REVISION

CHAPTER ONE

Mr. Mostafa Khattab

 Give the scientific explanation
1. Scandium used in manufacture of mig fighter jet .
On adding a little amount of scandium to aluminum it gives light and very hard alloy.

2. Scandium used in TV photography at night .

bec. it is added to Mercury vapor lamps to produce light with high quality looks like sun light

3. Titanium used in the dental implant and artificial joints .

it is inert substance so the body does not eject it and does not cause any type of poisoning from
the famous .

4. Titanium dioxide is used in sun protection cosmetics.

where minute nanoparticles prevent effect of the UV on the skin.

5. Aluminum and manganese alloys are used in manufacture of cans .

because it resists corrosion.

6. Cobalt 60 is used in food preserving processes, detects cracks and welding connections.
because it produces gamma rays which have high penetrating power.

7. Nickel chromium alloys are used in heating coils and electric furnace
because they resist corrosion at high temperature.

8. Chromium is chemically reactive metal, but it resists rust and corrosion factors
due to the formation of a larger metal oxide on its surface , in which the molecular volume of the
produced oxide is larger than that of the metal atoms which forms a non porous layer of metal
oxide that prevent the continued interaction with oxygen of air.
9. The abnormal electronic configuration of both of chromium (24Cr) and copper (29Cu).
24Cr : [Ar] , 4S1 , 3d5 , (3d) and (4s) is half filled .
1 10
29Cu : [Ar] , 4S , 3d , (4s) half filled ,(3d) is completely filled
The atom has low energy , this means that has extra stability when the outer most sublevel half
filled (d5) or filled (d10) .
10.Mn2+ is difficult to be oxidized into Mn3+ion while it is easy to oxide Fe2+ ion into Fe3+
The electronic configuration of manganese :
5 2
25Mn: [Ar],3d ,4s

Mn2+: [Ar]4s0,3d5 Mn3+ : [Ar],4s03,d4

Oxidation lose 1 e
Half-filled (d5) more stable less stability
the 3d sublevel is half-filled (3d5 )in Mn+2ion so it is more stable than Mn (III) ion then Mn+2 ion
is not readily oxidized to Mn+3 ion
The electronic configuration of an iron atom is :
26Fe: [Ar] ,3d6 ,4s2
Fe2 : [Ar] , ,4s0,3d6 Fe3+: [Ar] ,4s0,3d5
2

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 Oxidation

d6 less stability lose 1 electron half-filled (d5)more stable

Iron (III) ion is more stable as the (3d) sublevel is half-filled( 3d5)it is more stable so the
reaction goes toward the formation of the more stable compound.

11. it is easy to oxidize Ti3+ ion into Ti4+ ion.

The electronic configuration of titanium atom is: 22Ti: [Ar] ,4s2,3d2

Ti+3 : [Ar] , 4s0.3d1, Ti+4: [Ar] ,4s0,3d0
Ti+4ion is more stable as the (3d) sublevel is empty ( 3d0) so the reaction goes toward the
formation of the more stable compound.

12.It is difficult to get scandium ion (Sc4+).

21Sc: [Ar] , 4S2, 3d1
It is difficult to breaking up of completely filled level

13.The elements of the first transition series are characterized by the variety of its
oxidation states.
Because the atom of the main transition elements oxidized by losing electrons from 4s and 3d
sublevels in sequence .which are close in energy

14.Copper, gold and silver (coinage metals) are considered transition elements.

The (d) sublevel is completely filled (d10) in the three metals in atomic state but in the oxidation
state (+2) or (+3) the sublevel (d) will be partially filled (d9) or (d8) so they are transition
elements

15.Zinc is not considered as a transition element.

30Zn: [Ar] , 4S2 , 3d10
Because all orbitals of (d) sublevel complete in free state and oxidation state(+2).

16.The number of the main transition elements is 27 and not 30.

Bec. Group 2B elements (zinc –cadmium –mercury ) are considered non transition elements .

