Problem Cluster 2

Howard, S. D., Lee, K. L., Nathan, A. G., Wenger, H. C., Chin, M. H., & Cook, S. C. (2019).
Healthcare Experiences of Transgender People of Color. Journal of general
internal medicine, 34(10), 2068–2074.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6816758/
This study explores the experiences of colored transgender people in the healthcare system. The
study collected evidence by interviewing patients, which illustrated the inequality and prejudice
that exists today (Howard, et al., 2019). Unfortunately, it is not uncommon for a trans person of
color to have poor mental and physical health due to a lack of medical care. In addition, high
rates of colored trans people admit they have a hard time finding health insurance covered
(Howard, et al., 2019). (NK).
Macapagal, Kathryn, Bhatia, Ramona, & Greene, George J. (2016). Differences in Healthcare
Access, Use, and Experiences Within a Community Sample of Racially Diverse Lesbian,
Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Questioning Emerging Adults. LGBT Health, 3(6),
434–442. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2015.0124
Macapagal et al. (2016 ) conducted a 48-month follow-up on-site questionnaire for 206
participants from 2012 to 2013. The participants were between 12 to 24 years old and self-
identified and LGBTQ. 84% of participants don’t have negative healthcare experience related to
their gender and sexuality identity. More than 90% of participants got a non-negative outcome
after disclosing LGBTQ identity. Meanwhile, Macapagal et al. (2016 ) found that transgender
and queer/questioning participants reported a higher rate of negative experience and effect than
the LGB participants. Thus, the transgender and queer/questioning participants were more likely
to delay care. Macapagal et al. (2016) found that transgender and queer/questioning group are
more vulnerable to gender and sexual discrimination and the health care system need to improve
in this area.(LW).
Snyder, Barbara K, Burack, Gail D, & Petrova, Anna. (2017). LGBTQ Youth’s Perceptions of
Primary Care. Clinical Pediatrics, 56(5), 443–450.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0009922816673306
This research focused on the experience with the primary care physician from LGBTQ youth’s
perspective and suggested possible improvement mothod. 60 participants from 14 to 18 years or
older took part in this study (Sndery et al., 2017). The participant needed to do a writing
questionnaire and joined a focus group discussion regarding the primary care experience. The
result showed that most youth participants feel their health care needs were not well met. The
most reported issue was disrespectful and judgmental manner from the physicians. Sndery et al.
(2017) suggested that physicians and other health care providers all need to increase the
knowledge about the LGBTQ commnity and improve the communication skills regarding the
minorities. (LW).
Tello, Monique, MD. (2017). Racism and discrimination in health care: Providers and
patients. Harvard Health Publishing. https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/racism-
discrimination-health-care-providers-patients-2017011611015
The author of this article is a current practicing physician, who shares stories about patients
sharing their experiences of discrimination in the United State’s healthcare system. The doctor
discloses that both black and LGBTQ community members contract more illnesses and have
higher rates of premature death (Tello, 2017). The stories shared by the physician illustrate some
of the challenges minority groups face when both receiving care and applying to receive care.
The author believes the ability to recognize and address discrimination will help lead to
correcting the ongoing problem (Tello, 2017). (NK).
Figure 1. Percentage rate of how heterosexual and LGBTQ adults delay or not seek healthcare.
Flores, Andrew R. (2017, July 17). Yes, there’s racism in the LGBT community. But there’s
more outside it. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-
cage/wp/2017/07/07/yes-there-is-racism-in-the-lgbtq-community-but-not-as-much-as-
outside-it/.
In this analytical article, professor Andrew Flores (2017) discusses the discrimination within the
LGBTQ community in response to two colors that were added to the rainbow flag in
Philadelphia (pg. 1). He references a LGBTQ survey (Ansolabehere & Schaffner, 2016) and its
results that show how colored members are more outspoken in response to racist behaviors
within the community compared to that of white members. These results widen the scope of
racism not only from outside the LGBTQ community, but also from within it. An article by
Hafeez (2017) further discusses this issue that is prevalent within hospitals. This article
emphasizes the presence of racial injustice among LGBTQ members, and the solution may come
from the inside out. (D.N.)

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Howard, S. D., Lee, K. L., Nathan, A. G., Wenger, H. C., Chin, M. H., & Cook, S. C. (2019).

Healthcare Experiences of Transgender People of Color. Journal of general

internal medicine, 34(10), 2068–2074.

(Howard, et al., 2019). (NK).

Primary Care. Clinical Pediatrics, 56(5), 443–450.

perspective and suggested possible improvement mothod. 60 participants from 14 to 18 years or

patients. Harvard Health Publishing. https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/racism-

correcting the ongoing problem (Tello, 2017). (NK).

more outside it. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-

from the inside out. (D.N.)

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