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    Thermal Conductivity of Metal Rod: Instruction Manual

    Uploaded by

    Aditya
    This document provides instruction for determining the thermal conductivity of a metal rod. It describes the experimental setup, which involves heating one end of the rod with an electric heater and cooling the other end by flowing water through a jacket. Temperature sensors along the rod measure the temperature profile developing under steady state conditions. The thermal conductivity is then calculated using the temperature difference between the ends of the rod, the heat absorbed by the cooling water, and the temperature gradient along the rod based on sensor readings. Precautions for safe and accurate operation of the experiment are also outlined.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Thermal Conductivity of Metal Rod: Instruction Manual

    Uploaded by

    Aditya
    78 views8 pages
    This document provides instruction for determining the thermal conductivity of a metal rod. It describes the experimental setup, which involves heating one end of the rod with an electric heater and cooling the other end by flowing water through a jacket. Temperature sensors along the rod measure the temperature profile developing under steady state conditions. The thermal conductivity is then calculated using the temperature difference between the ends of the rod, the heat absorbed by the cooling water, and the temperature gradient along the rod based on sensor readings. Precautions for safe and accurate operation of the experiment are also outlined.

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    thermal conduction

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    This document provides instruction for determining the thermal conductivity of a metal rod. It describes the experimental setup, which involves heating one end of the rod with an electric heater and cooling the other end by flowing water through a jacket. Temperature sensors along the rod measure the temperature profile developing under steady state conditions. The thermal conductivity is then calculated using the temperature difference between the ends of the rod, the heat absorbed by the cooling water, and the temperature gradient along the rod based on sensor readings. Precautions for safe and accurate operation of the experiment are also outlined.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    78 views8 pages

    Thermal Conductivity of Metal Rod: Instruction Manual

    Uploaded by

    Aditya
    This document provides instruction for determining the thermal conductivity of a metal rod. It describes the experimental setup, which involves heating one end of the rod with an electric heater and cooling the other end by flowing water through a jacket. Temperature sensors along the rod measure the temperature profile developing under steady state conditions. The thermal conductivity is then calculated using the temperature difference between the ends of the rod, the heat absorbed by the cooling water, and the temperature gradient along the rod based on sensor readings. Precautions for safe and accurate operation of the experiment are also outlined.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Instruction Manual

    THERMAL
    CONDUCTIVITY OF
    METAL ROD

    MASS INTERNATIONAL
    [AN ISO 9001: 2000 CERTIFIED COMPANY]
    93 Preet Nagar, Jagadhri Road,
    Ambala Cantt – 133001
    Tele Fax: 91-171-2699824
    Email: mass_international99@yahoo.co.in
    Web: www.massinternationalindia.com
    Contents

    1. Objective …………………………………… 1

    2. Aim …………………………………… 1

    3. Introduction …………………………………… 1

    4. Theory …………………………………… 1

    5. Description …………………………………… 2

    6. Utilities Required …………………………………… 2

    7. Experimental Procedure …………………………………… 2

    8. Specification …………………………………… 3

    9. Formulae …………………………………… 4

    10. Observation & Calculation …………………………………… 4

    11. Nomenclature …………………………………… 5

    12. Precautions & Maintenance Instructions …………………………………… 5

    13. Troubleshooting …………………………………… 6

    14. References ……………………………………. 6


    THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF METAL ROD

    1. OBJECTIVE:
    Study of conduction heat transfer in metal rod.

    2. AIM:
    To determine the thermal conductivity of metal bar.

    3. INTRODUCTION:
    Thermal conductivity of a substance is a physical property, defined as the ability of a
    substance to conduct heat. Thermal conductivity of material depends on chemical
    composition; state of matter, crystalline structure of a solid, the temperature, pressure and
    weather or not it is a homogeneous material.

    4. THEORY:
    The heater will heat the bar on its one end and heat will be conducted through the bar
    to the other end. Since the rod is insulated from outside, it can be safely assumed that the heat
    transfer along the copper rod is mainly due to axial conduction and at steady state the heat
    conducted shall be equal to the heat absorbed by water at the cooling end. The heat conducted
    at steady state shall create a temperature profile within the rod. (T = f (x))The steady state
    heat balance at the rear end of the rod is:
    Heat absorbed by cooling water,
    Q = MC p ∆T

    Heat conducted through the rod in axial direction:


    dT
    Q = − kA
    dX
    at steady state
    dT
    Q = − kA = MC p ∆T
    dX

    So thermal conductivity of rod may be expressed as,


    MC p ∆T
    k=
     dT 
    − A 
     dX 

    5. DESCRIPTION:
    The apparatus consists of a metal bar, one end of which is heated by an electric heater
    while the other end of the bar projects inside the cooling water jacket. The middle portion of
    the bar is surrounded by a cylindrical shell filled with the asbestos insulating powder. The
    temperature of the bar is measured at different section. The heater is provided with a
    dimmerstat for controlling the heat input. Water under constant head conditions is circulated
    through the jacket and its flow rate and temperature rise are noted by two temperature sensors
    provided at the inlet and outlet of the water.

