Long Range, Lead Radial
LFR Low/Medium Frequency LRA Landing Rights Airport

Range
LRRS Long Range Radar Station
lgt light
LSB lower side band
lgtd lighted
lt left
LHOX Low and High Pressure
Oxygen LTA Lighter than air
LIH light intensity high ltd limited
LIL light intensity low LTG lightning

LIM light intensity medium ltr letter
LIRL Low Intensity Runway Lights ltrs liters
LLWAS Low-Level Wind Shear Alert lv leave

System
lyr layer
LLZ ICAO Localizer (for ICAO
Instrument Approach LZ landing zone
Procedures only)
Note: FAA LOC/LDA
M
parameters are inclusive
within ICAO LLZ parameters.
M meters, magnetic (after a
LMM Compass locator at Middle bearing)
Marker ILS
M Military Circuit (telephone)
LMT Local Mean Time
MAA Maximum Authorized
LNAV Lateral Navigation Altitude
lo low MACC Military Area Control Center
LoALT or Low Altitude mag magnetic

LA
mag brg magnetic bearing
LOC Localizer (For Instrument
Approach Procedures only) maint maintain, maintenance
Lo Int Low Intensity Lights maj major
LOM Compass locator at Outer MALS Medium Intensity Approach

Marker ILS Lighting System
long longitude MALSF MALS with Sequenced

Flashers
Loran Long Range Aid to
Navigation
MALSR MALS with Runway MDF Medium Frequency Direction
Alignment Indicator Lights Finder
mand mandatory MEA Minimum Enroute Altitude
mand alt mandatory altitude med medium
MAP Missed Approach Point MEHT Minimum Eye Height over

Threshold
Mar March
mem memorial
MARA Military Activity Restricted
Area MET Meteorological,
Meteorology
MARSA Military Authority Assumes
Responsibility for Separation METAR Aviation Routine Weather
of Aircraft Report (in international MET
figure code)
MASMS Military Airspace
Management System METRO Pilot-to-Metro voice call
MATO Military Air Traffic MF Mandatory Frequency

Operations (Canada)
MATZ Military Aerodrome Traffic MF Medium Frequency (300 to

Zone 3000 KHz)
max maximum MFA Minimum Flight Altitude
mb millibars MFA Military Flying Area (Canada)
MB Mooring Buoys MFS Military Flight Service
MCA Minimum Crossing Altitude mgmt Management
MCAAF Marine Corps Auxiliary Air mgr manager

Facility
MHDF Medium and High Frequency
MCAAS Marine Corps Auxiliary Air Direction Finder (at same
Station location)
MCAB Marine Corps Air Base MHVDF Medium, high and very high
MCAC Military Common Area (at same location)
Control
MHz Megahertz
MCAF Marine Corps Air Facility
MID/ASIA Middle East/Asia (ICAO
MCAGCC Marine Corps Air Ground Region)
Combat Center
MIDIZ Mid-Canada Identification
MCALF Marine Corps Auxiliary Zone
Landing Field
MIJI Meaconing, Intrusion,
MCAS Marine Corps Air Station Jamming, and Interference
MCB Marine Corps Base mil military
MCC Military Climb Corridor MIL OVRN Military Overrun Lights
MCOLF Marine Corps Outlying Field min minimum, minute
MDA Minimum Descent Altitude MIN Montenegro

MIRL Medium Intensity Runway MTAF Mandatory Traffic Advisory
Lights Frequency
MIS Meteorological Impact MTC Military Terminal Control

Statement
MTCA Military Terminal Control
misl missile Area
mkr marker (beacon) mthly monthly
MLS Microwave Landing System MTOW Maximum Takeoff Weight
MM Middle Marker, ILS mtrs, M meters

or m
MMLS Mobile Microwave Landing
System MUAC Military Upper Area Control
MNPS Minimum Navigation multi multiple

Performance Specifications
muni municipal
mnt monitor
MV Magnetic Variation
MOA Military Operations Area
MVA Minimum Vectoring Altitude
MOC minimum obstruction
clearance MVDF Medium and Very High
MOCA Minimum Obstruction (at same location)
Clearance Altitude
N
mod moderate
mod modify N North
MOG Maximum (aircraft) on the N/A not applicable

Ground
NA not authorized (For
Mon Monday Instrument Approach
Procedure take-off and
mov move alternate MINIMA only.)
MP maintenance period NAAS Naval Auxiliary Air Station
mph miles per hour (statute) NADC Naval Air Development

Center
MR Medium Range
NADEP Naval Air Depot
MRA Minimum Reception Altitude
NAES Naval Air Engineering
mrk mark, marker Station
MSA Minimum Safe Altitude NAF Naval Air Facility
msg message NALF Naval Auxiliary Landing Field
MSL Mean sea level NALO Naval Air Logistics Office
msn mission NAM North American (ICAO

Region)
mt mount, mountain
NAR North American Routes for
MTA Minimum Terrain Clearance North Atlantic Traffic
Altitude
NAS Naval Air Station
NASA National Aeronautics and NORAD North American Aerospace
Space Administration Defense Command
NAT North Atlantic (ICAO NORDO Lost communications or no

Region) radio installed/available in
aircraft
natl national
NOS National Ocean Service
NATO North Atlantic Treaty
Organization NOTAM Notice to Airmen
NATOPS Naval Air Training and not flt ck not flight checked
Operating Procedures
NOTUN Notice of Unreliability
nav navigation
Nov November
navaid navigation aid
NPA Non-Precision Approach
NAVFIG Naval Flight Information
Group Nr or No number
NAVMTO Navy Material Transportation NS Naval Station

Office
NSA Naval Support Activity
NAWC Naval Air Warfare Center
NS ABTMT Noise abatement
NAWS Naval Air Weapons Station
NSF Naval Support Facility
Nbnd Northbound
nstd nonstandard
NCRP Non-Compulsory Reporting
Point ntc notice
NDB Non-Directional Radio NVD Night Vision Devices

Beacon
NVG Night Vision Goggles
NE Northeast
NW Northwest
nec necessary
NWC Naval Weapons Center
NEW Net Explosives Weight
NWS National Weather Service
NFD National Flight Database
(FAA) NWS North Warning System
ngt night O
NGA STL National Geospatial-
Intelligence Agency St. Louis O/A On or about
NM nautical miles OAC Oceanic Area Control,

Oceanic Area Control Center
nml normal
OAS obstacle assessment surface
No or Nr number
OAT Operational Air Traffic
NOF International NOTAM Office
obsc obscure
NOLF Navy Outlying Field
ObsHt obstacle height
NoPT No Procedure Turn Required
(procedure turn shall not be obsn observation
executed without ATC
clearance) obst obstruction
OCA Obstacle Clearance Altitude OT other times
OCA Oceanic Control Area otp on top
OCH obstacle clearance height OTR Oceanic Transition Routes
OCL Obstacle Clearance Limits OTS Organized Track System
ocnl occasional OUT Facility off the air, or

operational but not suitable
OCONUS Outside Continental Limits for IFR operations-limitations
of US explained
oct octane outbd outbound
Oct October OVC overcast
ODALS Omnidirectional Approach ovft overflight

Lighting System
ovrn overrun
ODO Operations Duty Officer
OWS Operational Weather
ODP Obstacle Departure Squadron
Procedure
OX Oxygen
offl official
OXRB Oxygen Replacement
OFFL BUS Official business only Bottles
OIC Officer In Charge P

