DescriptTerms GraphicMaterials

Genre and Physical
Descriptive Characteristic Headings
Terms for Prints and

Photographs Division
Graphic Library of Congress
Materials
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2016
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Descriptive Terms for Graphic Materials:
Genre and Physical Characteristic Headings
Compiled and edited by

Helena Zinkham and Elisabeth Betz Parker
Prints and Photographs Division
Library of Congress
Cataloging Distribution Service
Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., 1986

The following code has been assigned to this thesaurus for the
MARC format. It must be entered in subfield 2
of fields 655 and 755
gmgpc
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Zinkham, Helena.
Descriptive terms for graphic materials.
Bibliography: p.
1. Cataloging of graphic materials. 2. Subject headings -
Graphic arts. 3. Cataloging of pictures. 4. Subject headings -
Pictures. I. Parker, Elisabeth Betz. II. Library of Congress.

Prints and Photographs Division. III. Title.
Z695.27.Z56 1986 025.3’47 86-20017
Available from the Cataloging Distribution Service,

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20541
.
Ill
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgements p. iv
Introduction
I. Background p. v
II. Scope and Purpose p. vi
III. Syntax and Structure p. viii
IV. Term Selection and Formulation p. ix
V. Cataloging Applications p. xiii
Bibliography p. xxii
Alphabetical Display p. 1
Classed Display p. 113
Hierarchical Display p. 131

. ;
IV.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The reconciliation of terminology from many special-

ized areas of pictorial collections would not have been possible
without suggestions from colleagues in libraries, museums, and
archives who reviewed the list. We extend thanks to everyone
who made comments and are particularly grateful to several
individuals who contributed numerous ideas:
Georgia Bumgardner (American Antiquarian Society) ; Kathleen

Collins, Terri Echter, Joyce Nalewajk, Barbara Orbach, Stephen
Ostrow, Ford Peatross, Carol Pulin, Bernard Reilly, and Renata
Shaw (Library of Congress) ; Lynn Cox (Alabama Archives) ; Jackie
Dooley (University of California, San Diego); Christine
Hennessey (National Museum of American Art) David Horvath
(University of Louisville); Waverly Lowell and John Maounis
(National Maritime Museum) ; Toni Peterson (Art and Architecture
Thesaurus) ; Sara Shatford and Elaine Svenonius (University of
California, Los Angeles); Joe Springer (Goshen College); Amy
Stark (Center for Creative Photography) ; Gerald Stone (Public
Archives of Canada) ; and Larry Viskochil (Chicago Historical
Society)
We are also grateful for the support of the

Association of College and Research Libraries Rare Books and
Manuscripts Standards Committee.
Helena Zinkham and Elisabeth Betz Parker

August 1986
V.
INTRODUCTION
I. BACKGROUND
Access to graphic materials in libraries and archival

collections has been limited traditionally to retrieval by
subject content and names of creators. Although catalog records
often include information on genre and physical characteristics,
researchers usually have no ready access to it. A student of
lithography, for example, is compelled to consult books for
names of printmakers likely to have produced lithographs, then
to search a library's catalog of prints for artists' names, and,
finally, examine each catalog record to find those for litho-
graphs. An architect requiring 19th century framing drawings to
aid a building restoration must review long sets of records or
handle countless drawings to find framing drawings rather than
floor plans. A scholar investigating the cultural impact of
photographically illustrated books is forced to rely on a few
published bibliographies, in-house example files, staff memory,
and chance discoveries to locate examples of such works. As
graphic collections grow and catalog records accumulate, it is
clear that additional access points would greatly facilitate
research related to functional categories, production contexts,
and artifactual aspects of graphic materials.
A single list of standard terms from which catalogers

and researchers can choose indexing and retrieval vocabulary is
needed, along with widely accepted provisions for applying the
terms as access points. The lack of such a list and guidelines
is a problem because of the great variety of media and pictorial
types and because of the broad range of users of graphic
materials, whose knowledge and experience vary. While an
extensive and often informal vocabulary is employed in the
descriptive portion of the catalog record, indexing terms should
be controlled. Reconciling variant terms by designating a
preferred indexing term not only simplifies the cataloger's task
but also makes retrieval more efficient. For example, the
standard term "dry plate photonegatives" lessens confusion about
"silver gelatin glass negatives," "glass plates," and "dry
plates." Furthermore, the terms for indexing graphic materials
can be used most effectively when presented within the structure
of a thesaurus designed to establish relationships and guide
users.
While Descriptive Terms for Graphic Materials: Genre

and Physical Characteristic Headings (GMGPC) can be used in a
variety of cataloging systans, it was created primarily in
response to the needs of institutions using the communications
format called Machine- Readable Cataloging (MARC) for their auto-
mated catalog records. In 1979, the Independent Research
Libraries Association (IRLA) recommended in "Proposals for
Establishing Standards for the Cataloguing of Rare Books and
,
VI .
Specialized Research Material in Machine- Readable Form" the

addition of two new fields to the MARC format for terms
indicating genre and physical characteristics. In January 1984,
the field 655 was authorized for genre headings and 755 was
authorized for physical characteristic headings. These fields
are now defined for all of the MARC Formats for Bibliographic
Data: Books, Serials, Maps, Music, Archives and Manuscripts
Control, and Visual Materials.!
IRLA asked the Standards Committee of the Rare Books

and Manuscripts Section of the Association of College and
Research Libraries to develop thesauri appropriate for rare
books and special collections. 2 The lack of vocabulary to index
book illustrations led the Committee to encourage staff of the
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division to expand
and integrate several of their genre and physical description
lists into a thesaurus constructed according to guidelines set
out by the American National Standards Institute. 3 The result
is Descriptive Terms for Graphic Materials: Genre and Physical
Characteristic Headings with 513 authorized terms and 290 cross
references.
II. SCOPE AND PURPOSE
In the context of graphic collections, genre headings

denote distinctive categories of material: an established class
of pictorial types (CARTOONS) , a vantage point or method of
projection (BIRD'S-EYE VIEWS; PERSPECTIVE PROJECTIONS), or
intended purpose (ADVERTISEMENTS; COMPETITION DRAWINGS). Some
indicate characteristics of an image's creator (STUDENT WORKS)
or a publication status or occasion (CENSORED WORKS; NEW YEAR
CARDS) . Others imply a subject but also designate a method of
representation (ABSTRACT WORKS; LANDSCAPES) . Terms denoting
artistic movements and styles are not included in this defini-
tion of genre.
Physical characteristic headings designate graphic

materials distinguished by production processes or techniques
^
MARC Formats for Bibliographic Data , starting with updates 10,
11, and 12, issued by the Library of Congress (1984-1986)
includes all of the formats.
Authorized thesauri for MARC fields 655 and 755 are listed in
the Bibliography. Martha Yee (UCLA Film, Television and Radio
Archives) is preparing a genre thesaurus for moving image
materials.
! American National Standards Institute. Guidelines for Thesaurus
Structure, Construction, and Use: Approved June 30, 1980. (New
York, 1980). ANSI Z39. 19-1980.
Vll .
(ALBUMEN PHOTOPRINTS) , production stages or versions (PROOFS;

REPRODUCTIONS), instrument employed (PINHOLE CAMERA PHOTOGRAPHS;
AIRBRUSH WORKS) , markings (WATERMARKS) , shape and size (SCROLLS;
MINIATURE WORKS) , and other physical aspects of graphic
materials.
GMGPC terms are:
— applicable to two-dimensional, chiefly pictorial, graphic

materials (among them, prints, photographs, drawings, and
ephemera) whether they are part of a book, or in a manuscript,
graphic, or other collection;
— applicable to some non-pictorial and three-dimensional
material commonly found in graphic collections, such as visiting
cards and photograph cases;
— appropriate for materials commonly found in general
graphic collections of research libraries and historical socie-
ties. (Thus, there are more terms for photographs and histori-
cal prints than for fine prints, drawings, and paintings. There
are few terms for educational audiovisual materials.)
GMGPC terms will:
— assist research into the development and distribution of

a particular genre or technical process;
— aid retrieval of information about aspects of graphic
materials frequently requested by people who want to understand
how a certain technique is performed;
—aid selection of materials for exhibitions or class
demonstrations;
—assist collection preservation, since collections are
handled less when the catalog provides more specific access;
—help collection management by providing, for example, the
means to calculate the quantity of glass phototransparencies
held by an institution;
—aid cataloging, since pinpointing a process or format may
help to date or identify an image;
—make cataloging more consistent and encourage specificity
by providing standard terminology in a ready reference format;
—assist institutions in disseminating information about
their collections through database networks or other means.
Genre and physical characteristic headings will make

it easier for the student of lithography to find examples of
lithographs; indeed, the student could narrow the search to
lithographic posters printed in Germany between 1900 and
1920. By using these headings, the architect will be able to
separate out framing drawings from floor plans, and the scholar
can rapidly retrieve photographically illustrated books.
VI 11 .
III. SYNTAX AND STRUCTURE
In accordance with thesaurus construction standards,

terms usually represent single concepts and are plural nouns
with phrases in natural language order. English words follow
American spelling practice. The thesaurus structure is intended
to help both catalogers and researchers select the term(s) most
appropriate for indexing and retrieval. Terms appear in three
types of displays: alphabetical, classed, and hierarchical.
In the Alphabetical Display (the main list) , terms are

listed in word-by-word filing sequence, and scope notes define
the terms in the context of the thesaurus. Associations between
terms are indicated by the convention of broader, narrower,
related, and "used for" relationships. Terms listed under a
heading also appear in the alphabetical filing sequence with the
reciprocal relationship noted. (Thus, the term EPHEMERA has
LABELS listed as a narrower term, and the term LABELS has
EPHEMERA listed as its broader term.)
The distinction between genre and physical character-

istics is blurred with terms like BROADSIDES, in which purpose
is closely identified with one physical manifestation. In order
to simplify the assignment of field tags, each term was defined
with an orientation to either its functional (655) or its physi-
cal (755) aspect. The distinction by field tag has most signi-
ficance in computer retrieval systems which allow searches to be
limited to particular fields of the record, a capability in-
creasingly in demand as files grow. For easy reference, the
terms for the two fields have been integrated into one alphabet-
ical list with the MARC field tag indicated after each term.
Notes and relationships are abbreviated as:
PN: public note (defines the scope of a term)

