The document discusses key parameters and calculations for determining the performance of cooling towers, including range, approach, effectiveness, cycles of concentration, evaporation loss, drift loss, blowdown rate, and makeup water quantity. Proper monitoring of parameters like temperature, flow rate, water quality, and fan operation is needed to assess cooling tower performance against design values and identify optimization opportunities.
The document discusses key parameters and calculations for determining the performance of cooling towers, including range, approach, effectiveness, cycles of concentration, evaporation loss, drift loss, blowdown rate, and makeup water quantity. Proper monitoring of parameters like temperature, flow rate, water quality, and fan operation is needed to assess cooling tower performance against design values and identify optimization opportunities.
The document discusses key parameters and calculations for determining the performance of cooling towers, including range, approach, effectiveness, cycles of concentration, evaporation loss, drift loss, blowdown rate, and makeup water quantity. Proper monitoring of parameters like temperature, flow rate, water quality, and fan operation is needed to assess cooling tower performance against design values and identify optimization opportunities.
The document discusses key parameters and calculations for determining the performance of cooling towers, including range, approach, effectiveness, cycles of concentration, evaporation loss, drift loss, blowdown rate, and makeup water quantity. Proper monitoring of parameters like temperature, flow rate, water quality, and fan operation is needed to assess cooling tower performance against design values and identify optimization opportunities.
The Cooling towers are specified to cool a certain flow rate from one temperature to another temperature at a certain wet bulb temperature. The primary task of a CT is to reject heat into the atmosphere.
Important parameters in determining the performance of cooling tower with their calculation methodology are as mentioned below:
Range = CT Water Inlet Temperature – CT Water Outlet Temperature
Approach = CT Water Outlet Temperature – Ambient Wet Bulb Temperature Cooling Tower Effectiveness = [Range / (Range + Approach)] (value in terms of percentage) Cycles of concentration (COC): It can be calculated from any of the following formula. Cycles of concentration = Silica in Cooling Water / Silica in Make-up Water Cycles of concentration = Ca Hardness in Cooling Water / Ca Hardness in Make-up water Cycles of concentration = Conductivity of Cooling Water / Conductivity of Make-up water Evaporation Loss (in m3/hr) = 0.00085 * 1.8 * Circulation Rate (in m3/hr) * Range Drift losses (in m3/hr) may be assumed to be: 0.3 to 1.0 percent of Circulating water for a natural draft cooling tower 0.1 to 0.3 percent of Circulating water for an induced draft cooling tower 0.01 percent of Circulating water if the cooling tower has windage drift eliminators Blow Down water quantity (in m3/hr) = Evaporation Loss / (COC – 1) Water make-up quantity (in m3/hr) = Drift Losses + Evaporation Losses + Blow down Losses Water quality parameters measured and monitored are pH, Hardness (Total, Mg, and Ca), M-Alkalinity, TDS, Conductivity, Silica, Chloride, Phosphate (PO4-2), and Iron. COMMON NOTES:
“Approach” is the healthier indicator of cooling tower performance. The efficiency of the tower is more if the CT Approach is less. Higher CT Effectiveness is directly proportional to the better performance of CT. WBT is the controlling factor from the aspect of minimum temperature to which water can be cooled by the evaporative method. The design WBT is determined by the geographical location. The cycle of concentration (COC) is a dimensionless number. It is a ratio between parameter in cooling water to the parameter in Makeup water. (COC limit is generally of 3-7). Evaporation loss is the water evaporated from the circulating water into the atmosphere. Drift from a cooling tower is the water lost due to liquid droplets entrained in the exhaust air. It is independent of water lost by evaporation. Blow down water is the water discharged from the system of cooling tower to control concentration of salts or other impurities in the circulating water. Water added to the circulating water in cooling tower system is to replace water lost by evaporation, blow down, drift, and leakage. Cooling tower mass balance gives an indication about make-up water requirement in system. Cooling Tower Makeup is required due to water losses resulting from Drift, Evaporation & Blow down. Water quality parameters are maintained with the aid of injection of appropriate chemical to the system for scale, corrosion and microbiological growth. PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT:
Cooling tower design data values and curves to be refereed as basis for the assessment. Rated/Design values to be taken up from the manufactures data book/operating manual/data sheet. Both seasonal variations and load side variations to be recorded for monitoring & assessment. Comparison between Rated/Design values and calculated values to be arrived for assessment. Measure and record CT Water inlet and outlet temperature. Measure and record Wet bulb temperature (WBT) and Dry bulb temperature (DBT). Measure and record the circulating water flow rate. CT fan motor side readings to be measured and recorded. Measure and record cooling water quality parameters. Calculate Range, Approach and Cooling Tower Effectiveness of CT. Compare Rated/Design Approach of CT with the calculated Approach of CT. Compare Rated/Design CT Effectives with the calculated effectiveness of CT. Monitor approach and CT effectiveness for continuous optimization efforts as per seasonal variations and load side variations. COC shall be calculated based on the water quality parameters and recorded for the site conditions. Calculate Blow down quantity requirement and perform blow down accordingly to maintain water quality within the specified limits. Blow down rate shall be optimized based on COC limit. Increasing the cycles of concentration is a very common water conservation measure for cooling towers with the close monitoring of water quality parameters. Water make-up rate shall be calculated and added into the system accordingly. Blow down and water make-up quantity rate to be recorded for the future reference for equipment performance assessment. COOLING TOWER PERFORMANCE EVALUATION SHEET: Date:
Design 1 Cooling Tower Inlet Temperature ℃ 2 Cooling Tower Outlet Temperature ℃ 3 Wet Bulb Temperature ℃ 4 Dry Bulb Temperature ℃ 5 No. of Cells Online No. 6 No. of Fans Online No. 7 Fans Current Amps 8 Fan Blade Angle ° 9 Circulating Water Flow Rate m3/hr 10 Range ℃ 11 Approach ℃ 12 CT Effectiveness % 13 Cycles of Concentration - 14 Evaporation Loss m3/hr 15 Drift Loss m3/hr 16 Blow Down Water Quantity m3/hr 17 Make-up Water Quantity m3/hr 18 Water Quality Parameters shall be included
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