17.The gradual decrease in atomic radius across the elements of the first transition series
from left to right is not large.
This is due to two opposite factors:
a) factor causes decreasing in the atomic radius with increasing atomic number:
Increases in number of The effective nuclear charge (+ve) charges and also number of
electrons in the atom increases from (Sc) to (Cr ) ,so the nuclear attraction to electrons
increases which cause decrease the atomic radius.
b) factor causes increase the atomic radius:

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 The increasing in the number of the electron in (3d) sublevel will increase the repulsion force
between them.

18.The density of the elements of the first transition series increases by increasing of the
atomic numbers
because the atomic size is relatively constant with increase atomic mass.

19.Transition elements have high melting and boiling points.

due to the strong metallic bond which is formed due to the sharing of both (4s) and (3d ) electrons
in the formation of this bond

20.Transition metals are attracted to external magnetic fields.

Due to presence unpaired electrons (↑) in their orbital's (d), which forms a magnetic field due to
its spinning and attracting external magnetic field

21.Fe2(SO4)3 is a paramagnetic substance while ZnSO4 is diamagnetic one.

26Fe : [Ar], 4S2 , 3d6 ↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑

Fe+3 : [Ar] , 4S0 , 3d5 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑

(3d) orbital contain 5 unpaired electrons so it is paramagnetic.

30Zn : [Ar], 4S2 , 3d10 ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓

Zn2+ : [Ar] , 4S0 , 3d10 ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓

(3d) orbital complete filled, all electrons are paired.

22.The magnetic moment for manganese (25Mn) is greater than the magnetic moment of
cobalt (27Co).
Mn: [Ar] , 4S2, 3d5 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ moment = 5

Co: [Ar] , 4S2, 3d7 ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ moment = 3

23.Copper ion Cu+ is colorless.

29Cu: [Ar] , 4S1, 3d10

Cu+: [Ar] , 4S0 , 3d10

All orbitals of (3d) sublevel are completely filled.

24.Cobalt compounds are seen blue.

Due to the presence of unpaired electrons in (d) sublevel, on falling light energy, a part of light
energy as photon it absorbed (orange) by unpaired electron in (d) sublevel and the rest are
reflected in the form of complementary color (blue).

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 25.The elements of the first transition series have catalytic activity.
Due to presence of the (4S) and ( 3d)electrons which forming bonds between the atoms of the
surface of metal and the reacting molecules leading to
1- The increase of concentration of these molecules on the surface of the catalyst
2-weaken the bond in the reactant molecules
3-decreases the activation energy which help to increase speed of reaction
26.When hot iron reacts with chlorine gas , iron III chloride is produced and not iron II
chloride.
bec. Chlorine gas is an oxidizing agent that converts FeCl2To FeCl3
2Fe(s) + 3Cl2 (g) 2 FeCl3 (g)
27.When iron reacts with dil .Hydrochloric acid (mineral acid) ,iron II chloride is
produced and not irons III chloride
bec. Hydrogen gas acts as a reducing agent that converts FeCl3 to FeCl2
Fe(s) + 2HCl (aq) FeCl2 (g) +H2(g)
28.When iron II oxalate is heated in the absence of air, iron II oxide is produced not iron
III oxide
bec. (CO) is a reducing agent that converts to iron (III) oxide to iron (II) oxide.

COO
\ 
 Fe ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
in abcence of air
→ FeO+CO+CO2
/
COO
29.On adding conc. sulphuric acid to magnetite, a mixture of iron II sulphate and iron III
sulphate is formed
bec. Magnetite is a mixture of iron (II) and iron (III) oxide .
30.Copper and gold form substitution alloy
bec. They have the same atomic radius, crystal lattice and the chemical properties.
31.The importance of roasting
1-Drying the ore and expelling humidity, to increase the percentage of iron in the ore.
2FeCO3(s) 2FeO(s) + 2CO2(g)
48.5% iron
2 FeO
2FeO +½[O]
(s) + O2(g) ⎯⎯
Δ
→ Fe
Fe22OO
3(s)3(69.6%Fe)

2Fe 2O
2Fe2O 2
33.3H
FeO
.3H OO
22 + [O]⎯⎯
(s) (40%Fe) ⎯⎯
Δ
→→ Fe
2Fe 22O
2Fe
Δ
O
2O 3(69.6%Fe)+ 3H 2O
3(s)
3(69.6Fe%)
+ 3H2O(v)

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 b) Oxidation of some impurities such as:sulphur and phosphorus.
S(s) + O2(g) SO2(g)

4P(s) + 5O2(g) 2P2O5(g)

32.Concentrated nitric acid causes the passivity of iron.