CN: cataloger's note (guides indexers in selecting a term;
for thesaurus maintenance, records other notes in which
the term appears)
UF: used for (indicates a non-preferred term, such as an
alternative spelling, inverted form, or synonym; helps
define a term's meaning)
BT: broader term (indicates the more general class to which
a term belongs; everything that is true of a term is
also true of its broader term)
NT: narrower term (indicates a more specific term or member
of a class)
RT: related term (brings to the user's attention terms that
are associated because of overlapping meanings or
part-whole relationships)
USE: leads from a non-preferred, unauthorized form of a term
to the term as used
IX.
>: indicates that one or more narrower (i.e., more spe-

cific) terms will be found under this term's own entry
[655] , [755] : indicates the appropriate field tag in a MARC
record
Terms in square brackets (e.g., [COLOR ASPECT]) are

not used for indexing. They refer the thesaurus user to the
Classed Display terms.
The public note provides definitions for most genre

terms but somewhat less frequently for physical characteristic
terms, because dictionaries for the latter are more commonly
available. The definitions have an American bias, particularly
in the dates of popular usage and sizes that are cited. Most
definitions have been modified to reflect their application
within the context of QÎGPC; none should be considered absolute.
The experimental techniques and subtle variations in many
graphic processes preclude complete precision.
GMGPC does not include subdivisions which may be added

to a term to indicate where and when the cataloged material was
made and whether it is in color. General guidelines for sub-
divisions are given in section V.
The Classed Display consists of 10 categories which

offer approaches to the indexing terms not available in the
Alphabetical Display (e.g., COLOR ASPECT, SHAPE & SIZE, STATUS
OF PUBLICATION) Each term in the thesaurus has been assigned
.
to one or more of these groups. The broadest terms appropriate

to a particular category are listed alphabetically. When the
broadest term has narrower terms which are also appropriate to
the category, they appear in hierarchical order under that term.
Terms at the same subordinate level are in alphabetical order.
The Hierarchical Display is limited to two terms

(PHOTOGRAPHS and PRINTS) which have many layers and terms
between the broadest term in the chain and its progressively
narrower terms. Here, narrower terms appear in logically
descending relationships rather than alphabetical order. This
display allows quick scanning to broaden or narrow a search for
the most appropriate photographic or printmaking term.
IV. TERM SELECTION AND FORMULATION
GMGPC is designed to provide terms for access to cate-

gories of media and formats rather than to enumerate terms for
indexing every conceivable aspect of graphic materials. It is
not an exhaustive glossary. The degree of term specificity is
meant to permit reasonably direct searches to locate the most
commonly requested examples of graphic materials. Some terms
.
X.
for relatively rare material have been included, because

materials that are commonly requested are not always commonly
found items.
The need for access to categories of material out-

weighed the desire for access to very specific types that
require great technical expertise, considerable analysis, or
elaborate tests in order for the cataloger to assign a term.
The identification of some processes may, in fact, depend
entirely on the presence of manufacturers' labels, captions,
imprints, or accompanying information. However, retrieval of
some formats and physical types that are difficult to recognize
cannot be neglected. For example, while it is excessive to
analyze every architectural drawing for indexing by projection
type, terms have been included for projections that are fairly
readily identified and that could help meet the demand for study
examples
The variety of material found in graphic collections

prompted some modification of ambiguous informal terminology.
For example, in a purely photographic collection, the words
"prints" and "negatives" may suffice. In a mixed collection or
in a database of records for a variety of material, however,
"prints" is better reserved for engravings and related media,
while "photoprints" and "photonegatives" refer without confusion
to photographs. Such formal vocabulary is necessary for index-
ing purposes, even though the notes in the catalog record
continue to be expressed in everyday language.
Terminology was not modified in several situations.

Pictorial content is not always explicit in a term name or
stated in the scope note. Thus, although ENVELOPES and BALLOTS
are not commonly decorated, these terms are not expressed as
"pictorial envelopes" or "pictorial ballots" because it is
expected that those in graphic collections are pictorial.
Graphic designs and their finished products (e.g., BOOK JACKETS)
are included in the same genre category, although the design
work may also be indexed with DESIGN DRAWINGS. Different mani-
festations of an object type are also brought together under the
same term. All possible physical forms of a genre are not given
special terms. Thus, PLAYING CARDS includes both the cut and
uncut sheets. ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS, which may be hand-drawn,
photographic, or printed, are described only as graphic delinea-
tions. Separate headings convey the physical characteristics.
Certain types of vocabulary have been excluded. Terms

which describe art movements or styles as well as those which
require subjective judgment, such as documentary photographs,
pictorialism, propaganda, and primitive paintings, are beyond
the scope of QÎGPC. Terms reflecting a discipline (e.g., "archi-
tectural photographs" or "medical illustrations") have also been
XI .
excluded because it is often difficult to judge or impossible to

know if a particular image was made for such purposes. It seems
ineffectual to apply such terms to every photograph of a build-
ing or every anatomical drawing when the images can be
approached just as well through their subject content.
Rather than enumerate an extensive variety of proprie-

tary names that are actually part of the same generic group, few
processes and techniques were designated by trade names. For
example, DYE COUPLER PHOTONEGATIVES subsumes Kodacolor and
Fujicolor negatives. Cross references are given for some trade
names that are frequently present on the material itself,
because they may serve as a beginning point for many searches.
(Trade names may appear elsewhere in the catalog record.)
Other terms often used in the descriptive portion of

the catalog record have also been excluded because they do not
seem practical as access points. Among these are: contact
photoprints, copper engravings, die-cut lithographs, gold-toned
photoprints, glossy photoprints, and half-length portraits.
The complex formulation of a string of words to

express a description such as "pen, pencil, ink, and graphite
drawing with blue wash on laid paper" cannot be accomplished
within the structure of CMGPC with its limited subdivisions and
anphasis on basic categories. Separate terms were, therefore,
established to designate application instruments (e.g., PENCIL
WORKS) . Terms that describe the primary and secondary support
material were largely excluded in favor of medium designations.
Since, however, the primary support may sometimes be the only
distinctive feature of a photograph, terms for support were
coupled with general photographic terms (e.g., CERAMIC
PHOTOGRAPHS, FILM PHOTONEGATIVES). For institutions employing
the MARC format, codes in the 007 field provide access to
primary and secondary support materials, such as paper, glass,
and wood. Information about the support material and applica-
tion instrument may also appear in the physical description or
note area of the catalog record.
Several genre terms (ABSTRACT WORKS, ALLEGORIES,

