Name these different types of computers. Then match the possible users below to each type. Justify your choice. | | | | 1 Marketing research person collecting data from the general public large company processing payroll data 3 travelling salesperson giving marketing presentatio large scientific organisation processing work on nucle ar research travelling businessperson keeping track of appointments whil graphic designer secretary doing general office work THREE what co these abbreviations mean? Use the Glossary if Tecessaty. 1 CD-ROM 5 AGP 2 RDRAM 6 SDRAM. 3 MB 7 SVGA GHzeect tert Par EMM ‘ow study the text below to find this information: 1 Whatis the memory size of this PC? 2. Which input devices are supplied? | 3 What size is the monitor? 4 How fast is the processor? 5 What is the capacity of the hard drive? 6 Which operating system does it use? 7 What multimedia features does the computer have? HOW TO READ A COMPUTER AD. 1 Pan Chassis 3 256MB Rambus RDNA 4 s {6068 Hard Drive Embedded Intel 3D Direct AGP video with 64MB SORAM 6 64.voice wavetable sound 7. 48 X CD-ROM Drive 8 19° (17.9" VIS) Colour SYGA monitor 9 Microsoft Windows XP 10 1.44MB 3.5" Floppy Drive 11 Microsoft Intelimouse 12 105-key keyboard 1 Thema procesing chp tat $A video contr or 7 ACOAOM storage device » operates at a clock speed of ‘controlling the monitor screen that operates at 48 times the My trewd itor cys | thats bolton te speed of he gal CO.ROM gets tooenermnomtne seen | aloe july | peaks tare ear perce 2 Asal eof a and ranow | rosts 3D image © Aclowonnert boas approx. 64 TERE the SVGA standard. The 3256 megabytes of fambus rctesous ornare |p NaSvoh Seas soar peter RAM. 6 A soundcard that has 64 the actual viewable area of the pees 2 sad in oe eee bytes.asian Aa 12 “UNIT 2 Computer Architecture PS Risrradeeriainesuicion of anit ne 2 . eo ays Study these ene | 1 lds instructions whi eded 10 function of ROM js to hold instructions. ae = =| pega a ora FERRER) atch each item in Column A with its function in Column 8 | : \ Then describe its function in two ways. i AL Item 8 Function ae.) wea RAM ——~— controls the cursor ] > mouse .qisplays the output from a computer on a i yrelock screen So 5" floppy drive / | ~ reads DVD-ROMS Cr | reads and writes to removable magnetic F o disks [sy keyboard ee holds instructions which are needed to ae YO ROW dae start up the computer Ce holds data read or written to it by the ROM \ processor provides extremely fast access for sections of a program and its data controls the timing of signals in the computer bcontrols all the operations in a computerUNIT2 co ter Architecture 13 HERE with the help of the Glossary if necessary, describe the functions of these items. 1 scanner 6 supercomputer 2 printer 7 mainframe computer 3 ATM 8 barcodes 4 PDA 9 swipe cards 5 hard disk drive 10 memory "1 Data moves between the CPU and re (-RAM. igs te Sea rte 2 Data flows from ROM to the CPU. © ies oe 3 A program's read from disk in 1 Taw memory. a3 | 4 Data lg transferred along the data | tine bus. er Saunt y | Pech 5 The address numbers put onto the address bus. figs % ‘Computer buses 6. The hard disk drive Is inside a sealed case. 7. Heads move across the disk 8 Tracks are divided into sectors Fig4 Hard disk HERG complete each sentence using the correct preposition. 1 The CPUisa large chip the computer. 2 Data always flows the CPU the address bus. 3 The CPU can be divided three parts. 4 Data flows. the CPU and memory. 5 Peripherals are devices the computer but linked it 6 The signal moves the VDU screen one side the other. 7 The CPU puts the address the address bus. 8 The CPU can fetch data memory the data bus.414 UNIT2 Computer Architecture CIOL Study these ‘System upgrades and options’ for the computer ‘described in Task 3. Which upgrades and/or options would improve these aspects of this computer? capacity speed protection from damage due to power failure network connections Upgrades and options 3Com 10/100 Ethernet controller CD-RW Drive Extra memory module APC 1400 Smart-UPS 3 Year Next-Business-Day On-site Service Work in pairs, A and B. Find out as much as you can about ‘your partner's computer and complete this table. Student A your computer details are on page 184, Student B your computer details are on page 190. [Feature memory (RAM) hard disk capacity hard disk type CD-ROM drive speedUNIT 2 Computer Architecture 15 Tn EME Put these instructions for opening a computer in the correct sequence. a Release the two catches underneath and lift up to remove panel. b Shut down your computer by choosing Shut Down from the Apple menu of the Special menu, ¢ If there are security screws on the vertical plate on the back of the computer, remove them with a Philips screwdriver. Unplug all the cables except the power cord from your computer Pulling gently, slide the tray out. BEG Match these figures to the instructions. figs ‘Opening a computer ‘Add these sequence words to your instructions: first, then, next, after that, finally16 UNIT 2 Computer Architecture Tae TB rndneanersto these qustinsin the following texts L1/ Whatis one of the main causes of @ PC not running a its highest potential speed? 