OK we agree, correct
P Civil Aerodrome available to
OLF Outlying Field transient military aircraft
OLS Optical Landing System P Page (on Area Planning PCN)
OM Outer Marker, ILS P Planning
ONC Operational Navigation P Prohibited area (followed by

Chart identification)
OOD Officer Of the Day PAC Pacific (ICAO Region)
OPAREA Operating Area op by PACAF Pacific Air Forces

operating authority
PACOM Pacific Command
opr operate, operator
PALS Precision Approach and
OPS Operations Landing Systems
O/R on request PANS Procedures for Air

Navigation Services
OROCA Off-Route Obstruction
Clearance Altitude PAPI Precision Approach Path
Indicator
ORTCA Off-Route Terrain Clearance
Altitude PAR Precision Approach Radar
orig original para paragraph
O/S out of service parl parallel
OSV Ocean Station Vessel pat pattern

PAX Passenger PPI Plan Position Indicator
PCA Positive Control Area PPR Prior Permission Required
PCN Pavement Classification pps pulse per second

Number
PRA Precision Radar Approach
PCN Planning Change Notice (Instrument Approach
Procedures Identification
PCZ Positive Control Zone only)
PDM Periodic Depot Maintenance prcht parachute
pent penetrate precip precipitation
perm permanent pref prefer
perms permission PRESAIR Air Compressors
pers personnel prev previous
PFC Porous Friction Courses prim primary
PIREP Pilot Report (pertaining to prk park

MET conditions)
PRM Precision Runway Monitor
PJE Parachuting Activities/
Exercises PRNAV Precision Area Navigation
P/L plain language pro procedure
PLA practice low approach prob probable
PLASI Pulse Light Approach Slope proh prohibited

Indicator
pro tn procedure turn
p-line pole/power line
prov provisional
pln plan
ps plus
PM Post Meridiem, noon til
midnight psia Pounds per square inch
Ambient
PMSV Pilot-to-Metro Service
psig Pounds per square inch
PMRF Pacific Missile Range Facility Gage
PN prior notice psnl personal
PNR point of no return PSP Pierced Steel Planking
POB persons on board pt point
POL Petrol, Oils and Lubricants ptcp participate
POMAR Position Operational PTD Pilot to Dispatcher

Meteorological Aircraft
Report PTS Polar Track Structure
POMOLA Poor Mans Optical Landing pub publication

System
publ publish
posn position
PV prevailing visibility
PVASI Pulsating Visual Approach RAOB Radiosonde observation
Slope Indicator
R-AOE Regular Airport of Entry
pvt private
RAPCON Radar Approach Control
pwr power (USAF)
Q RATCF Radar Air Traffic Control

Facility (Navy)
QDM Magnetic heading (zero RB Rescue Boat

wind)
RBn Radio Beacon
QDR Magnetic bearing
RBS Radar Bomb Scoring
QFE Altimeter Setting above
station RCA reach cruise altitude
QNE Altimeter Setting of 29.92 RCAG Remote Center Air to

inches which provides height Ground Facility
above standard datum plane
RCC Rescue Coordination Center
QNH Altimeter Setting which
provides height above mean RCF Radar Control Facility (USAF)
sea level
RCF Radio Communication
qtrs quarters Failure
quad quadrant RCL runway centerline
RCLS Runway Centerline Light

R System
R Ground Receive RCO Remote Communications

Outlet
R- radial (followed by 3 digits-
for use on instrument rcpt reception
approach charts)
RCR Runway Condition Reading
R Restricted Area (followed by
identification) rcv receive
R Right (runway designation) rcvr receiver
RA Radio Altimeter setting rdo radio

height
recog recognition
RACON Radar Beacon
reconst reconstruct
rad radius, radial
ref reference
RAF Royal Air Force
reful refueling
RAI runway alignment indicator
reg regulation, regular
RAIL Runway Alignment Indicator
Lights REIL Runway End Identifier Lights
RAIZ Automated Area Information rel reliable

Responders
relctd relocated
RAMCC Regional Air Movement
Control Center REP Reporting Point
repl replace RSC Runway Surface Condition
reps repairs RSDU Radar Storm Detection Unit
req request RSE Runway Starter Extension/

Starter Strip
RETIL Rapid Exit Taxiway Indicator
Light RSP Responder (beacon)
RF Radius to Fix RSR Route Surveillance Radar
RFP Replacement Flight Plan RSRS Reduced Same Runway

Separation
rg range
rstd restricted
Rgn Region
R/T Radiotelephony
Rgnl Regional
RTB Return to Base
rgt right
rte route
rlgd realigned
RTF Radiotelephone
RLLS Runway Lead-in Light
System RTG radio telegraph
rmk remark RTR Remote Transmitter Receiver
RNAV Area Navigation RTT radio teletypewriter
rng range, radio range ruf rough
RNP Required Navigation rufness roughness

Performance
RV Rescue Vessel
ROC rate of climb
RVR Runway Visual Range
ROFOR Route Forecast (in
international MET figure RVSM Reduced Vertical Separation
code) Minima
RON Remain Overnight RVV Runway Visibility Value
Rot Lt or Bcn Rotating Light or Beacon R/W Rotary/Wing
RPA Remotely Piloted Aircraft rwy runway
RPI Runway Point of Intercept RwyCC Runway Condition Code
rpt repeat S
rpt report
S Straight-in-Approach (on
rqr require instrument approach charts)
RR Railroad S South
RRL Runway Remaining Lights S Supersonic (spoken ICAO

ATS route designator)
RRP Runway Reference Point
SAFE-BAR Safeland Barrier
RSC Rescue Sub-Center
SALS Short Approach Lighting
System
SALSF SALS with Sequenced Sep September
Flasher
sepn separation
SAM South American (ICAO
Region) SES Senior Executive Service
SAM Special Air Mission SFA Single Frequency Approach
san sanitary sfc surface
SAR Search and Rescue SFL Sequence Flashing Lights
SAR Special Administrative SFO Simulated Flameout

Region
sgl signal
SARA Search and Rescue Aid
SHAPE Supreme Headquarters
SARPS Standards and Allied Powers Europe
Recommended Practices
SHF Super High Frequency (3000
Sat Saturday to 30000 MHz)
satfy satisfactory SIAP Standard Instrument

Approach Procedure
SAVASI Simplified Abbreviated
Visual Approach Slope SID Standard Instrument
Indicator Departure
SAWRS Supplemental Aviation SIF Selective Identification

Weather Reporting Station Feature
SBA Standard Beam Approach simul simultaneously
SBAS Satellite-Based SIZ Security Identification Zone

Augmentation System
sked schedule
Sbnd Southbound
SM statute miles
sby standby
SMC surface movement control
SCATANA Security Control of Air Traffic
and Air Navigational Aids SMGCS Surface Movement Guidance
& Control System
Sched scheduled services
SMR surface movement radar
SCT Scattered
SOAP Spectrometric Oil Analysis
sctr sector Program
S/D Seadrome SOF Supervisor of Flying
SDF Simplified Directional Facility SR Short Range
SE Southeast SR Slow Speed Low Altitude