CITYSCAPES, GENRE WORKS, LANDSCAPES, PORTRAITS, STILL LIFES, and
WATERSCAPES) were combined with general physical characteristic
terms (DRAWINGS, PAINTINGS, PHOTOGRAPHS, PRINTS) in order to
provide a means for dividing up large files of catalog records
indexed by a general term. For example, an extensive file of
portraits may be broken into categories for PORTRAIT DRAWINGS,
PORTRAIT PAINTINGS, PORTRAIT PHOTOGRAPHS, and PORTRAIT PRINTS.
GMGPC is predicated on a distinction being made between

genre and subject. What is often called a "genre" category,
such as motion picture posters, actually mixes the subject
Xll .
(motion picture) with the form (poster) . Indeed, such combina-

tions of topic and form are endless. Since GMGPC is designed
primarily for use in automated systems in which postcoordinate
searching can be done, retrieval of topic- form "genres" can be
accomplished by searching for the desired subject term in the
topical subject field (MOTION PICTURES, in MARC field 650) and
the desired form term in the genre field (POSTERS, in MARC field
655). (See 6.6 in section V for an approach for manual
systans.)
Distinctions between genre and subject may seem

difficult when a literary genre does not have an equivalent
pictorial genre. "Myth," for instance, is a common literary
genre. A picture of a scene from a myth is not an example of
that genre, but, rather, MYTHS is the subject of the image and
assigned to MARC field 650.
GMGPC is not a theoretical list, but a practical repre-

sentation of categories of material encountered at the Library
of Congress and other extensive American historical collections.
Standard reference sources and cataloging manuals (cited in the
bibliography) were reviewed to find common vocabulary and deter-
mine relationship hierarchies. Some terms and their definitions
were drawn from colleagues' personal knowledge. Other author-
ized 655/755 thesauri, the Library of Congress Subject Headings
(LCSH) , the 1984 draft Art and Architecture Thesaurus for
Document Types, Drawings and Visual Genre , and the preliminary
lists of the Architectural Drawings Advisory Group 4 were also
consulted for terms to incorporate into this graphic materials
thesaurus.
None of the consulted sources could serve as a single

thesaurus for the 655 or 755 fields. The distinction between
object type (genre) , the object itself (physical characteris-
tic) , and the subject content is not always clear and, thus,
confuses the purpose of the 655, 755, and 650 fields. Because
they are either too narrowly focused and detailed for highly
diverse collections of graphic materials or too general in the
terminology related to graphic materials, the existing lists do
not have an appropriate relationship structure for the desired
universe of terms. In addition, they do not include definitions
or guidelines for application that would help catalogers and
researchers in graphic collections use the thesaurus.
Nonetheless, an attempt was made to have terms coincide

with those in other standard vocabularies, especially with terms
4 TheArt and Architecture Thesaurus and the Architectural

Drawings Advisory Group are both sponsored by The Getty Art
History Information Program.
XI 11 .
in other authorized 655/755 thesauri. Although a new list,

GMGPC builds on existing vocabulary in order to reduce confusion
when union catalogs are searched. Some terms (e.g., CALENDARS)
have been repeated in this list because of their frequent use
for indexing pictorial collections. It is expected that terms
for genre and physical types occurring less frequently in
pictorial collections (e.g., ALMANACS or DIARIES) can be taken
from the authorized 655 or 755 thesaurus most appropriate for
the particular type of non-pictorial material.
V. CATALOGING APPLICATIONS
Institutions should formulate written policies for

applying 655 and 755 terms in their local systons. Networks may
provide members with many necessary guidelines. Conformance to
established book cataloging and indexing conventions is recom-
mended for pictorial material; however, in some circumstances a
departure from usual practice is justified. The guidelines here
thus reflect practices developed in the Library of Congress
Prints and Photographs Division, which may be helpful for other
pictorial collections having manual, MARC, and non-MARC
automated files.
GMGPC is one of the tools developed specifically to

address various aspects picture cataloging. The manual Graphic
Materials; Rules for Describing Original Items and Historical
Collections ,^3 which supplements the Anglo-American Cataloguing
Rules (2nd ed.) , provides guidance for bibliographic descrip-
tion. The LC Thesaurus for Graphic Materials: Topical Subjects
(forthcoming) provides an extensive list of topical subject
headings which may be used in MARC field 650.
1. Level of specificity .
1.1. Indexing conventions usually prescribe assignment of the

term most specific to the material being cataloged. The choice
of terms also depends on the nature and intended use of the
collections, the relationship of the material being cataloged to
the rest of the institution's holdings, staff expertise, and
whether the catalog record represents a single item or a group
of items. Decisions about the level of specificity should also
take into account the needs of a growing manual file or local
automated database and the possibility of contributing records
to a multi-institutional database.
The following examples indicate different types of

specificity.
^Graphic Materials is available from the Cataloging Distribution

Service of the Library of Congress.
XIV.
Ex.: An institution has many photographs but only a few

drawings. The general term DRAWINGS may be adequate in relation
to its other holdings, but a great variety of terms are assigned
to identify and distinguish the photographic materials.
Ex. An institution's pictorial holdings are chiefly photo-

:
graphic, but it is considered sufficient to distinguish only

between photoprints and photonegatives because the primary
access to the collection is by subject. (In this case, the 755
field may help limit a search to the photographic material as
opposed to any other material, such as books.)
Ex.: An institution decides to distinguish between ENGRAVINGS

and WOODCUTS but not go so far as to single out STIPPLE PRINTS.
Ex. An institution indexes engravings and woodcuts with the

:
broader term PRINTS. As the manual file grows, however,

researchers find it difficult to pinpoint specific print
1.2.
processes. Contributing records to a database network may also
encourage the institution to apply the same level of specificity
used by other member institutions so that its records will not
be overlooked.
If uncertain of a specific physical process, assign a

broader term. Although terms are available for use when a
process is recognized, one should not feel compelled to try to
identify every process as specifically as possible in every
case.
Ex. When a color photoprint process cannot be identified,

:
—
PHOTOPRINTS COLOR may suffice.
1.3. In accordance with conventional subject indexing prac-

tice, a narrower term and its broader term should not both occur
on a record for a single item. However, for a group, it may be
appropriate to assign both broader and narrower terms.
Ex. An aquatint is indexed with: AQUATINTS. The additional

:
broader term INTAGLIO PRINTS would be superfluous.
Ex. A group that contains mostly cyanotypes, but also has a

:
scattering of many other photo processes, may be indexed with:

CYANOTYPES and PHOTOPRINTS.
1.4. Conventional indexing rules prescribe use of the broader

term when more than three of its narrower terms would be head-
ings in the catalog record. The desire for access to examples
of specific media and genre in a group may call for deviation
from this practice and use of all the terms. When, however, the
specific aspects are considered too numerous to index sepa-
rately, either in a group or single item, the practice of using
the broader term should be followed.
. , . ,
XV.
Ex. A group containing a photographer's work includes mostly

:
platinum photoprints but also has a few cyanotypes and tintypes.

Each type is indexed because it is important to highlight them
all in the context of the institution's holdings.
Ex.: The kinds of ephemera in a scrapbook are too numerous to

index separately. The general term EPHEMERA is used.
Ex. A drawing includes graphite, chalk, and crayon, and no one

:
medium predominates. The general term DRAWINGS is used.
2. Exhaustivity in indexing .
2.1. It is not always necessary or appropriate to assign 655

and 755 terms. An institution may decide to index only selected
material to exemplify a particular genre or physical type in its
collections. Even when a physical characteristic term is
assigned, no genre term may be appropriate (and vice versa). In
addition, pictures with clear topical subjects do not invariably
need a genre term just for the sake of using the 655 field. (In
fact, CITYSCAPES, GENRE WORKS, LANDSCAPES, PORTRAITS, STILL
LIFES, and WATERSCAPES are 655 terms that are intended chiefly
for assignment in the absence of other subject matter. They
are not meant for every image of a city, domestic scene, moun-
tain, person, or river.)
2.2. More than one term may be needed to express the various
categories an item or group represents. The 655 and 755 fields
are repeatable for this reason. Although without specified
limits, selectivity in the number of terms assigned is
recommended
Ex. An allegorical crayon drawing made in memory of a dead

:
hero and intended to illustrate a magazine article, but then

never published, is indexed with: ALLEGORICAL DRAWINGS (655),
MEMORIAL WORKS (655) PERIODICAL ILLUSTRATIONS (655) PROPOSED
WORKS (655), and CRAYON DRAWINGS (755).
3. Double indexing .
3.1. When a genre frequently has the same physical character-

istics associated with it, both aspects are not necessarily
indexed.
Ex. Most POSTCARDS (655) are PHOTOMECHANICAL PRINTS (755), and

:
many CATALOGS (655) are PAMPHLETS (755) In such cases, the 655
term may be sufficient.
Ex. For a less common combination of genre and physical

:
characteristic, such as photographic postcards, both POSTCARDS

(655) and SILVER GELATIN PHOTOPRINTS (755) are used.
, . , . , .
XVI .
3.2. The same principle applies to terms for the instrument

of application. Since most GRAPHITE DRAWINGS are made with
pencils, it is not necessary to index under PENCIL WORKS unless
there is a particular reason to draw attention to that aspect.
3.3. Terms are related in the thesaurus (RT) when their

definitions overlap and, sometimes, when the categories
frequently occur together. It is generally not necessary to
index under both terms; rather, the researcher should be
encouraged to use the thesaurus to be guided from one term to
the other. Note that related term relationships are not drawn
between 655 and 755 terms.
Ex. STEREOGRAPHS, which are predominantly CARD PHOTOGRAPHS,

:
are linked through the RT notation and are not double indexed by
those terms.
4. Basis for cataloging .
4.1. Catalog the material in hand, not what it may be a part

of or a detail from.
Ex. An engraving of a prairie log cabin in a book about the

:
westward expansion of the United States is indexed with: BOOK

ILLUSTRATIONS (655) ENGRAVINGS (755) and LOG CABINS (650) It
is not indexed by the subject (s) or genre of the larger work. An
author/ title added entry may be made for the book, if
appropriate.
4.2. Institutions often provide photographic, microform, or

other quick copy reproductions of pictures as reference substi-
tutes for originals held by the institution. In general,
cataloging should be based on the original material even when
only the surrogate is in hand. Information about the availabil-
ity, arrangenent, and type of copies is put in the note area of
the catalog record (MARC fields 500 and 533), and the physical
characteristics of the copy are not indexed in fields 655 and
755. MARC field 037 may be used to record a stock reproduction
order number. (Cf. section 5.2.)
5. 655 and 755 terms as subjects and in other fields of the

catalog record .
5.1. When an image depicts recognizable types of graphic

materials, a 655 or 755 term may be used as a topical heading
(MARC field 650) The genre or physical type shown in the
picture is its subject .
Ex. A newspaper engraving of a family viewing stereographs is