2/ What word inthe text is used instead of “butter”? What device looks after cache coherency? What is the main alternative to “write through cache’? Most PCs are held back not by the speed of thee ain processor, but by the tme it akes to move tats inand out of memory, Queof the most traportant techniques for iting atound this leneck fs the memory cache The idea ts to use a small numberof very fost Temory ehipsas aller ogcahe between main themoFy and the processor. Whenever the vrressor needs (o rea! data it looks inthis cache gee ent efinds the datas the cache then this ceunts av a each hit aifd the processor need not Soirvough the more ABFous process of reading ean trom the main memory, Ony ifthe data is Gorin the cache does need to access main Aremnory, but in the process i copies whstevet finds Into the cache so that it is there ready for the next time it is needed. The, Whole process is controlled by a group of logic circuits called the ~_ cache conteoller: one of thet 1139s main jpbs isto look, Sher cache SOHeTSHey’ which means easing hat Shy changes written to,maln memory are ceflecte, authin the cache and wiceversa, There are several {ectniques for achleving this, the most obvious TBewed thoes a ache hit then the processor ony thecache- theres amis then needs to Both tommata memory and update the coche, which tk ‘nha standard write trough cache datas tbe writen ZB. winen does a write-back cache write its contents back to main memory? 6 When is data marked as ‘ity’ ina write back cache? 7 What détérmines what data is replaced in a disk cache? 1» being forthe processor to write directly to both the eache and main mepiory atthe same time This ig now ae wate tag cathe and he Hest solions but also the slowest \A)The main alternative isthe ‘writéBac cache” say Thich allows the processor to wrte changes only to the eache and not to main memory. Cache Stes that have changed are flagged as ‘dir {alling the eache controller to write thelr contents tick to main memory before using the space to naw dala, A write bac cache speeds up th write process, but does fequire a more intelligent ache controler. Viost cache contrallers,move a tine’ of data rather than just sifgle item each time they need to transfer data between, main memory and the cache. This t2nds'(0 improve the chance of a ache hit as most programs spend thelr time, Sepatiig titbuigh istraetGons stbred sequentially in memory, rather than jumping about from one you: area to another, The affdunt of data transferred teach time is ktown as the ‘ine size main memory and tothe cachet write back o Suite data back main memory later [Adapted from Cache Memory, PC Plus, February 1994, Future Publishing Ltd](dunes How a Disk Cache Works Disk caching works in ésemtially the same jer you have a cache on your disk controller oF you are using a software-based solution, The CPU requests specific data from. the cache, In some eases, the information will se and the request can be met alrdadly be t Without accessing the hard disk If the requested information isn’t ip the cache, the data is read from the disk alofgewith a large chunk of afacent information, The cache dhen makes room for the new data by replacing old, Dapeng on the algorithm that i being Applied. this maybe the information that has teen in the cache the longest. of the intonation that is thé Teast psu. The {CPU request can then be met, al the cache areal hs the adjacent cs lsd in uteipation of that information being i cpu | 5 be Cache suppies 1 At c2 Ba as 3 a2 c1 6 Bos Bilas [adapted from iw a Disk Cache Works’ PC Magazine, September 1990] UNIT 2 Computer Architecture 17 Re-read the texts to find the answers to these questions. 1 Match the terms in Table A with the statements in Table 8. [= Cache hit 8 Cache controller {Ce Cache coherency |d_ Write-through cache | |e write-back cache (2 i) The process of writing changes only to the cache and not to main memory unless the —. spaces used to cache new data i) The athount of data transfered tothe cache at any one time hill) The process of writing dtecty to both the cache and main memory at the same time (is) The processors successful in finding the data inthe cache ), Ensuring that any changes writen to main CY memory are reflected within the cache and vice versa The logic circuits used to control the cache process 2. Mark the following as True or False: a4 Cache memory is faster than RAM. by\The processor looks for data in the main memory first cL Write-through cache is faster than write-back cache. 4) Write-back cache requires amore intelligent cache controller. €\/ Most programs use instructions that are stored in sequénce in memory f VMost cache controllers transfer one item of data at atime g\/Hardware and software disk caches work in much the same way.