Training Route
sec second, section
SR Sunrise
secd secondary
SRA Surveillance Radar Approach
seg segment
SRE Surveillance Radar Element
SELCAL Selective Calling System of GCA (Instrument
Approach Procedures
SEng Single Engine Identification only)
SRR search and rescue region T
SRS Substitute Route Structure
T Ground Transmit
SS Sunset
T Terminal Area Chart
SSALF Simplified Short ALS with
sequenced flashers
T True (after a bearing)
SSALR Simplified Short Approach
TA Transition Altitude
Lighting System with RAIL
TA Transition Area (for chart use
SSALS Simplified Short Approach
only)
Lighting System
TAA Terminal Arrival Area (FAA)
SSB Single Sideband
TAC TACAN (For Instrument
SSR Secondary Surveillance
Approach Procedures Only)
Radar
TACAN Tactical Air Navigation
SST Supersonic Transport
Equipment
STAR Standard Terminal Arrival
TAF Aerodrome (terminal or
alternate) forecast in
std standard
abbreviated form
stn station
TAFOR Aerodrome (terminal or
alternate) forecast in full
STOL Short Take-Off and Landing
form
stor storage
TAFOT Aerodrome Forecast in Units
of English System
str-in Straight-in
TALCE Tanker Airlift Control
stu student
Element
subj subject
TAMET Aerodrome Forecast in Units
of Metric System
sum summer
TAR Terminal Area Surveillance
Sun Sunday
Radar (for NOTAM use only)
sur surround
TAS True Airspeed
survl survival, surveillance
TBA to be activated
suspd suspended
TBI to be inactivated
svc service
TCA Terminal Control Area
svcbl serviceable
TCH Threshold Crossing Height
svcg servicing
TCN Terminal Change Notice
SVFR Special Visual Flight Rules
TCTA Transcontinental Control
Area
SW Southwest
TD Touchdown
swy stopway
TD Transponder
sxn section
TDWR Terminal Doppler Weather
sys system
Radar
TDZ Touchdown Zone trans transmit
TDZE Touchdown Zone Elevation trml terminal

(For Instrument Approach
Procedures Only) trng training
TDZL Touchdown Zone Lights trns transition
temp temperature TRSA Terminal Radar Service Area
TF Terrain Following T-S Terminal Seaplane (FLIP)
tfc traffic TSA Temporary Segregated

Airspace
TFR Terrain Following Radar
TT teletype
TGL touch and go landing
Tue Tuesday
TGS taxiway guidance system
turb turbulence
T-HA Terminal High Altitude (FLIP)
TV Television
thld threshold
twd toward
thou thousand
TWEB Transcribed Weather
THRE Threshold elevation Broadcast
thru through twr tower
Thu Thursday TWX Telegraphic Message
til until twy taxiway
tkof takeoff twyl taxiway link
T-LA Terminal Low Altitude (FLIP) U

TLa Transition Layer
U Upper (spoken ICAO ATS
TLv Transition Level route designator)
tmpry temporary UAB until advised by
TOC tactical operations center UACC Upper Area Control Center

(used outside US)
TODA Take-off Distance Available
UAR Upper Air Route
TORA Take-off Run Available
UAS Unmanned Aerial System/
TP Tire Pressure Unmanned Aircraft System
TPC Tactical Pilotage Chart UAV Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
tr track UC under construction (for chart

use only)
TRA Temporary Reserved
Airspace UCN Urgent Change Notice
TRACON Terminal Radar Approach UDA Upper Advisory Area

Control (FAA)
UDF Ultra High Frequency
tran transient Direction Finder
UFA until further advised USN United States Navy
UFN until further notice USNOF US NOTAM Facility
UHF Ultra High Frequency (300 to UTA Upper Control Area

3000 MHz)
UTC Coordinated Universal Time
UIC Upper Information Center
UTRACC USAFE Tanker Recce Airlift
UIR Upper Flight Information Control Center
Region
V
unauthd unauthorized
unavbl unavailable V Defense Switching Network

(telephone formerly
unctl uncontrolled AUTOVON)
unk unknown V VOR Federal Airway

unlcig unlimited ceiling
VAL Visiting Aircraft Line
unlgtd unlighted
var magnetic variation
unltd unlimited
VASI Visual Approach Slope
unmrk unmarked Indicator
unmto unmonitored VCIA Vehicle Component Impact

Area
unrel unreliable
vcnty vicinity
unrstd unrestricted
VCOA Visual Climb Over Airport
unsatfy unsatisfactory (FAA)
unsked unscheduled VDA Vertical Descent Angle
unsvc unserviceable VDF Very High Frequency

Direction Finder
unuse unusable
VDP visual descent point
USA United States Army, United
States of America veh vehicle
USAF United States Air Force vert vertical
USAFE United States Air Force in VFC Visual Flight Conditions

Europe
VFR Visual Flight Rules
USAFIB US Army Flight Information
Bulletin VFR-S FLIP VFR Supplement
USAP US Antarctic Program VGSI Visual Glide Slope Indicating

System
USB Upper Side Band
VHF Very High Frequency (30 to
USBER US Mission Berlin 300 MHz)
USCG United States Coast Guard via by way of
USMC United States Marine Corps VIP Very Important Person
USMTM US Military Training Mission vis visibility

VLF Very Low Frequency Wg Wing
VMC Visual Meteorological WGS World Geodetic System

Conditions
wi within
VNAV Vertical Navigation
wid width
VOIP Voice Over Internet Protocol
WIE with immediate effect
VOLMET Meteorological Information
for Aircraft in Flight win winter
VOR VHF Omnirange WIP work in progress
VORTAC VOR and TACAN wk week

Navigational Facilities -
collocated wkd weekday
VOT VOR receiver testing facility wkend weekend
VR VFR Military Training Route wkly weekly
vrb variable wng warning
vsp vertical speed wo without
V/STOL Vertical and Short Take-Off WPM Words per minute

and Landing aircraft
WPT waypoint (RNAV)
VTOL vertical takeoff and landing
WSP Weather System Processor
V/V Vertical Velocity
wt weight
W
W/T Wireless Telegraphy
W Warning Area (followed by wx weather

identification)
WxR Weather Radar
W Watts, West, White
WAAS Wide Area Augmentation X

System
x cross
WAC World Aeronautical Chart
xbar crossbar
wbar with bar lights
Y
Wbnd Westbound
WCH Wheel Crossing Height Y Yellow
WDI wind direction indicator YCZ yellow caution zone
wdspr widespread yd yard
Wed Wednesday YG Yellow-Green Beacon
WEF With Effect From yr year
WEF Effective From Z

WEPS Weapons
Z Greenwich Mean Time (time
groups only)
Z VHF Station Location Marker
ZI Zone of Interior
2. STATE/PROVENCE/COUNTRY ("FIPS/GENC") - are shown by an abbreviation.
Beginning in 2014 the FIPS country codes will be replaced by the GENC country
codes. NOTE: Both the FIPS code and GENC code will be shown for each Enroute
Supplement entry (e.g. Aruba...AA/AW, Belgium...BE/BE) until further notice.
Country FIPS GENC Country FIPS GENC