:
indexed with: PERIODICAL ILLUSTRATIONS (655), WOOD ENGRAVINGS

(755) and STEREOGRAPHS (650)
. . . . ,
XVI 1 .
Ex, ; A stereograph of a family viewing stereographs is indexed

with: STEREOGRAPHS (755) and STEREOGRAPHS (650).
Ex, :An engraved self-portrait of an artist making a self-

portrait is indexed with: SELF-PORTRAITS (655), ENGRAVINGS
5.2.
(755), and SELF-PORTRAITS (650).
When a reproduction is cataloged separately, the repro-

duction's attributes are indexed in fields 655 and 755, and
those of the material it reproduces are indexed as topical
subjects in field 650. In other words, the genre and physical
characteristic depicted by the reproduction become subjects.
The characteristics of a reproduction are indexed in fields

655 and 755 when an institution chooses to catalog reproductions
separately from originals or when an institution has only a
reproduction rather than the original item(s)
Ex. A microfilm that reproduces a selection of pencil drawings

:
from a particular collection is indexed with: MICROFILMS (755)

PENCIL WORKS (650) , and DRAWINGS (650)
Ex. An albumen photograph of a lithograph is indexed with:

:
ALBUMEN PHOTOPRINTS (755) , REPRODUCTIONS (755) , and LITHOGRAPHS

(650)
Ex.: A microfilm that reproduces photoprints owned by another

institution is indexed with: MICROFILMS (755) and PHOTOPRINTS
(650)
5.3. Occasionally, one genre imitates another, and the genre

being imitated becomes a subject.
Ex. A cartoon designed to look like a piece of currency is

:
indexed with: CARTOONS (655) and MONEY (650)
5.4. In anticipation of the need for 655 and 755 terms as

subjects, all GMGPC terms have been incorporated in the LC
Thesaurus for Graphic Materials: Topical Subjects , which is an
authorized source for terms in MARC field 650.
5.5. For consistency in cataloging, 655 and 755 terms are

recommended for use in other areas of the record, such as the
physical description (MARC field 300) or a note field (MARC
field 500) . The thesaurus terms may be supplemented in the
physical description and notes by uncontrolled vocabulary in
order to describe material in greater detail.
, . . — ,
XVI 11
6. Subdivisions.
6.1. Any term in GMGPC may be subdivided in order to indicate

certain information and to subarrange files. The MARC format
provides for three types of subdivisions: general (subfield /x)
chronological (subfield /y) and geographic (subfield /z)
Although no order for these subfields is specified, the follow-
ing pattern is recomnended both for manual and automated files:
[655/755 term] —
[general subdivision] —
[place subdivision]
[date subdivision] Subdivisions need not be used with all
.
655/755 terms (nor at all times) , but a consistent practice

should be developed.
6.2. It is suggested that two general subdivisions (COLOR and

COLORED) be used with physical characteristic terms which do not
imply coloring in their names. 6 The subdivision COLOR refers to
material in which color is an inherent part of the original
creation. The subdivision COLORED refers to material to which
color is applied in a later stage, by hand, stencil, or other
method. (A list of media that inherently have color appears in
the Classed Display under COLOR ASPECT.)
6.3.
Ex.: ALBUMEN PHOTOPRINTS—COLORED— 1862
Ex. : ENGRAVINGS—COLOR— 1800-1899
Ex.: CHROMOLITHOGRAPHS— GERMANY— 1890
Nationality may also be a general subdivision. Use the

adjective form for the nationality of the creator of the
material being cataloged. (The name of the country is used in
the geographic subfield to indicate place of production.) A
possible principle to follow is to use the nationality (i.e.,
general subdivision) when the material cataloged is unpublished
and to use the country of production (i.e., geographic sub-
division) when the material is published. The examples in 6.3
and 6.4 reflect this practice.
Ex. : TRAVEL SKETCHES—AMERICAN— 1900
Ex.: CRAYON DRAWINGS—COLOR— GERMAN— 1865
^ GraphicMaterials prescribes that the presence of color be

indicated in the physical description statement by the abbrevia-
tions "hand col." and "col." which does not distinguish between
inherent color and any separate addition of color. For the 755
field subdivisions, the words COLOR and COLORED were selected to
clarify the distinction.
. .
XIX.
6.4.
Geographic subdivisions are expressed "indirectly,"
i.e., with the larger jurisdiction preceding the smaller, as
outlined in the Library of Congress Cataloging Service Bulletin
120 (1977) , p. 9-11. The geographic place refers to where the
material was made, not the place depicted.
Ex.: BROADSIDES— RHODE ISLAND— PROVIDENCE— 1820
Ex.: NOVELTY WORKS— ENGLAND— 1700-1780
6.5. Each institution must determine its own scheme for

chronological subdivision, but the pattern for recording dates
outlined in Graphic Materials is recommended . Question marks
and the abbreviation "ca." are dropped. Dates expressed as
"between [year] and [year] ," "before [year] ," "after [year] ,"
and dashes are converted to numerical spans. For example,
"189-" becomes "1890-1899." The date should be the date the
material being cataloged was made, not the date of the subject
depicted
6.6. These same subdivision patterns can also be used in

manual files. In addition, some format-oriented genre headings
may make useful subdivisions for topical terms to compensate for
the lack of postcoordinate searching capability. For example,
TOBACCO— ADVERTISEMENTS; SLAVERY— BROADSIDES ; PATENT MEDICINES—
LABELS; WOMEN— PORTRAITS; MOTION PICTURES— POSTERS.
7. Coding .
In a MARC record, terms from GMGPC are to be entered

in subfield /a of fields 655 and 755. Terms which do not appear
in GMGPC or other thesauri approved for 655 and 755 may not be
used in these fields. The Library of Congress has assigned the
code "gmgpc" to this thesaurus. The code must be entered in
subfield /2 (code for thesaurus)
8. Other MARC formats and 655/755 thesauri.
Terms from GMGPC may be used when cataloging pictorial

materials in MARC formats other than Visual Materials. 7 For
example, a catalog record for an illustrated book may include
such terms in field 755 as PHOTOGRAVURES or WOODBURYTYPES ; or a
catalog record for a manuscript collection may include such
terms as PORTRAITS in field 655 and PHOTOPRINTS in field 755.
Likewise, terms from other authorized 655/755 thesauri may be
^GMGPC has been approved for rare book and special materials
cataloging by the Standards Coirmittee of the Rare Books and
Manuscripts Section, Association of College and Research
Libraries, American Library Association.
used in records for graphic collections containing non-pictorial
material. The appropriate thesaurus source code should be
indicated for each heading.
VI. EXAMPLES
Example 1. MARC coding with subfields.
245 00 âAlbum pintoresco de la Isla de Cuba^h[ graphic]

260 Y>Y> fa [Berlin?] :?0dB. May y Ca.,^cl858?
300 âl v. (28 chromolithographs, 2 maps) ;^c26 x 36 cm.
500 ]6]6 âTitle from cover.
650 -7 âFishing^yl858.^21ctgm
651 -0 âCuba.
655 -7 âCaricatures^zGermany^ylSSS.^gmgpc
655 -7 ^Landscape prints/zGermany/ylSSS.^gmgpc
655 -7 /aMaps^zGermany5/yl858./2gmgpc
710 21 âB. May (Firm) ,êpublisher
755 âBooks^zGermany^yl858.^2gmgpc
755 Y>Y> âChromolithographs^zGermany/ylSSS.^gmgpc
Example 2. MARC field tags only.
100 Bain, George Grantham, 1865-1944

245 Brooklyn baseball teams [graphic] / Geo. Bain, photographer.
260 [Newark, N.J.] : Gardner & Co., ca. 1900
300 52 photoprints : sepia toned ; 50 x 59 cm.
500 Title devised by cataloger.
520 Subject: Studio portraits...
650 —
Baseball 1900.
655 —
Group portraits 1900.
655 Portrait photographs 1900. —
755 — —
Silver gelatin photoprints New Jersey Newark 1900. —
Example 3. Physical description.
300 12 phototransparencies : Kodachrome slides ; 35 mm.

—
755 Dye coupler phototransparencies 1942-1945.
755 Slides—Color— 1942-1945.
Example 4. Physical description and note.
300 1 print ; 22 x 45 cm.

500 Etching with drypoint, scraping, and burnishing, on red
handmade paper.
—
755 Etchings Italian 1967. —
XXI .
Example 5. Physical description and note for mixed media.
300 1 drawing and painting ; 12 x 15 cm.