Due to the formation of a thin layer of oxide which protects the metal from further reaction.
This layer can be removed by abrasion or by using dilute hydrochloric acid .
33.It is preferred to use iron as alloys than in its pure form
Bec. The alloy is more harder than pure iron ,in addition to improve its properties such as :
magnetic property – ductility – malleability – melting point .
34.Manganese is not used a pure metal .
Because it is brittle metal.

What is the importance?

Uses

scandium 1- On adding a little amount of scandium to aluminum it

gives light and very hard alloy used in manufacture of
Mig fighter jets.
2- it is added to Mercury vapor lamps to produce light with
high quality looks like sun light used in TV Photography
at night.

Titanium 1-its alloys are used in the manufacture of aircraft and space
shuttle.
2-in the dental implants and artificial joints.

Titanium (II) oxide in Sun protection cosmetics.

Vanadium manufacture of car springs
Vanadium pentoxide 1-dyes used in ceramics - glass industry
2-as a catalyst in manufacture of strong magnetic conductors
3-is used as a catalyst during the preparation of sulphuric acid
by the contact method:

2SO2(g) + O2(g) → 2SO3(g)

SO3(g) + H2O(l) → H2SO4(aq

chromium 1-metal plating 2- leather tanning

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chromium (III)oxide in manufacture of dyes.

potassium dichromate oxidizing agent

manganese 1- ferromanganese alloy is used in railway track.
2- aluminum and manganese alloy is used in making cans
manganese dioxide strong oxidizing agent in dry cell .

Potassium permanganate antiseptic substance .

manganese (II)sulphate Fungicide
iron : 1-reniforced concrete 2– electricity pylons
3 – knifes 4-gun and cannons pipes
5 –surgical tools
iron III oxide (hematite) red pigment
cobalt :. 1-manufacture of magnet 2–dry battery
cobalt 60 : 1-food preserving
2–detection of quality of industrial products
3–detects crack and welding connections
4 –diagnosis and trait tumors .
nickel : 1- painting the other metals to protect it from rust and give it
beautiful appearance.
2- divided nickel used as catalyst in hydrogenation of oil .
3- nickel –cadmium battery which can be recharged
4- nickel –chromium alloy is used in heating coil and electric
furnace.

copper : 1-electric cables 2– coins

copper (II) sulphate : insecticides and fungicide in the purification of water
Zinc : galvanizing other metals to protect it from rusting
Zinc oxide : 1- paints 2–rubber 3– cosmetics
Zinc sulphide :. 1-manufacturing illuminating paints 2- x-ray screen
Fehling solution : detect glucose in which blue color change into orange
carbon monoxide in blast reducing agent
furnace 3CO(g) + Fe2O3(s) 2Fe(s) + 3 CO2(g)
Coke burning and produce large amount of heat and carbon
monoxide (CO) which is reducing agent for iron oxide.
C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g)
CO2(g) + C(s) 2CO(g)

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 water gas reducing agent ,fuel
2Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) +3H2(g) 4Fe (s) + 3CO2(g) +3H2O(V)

methane (natural gas in Preparation of water gas which is used as reducing agent .
Midrex furnace 2CH4(g) + CO2(g) + H2O(v) 3CO(g) +5H2(g

Finally divided Nickel used as catalyst in the hydrogenation process

divided iron used as a catalyst in the preparation of ammonia gas by
(Haber – Bosh) method :
5000C /600atm
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
)Fe)
iron (III) Oxide (hematite): red pigments in paints