AFGHANISTAN AF AF COSTA RICA CS CR
AKROTIRI AX QZ CÔTE D’IVOIRE IV CI
ALBANIA AL AL CROATIA HR HR
ALGERIA AG DZ CUBA CU CU
AMERICAN SAMOA AQ AS CUBA CU A2
ANDORRA AN AD CURAÇAO UC CW
ANGOLA AO AO CYPRUS CY CY
ANGUILLA AV AI CZECH REPUBLIC EZ CZ
ANTARCTICA AY AQ DENMARK DA DK
ANTIGUA AND DHEKELIA DX XD
BARBUDA AC AG DJIBOUTI DJ DJ
ARGENTINA AR AR DOMINICA DO DM
ARMENIA AM AM DOMINICAN REPUBLIC DR DO
ARUBA AA AW ECUADOR EC EC
ASHMORE AND EGYPT EG EG
EL SALVADOR ES SV
CARTIER ISLANDS AT XA EQUATORIAL GUINEA EK GQ
AUSTRALIA AS AU ERITREA ER ER
AUSTRIA AU AT ESTONIA EN EE
AZERBAIJAN AJ AZ ETHIOPIA ET ET
BAHAMAS, THE BF BS ETOROFU, HABOMAI,
BAHRAIN BA BH
BAKER ISLAND FQ XB KUNASHIRI, AND
BANGLADESH BG BD SHIKOTAN ISLANDS PJ QP
BARBADOS BB BB EUROPA ISLAND EU XE
BASSAS DA INDIA BS QS FALKLAND ISLANDS
BELARUS BO BY (ISLAS MALVINAS) FK FK
BELGIUM BE BE FAROE ISLANDS FO FO
BELIZE BH BZ FIJI FJ FJ
BENIN BN BJ FINLAND FI FI
BERMUDA BD BM FRANCE FR FR
BHUTAN BT BT FRENCH GUIANA FG GF
BOLIVIA BL BO FRENCH POLYNESIA FP PF
BOSNIA AND FRENCH SOUTHERN
HERZEGOVINA BK BA AND ANTARCTIC
BOTSWANA BC BW LANDS FS TF
BOUVET ISLAND BV BV GABON GB GA
BRAZIL BR BR GAMBIA, THE GA GM
BRITISH INDIAN OCEAN GAZA STRIP GZ XG
TERRITORY IO IO GAZA STRIP GZ PS
BRUNEI BX BN GEORGIA GG GE
BULGARIA BU BG GERMANY GM DE
BURKINA FASO UV BF GHANA GH GH
BURMA BM MM GIBRALTAR GI GI
BURUNDI BY BI GLORIOSO ISLANDS GO QX
CAMBODIA CB KH GREECE GR GR
CAMEROON CM CM GREENLAND GL GL
CANADA CA CA GRENADA GJ GD
CAPE VERDE CV CV GUADELOUPE GP GP
CAYMAN ISLANDS CJ KY GUAM GQ GU
CENTRAL AFRICAN GUATEMALA GT GT
REPUBLIC CT CF GUERNSEY GK GG
CHAD CD TD GUINEA GV GN
CHILE CI CL GUINEA-BISSAU PU GW
CHINA CH CN GUYANA GY GY
CHRISTMAS ISLAND KT CX HAITI HA HT
CLIPPERTON ISLAND IP CP HEARD ISLAND AND
COCOS (KEELING) MCDONALD ISLANDS HM HM
ISLANDS CK CC HONDURAS HO HN
COLOMBIA CO CO HONG KONG HK HK
COMOROS CN KM HOWLAND ISLAND HQ XH
CONGO (BRAZZAVILLE) CF CG HUNGARY HU HU
CONGO (KINSHASA) CG CD ICELAND IC IS
COOK ISLANDS CW CK INDIA IN IN
CORAL SEA ISLANDS CR XC INDONESIA ID ID
Country FIPS GENC Country FIPS GENC
IRAN IR IR OMAN MU OM
IRAQ IZ IQ PAKISTAN PK PK
IRELAND EI IE PALAU PS PW
ISLE OF MAN IM IM PALMYRA ATOLL LQ XL
ISRAEL IS IL PANAMA PM PA
ITALY IT IT PAPUA NEW GUINEA PP PG
JAMAICA JM JM PARACEL ISLANDS PF XP
JAN MAYEN JN XJ PARAGUAY PA PY
JAPAN JA JP PERU PE PE
JARVIS ISLAND DQ XQ PHILIPPINES RP PH
JERSEY JE JE PITCAIRN ISLANDS PC PN
JOHNSTON ATOLL JQ XU POLAND PL PL
JORDAN JO JO PORTUGAL PO PT
JUAN DE NOVA ISLAND JU QU PUERTO RICO RQ PR
KAZAKHSTAN KZ KZ QATAR QA QA
KENYA KE KE REUNION RE RE
KINGMAN REEF KQ XM ROMANIA RO RO
KIRIBATI KR KI RUSSIA RS RU
KOREA, NORTH KN KP RWANDA RW RW
KOREA, SOUTH KS KR SAINT BARTHELEMY TB BL
KOSOVO KV XK SAINT HELENA,
KUWAIT KU KW ASCENSION, AND
KYRGYZSTAN KG KG TRISTAN DA CUNHA SH SH
LAOS LA LA SAINT KITTS AND NEVIS SC KN
LATVIA LG LV SAINT LUCIA ST LC
LEBANON LE LB SAINT MARTIN RN MF
LESOTHO LT LS SAINT PIERRE AND
LIBERIA LI LR MIQUELON SB PM
LIBYA LY LY SAINT VINCENT AND
LIECHTENSTEIN LS LI
LITHUANIA LH LT THE GRENADINES VC VC
LUXEMBOURG LU LU SAMOA WS WS
MACAU MC MO SAN MARINO SM SM
MACEDONIA MK MK SAO TOME AND
MADAGASCAR MA MG PRINCIPE TP ST
MALAWI MI MW SAUDI ARABIA SA SA
MALAYSIA MY MY SENEGAL SG SN
MALDIVES MV MV SERBIA RI RS
MALI ML ML SEYCHELLES SE SC
MALTA MT MT SIERRA LEONE SL SL
MARSHALL ISLANDS RM MH SINGAPORE SN SG
MARTINIQUE MB MQ SINT MAARTEN NN SX
MAURITANIA MR MR SLOVAKIA LO SK
MAURITIUS MP MU SLOVENIA SI SI
MAYOTTE MF YT SOLOMON ISLANDS BP SB
MEXICO MX MX SOMALIA SO SO
MICRONESIA, SOUTH AFRICA SF ZA
FEDERATED STATES OF FM FM SOUTH GEORGIA AND
MIDWAY ISLANDS MQ QM SOUTH SANDWICH
MOLDOVA MD MD ISLANDS SX GS
MONACO MN MC SOUTH SUDAN OD SS
MONGOLIA MG MN SPAIN SP ES
MONTENEGRO MJ ME SPRATLY ISLANDS PG XS
MONTSERRAT MH MS SRI LANKA CE LK
MOROCCO MO MA SUDAN SU SD
MOZAMBIQUE MZ MZ SURINAME NS SR
NAMIBIA WA NA SVALBARD SV XR
NAURU NR NR SWAZILAND WZ SZ
NAVASSA ISLAND BQ XV SWEDEN SW SE
NEPAL NP NP SWITZERLAND SZ CH
NETHERLANDS NL NL SYRIA SY SY
NETHERLANDS NL BQ TAIWAN TW TW
NEW CALEDONIA NC NC TAJIKISTAN TI TJ
NEW ZEALAND NZ NZ TANZANIA TZ TZ
NICARAGUA NU NI THAILAND TH TH
NIGER NG NE TIMOR-LESTE TT TL
NIGERIA NI NG TOGO TO TG
NIUE NE NU TOKELAU TL TK
NORFOLK ISLAND NF NF TONGA TN TO
NORTHERN MARIANA TRINIDAD AND
ISLANDS CQ MP TOBAGO TD TT
NORWAY NO NO TROMELIN ISLAND TE XT
Country FIPS GENC
TUNISIA TS TN
TURKEY TU TR
TURKMENISTAN TX TM
TURKS AND CAICOS
ISLANDS TK TC
TUVALU TV TV
UGANDA UG UG
UKRAINE UP UA
UNITED ARAB
EMIRATES AE AE
UNITED KINGDOM UK GB
UNITED STATES US US
URUGUAY UY UY
UZBEKISTAN UZ UZ
VANUATU NH VU
VATICAN CITY VT VA
VENEZUELA VE VE
VIETNAM VM VN
VIRGIN ISLANDS,
BRITISH VI VG
VIRGIN ISLANDS, U.S. VQ VI
WAKE ISLAND WQ QW
WALLIS AND FUTUNA WF WF
WEST BANK WE XW
WEST BANK WE PS
WESTERN SAHARA WI EH
YEMEN YM YE
ZAMBIA ZA ZM
ZIMBABWE ZI ZW
3. NOTAM CODE -
(ICAO DOC 8400)
a. The ICAO NOTAM Code is published to enable the coding of information regarding the
establishment, condition or change of radio aids, aerodromes and lighting facilities, dangers to
aircraft in flight, or search and rescue facilities. Encoding facilitates the dissemination of NOTAMs
by reducing the transmission time over telecommunication channels and eliminating translation.
The transmission of NOTAM over the international aeronautical telecommunication service is
governed by the appropriate sections of the current "Communication Procedures" and
Aeronautical Information Services Procedures. The former contains information on the acceptability
of and priority to be accorded to NOTAM for transmission over the international aeronautical
telecommunication service, the latter has full instructions on the textual format and contents of
NOTAM.
b. All NOTAM Code groups contain a total of five letters:
(1) The first letter of the Code group is always the letter Q to indicate that it is a Code
abbreviation for use in the composition of NOTAM. The letter Q has been chosen to avoid
conflict with any assigned radio call sign.
(2) The second and third letters identify the subject reported upon and
(3) The fourth and fifth letters denote its status of operation. The code identifying the
subject or denoting its status of operation is, whenever possible, self-evident. Where more than
one subject could be identified by the same self- evident code the most important subject is
chosen.
(a) Facilities, services and other information which require coding have been
classified by subject into sections and subsections. The second letter of the code group, which may
be any letter of the alphabet except Q, indicates the subject subsections as follows:
AGA (Aerodromes)
LIGHTING facilities -L
MOVEMENT and landing area -M
FACILITIES and services -F
CNS (Communications, Navigation and Surveillance)
COMMUNICATION and radar facilities -C