500 Pen, pencil, ink, and graphite with blue and green acrylic
paint.
—
655 Travel sketches French 1912. —
—
755 Mixed media French 1912. —
Example 6. Reproduction.
100 Stuart, Gilbert, 1755-1828

245 George Washington / M. Johnston
260 [ca. 1850]
300 1 photograph daguerreotype, hand col. ; 8.5
: x 6.5 cm.
500 Photograph of painting, 1795.
600 Washington, George, 1732-1799.
650 Portrait paintings 1795. —
655 —
Portraits 1850.
700 Johnston, Mary, photographer.
755 — —
Daguerreotypes Colored Pennsylvania 1850. —
VII. REVISIONS
New terms, corrections, and alterations to terms, scope

notes, and references are solicited. Any new term proposed
should be accompanied by notes and references. Correspondence
regarding GMGPC should be addressed to:
Picture Cataloging Specialist

Prints and Photographs Division
Library of Congress
Washington, D.C. 20540
XXII .
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Many reference sources were consulted to select terms

and compile the definitions. The selection listed here is
limited to those which cover several processes or common for-
mats. Most have illustrations and also contain additional cita-
tions which would be useful if more extensive study of partic-
ular material is desired.
Authorized genre and physical characteristics thesauri
Genre Terms: A Thesaurus for Use in Rare Book and Special

Collections Cataloguing . Chicago: Association of College
and Research Libraries, 1983.
Hickerson, Thomas and Elaine Engst, comps. Form Terms for

Archival and Manuscripts Control . Stanford, Calif.:
Research Libraries Group, 1985.
Printing & Publishing Evidence: Thesauri for Use in Rare Book

and Special Collections Cataloguing . Chicago: Association
of College and Research Libraries, 1986.
General reference sources
ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science , ed. by

Heartsill Young. Chicago: American Library Association,
1983.
Barnicoat, John, A Concise History of Posters . London: Thames

and Hudson, 1972.
Beguin, Andre'. A Technical Dictionary of Print Making , trans.

by Allen J. Grieco. Brussells, Belgium: Beguin, 1981-1982.
2 vols., A-L.
Betz, Elisabeth W., comp. Graphic Materials: Rules for

Describing Original Items and Historical Collections .
Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1982.
Bookman's Glossary , ed. by Jean Peters. 6th ed. N.Y.: Bowker,

1983.
Brenni, Vito J. Book Illustration and Decoration: A Guide to

Research. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1980.
Brunner, Felix. A Handbook of Graphic Reproduction Processes

... [English version: Dennis Qu. Stephenson] 4th ed.
Teufen, Switzerland: Arthur Niggli, 1972.
.
XX111
Burdick, Jefferson. The American Card Catalog: The Standard

Guide on All Collected Cards and Their Values . East
Stroudsburg, Pa.: Kistler Printing, 1960.
Chenhall, Robert. Nomenclature for Museum Cataloging .

Nashville, Tenn.: American Association for State and Local
History, 1978.
Coe, Brian. Cameras . N.Y.: Crown Publishers, 1978.
Coe, Brian. Colour Photography: The First Hundred Years,

1840-1940 . London: Ash & Grant, 1978.
Coe, Brian and Mark Ha worth-Booth. A Guide to Early

Photographic Processes . London: Victoria and Albert
Museum, 1983.
Darrah, William C. Cartes de Visite in Nineteenth Century

Photography . Gettysburg, Pa.: Darrah, 1981.
Darrah, William C. The World of Stereographs . Gettysburg, Pa.

Darrah, 1977.
Ebert, John and Katherine. Old American Prints for Collectors .

N.Y.: Scribner, 1974.
Ehrenberg, Ralph E. Archives & Manuscripts: Maps and

Architectural Drawings . Chicago: Society of American
Archivists, 1982. (SAA Basic Manual Series)
Ephemera News. Bennington, Vt.: Ephemera Society of America.,

1981-
Ephemerist . London: Ephemera Society, 1975-
Eskind, Andrew H. and Deborah Bassel. "International Museum of

Photography at George Eastman House Conventions for
Cataloging Photographs." Image 21 (December 1978): 1-31.
Focal Encyclopedia of Photography . Rev. ed. London, N.Y.:

Focal Press, 1965. 2 vols.
Gill, Arthur T. Photographic Processes, a Glossary and a Chart

for Recognition . London: Museums Association, 1978.
Haller, Margaret. Collecting Old Photographs . N.Y.: Arco,

1978.
Harris, Cyril, ed. Dictionary of Architecture and Construction

N.Y.: McGraw-Hill, 1975.
XXIV.
Hendricks, Klaus B. Preservation and Restoration of

Photographic Materials in Archives and Libraries: A RAMP
Study. Paris: UNESCO, 1984.
Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum. Trade Catalogues at

Winterthur . 1750 to 1980 , comp, by E. Richard McKinstry.
. .
N.Y.: Garland Pub., 1984.
Howard, Marian B. Those Fascinating Paper Dolls . Unabridged,

corrected edition. N.Y.: Dover, 1981.
International Center of Photography. ICP Encyclopedia of

Photography . N.Y.: Crown, 1984.
Jones, Bernard E., ed. Cassell's Cyclopedia of Photography .

London, N.Y.: Cassell, 1911.
Lewis, John. C ollecting Printed Ephemera . London: Studio

Vista, 1976.
Luzadder, Warren J. Fundamentals of Engineering Drawing . 9th

ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1986.
Marzio, Peter C. The Democratic Art ...: Chromolithography

1840-1900 . Boston: Godine, 1979.
Mayer, Ralph. A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques. N.Y.:

Crowell, 1969.
McCulloch, Lou W. Card Photographs. Exton, Pa.: Schiffer,

1981.
McCulloch, Lou W. Paper Americana: A Collector's Guide . San

Diego: Barnes, 1980.
Mintz, Patricia B. Dictionary of Graphic Arts Terms . N.Y.: Van

Nostrand Reinhold, 1981.
Pitts, Terence and Sharon Denton. CREATE: A Procedure Manual

for Cataloging Photographs . 2d. ed. Tucson, Az.: Center
for Creative Photography, 1984.
Quick, John. Artists' and Illustrators' Encyclopedia . 2d ed.

N.Y.: McGraw-Hill, 1977.
Range, Thomas E. The Book of Postcard Collecting . N.Y.:

Dutton, 1980.
Reilly, James. The Albumen & Salted Paper Book . Rochester,

N.Y.: Light Impressions, 1980.
.
XXV.
Reilly, James. Care and Identification of 19th-Century

Photographic Prints . Rochester, N.Y.: Eastman Kodak, 1986.
Reps, John W. Views and Viewmakers of Urban America . Columbia,

Mo.: University of Missouri Press, 1984.
Rickards, Maurice. This Is Ephemera: Collecting Printed

Throwaways . Brattleboro, Vt.: Gossamer Press, 1977.
Rinhart, Floyd and Marion. The American Daguerreotype . Athans,

Ga.: University of Georgia Press, 1981.
Ritzenthaler , Mary Lynn, et al. Archives & Manuscripts:

Administration of Photographic Collections . Chicago:
Society of American Archivists, 1984. (SAA Basic Manual
Series)
Saff, Donald and Deli Saci lotto. Printmaking: History and

Process . N.Y.: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1978.
Sturgis, Russell. A Dictionary of Architecture and Building .

N.Y.: Macmillan, 1901-1902. 3 vols.
Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary . Springfield, Mass.:

Merriam, 1981.
Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English

Language, Unabridged . Springfield, Mass: Merriam, 1961.
Weidhaas, Ernest R. Architectural Drafting and Design . 5th ed.

Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1985.
Welling, William B. Collector's Guide to Nineteenth-Century

Photographs . N.Y.: Macmillan, 1976.
Witkin, Lee D. and Barbara London. The Photograph Collector's

Guide . Boston: New York Graphic Society, 1979.
Woodbury, Walter E. The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Photography .