The oxygen converter (Blown Produce steel

converter

Open-hearth furnace produces steel

Electrical furnace Produce steel

Scientific term - What's meant by

1- Elements in which (3d) sublevel is successively filled.(first transition series )

2- Alloy of two elements or more ,their atoms have the same diameter, chemical properties
and the crystalline structure.(substitution alloy )
3- Substances which are repelled with the external magnetic field because all their electrons
are paired.(diamagnetic substance )
4- One of the iron ores which has a blood red color.(iron III oxide )(heamatite )
5- The furnace which uses carbon monoxide gas to reduce hematite.(blast furnance)
6- The element in which its d or f sublevel is incompletely filled with electrons in either the
Free State or in one of its compounds.(transition )
7- The process in which fine iron ore particles are collected to obtain large ones.(sintering )
8- Heating iron ore strongly in air to be dried and to expel humidity and to increase the
percentage of iron in the ore.(roasting )
9- Process is used to increase the percentage of iron by removes most of the impurities which
are chemically combined or mixed with ore ,this is formed by using the surface tension or
magnetic or electric separation . ( concentrating )
10- A substance that is attracted to an external magnetic field due to the presence of unpaired
electrons.(paramagnetic )
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 11- An alloy formed when its elements are chemically combined. (intermetallic )
12- The oxide formed when red hot iron reacts with air or steam.(magnetite )
13- Number of unpaired electrons in (d)sublevel . magnetic moment

Equations in chapter one

Haber – Bosh method:

5000C /600atm
N2(g) + 3H2(g) )Fe)
2NH3(g)

Contact method:
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 450◦C \V2O5 2SO3(g)
0
450 C
SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(aq)

Roasting iron ore

2FeCO3(s) 2FeO(s) + 2CO2(g)
48.5% iron

O2(g) ⎯⎯ → Fe
Δ
22FeO
FeO(s) +
+½[O] Fe22OO
3(s)3(69.6%Fe)

2Fe 2O
2Fe2O .3H222O
33.3H
FeO
O + [O]
(s) (40%Fe) ⎯⎯
Δ
⎯⎯
→ →22Fe
2Fe Fe O Δ
O3(69.6Fe%)
22O + 3H 2O
3(s)3(69.6%Fe)
+3H O 2 (v)

S(s) + O2(g) SO2(g)

4P(s) + 5O2(g) 2P2O5(g)

Blast furnace:
C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g)

CO2 (g)+ C(s) 2CO(g)

3CO (g) + Fe2O3(s) 2Fe(s) + 3 CO2(g)

Midrex furnace
2CH4(g) + CO2(g) + H2O(v) 3CO(g) +5H2(g)
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2Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) +3H2(g) 4Fe (s) + 3CO2(g) +3H2O(V

Reactions of pure iron

3Fe(s) +2O2(g Fe3O4(s)

3Fe(s) +4H2O (v) Fe3O4(s) + 4H2 ( g)

2Fe(s) + 3Cl2 (g) 2 FeCl3 (g)

Fe(s) + S (s) FeS (s)

Fe(s) + H2SO4 (aq) dil. FeSO4 (aq) +H2(g)

Fe(s) + 2HCl (aq) dil. FeCl2 (g) +H2(g)

3Fe(s) + 8H2SO4 (l) FeSO4 (aq) +Fe2(SO4)3 (aq) +4SO2(g) +8H2O(v

Reduction reactions
3Fe2O3 +CO ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 2F3O4 +CO2
o
230-300 c

Fe2O3 + H2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 2 FeO + H2O

o
400-700 C

Fe3O4 + H2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 3 FeO + H2O

o
400-700 C

3CO (g) + Fe2O3(s) more than700 2Fe(s) + 3 CO2(g)

Oxidation reactions :

4 FeO + O2 ⎯⎯ → 2 Fe2O3
(s) (g) (s)
1 
2Fe3O4 + O 2 ⎯⎯ → 3Fe 2O3
2

FeCl3 +3NH4OH → Fe(OH)3  +3NH4Cl

Effect of heat

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COO
\ 
 Fe ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
in abcence of air
→ FeO+CO+CO2
/
COO