INSTRUMENT and microwave landing systems -I
terminal and enroute NAVIGATION facilities -N
GNSS services -G
ATM (Air Traffic Management)
AIRSPACE organization -A
air traffic and VOLMET SERVICES -S
air traffic PROCEDURES -P
Navigation Warnings
airspace RESTRICTIONS -R
WARNINGS -W
Other information
OTHER information -O
(b) The fourth letter of the code group, which may be any letter of the alphabet
except Q, indicates status subsections as follows:
A Availability
C Changes
H Hazard conditions
L Limitations
XX Other
c. The significations assigned to NOTAM Code groups are to be amplified or completed

where necessary by the addition of appropriate location indicators, name of station, geographical
coordinates, abbreviations, frequencies, call signs or figures. ICAO abbreviations are to be used in
preference to plain language wherever possible. The information necessary to complete a
signification, as indicated between parentheses, shall be given as applicable. For amplification of
the NOTAM Code as necessary to complete a signification the following applies:
(1) amplifications relating to the second and third letters (subject of the NOTAM)
must precede the NOTAM Code.
(2) amplifications relating to the fourth and fifth letters (status of operation) must
follow the NOTAM Code.
Examples (as applicable to Item E) of the NOTAM Class I format:
(a) The touchdown zone lights of RWY 27 are not available due to power failure.
Coded version:
E) RWY 27 QLZAU DUE POWER FAILURE.
(b) The taxiway edge lights of TWY B are obscured by snow.
Coded version:
E) TWY B QLYHO.
(c) On the strip of RWY 09/27 snow banks to a height of 15 ft exist.
Coded version:
E) RWY 09/27 QMWHY 15 FT
(d) The minimum safe altitude in sector 90° to 180° inbound VOR ident DOM
changed to 3600 ft AMSL.
Coded version:
E) MSA 90 TO 180 DEG INBOUND VOR DOM QAACH 3600 FT AMSL
d. Five (5) letter NOTAM Code groups are formed in the following manner:
(1) FIRST LETTER
(a) The letter Q (See paragraph b.)
(2) SECOND AND THIRD LETTERS
(a) The appropriate combination of two letters selected from the "Second and
Third Letters" section of the Code to identify the facility, service or danger to aircraft in flight being
reported upon. (See paragraph b. (3) (a).
(3) FOURTH AND FIFTH LETTERS
(a) The appropriate combination of two letters selected from the "Fourth and Fifth
Letters" section of the Code to denote the status of operation of the facility, service or danger to
aircraft in flight reported upon. (See paragraph b. (3) (b)).
e. The NOTAM Code is to be used in conjunction with the NOTAM Class I format. The
subject matter of the NOTAM will be subdivided into items identified by the letters A through G
inclusive, each followed by a closing parenthesis. If there is no information for entry against a
particular item, that item/identifier is omitted. The content of each item is:
ITEM CONTENT
A) ICAO location identifier of the aerodrome or FIR in which the facility,

airspace, or condition being reported on is located. More than one FIR/UIR
may be indicated when appropriate.
B) Date/time group consisting of 8 figures, indicating the beginning of the
period of validity giving month, day and hour in UTC or with immediate
effect (WIE).
C) Approximate duration (APRX DUR) of the period of validity, or permanent
(PERM), or until further notice (UFN), or date/time group giving month, day
and hour in UTC.
D) Specified periods (if applicable) of activity of hazard, status or condition
being reported on, within the period of validity.
E) Text of the NOTAM coded, amplified or completed as necessary. Plain
language will be used when suitable NOTAM Code groups are not available.
ICAO abbreviations will be used when appropriate.
F) Lower limit of Navigation Warnings/Airspace Reservations if applicable.
G) Upper limit applicable to Item F).
NOTE: The use of this NOTAM format requires that each NOTAM deals with one subject
and one condition concerning this subject only.
f. Examples of NOTAM Class I:
(1) The Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) at Paris/Orly not available on the 31st
day of March at 2359 UTC until the 1st day of April at 0600 UTC.
NOTAM Class I:
A) LFPO B) 03312359 C) 04010600 E) QNDAU
Explanation:
Item A) ICAO location indicator identifying Paris/Orly, the location of the facility being reported
on.
Item B) Date/time group of the beginning of the period of validity in which the facility is not
available.
Item C) Date/time group of the end of the period of validity in which the facility is not available.
Item E) The letter "Q" identifies the five letter Code group as the NOTAM Code group. Second
and third letter "ND" identifying "Distance measuring equipment (DME)". Fourth and fifth letter
"AU" denoting that the facility is not available.
(2) In the Montreal FIR gun firing will take place on the 21st day of February from
0800 hours UTC until 1100 hours UTC within an area of 10 nautical miles radius around the
location 45°37' North, 74°00' West from the surface up to an altitude of 6,100 meters (20,000
feet).
NOTAM Class I:
A) CZUL B) 02210800 C) 02211100