N.Y.: Scovill & Adams, 1898.
World Encyclopedia of Cartoons , ed. by Maurice Horn. N.Y.: Gale

Research, 1980. 2 vols.
Zigrosser, Carl and Christa M. Gaehde. A Guide to the

Collecting and Care of Original Prints . N.Y.: Crown, 1965.
n 1
.
I. ALPHABETICAL DISPLAY
A la poupee prints [755]

PN Color prints made by simultaneously inking separate areas
of the same plate or block with different colors, before
printing
UF Poupee prints
BT Prints
RT Intaglio prints >
Relief prints >
A trois crayons drawings [755]

PN Chalk drawings in three colors, usually red, white, and
black.
UF Three chalk drawings
Trois crayons drawings
BT Chalk drawings
Abstract drawings [655]

BT Abstract works
Drawings
Abstract paintings [655]

BT Abstract works
Paintings
Abstract photographs [655]

BT Abstract works
Photographs
Abstract prints [655]

BT Abstract works
Prints
Abstract works [655]

PN Images in which the depiction of real objects has been
subordinated or entirely discarded; especially (but not
necessarily) non-representational images, stressing formal
relationships of line, color, and shape.
NT Abstract drawings
Abstract paintings
Abstract photographs
Abstract prints
Acrylic paintings [755]

BT Polymer paintings
PN = Public note; CN = Cataloger's note; UF = Used for term;

BT = Broader term; NT = Narrower term; RT = Related term;
> = Terms which have their own narrower terms
2
Advertisements [655]
PN Public notices of the availability of goods or services
through purchase or other means.
CN Also index under BROADSIDES, HANDBILLS, POSTERS, or other
appropriate form.
BT Ephemera
NT Advertising cards >
Advertising mail
Display cards
RT Fashion photographs
Fashion prints
Premiums
Advertising cards [655]

PN Cards issued to be given away by merchants, sales agents,
or others to advertise and promote the sale of their goods
or services. May also have been enclosed with products,
such as bread, cigarettes, and coffee, as a premium.
Usually, cards bear seller or product name and a pictorial
representation of the service or product. Picture may
also be unrelated, such as a colorful bird scene on a
local stationer's card.
UF Insert cards
Trade cards
Tradecards
Trading cards
BT Advertisements
Cards
NT Cigarette cards
Ship cards
Stock cards
RT Business cards
Collecting cards
Sports cards
Advertising mail [655]

PN Advertisements distributed or intended for distribution by
mail.
UF Direct-mail advertising
Junk mail
BT Advertisements
RT Commercial catalogs
Aerial photographs [755]

PN Photographs taken from an air-borne vehicle, such as an
airplane, balloon, kite, or satellite; from a camera
strapped to a bird; or by a person, such as a parachutist,
in flight.
UF Balloon views
BT Photographs
3
Agfacolor phototransparencies
USE Dye coupler phototransparencies
Airbrush works [755]

RT Paintings >
Photographs >
Alber types
USE Collotypes
Album cards
USE Collecting cards
Album covers
USE Record jackets
Albumen photoprints [755]

PN Predominant paper print process in the 1800s; popular
1850s-1890s.
BT Photoprints
RT Crystoleum photographs
Albumen phototransparencies [755]

PN Typically, glass lantern slides or stereographs; intro-
duced 1849; largely replaced by collodion photo-
transparencies .
UF Hyalo types
BT Glass phototransparencies
Albums [655]
PN Unpublished, bound, or loose-leaf sets of pages assembled
together either before or after material was affixed to
them or images were made on them. Also, published albums
with pages marked for the addition of stickers, collecting
cards, baby keepsakes, or other keepsakes. Albums which
have lost their original covers are included, but not
albums assembled by the repository.
NT Photograph albums >
Presentation albums
Scrapbooks
Sketchbooks
Souvenir albums
RT Sample books
Allegorical drawings [655]

BT Allegories
Drawings

.
Allegorical paintings [655]

BT Allegories
Paintings
Allegorical photographs [655]

BT Allegories
Photographs
Allegorical prints [655]

BT Allegories
Prints
Allegories [655]
PN Representations of truths or generalizations about human
existence by means of symbolic images; often of classical
derivation.
NT Allegorical drawings
Allegorical paintings
Allegorical photographs
Allegorical prints
RT Allusions
Allusions [655]
PN Representations of or references to one work in another
work. Does not include reproductions or works made
"after" other works. Examples include a poster in which
the Mona Lisa is recognizable but altered to fit the
poster s message
'
RT Allegories >
Amateur works [655]

PN Works created by people who are not full-time or profes-
sional practitioners in the medium or genre; often made
for pleasure rather than money; does not refer to image
quality. Examples include photographs by non-professional
camera club members.
RT Snapshots
Student works
Ambrotypes [755]
PN Direct- image photographs; the chemically reduced collodion
glass negative packaged against a dark background appears
as a positive. Commonly in a case; popular mid-1850s to
mid-1860s.
CN Used in a note under PHOTOGRAPHS.
UF Cased photographs
Collodion positive photographs
BT Photographs
5
Anaglyphs [755]
PN Photomechanical images in two contrasting colors, such as
red and green. Printed either as a pair of images or as
one image superimposed on the other but slightly out of
registry. When viewed through a pair of lenses, each in
the appropriate different color, a three-dimensional
effect is created. Introduced in 1891; popular during the
1920s.
BT Novelty works
Photomechanical prints
Stereographs
Anamorphic images [655]

PN Images produced by a distorting optical system or other
method that renders an image unrecognizable unless viewed
by the proper restoring device. Popular for prints and
drawings in the 1600s and 1700s and for photographs in the
1800s. Images are often recorded as they appear in a
convex or concave cylindrical mirror.
BT Novelty works
Animation cels [655]

PN Images on celluloid or polyester sheets, which are used in
combination with similar animation cels to create an
animated sequence for movie, videotape, and other motion
picture productions; usually drawings or paintings.
UF Cartoon cels
Cels, Animation
Announcements [655]
PN Small notices of special occasions, such as weddings.
BT Ephemera
RT Broadsides >
Invitations
Aquatints [755]
BT Intaglio prints
NT Sugar- lift aquatints
RT Etchings >

6
Architectural drawings [655]

PN Graphic delineations made for the design and construction
(or documentation of design and construction) of sites,
structures, buildings, details, fixtures, furnishings, and
decorations, as well as other objects designed by an
architect or arcnitectural office. In the broadest sense,
any drawing by an architect or firm relating to an archi-
tect's work.
CN Also index under terms which express the type of projec-
tion or purpose, such as ELEVATIONS or COMPETITION
DRAWINGS. These terms are listed under PROJECTIONS and
DESIGNS. Used in a note under ENGINEERING DRAWINGS, LAND-
SCAPE ARCHITECTURE DRAWINGS, and NAVAL ARCHITECTURE
DRAWINGS.
UF Drawings, Architectural
BT Design drawings
Aristotypes
USE Collodion printing-out paper photoprints
Silver gelatin photoprints >
Art reproductions [755]

PN Commercially published, mechanically printed copies of
individual paintings, prints, drawings, and other two-
dimensional works of art.
BT Reproductions
Artists' proofs [755]

PN Prints which are accepted for an edition but are unnum-
bered or numbered separately from the edition and reserved
for the artist's use.
BT Prints
Proofs
Artists' signatures [755]

PN Signatures of artists, photographers, painters, or print-
makers on their own works.
BT Autographs
Ar to types
USE Collotypes
As-built drawings [655]

PN Final set of working drawings incorporating (through re-
visions or annotations) any changes of dimensions,
materials, form, and method of construction encountered in
the completion of the structure or site. Difficult to
identify unless marked as such.
UF Drawings, As- built
BT Working drawings
7
Auction catalogs [655]

BT Catalogs
Autochromes
USE Screen color glass phototransparencies
Autographs [755]
PN Names of people written in their own hand; stamped or
printed signatures are not included.
BT Inscriptions
NT Artists' signatures
Autotypes
USE Carbon photoprints
Avant des lettres prints

USE Proofs before letters
Awards of merit
USE Rewards of merit
Axoncxnetric projections [655]

PN Parallel orthographic projections in which the object or
subject is tilted in relation to the picture plane so that
three faces and axes are visible although not in true
shape.
BT Projections
NT Isometric projections
Badges [655]
PN Devices indicating support of a cause, attitudes, achieve-
ments, or membership or participation in a society or
group. May be printed, photographic, plastic, metal,
woven cloth or other fabric; usually intended to be worn
on the person.
UF Button badges
Ribbon badges
BT Ephemera
RT Memorabilia
Bags [655]
PN Sacks, usually rectangular shaped and made of paper, plas-
tic, or cloth, such as burlap or canvas; printed with
manufacturer's name or advertisement.
UF Sacks
BT Packages

.
Balloon views
USE Aerial pnotographs
Bird's-eye views >
Panoramic views >
Ballots [655]
PN Sheets of paper, cards, or other devices used to cast a
vote or announce a slate of candidates.
UF Election tickets
BT Ephemera
Bank note vignettes [655]

PN Engraved decorations primarily designed for use on bank
notes or other currency but also commonly used on stock
certificates and other securities. They may be pictorial
or ornamental images and date from the 1790s to the
present
UF Security engravings
BT Decorations
RT Certificates >
Money >
Bank notes [655]

PN Promissory notes issued by banks, payable to bearer on
demand without interest, and circulating as money.
BT Money
Banners [655]
PN Sheets of cloth, plastic, or paper intended for hanging or
other public display. Examples include banners strung
across streets announcing festivals and banners carried in
parades.
BT Signs
Banquet camera photographs [755]

PN Photographs made from a fixed wide-angle-lens camera
capable of producing a sharp image of great depth. Usually
photographs of large groups of people. One camera,
marketed 1913-1926, produced prints of 7 x 17 in. (18 x 43
cm.) and 12 x 20 in. (30 x 51 am.).
BT Photographs
Baptismal certificates [655]

BT Certificates
Bellmen's verses
USE Carriers' addresses
Billboard posters [655]