    6. UTILITIES REQUIRED:
    Electricity Supply: 1 Phase, 220 V AC, 2 Amps.
    Water supply.
    Drain.
    Table for set-up support

    7. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
    Starting Procedure:
    1. Connect cold water supply at inlet of the Cooling Chamber.
    2. Connect outlet of the Cooling Chamber to drain.
    3. Ensure that all on / Off Switches given on the Panel are at OFF position.
    4. Ensure that Variac Knob is at ZERO position, given on the panel.
    5. Start water supply at constant head.
    6. Now switch on the Main Power Supply (220 V AC, 50 Hz).
    7. Switch on the Panel with the help of Mains On/Off Switch given on the Panel.
    8. Fix the Power Input to the Heater with the help of Variac, Voltmeter and Ammeter
    provided.
    9. After 30 Minutes start recording the temperature of various points at each 5 Minutes
    interval.
    10. If Temperatures readings are same for three times, assume that steady state is
    achieved.
    11. Record the final temperatures.
    12. Record then flow rate of cooling water with the help of measuring cylinder and
    stopwatch.
    Closing Procedure:
    1. When experiment is over, Switch off heater first.
    2. Adjust Variac at Zero.
    3. Switch off the Panel with the help of Mains On/Off Switch given on the Panel.
    4. Switch off Power Supply to Panel.
    5. Stop cold water supply.

    8. SPECIFICATION:
    Length of the Metal Bar : 450mm
    Dia of the Metal Bar : 25mm
    Effective Test length of the bar : 231mm
    Total no. of temperature sensors in the setup : 9 Nos.
    No. of Temp. Sensors mounted on bar : 7 Nos.
    No. of Temp. Sensors mounted on water jacket : 2 Nos.
    Type of Temperature Sensors : RTD PT-100
    Heater : Nichrome heater
    Cooling Jacket Dia : 100mm
    Length of cooling jacket : 75mm
    Dimmer stat for heater coil : 2Amp, 230VAC
    Digital Voltmeter : 0 to 250 Volts
    Digital Ammeter : 0 to 2.5 Amps.
    Temperature indicator : Digital Temperature
    Indicator 0°C to 199.9°C
    and least count 0.1oC with
    multi-channel switch.
    9. FORMULAE:

    1. Heat gained by water,


    (
    Q = MCp T9 − T8 , Watt )

    2. Thermal conductivity of metal rod,


    MC p ∆T
    K= , Watt/m-OC
     dT 
    − A 
     dX 

    10. OBSERVATION & CALCULATION


    OBSERVATION TABLE:
    Temp. 9
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
    Sensor No.
    Steady
    state temp

    Temp Sensor No. Distance from leading edge


    along the axis (hot end) of the rod , X (mm)
    T1 33
    T2 66
    T3 99
    T4 132
    T5 165
    T6 198
    T7 231
    T8 is the inlet temp. Of cold water
    T9 is the outlet temp. Of cold water
    CALCULATIONS:
    Heat gained by water (at Steady state) Q = M x Cpx (T8 – T7) Kcal/hr.
    Heat transfer area for axial conduction A = (π /4) D2
    D is the diameter of copper rod
    Plot T vs X. Draw a smooth curve through all the points and obtain the slope dT/dX at
    x=L or using least square method fit the T vs X data to a polynomial (Express the data as T =
    A0 + A1x +A2x2) and thus obtain the slope dT/dX at x=L. Express the slope in oC /m.
    Calculate the value of thermal conductivity of metal bar, k from:
    k = M.Cp∆T / [-A {dT/ dX}]

    11. NOMENCLATURE:
    k = thermal conductivity of metal bar
    M = mass flow rate of cooling water
    Cp = Specific heat of water at mean temp. Of inlet & outlet of cooling water,
    J/kg-OC
    ∆T = temp. rise of cooling water = (T9 – T8)
    A = X-sectional area of the metal bar
    dT/ dX = slope of the graph b/w temp. Vs length of the bar

    12. PRECAUTIONS & MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS:


    1. Use the stabilize A.C. Single Phase supply only.
    2. Never switch on mains power supply before ensuring that all the ON/OFF switches
    given on the panel are at OFF position.
    3. Voltage to heater should be increased slowly.
    4. Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 180 volts and above than 230
    volts.
    5. Operate selector switch of temperature indicator gently.
    6. Always keep the apparatus free from dust.
    There is a possibility of getting abrupt result if the supply voltage is fluctuating or if
    the satisfactory steady state condition is not reached.

    13. TROUBLESHOOTING:
    1. If electric panel is not showing the input on the mains light. Check the fuse and also
    check the main supply.
    2. If D.T.I displays “1” on the screen check the computer socket if loose tight it.
    3. If temperature of any sensor is not displays in D.T.I check the connection and rectify
    that.
    4. Voltmeter showing the voltage given to heater but ampere meter does not. Tight the
    heater socket & switch. If ok it means heater burned.
    14. REFERENCES:
    1. Holman, J.P., “Heat Transfer”, 8th ed., McGraw Hill, NY, 1976.
    2. Kern, D.Q., “Process Heat Transfer”, 1st ed., McGraw Hill, NY, 1965.
    3. Perry, R.H., Green, D.(editors), “Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook”, 6th ed.,
    McGraw Hill, NY, 1985.
    4. McCabe, W.L., Smith, J.C., Harriott, P., “Unit Operations of Chemical
    Engineering”, 4th ed. McGraw Hill, NY, 1985.

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