E) QWMLW RADIUS 10 NM AROUND 453700N 740000W
F) SFC G) 6100 M (20000 FT)
4. THE NOTAM CODE - DECODE
SECOND AND THIRD LETTERS LT Threshold lights (specify

runway)
Code Signification
LU Helicopter approach path
AGA indicator
Lighting facilities (L)
LV Visual Approach Slope
LA Approach lighting system Indicator system (VASI)
(specify runway and type) (specify type and runway)
LB Aerodrome beacon LW Heliport lighting
LC Runway center line lights LX Taxiway center line lights

(specify runway) (specify taxiway)
LD Landing direction indicator LY Taxiway edge lights (specify

lights taxiway)
LE Runway edge lights (specify LZ Runway touchdown zone

runway) lights (specify runway)
LF Sequenced flashing lights AGA

(specify runway) Movement and landing area (M)
LG Pilot-controlled lighting MA Movement area
LH High intensity runway lights MB Bearing strength (specify

(specify runway) part of landing area or
movement area)
LI Runway end identifier lights
(specify runway) MC Clearway (specify runway)
LJ Runway alignment indicator MD Declared distances (specify

lights (specify runway) runway)
LK Category II components of MG Taxiing guidance system

approach lighting system
(specify runway) MH Runway arresting gear
(specify runway)
LL Low intensity runway lights
(specify runway) MK Parking area
LM Medium intensity runway MM Daylight markings (specify

lights (specify runway) threshold, center line, etc.)
LP Precision Approach Path MN Apron

Indicator (PAPI) (specify
runway) MO Stopbar (specify taxiway)
LR All landing area lighting MP Aircraft stands (specify)

facilities
MR Runway (specify runway)
LS Stopway lights (specify
runway) MS Stopway (specify runway)
MT Threshold (specify runway)

MU Runway turning bay (specify CB Automatic dependent
runway) surveillance - broadcast
(details)
MW Strip/shoulder (specify
runway) CC Automatic dependent
surveillance - contract
MX Taxiway(s) (specify) (details)
MY Rapid exit taxiway (specify) CD Controller-pilot data link

communications (details)
AGA
Facilities and services (F) CE Enroute surveillance radar
FA Aerodrome CG Ground Controlled

Approach system (GCA)
FB Friction Measuring Device
CL Selective Calling system
FC Ceiling measurement (SELCAL)
equipment
CM Surface movement radar
FD Docking system (specify
AGNIS, BOLDS, etc.) CP Precision Approach
Radar(PAR) (specify runway)
FE Oxygen (specify type)
CR Surveillance radar element of
FF Fire fighting and rescue precision approach radar
system (specify wavelength)
FG Ground movement control
CS Secondary Surveillance
FH Helicopter alighting area/ Radar (SSR)
platform
CT Terminal Area Surveillance
FI Aircraft de-icing (specify) Radar (TAR)
FJ Oils (specify type) CNS

Instrument and microwave landing
FL Landing direction indicator systems (I)
FM Meteorological service IC Instrument Landing System

(specify type) (ILS)
FO Fog dispersal system ID DME associated with ILS
FP Heliport IG Glide path (ILS) (specify

runway)
FS Snow removal equipment
II Inner marker (ILS) (specify
FT Transmissometer (specify runway)
runway and,where
applicable,designator(s) of IL Localizer (ILS) (specify
transmissometer(s) runway)
FU Fuel availability IM Middle marker (ILS) (specify

runway)
FW Wind direction indicator
IN Localizer (not associated
FZ Customs/immigration with ILS)
CNS IO Outer marker (ILS) (specify

Communications and surveillance facilities runway)
(C)
IS ILS Category I (specify
CA Air/ground facility (specify runway)
service and frequency)
IT ILS Category II (specify AD Air Defense Identification
runway) Zone (ADIZ)
IU ILS Category III (specify AE Control Area (CTA)

runway)
AF Flight Information Region
IW Microwave Landing System (FIR)
(MLS) (specify runway)
AH Upper control area (UTA)
IX Locator, outer (ILS) (specify
runway) AL Minimum usable flight level
IY Locator, middle (ILS) (specify AN Area navigation route

runway)
AO Oceanic Control Area (OCA)
CNS
GNSS services (G) AP Reporting point (specify
name or coded designator)
GA GNSS airfield-specific
operations (specify AR ATS route (specify)
operation)
AT Terminal Control Area
GW GNSS area-wide operations
(specify operation) AU Upper flight information
region (UIR)
CNS
Terminal and enroute navigation AV Upper advisory area (UDA)
facilities (N)
AX Significant point
NA All radio navigation facilities
(except . . . ) AZ Aerodrome traffic zone
NB Non-directional radio ATM

beacon) Air traffic and VOLMET services (S)
NC DECCA SA Automatic Terminal

Information Service (ATIS)
ND Distance Measuring
Equipment (DME) SB ATS reporting office
NF Fan marker SC Area Control Center (ACC
NL Locator (specify SE Flight Information Service

identification) (FIS)
NM VOR/DME SF Aerodrome Flight

Information Service (AFIS)
NN TACAN
SL Flow control center
NT VORTAC
SO Oceanic Area Control Center
NV VOR (OAC)
NX Direction finding station SP Approach control service

(specify type and frequency) (APP)
ATM SS Flight Service Station (FSS)

Airspace organization (A)
ST Aerodrome control tower
AA Minimum altitude (specify (TWR)
enroute/crossing/safe)
SU Upper area control center
AC Control Zone (UAC)
SV VOLMET broadcast RM Military operating area
SY Upper advisory service RO Overflying of . . . (specify)

(specify)
RR Restricted area (specify
ATM national prefix and number)
Air traffic procedures (P)
RT Temporary restricted area
PA Standard instrument arrival (Specify area)
(STAR) (specify route
designator) Navigation Warnings - Warnings (W)
PB Standard VFR arrival WA Air display
PC Contingency procedures WB Aerobatics
PD Standard Instrument WC Captive balloon or kite

Departure (SID) (specify
route designator) WD Demolition of explosives
PE Standard VFR departure WE Exercises (specify)
PF Flow control procedure WF Air refueling
PH Holding procedure WG Glider flying
PI Instrument approach WH Blasting

procedure (specify type and
runway) WJ Banner/target towing
PK VFR approach procedure WL Ascent of free balloon
PL Flight plan processing, filing WM Missile, gun or rocket firing

and related contingency
WP Parachute Jumping Exercise,
PM Aerodrome operating paragliding, or hang gliding
minima (specify procedure
and amended minimum) WR Radioactive materials or
toxic chemicals (specify)
PN Noise operating restrictions
WS Burning or blowing gas
PO Obstacle clearance altitude
and height (specify WT Mass movement of aircraft
procedure)
WU Unmanned aircraft
PR Radio failure procedure
WV Formation flight
PT Transition altitude and
transition level (specify) WW Significant volcanic activity
PU Missed approach procedure WY Aerial survey

(specify runway)
WZ Model flying
PX Minimum holding altitude
(specify fix) Other Information (O)
PZ ADIZ procedure OA Aeronautical information

service
Navigation Warnings - Airspace
Restrictions (R) OB Obstacle (specify details)
RA Airspace reservation OE Aircraft entry requirements

(specify)
OL Obstacle lights on . . . CD Deactivated
(specify)
CE Erected
OR Rescue coordination center
CF Frequency changed to
FOURTH AND FIFTH LETTERS
CG Downgraded to
Code Signification
CH Changed
Availability (A)
CI Identification or radio call
AC Withdrawn for maintenance sign changed to
AD Available for daylight CL Realigned

operation
CM Displaced
AF Flight checked and found
reliable CN Cancelled
AG Operating but ground CO Operating

checked only, awaiting flight
check CP Operating on reduced
power
AH Hours of service are now
CR Temporarily replaced by
AK Resumed normal operation
CS Installed
AL Operative (or reoperative)
subject to previously CT On test, do not use
published limitations/
conditions Hazard Conditions (H)
AM Military operations only HA Braking action is . . .