2Fe(OH)3 ⎯⎯⎯
above
200oc
→ Fe2O3 +3H2O

2 FeSO4 ⎯⎯ → Fe2O3 + SO2 + SO3

2FeCO3(s) 2FeO(s) + 2CO2(g)

2FeO(s) + ½ O2(g) Fe2O3(s)

2Fe2O3 .3H2O(s) 2Fe2O3(s) +3H O

2 (v)

Oxides with acids:

FeO+H2SO4 ⎯⎯⎯
(dil.)
→ FeSO4 +H2O


Fe2O3 + 3H2SO4 ⎯⎯⎯
conc.
→ Fe2 (SO4 )3 + 3H2O

Fe3O4 +4H2SO4 ⎯⎯⎯

conc.

→ FeSO4 +Fe2 (SO4 )3 +4H2O

Compare
1st 2nd 3rd 4th
transition series transition series transition series transition series

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Sublevel (3d ) Sublevel (4d) Sublevel (5d ) Sublevel (6d )
is successively filled is successively filled is successively filled is successively filled

Located in period 4 Located in period 5 Located in period 6 Located in period 7

after calcium

Begins with Begins with Yttrium ; Begins with

Scandium ; Lanthanum;
39Y ;4d1,5s2
1 2
21Sc ; 3d ,4s 57La ; 5d1,6s2

And ends with

ends with Zinc ; Cadmium; And ends with
Mercury;
30Zn ;3d10,4s2 48Cd ; 4d10,5s2
80Hg ; 5d10,6s2

Paramagnetic substance Diamagnetic substance

1-substance that attracts to the external 1- the substance that repel the external
magnetic field, due to the presence of magnetic field, due to
unpaid electrons in (d) orbitals.
Pairing of all its electrons of sublevel
(d)

(all electrons paired)

2-the magnetic moment of the `2-The magnetic moment =zero

paramagnetic substances increases with the
increasing in the number of the unpaired
electrons.

3- d1 → 9
1- d10 or d0

4-Attracted to magnet. 4-Repel to magnet.

The Ore Chemical name Chemical color

formula

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1) Hematite Iron III Oxide Fe2O3 blood red color,

2)Limonite Hydrated iron III oxide 2Fe2O3.3H2O Yellow

3) Magnetite Magnetic iron oxide Fe3O4 black ore

4) Siderite Iron II Carbonate FeCO3 yellowish grey color

Blast furnace Midrex furnace

reducing carbon monoxide mixture of CO + H2 called (water gas).

agent

production C(s)+O2(g) CO2(g) By passing Natural gas on CO2 and water vapor.
of reducing
agent CO2(g) + C(s) →2CO(g) 2CH4(g) + CO2(g) +H2O(v) → 3CO(g) +5H2(g)

3CO(g) + Fe2O3(s)→ 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g) 2Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) +3H2(g) 4Fe (s) +

3CO2(g) +3H2O(V

Substitution Interstitial Inter metallic alloy

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 some of the atoms of the Pure iron, as other metals, is the elements forming the
pure metal are replaced formed of a Crystal lattice of metal alloy combine with each
by atoms of other metal atoms are arranged in compact other chemically to form
which having the same closed rows. chemical compound. Its
atomic radius ,crystal chemical formula disobey
lattice and the chemical On hammering, a layer of metal valence law, and the
properties atoms- Can slip one over the other. compounds formed are
However the introduce an element solids consists of metals are
ex.: with small Atomic size to another not in the same group in the
pure metal in the Intermolecular periodic table.
Iron –chromium alloy spaces of the crystal lattice of the
Copper- gold alloy main element this prevent the Example:
Iron –nickel alloy movement of the metal layers this
will increase the hardness of the • Aluminum –Nickel alloy
• Aluminum –copper alloy
metal and change the physical
Called Duralumin
properties of the metal like
malleability , ductility ,melting • lead – gold alloy
point ,electric conductivity and (Au2Pb)
magnetic properties of metal. • cementite(Fe3C)

• Ex. iron and carbon alloy

(Steel).

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