PN Large multi-sheet posters; intended for posting on bill-
boards, fences, or similar surfaces.
BT Posters
9
Billheads [655]
PN Documents for itemized accounts of the separate cost of
goods sold or shipped, services performed, or work done;
pictorial or typographically decorated headings.
BT Stationery
Bills of fare
USE Menus
Bird's-eye view prints [655]

PN Bird's-eye views of cities and towns that are lithographs,
engravings, or other types of prints including photo-
mechanical ones. Popular in the United States 1870-1910s,
but also made earlier.
CN Used in a note under BIRD'S-EYE VIEWS.
UF Panoramic maps
BT Bird's-eye views
Prints
RT Cityscape prints
Bird's-eye views [655]

PN Graphic representations of scenes portrayed as if viewed
from above at an oblique angle. If of a city or town, not
generally drawn strictly to scale but showing street
patterns, individual buildings, and major landscape fea-
tures in perspective.
CN For the class of engravings, lithographs, and photo-
mechanical prints commonly known as bird's-eye views, use
BIRD'S-EYE VIEW PRINTS. Do not use for photographs.
UF Balloon views
Views, Bird's-eye
NT Bird's-eye view prints
RT Maps >
Panoramic views >
Projections >
Birth certificates [655]

BT Certificates
Birthday cards [655]

BT Greeting cards
Black-and-white photoprints
USE Photoprints >
Black light works

USE Luminous works

.
10
Black line prints

USE Diazo photoprints
Blind embossed prints

USE Inkless intaglio prints
Blind stamps [755]

PN Symbols or other devices embossed or impressed without ink
onto paper or other material. Often used to identify the
creator, printer, publisher, or owner.
UF Stamps, Blind
BT Marks
RT Embossed works >
Block prints
USE Relief prints >
Blocks, Printing
USE Printing blocks >
Blue line prints

Blueprints [755]
PN Cyanotypes that reproduce designs as white lines against a
blue background. Introduced in the United States ca
1876; predominant method for reproducing architectural and
engineering drawings by the 1950s; largely discontinued by
1980.
BT Cyanotypes
Reproductions
Bonds (Financial records) [655]

PN Interest-bearing certificates indicating public or private
indebtedness.
BT Certificates
Book covers [655]

PN Covers forming the binding or outer enclosure of a hard-
back or paperback book. Covers may be detached or still
attached to the publication.
BT Packages
11
Book illustrations [655]

PN Illustrations in books or pamphlets, whether photographs,
photomechanical prints, or other media; whether still part
of or detached from the volume. Also, drawings, photo-
graphs, prints, and other pictures made to be reproduced
as illustrations, whether published in the same or another
medium, and whether or not they were ever published.
UF Pamphlet illustrations
BT Illustrations
Book jackets [655]

PN Detachable flexible covers, usually paper, designed for or
published with a book.
UF Dust jackets
BT Packages
Book plates
USE Bookplates
Booklets
USE Leaflets
Pamphlets
Souvenir viewbooks
Bookmarks [655]
PN Paper, cardboard, cloth, or other markers used to hold a
place in a book.
BT Ephemera
Bookplates [655]
PN Book owners' identification labels; usually intended for
pasting inside a book.
UF Book plates
Ex libris
BT Labels
RT Ownership marks
Books [755]
PN Published non-periodical volumes in bound codex form,
usually with 49 or more pages. Search also under terms
beginning with BOOK.
RT Leaflets
Pamphlets

12
Boudoir card photographs [755]

PN Card photographs; mounts measure appoximately 8.5 x 5.5
in. (22 x 14 cm.). Introduced in the United States ca.
1890.
BT Card photographs
Broadsides [655]
PN Single-sheet public notices that are usually printed on
only one side; often chiefly text and meant to be read
unfolded. They provide information, news commentary,
proclamation, or other announcement or advertisement.
Primarily posted but also distributed by hand. Larger than
handbills and advertising cards; usually less pictorial
than posters; more extensive text than signs.
CN Used in a note under ADVERTISEMENTS.
UF News sheets
BT Ephemera
NT Handbills
RT Announcements
Carriers' addresses
Playbills
Signs >
Brochures
USE Leaflets
Bromide photoprints
USE Silver gelatin photoprints >
Bromoil photoprints [755]

PN Bromide photoprints which are developed and then bleached
and colored. Oil base pigment(s) is applied with a soft
brush or a brayer, usually in repeated applications.
Introduced in 1907.
BT Photoprints
Brownprints
Kallitypes >
Brush works [755]

RT Paintings >
Wash drawings
13
Business cards [655]

PN Small cards that bear name and often address of a business
or other organization and its representative. Usually
lacks illustration except for a logo or emblem. More of
an information card than an advertisement.
UF Trade cards
Tradecards
BT Cards
RT Advertising cards >
Visiting cards
Button badges
USE Badges
Cabinet card photographs [755]

PN Card photographs; mounts measure approximately 6.5 x 4.5
in. (17 x 11 cm.). Introduced in the United States in
1866; popular until ca. 1900.
BT Card photographs
CAD drawings
USE Computer-aided designs
Calendars [655]
PN Tabular registers of days according to a system, usually
covering one year and referring the days of each month to
the days of the week.
BT Charts
NT Perpetual calendars
Religious calendars
Calligrams
USE Letter pictures
Calligraphy [655]
PN Elegant handwriting or penmanship.
RT Letter pictures
Calling cards
USE Visiting cards
Callitypes
USE Kallitypes

14
Calotypes [755]
PN In the strictest sense, paper photonegatives made by a
process patented by Fox Talbot in 1841. Commonly, and
here, also negatives made by the process as later modi-
fied. More popular in France and England than in the
United States; used through the 1860s.
UF Talbo types
Waxed paper photonegatives
BT Paper photonegatives
Camera lucida works [755]

PN Drawings (and paintings or other works made from them)
produced by tracing the image of an object or scene as it
appears when projected through the prism of a camera
lucida. The device, which aids accuracy, enlargement, and
reduction, was not widely used until the early 1800s;
replaced the camera obscura.
RT Tracings
Camera obscura works [755]

PN Drawings (and paintings or other works made from them)
produced by tracing the image of an object or scene as it
appears when projected through the aperture of a camera
obscura which is used to aid accuracy. This device,
available by the 1500s, may be a portable box with lens
and mirror, or a room; supplanted by the camera lucida.
RT Tracings
Cancelled plate prints [755]

BT Restrikes
Carbon photoprints [755]

PN Photoprints made by a relatively permanent, non-silver
process involving bichromated gelatin. Popular ca. 1870-
1900s; more common in Europe than United States; often
used to reproduce art works. Typically carbon black, but a
wide range of other pigments may also be used.
UF Autotypes
Chromotypes
Lamber types
BT Photoprints
NT Carbro photoprints >
Carbon phototransparencies [755]

PN Phototransparencies made with a carbon process on glass.
15
Carbro photoprints [755]

PN Photoprints made by pressing a specially sensitized carbon
tissue against a wet bromide print and subsequent develop-
ment of the tissue. Introduced in 1905 as Ozobrome; popu-
lar 1920s-1930s as a way to make carbon prints larger than
the original negative since the bromide print intermediary
could be an enlargement of the negative.
UF Ozobrome photoprints
BT Carbon photoprints
NT Tricolor carbro photoprints
Card photograph albums [655]

PN Albums made to hold card photographs.
UF Cartes de visite albums
BT Photograph albums
Card photographs [755]

PN Paper photoprints made by a variety of processes on
commercially produced cardboard mounts of standard sizes
(with some variation) . Introduced in the 1850s. This
term includes photonegatives and unmounted photoprints
when it is clear that they were intended for such standard
mounts. Often portraits.
CN As desired, also index under the type of photographic
process.
BT Photographs
NT Boudoir card photographs
Cabinet card photographs
Cartes de visite
Imperial card photographs
Kodak card photographs
Panel card photographs
Promenade card photographs
Victoria card photographs
RT Photonegatives >
Photoprints >
Stereographs >

16
Cards [655]
PN Pieces of thin paperboard, stiff paper, or other material,
which are flat, usually small and rectangular, and de-
signed to convey messages or other information.
BT Ephemera
NT Advertising cards >
Business cards
Collecting cards
Comic cards
Dance cards
Display cards
Membership cards
Playing cards >
Postcards >
Sentiment cards
Speakeasy cards
Sports cards
Visiting cards
RT Greeting cards >
Caricatures [655]
PN Cartoons which portray in a critical or facetious way a
real individual or group, or a figure representing a
social, political, ethnic, or racial type. The effect is
usually achieved through distortion or exaggeration of the
features or form.
BT Cartoons
RT Portraits >
Carriers' addresses [655]

PN Verses in broadside or pamphlet format presented at the
start of a new year by newspaper carriers (and sometimes
by other trades people) to request a gratuity.
UF Bellmen's verses
Newscarriers' addresses
Newsmen's presents
BT Ephemera
RT Broadsides >
New Year cards
Cartes de visite [755]

PN Card photographs; mounts measure approximately 4 x 2.5 in.
(10 x 6 an.). Introduced in the United States in 1859;
made into the 1900s.
BT Card photographs
Cartes de visite albums

