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    Earthwork Quantities: Calculation of Volumes

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    Jane Asasira
    There are three main methods for calculating earthwork volumes: 1) Using spot heights to calculate volumes of individual grid squares and sum them 2) Using cross sections and either the end areas method or prismoidal formula to calculate volumes between sections 3) Calculating plan areas enclosed by contours and using contours as cross sections with end areas or prismoidal methods

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    Earthwork Quantities: Calculation of Volumes

    Uploaded by

    Jane Asasira
    182 views15 pages
    There are three main methods for calculating earthwork volumes: 1) Using spot heights to calculate volumes of individual grid squares and sum them 2) Using cross sections and either the end areas method or prismoidal formula to calculate volumes between sections 3) Calculating plan areas enclosed by contours and using contours as cross sections with end areas or prismoidal methods

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    Areas and Volumes

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    There are three main methods for calculating earthwork volumes: 1) Using spot heights to calculate volumes of individual grid squares and sum them 2) Using cross sections and either the end areas method or prismoidal formula to calculate volumes between sections 3) Calculating plan areas enclosed by contours and using contours as cross sections with end areas or prismoidal methods

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    182 views15 pages

    Earthwork Quantities: Calculation of Volumes

    Uploaded by

    Jane Asasira
    There are three main methods for calculating earthwork volumes: 1) Using spot heights to calculate volumes of individual grid squares and sum them 2) Using cross sections and either the end areas method or prismoidal formula to calculate volumes between sections 3) Calculating plan areas enclosed by contours and using contours as cross sections with end areas or prismoidal methods

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    EARTHWORK QUANTITIES

    Calculation of Volumes
    Volumes of materials can be calculated in a
    number of ways, depending on the project
    concerned. The three major methods involve
    the use of;
    1. Spot heights
    2. Cross section areas
    3. Contours
    EARTHWORK QUANTITIES
    1. Calculating volumes from spot heights
    • Spots heights can be used in the form of grids
    to obtain the volumes of earth to be removed
    during construction.
    • A square, rectangular or triangular grid is
    established on the ground surface and spot
    heights are taken at each grid intersection.
    EARTHWORK QUANTITIES
    1. Calculating volumes from spot heights
    • The formation level at each grid point must
    be known to enable the depth of cut from
    existing to the proposed level at each grid
    intersection to be calculated.
    • Consider a figure showing a 10m square grid
    with the depths of cut marked at each grid
    intersection.
    EARTHWORK QUANTITIES
    1. Calculating volumes from spot heights

    Grid heights Volume calculation for a square grid


    EARTHWORK QUANTITIES
    1. Calculating volumes from spot heights
    • Consider the area contained in the grid square
    h1h2h6h5:
    Volume = mean height x plan area
    Volume = [(4.76 + 5.14 + 4.77 + 3.21)/4] x 100
    = 447 m3
    EARTHWORK QUANTITIES
    1. Calculating volumes from spot heights
    • A similar formula can be applied to each
    individual grid square and this leads to the
    general formula for square and rectangular
    grids.
    • Total volume = (A/4) [ single depths + 2
    double depths + 3 triple depths + 4
    quadruple depths] + V
    EARTHWORK QUANTITIES
    1. Calculating volumes from spot heights
    • Total volume = (A/4) [ single depths + 2
    double depths + 3 triple depths + 4
    quadruple depths] + V
    EARTHWORK QUANTITIES
    2. Calculating volumes from cross sections
    • Two methods are used comparable to the
    trapezoidal rule and Simpson’s rule for areas
    Method i): End Areas method
    • If two cross sectional areas A1 and A2 are a
    horizontal distance d1 apart, the volume
    contained between them V1 is given by:
    EARTHWORK QUANTITIES
    2. Calculating volumes from cross sections
    Method i): End Areas method
    • The general end areas formula for a series of
    N cross-sections is as follows;

    • If d1 = d2 =d3 =dN-1 = d
    •
    EARTHWORK QUANTITIES
    2. Calculating volumes from cross sections
    Method i): End Areas method
    • Note: The end areas method can be applied
    to any number of cross sectional areas and
    will give accurate results if the cross sectional
    areas are of the same order of magnitude.
    EARTHWORK QUANTITIES
    2. Calculating volumes from cross sections
    Method ii): Prismoidal formula
    • The volume contained between a series of
    cross sections a constant horizontal distance
    (d) apart can be approximated by the volume
    of a prismoid, which is a solid figure with
    parallel ends and plane sides.
    EARTHWORK QUANTITIES
    2. Calculating volumes from cross sections
    Method ii): Prismoidal formula

    volume of a prismoid
    • For a series of 3 cross sections A1, A2 and A3,
    the volume V1-3 is given by;
    EARTHWORK QUANTITIES
    2. Calculating volumes from cross sections

    • This is the prismoidal formula and is used for


    earthwork calculations of cuttings and
    embankments and gives a true volume.
    • The general prismoidal formula for N cross-
    sections where N must be odd is;
    EARTHWORK QUANTITIES
    3. Calculating volumes from contours
    • This method is particularly suitable for calculating
    very large volumes such as those of reservoirs,
    dams, etc.
    • The system adopted is to calculate the plan area
    enclosed by each contour (usually measured
    using a planimeter) and then treat this as a cross-
    sectional area.
    • The contour interval provides the distance
    between the cross sections and then either the
    prismoidal method or end areas method is used
    to calculate the volume.
    EARTHWORK QUANTITIES
    3. Calculating volumes from contours
    • Note that if the prismoidal method is to be
    used, the number of contours must be odd.

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