Dominant colors in
images
C L U S T E R A N A LY S I S I N P Y T H O N
Shaumik Daityari
Business Analyst
Dominant colors in images
All images consist of pixels
Each pixel has three values: Red, Green and Blue
Pixel color: combination of these RGB values
Perform k-means on standardized RGB values
to nd cluster centers
Source
Uses: Identifying features in satellite images
CLUSTER ANALYSIS IN PYTHON
Feature identi cation in satellite images
Source
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Tools to nd dominant colors
Convert image to pixels: matplotlib.image.imread
Display colors of cluster centers: matplotlib.pyplot.imshow
CLUSTER ANALYSIS IN PYTHON
CLUSTER ANALYSIS IN PYTHON
Convert image to RGB matrix
import matplotlib.image as img
image = img.imread('sea.jpg')
image.shape
(475, 764, 3)
r = []
g = []
b = []
for row in image:
for pixel in row:
# A pixel contains RGB values
temp_r, temp_g, temp_b = pixel
r.append(temp_r)
g.append(temp_g)
b.append(temp_b)
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Data frame with RGB values
pixels = pd.DataFrame({'red': r,
'blue': b,
'green': g})
pixels.head()
red blue green
252 255 252
75 103 81
... ... ...
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Create an elbow plot
distortions = []
num_clusters = range(1, 11)
# Create a list of distortions from the kmeans method
for i in num_clusters:
cluster_centers, _ = kmeans(pixels[['scaled_red', 'scaled_blue',
'scaled_green']], i)
distortions.append(distortion)
# Create a data frame with two lists - number of clusters and distortions
elbow_plot = pd.DataFrame({'num_clusters': num_clusters,
'distortions': distortions})
# Creat a line plot of num_clusters and distortions
sns.lineplot(x='num_clusters', y='distortions', data = elbow_plot)
plt.xticks(num_clusters)
plt.show()
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Elbow plot
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Find dominant colors
cluster_centers, _ = kmeans(pixels[['scaled_red', 'scaled_blue',
'scaled_green']], 2)
colors = []
# Find Standard Deviations
r_std, g_std, b_std = pixels[['red', 'blue', 'green']].std()
# Scale actual RGB values in range of 0-1
for cluster_center in cluster_centers:
scaled_r, scaled_g, scaled_b = cluster_center
colors.append((
scaled_r * r_std/255,
scaled_g * g_std/255,
scaled_b * b_std/255
))
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Display dominant colors
#Dimensions: 2 x 3 (N X 3 matrix)
print(colors)
[(0.08192923122023911, 0.34205845943857993, 0.2824002984155429),
(0.893281510956742, 0.899818770315129, 0.8979114272960784)]
#Dimensions: 1 x 2 x 3 (1 X N x 3 matrix)
plt.imshow([colors])
plt.show()
CLUSTER ANALYSIS IN PYTHON
Next up: exercises
C L U S T E R A N A LY S I S I N P Y T H O N
Document clustering
C L U S T E R A N A LY S I S I N P Y T H O N
Shaumik Daityari
Business Analyst
Document clustering: concepts
1. Clean data before processing
2. Determine the importance of the terms in a document (in TF-IDF matrix)
3. Cluster the TF-IDF matrix
4. Find top terms, documents in each cluster
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Clean and tokenize data
Convert text into smaller parts called tokens, clean data for processing
from nltk.tokenize import word_tokenize
import re
def remove_noise(text, stop_words = []):
tokens = word_tokenize(text)
cleaned_tokens = []
for token in tokens:
token = re.sub('[^A-Za-z0-9]+', '', token)
if len(token) > 1 and token.lower() not in stop_words:
# Get lowercase
cleaned_tokens.append(token.lower())
return cleaned_tokens
remove_noise("It is lovely weather we are having.
I hope the weather continues.")
['lovely', 'weather', 'hope', 'weather', 'continues']
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Document term matrix and sparse matrices
Document term matrix formed Sparse matrix is created
Most elements in matrix are zeros
Source
Source
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TF-IDF (Term Frequency - Inverse Document
Frequency)
A weighted measure: evaluate how important a word is to a document in a collection
from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import TfidfVectorizer
tfidf_vectorizer = TfidfVectorizer(max_df=0.8, max_features=50,
min_df=0.2, tokenizer=remove_noise)
tfidf_matrix = tfidf_vectorizer.fit_transform(data)
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Clustering with sparse matrix
kmeans() in SciPy does not support sparse matrices
Use .todense() to convert to a matrix
cluster_centers, distortion = kmeans(tfidf_matrix.todense(), num_clusters)
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Top terms per cluster
Cluster centers: lists with a size equal to the number of terms
Each value in the cluster center is its importance
Create a dictionary and print top terms
terms = tfidf_vectorizer.get_feature_names()
for i in range(num_clusters):
center_terms = dict(zip(terms, list(cluster_centers[i])))
sorted_terms = sorted(center_terms, key=center_terms.get, reverse=True)
print(sorted_terms[:3])
['room', 'hotel', 'staff']
['bad', 'location', 'breakfast']
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More considerations
Work with hyperlinks, emoticons etc.
Normalize words (run, ran, running -> run)
.todense() may not work with large datasets
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Next up: exercises!
C L U S T E R A N A LY S I S I N P Y T H O N
Clustering with
multiple features
C L U S T E R A N A LY S I S I N P Y T H O N
Shaumik Daityari
Business Analyst
Basic checks
# Cluster centers
print(fifa.groupby('cluster_labels')[['scaled_heading_accuracy',
'scaled_volleys', 'scaled_finishing']].mean())
cluster_labels scaled_heading_accuracy scaled_volleys scaled_ nishing
0 3.21 2.83 2.76
1 0.71 0.64 0.58
# Cluster sizes
print(fifa.groupby('cluster_labels')['ID'].count())
cluster_labels count
0 886
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Visualizations
Visualize cluster centers
Visualize other variables for each cluster
# Plot cluster centers
fifa.groupby('cluster_labels') \
[scaled_features].mean()
.plot(kind='bar')
plt.show()
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Top items in clusters
# Get the name column of top 5 players in each cluster
for cluster in fifa['cluster_labels'].unique():
print(cluster, fifa[fifa['cluster_labels'] == cluster]['name'].values[:5])
Cluster Label Top Players
0 ['Cristiano Ronaldo' 'L. Messi' 'Neymar' 'L. Suárez' 'R. Lewandowski']
1 ['M. Neuer' 'De Gea' 'G. Buffon' 'T. Courtois' 'H. Lloris']
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Feature reduction
Factor analysis
Multidimensional scaling
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Final exercises!
C L U S T E R A N A LY S I S I N P Y T H O N
Farewell!
C L U S T E R A N A LY S I S I N P Y T H O N
Shaumik Daityari
Business Analyst
What comes next?
Clustering is one of the exploratory steps
More courses on DataCamp
Practice, practice, practice!
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Until next time
C L U S T E R A N A LY S I S I N P Y T H O N