1) Poor
AN Available for night operation 2) Medium/Poor
3) Medium
AO Operational 4) Medium/Good
5) Good
AP Available, prior permission
required HB Braking coefficient is . . .
(specify measurement device
AR Available on request used)
AS Unserviceable HC Covered by compacted

snow to a depth of
AU Not available (specify reason
if appropriate) HD Covered by dry snow to a
depth of
AW Completely withdrawn
HE Covered by water to a depth
AX Previously promulgated of
shutdown has been canceled
HF Totally free of snow and ice
Changes (C)
HG Grass cutting in progress
CA Activated
HH Hazard due to (specify)
CC Completed
HI Covered by ice
HJ Launch planned . . . HZ Covered by frozen ruts and
(specify balloon flight ridges
identification or project code
name, launch site, planned Limitation (L)
period of launch(es) - date/
time, expected climb LA Operating on auxilliary
direction, estimate time to power supply
pass 18,000 m (60,000 ft), or
reaching cruising level if at LB Reserved for aircraft based
or below 18,000 m (60,000 therein
ft), together with estimated
location) LC Closed
HK Migration in progress LD Unsafe
HL Snow clearance completed LE Operating without auxilliary

power supply
HM Marked by
LF Interference from
HN Covered by wet snow or
slush to a depth of LG Operating without
identification
HO Obscured by snow
LH Unserviceable for aircraft
HP Snow clearance in progress heavier than
HQ Operations Cancelled LI Closed for IFR operations
HR Standing water LK Operating as a fixed light
HS Sanding LL Usable for length of . . .

and width of . . .
HT Approach according to
signal area only LN Closed to all night
operations
HU Launch in progress . . .
(specify balloon flight LP Prohibited to
identification or project code
name, launch site, date/time LR Aircraft restricted to
of launch(es), estimated time runways and taxiways
passing 18,000 m (60,000 ft),
or reaching cruising level if LS Subject to interruption
at or below 18,000 m
(60,000 ft), together with LT Limited to
estimated location,
estimated date/time of LV Closed to VFR operations
termination of the flight and
planned location of ground LW Will take place
contact, when applicable)
LX Operating but caution
HV Work completed advised due to
HW Work in progress TT Hazard
HX Concentration of birds OTHERS (XX)
HY Snow banks exist XX Plain language

(specify height)
5. NATIONAL FLIGHT DATA CENTER (NFDC) FDC NOTAM CONTRACTIONS -

This listing contains contractions used by the FAA’s NFDC in FDC NOTAMs. These contractions will
not be used in the DoD FLIP or NOTAM Systems. These contractions appear in the FAA Notices to
Airmen Book.
A CDSA Class D Surface Area
AADC Approach and Departure CEAS Class E Airspace

Control
CESA Class E Surface Area
A/C Approach Control
CFA Controlled Firing Area
ACCUM Accumulate
CGAS Class G Airspace
ACR Air Carrier
CLKWS Clockwise
ACT Restricted Area
CMSN/ Commission/
ACTV/ACTVT Active/Activate CMSND Commissioned
ADZ/ADZA Advise/Advised CNCL/ Cancel/Canceled/Cancel

CNCLD/CNL
AFD Airport Facility Directory
CNTRLN Centerline
AFSS Automated Flight Service
Station D
ALTM Altimeter DALGT Daylight
ALSTG Altimeter Setting DCMS/ Decommission/

DCMSND Decommissioned
AP Airport
DISABLD Disabled
APL Airport Lights
DLA/DLAD Delay/Delayed
AP LGT Airport Lighting
DMNST Demonstration
ARFF Aircraft Rescue & Fire
Fighting DPCR Departure Procedure
ATCT Airport Traffic Control Tower DRFT/DRFTD Drift/Drifted Snowbanks

(Caused by wind action)
AZM Azimuth
DSTC Distance
B
DWPNT Dew Point
BERM Snowbank(s) Containing
Earth/Gravel E
BLO Below EFAS Enroute Flight Advisory

Service
BND Bound
ENTR Entire
C
EXCP Except
CAAS Class A Airspace
F
CBAS Class B Airspace
FA Final Approach
CBSA Class B Surface Area
FRH Fly Runway Heading
CCAS Class C Airspace
FRZN Frozen
CCSA Class C Surface Area
G
CD Clearance Delivery
GP Glide Slope
CDAS Class D Airspace
H PSGR Passenger
HEL Helicopter PT/PTN Procedure Turn
HELI Heliport R
HP Holding Pattern REP Report
I RMDR Remainder
IBND Inbound RQRD Required
ID Identification RSVN Reservation
L RT Right Turn After Take-off
LAA Local Airport Advisory RTS Return to Service
LAWRS Limited Aviation Weather RVRM RVR Midpoint

Reporting Station
RVRR RVR Rollout
LC Local Control
RVRT RVR Touchdown
LNDG Landing
RVV Runway Visibility Value
LO Compass Locator
S
LT Left Turn After Take-off
SECRA Secondary Radar
M
SI Straight-In Approach
MMM Minimum
SND Sand/Sanded
MONTR Monitor
SNGL Single
MSAW Minimum Safe Altitude
Warning SNW Snow
N T
NMR Nautical Mile Radius TDWR Terminal Doppler Wx Radar
O TEMPO Temporary
OBSTN Obstruction TFR Temporary Flight

Restrictions
OPER Operate
TNH Thin
OVR Over
THR Threshold
P
TRSN Transition
PAEW Personnel and Equipment
Working TSNT Transient
PAJA Parachute Jumping Activities U
PCL Pilot Controlled Lighting UNMKD Unmarked
PLW Plow/Plowed UNMNT Unmonitored
PRIRA Primary Radar UNRELBL Unreliable
PROP Propeller UNUSBL Unusable

V WND Wind
VICE Instead of/Versus WP Waypoint
W WTR Water on Runway(s)
WKDAYS Weekdays (Mon-Fri)

SIGNALS INITIATED BY INTERCEPTED AIRCRAFT AND
RESPONSES BY INTERCEPTING AIRCRAFT
INTERCEPTED INTERCEPTING
SIGNALS RESPONSE
4 DAY or NIGHT - Raising landing Airport You DAY or NIGHT - If it Understood

gear (if fitted) and flashing landing have is desired that the follow me.
lights while passing over runway in designated is intercepted aircraft
use or helicopter landing area at a inadequate. follow the
height exceeding 300 m (1000 ft) intercepting aircraft
but not exceeding 600 m (2000 ft) to an alternate
(in the case of a helicopter, at a airport, the
height exceeding 50 m (170 ft) but intercepting aircraft
not exceeding 100 m (330 ft) above raises its landing
the airport level, and continuing to gear (if fitted) and
circle runway in use or helicopter uses the Series 1
landing area. If unable to flash signals prescribed
landing lights, flash any other lights for intercepting
available. aircraft.
If it is decided to Understood
release the you may
intercepted aircraft, proceed.
the intercepting
aircraft uses the
Series 2 signals
prescribed for
intercepting aircraft.
5 DAY or NIGHT - Regular switching Cannot DAY or NIGHT - Use Understood
on and off of all available lights but comply. Series 2 signals
in such a manner as to be distinct prescribed for
from flahsing lights. intercepting aircraft.
6 DAY or NIGHT - Irregular flashing of In distress. DAY or NIGHT - Use Understood
all available lights. Series 2 signals
prescribed for
intercepting aircraft.
ACTION BY INTERCEPTED AIRCRAFT

1. The word “interception” in this context does not include intercept and escort service
provided, on request, to an aircraft in distress, in accordance with the Search and Rescue Manaul
(Doc 7333).
2. An aircraft which is intercepted by another aircraft shall immediately:
a. follow the instructions given by the intercepting aircraft, interpreting and responding to
visual signals;
b. notify, if possible, the appropriate air traffic services unit;
c. attempt to establish radio communication with the appropriate intercept control unit, by
making a general call on the emergency frequency 121.5 MHz, giving the identity of the intercepted
aircraft and the nature of the flight; and if no contact has been established and if practicable,
repeating this call on the emergency frequency 243 MHz;
d. if equipped with SSR transponder select Mode 3/A Code 7700, unless otherwise
instructed by the appropriate air traffic services unit.
3. If any instructions received by radio from any sources conflict with those given by the
intercepting aircraft by visual or radio signals, the intercepted aircraft shall request immediate
clarification while continuing to comply with the instructions given by the intercepting aircraft.
INTERCEPTION SIGNALS - ICAO STANDARD
FOR COUNTRY EXCEPTIONS TO ICAO STANDARD
SEE SECTION A
(ICAO ANNEX 2, RULES OF THE AIR, NOV 05)
SIGNALS INITIATED BY INTERCEPTING AIRCRAFT AND
RESPONSES BY INTERCEPTED AIRCRAFT
SIGNALS RESPONSE
1 DAY or NIGHT - Rocking aircraft You have DAY or NIGHT - Understood,

and flashing navigational lights at been Rocking aircraft, will comply.
irregular intervals (and landing lights intercepted. flashing navigational
in the case of a helicopter) from a Follow me. lights at irregular
position slightly above and ahead intervals and
of, and normally to the left of, the following.
intercepted aircraft (or to the right if
the intercepted aircraft is a
helicopter) and, after
acknowledgment, a slow level turn,
normally to the left, (or to the right
in the case of a helicopter) on the
desired heading.
NOTE 1: Meteorological conditions NOTE: Additional
or terrain may require the action required to
intercepting aircraft to reverse the be taken by
positions and direction of turn given intercepted aircraft
above in Series 1. is prescribed in
“ACTION BY
INTERCEPTED
AIRCRAFT.”
NOTE 2: If the intercepted aircraft
is not able to keep pace with the
intercepting aircraft, the latter is
expected to fly a series of race-track
patterns and to rock the aircraft
each time it passes the intercepted
aircraft.
2 DAY or NIGHT - An abrupt You may DAY or NIGHT - Understood,
breakaway maneuver from the proceed. Rocking aircraft. will comply.
intercepted aircraft consisting of a
climbing turn of 90 degrees or more
without crossing the line of flight of
the intercepted aircraft.
3 DAY or NIGHT - Lowering landing Land at this DAY or NIGHT - Understood
gear (if fitted), showing steady airport. Lowering landing will comply.
landing lights and overflying runway gear, (if fitted),
in use or, if the intercepted aircraft showing steady
is a helicopter, overflying the landing lights and
helicopter landing area. In the case following the
of helicopters, the intercepting intercepting aircraft
helicopter makes a landing and, if after
approach, coming to hover near to overflying the
the landing area. runway in use or
helicopter landing
area, landing is
considered safe,
proceeding to land.
CONTINUE TO INSIDE BACK COVER

FIH 1 MAR 2018 to 11 OCT 2018

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DoD

FLIGHT INFORMATION PUBLICATION

EFFECTIVE 0001L 1 MAR 2018

Section A: Emergency Procedures SECTION B

Section B: National and International Flight Data and Procedures

Section D: Conversion Tables SECTION D

Section E: Standard Time Signals

Interception Signals ICAO Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Outside Back Cover SECTION F

NGA Aeronautical Services is an ISO 9001:2008 certified organization.

NEW FLIP FEATURES

ELECTRONIC FLIP NOTICE

2. REVISIONS, QUALITY REPORTS, REQUISITIONS, DISTRIBUTION AND SCHEDULES -

4. CUSTOMER HELP - For questions concerning NGA aeronautical products or services,

Aircraft Witnessing Distress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-27

UHF/VOICE VHF/VOICE MF/VOICE HF/CW MF/CW

c. DISTRESS or URGENCY CALL and MESSAGE

(1) Transmit as many of the following elements as necessary:

(a) *Distress, MAYDAY (3 times) or **Urgency, PAN PAN (3 times).

(b) Name of station addressed.

(c) Aircraft identification and type.

(d) Nature of distress or urgency.

(h) Altitude or Flight Level.

(i) Fuel in hours and minutes.

(j) Numbers of persons on board.

(k) Any other information that might be helpful.

(a) ELT status.

(c) Aircraft color.

(d) Emergency equipment available on board.

d. CANCELLATION - When an aircraft is no longer in distress, a cancellation message shall

f. EMERGENCY PROCEDURES UNITED KINGDOM

(2) An Emergency communications and aid service is continuously available on 243.0

(3) States of emergency are internationally classified as being of two standards -

(a) The emergency call is one of the following -

1. Distress - MAYDAY, MAYDAY, MAYDAY, Aircraft Call sign (3 times).

1. Estimated position and time.

2. Heading true and airspeed indicated.

3. Flight level or altitude.

5. Nature of emergency and assistance required.

(b) SAROPS ON/EMERGENCY ON - It is usually necessary to cancel practice

g. UK AIRMISS REPORTING - As soon as possible after being involved in an AIRMISS, the

2. RECOMMENDED PROCEDURES FOR AIRCRAFT IN DISTRESS WHEN

a. Attempt radio contact, if possible.

3. RECOMMENDED PROCEDURES FOR THE INTERCEPTOR AFTER

a. Reduce speed for formation flight or maximum endurance, as required.

b. Attempt radio contact, if possible.

c. Inform controller of contact and follow instructions.

4. TWO-WAY RADIO FAILURE

(1) IFR FLIGHT PLAN

(c) Pilots can expect ATC to attempt to communicate by transmitting on guard

a. By the route assigned in the last ATC clearance received;

d. In the absence of an assigned route or a route that ATC has advised

b. The minimum altitude (converted, if appropriate, to minimum flight

c. The altitude or flight level ATC has advised may be expected in a

3. LEAVE CLEARANCE LIMIT.

a. When the clearance limit is a fix from which an approach begins,

4. RADAR APPROACHES - initiate lost communications procedures if no

a. Attempt contact on a secondary frequency, the previously assigned

b. If unable to re-establish communications and unable to maintain VMC,

c. Maintain the last assigned altitude or the minimum safe/sector altitude