USE Card photograph albums
Cartoon cels
USE Animation cels
17
Cartoon patterns [655]

PN Graphic delineations, often drawings, prepared as same
size patterns for, among other things, tapestries, murals,
paintings, and stained glass.
BT Pattern sheets
Cartoon strips [655]

PN Sequences of cartoons with a story line laid out in a
series of pictorial panels across a page or sheet and
concerning a continuous character or set of characters.
UF Comic strips
BT Cartoons
NT Comic books
Cartoons [655]
PN Humorous, satirical, or ridiculing images executed in a
broad or abbreviated manner.
UF Comic pictures
NT Caricatures
Cartoon strips >
Comic cards
Editorial cartoons
Satires
RT Humorous pictures
Cartouches [655]
PN Graphic delineations that are ornamental frames intended
to contain an inscription, such as a map title, or a
decoration, such as a coat of arms.
BT Decorations
RT Maps >
Title pages >
Cased photographs
USE Ambro types
Daguerreotypes
Photograph cases
Casein paintings [755]

BT Paintings

"
18
Catalogs [655]
PN Enumerations of items arranged systematically with de-
scriptive details. May have prices.
CN In Genre Terms ... Rare Book , this term is spelled
"catalogues.
UF Catalogues
NT Auction catalogs
Commercial catalogs
Exhibition catalogs
RT Ephemera >
Price lists
Sample books
Catalogues
USE Catalogs >
Cellocuts [755]
PN Prints made from blocks whose surface is built up with
liquid plastics. May be printed in intaglio or relief.
They look much like li nocuts.
BT Prints
Relief prints >
Cellulose diacetate photonegatives [755]

PN Difficult to distinguish from cellulose triacetate nega-
tives unless they already show deterioration, typically
differential shrinkage and reticulation. Marketed
1926-1956.
UF Diacetate photonegatives
BT Film photonegatives
Cellulose nitrate photonegatives [755]

PN In use 1887-ca. 1950; flammable.
UF Nitrate photonegatives
Nitrocellulose photonegatives
Cellulose triacetate photonegatives [755]

PN Introduced in 1947. Difficult to distinguish from un-
deteriorated cellulose diacetate negatives.
UF Triacetate photonegatives
Cels, Animation
USE Animation cels
Censored works [655]

PN Materials altered or prohibited because considered unsuit-
able for the general public.
19
Ceramic photographs [755]

PN Photographs produced by any of a variety of processes on a
porcelain, earthenware, or other ceramic support.
UF Photoceramics
Porcelain photographs
BT Photoprints
RT Opalotypes
Certificates [655]
PN Documents containing certified statements of, for example,
ownership, membership, fulfilled requirements, or legal
status.
BT Ephanera
NT Baptismal certificates
Birth certificates
Bonds (Financial records)
Death certificates
Diplomas
Insurance certificates
Marriage certificates
Membership certificates
Stock certificates
RT Bank note vignettes
Fraktur
Rewards of merit
Chalk drawings [755]

BT Drawings
NT A trois crayons drawings
Charcoal drawings [755]

BT Drawings
Charts [655]
PN Delineations of information in tabular form.
BT Diagrams
NT Calendars >
Genealogical tables
Schedules
Schedules (Contract documents)

.
20
Chiaroscuro woodcuts [755]

PN Woodcuts printed from two or more blocks, one of wfuch is
usually cut to print the design in black and the others to
print neutral or background colors to show differences in
value. The paper itself is usually reserved to provide
the lightest tone in the image. Technique developed in
Europe in the 1500s; often used to reproduce drawings and
paintings.
BT Woodcuts
RT Reproductive prints
Chine colle prints [755]

PN Prints made by laying down a thin sheet of paper on a
heavier backing. The thin sheet adheres permanently to
the backing sheet during printing. Lithographic or in-
taglio method.
BT Prints
Lithographs >
Chloride photoprints
USE Photoprints >
Chloro- bromide photoprints

Christmas cards [655]

BT Greeting cards
Chromo- photographs
USE Crystoleum photographs
Chromolithographs [755]
PN Lithographs of the mid- to late-1800s printed in colors;
often made to look like an oil painting or watercolor;
sometimes heavy with varnish and embossed with stria-
tions.
CN Use LITHOGRAPHS — COLOR for fine art prints printed in
color
UF Oleographs
BT Lithographs
Chromotypes
Chr onopho tog r aphs

USE Motion study photographs
Cibachrome photoprints
USE Dye destruction photoprints
21
Cigarette cards [655]

PN Insert cards enclosed with cigarettes. Flourished in the
United States 1885-1895 and 1909-1917; printed or photo-
graphic.
UF Tobacco cards
BT Advertising cards
Circulars
USE Handbills
Leaflets
Cirkut camera photographs

USE Panoramic photographs
City planning drawings

USE Planning drawings
Cityscape drawings [655]

BT Cityscapes
Drawings
Cityscape paintings [655]

BT Cityscapes
Paintings
Cityscape photographs [655]

BT Cityscapes
Photographs
Cityscape prints [655]

BT Cityscapes
Prints
RT Bird's-eye view prints
Cityscapes [655]
PN General or broad views of cities and towns or sections of
than. Usually made from an elevated or distant vantage
point, such as a view from a roof or a view of a skyline,
but not a ground level view of, for example, a row of
buildings seen only at street level.
UF Topographic views
Townscapes
NT Cityscape drawings
Cityscape paintings
Cityscape photographs
Cityscape prints
RT Panoramic views >

22
Cliches-verre [755]
PN Salted paper, albumen, silver gelatin, or other types of
photoprints made by drawing lines through or scraping away
parts of an exposed and processed light-sensitive emulsion
or other opaque ground coated on a glass plate or plastic
film. Light passes through the lines to create an image
on photographic paper exposed beneath the film or plate.
Alternatively, inks can be applied to a transparent matrix
in varying thicknesses to alter the amount of light reach-
ing the sensitized paper. May resemble drawings or prints
until examined closely.
UF Glass prints
BT Photoprints
RT Drawings >
Prints >
Reproductions >
Clipper ship cards

USE Ship cards
Clippings [755]
PN Illustrations, pages, articles, or columns of text removed
from books, newspapers, or periodicals, or other publi-
cations.
UF Newspaper clippings
Press clippings
NT Tear sheets
Cloth labels
USE Textile labels
Cloth photographs [755]

PN Photographs produced by any of a variety of processes on
cotton, silk, or other cloth support.
UF Collodion positive photographs
BT Photoprints
Cloth prints [755]

PN Prints produced by any of a variety of processes on
cotton, silk, or other cloth support. This term does not
include printed textile design fabrics.
BT Prints
Collages [755]
PN Constructions in which bits of relatively flat materials,
such as newspaper or cloth, are fixed to a support in
relationships for their symbolic or suggestive effect.
BT Constructions
RT Photomontages
23
Collagraphs [755]
PN Prints made from blocks or plates on which the image has
been built up with a collage of various materials and
objects. May be printed in intaglio or relief.
UF Collographs
BT Prints
Relief prints >
Collecting cards [655]

PN Cards issued to be sold singly, in strips, or in other
sets for collecting and trading. Not available as pre-
miums; not intended to be advertisements. Examples in-
clude cards illustrating the Ten Commandments, movie
stars, or wild flowers.
UF Album cards
Trade cards
Tradecards
Trading cards
BT Cards
Comic cards
Sports cards
Collectors' marks [755]

BT Ownership marks
Collodio-chloride photoprints
USE Collodion printing-out paper photoprints
Collodion dry plate photonegatives [755]

PN Efforts to make dry collodion plates began in the 1850s
with honey, tannin, and other processes. More practical
formulas introduced in the 1860s still required very long
exposure times and were little used. Hand-coated emulsions
make these negatives look like wet plates.
CN Unless a photographer's or other notes identify them,
these dry plates are so difficult to distinguish from
collodion WET PLATE PHOTONEGATIVES that most will be in-
dexed as wet plates.
UF Collodion photonegatives
BT Dry plate photonegatives
Collodion photonegatives
USE Collodion dry plate photonegatives
Wet plate photonegatives

24
Collodion phototransparencies [755]

PN Typically, glass stereographs or lantern slides; used
1850s-1890s.
Collodion positive photographs

USE Ambrotypes
Cloth photographs
Collodion phototransparencies
Leather photographs
Tintypes
Collodion printing-out paper photoprints [755]

PN Available in the 1360s but not popular until late 1880s;
chief commercial portrait medium 1895-1910. Glossy ver-
sion has warm image hues while the matte version, which
dominated from the mid-1890s, has near-neutral image hues.
Usually toned with gold or platinum so that images show
little or no fading. They do not show silver mirroring.
CN Glossy collodion prints are virtually indistinguishable
from SILVER GELATIN PRINTING-OUT PAPER PHOTOPRINTS by
visual inspection. If in doubt, use PHOTOPRINTS. Used in
a note under SILVER GELATIN PRINTING-OUT PAPER PHOTO-
PRINTS.
UF Aristotypes
Collodio-chloride photoprints
BT Photoprints
Collographs
USE Collagraphs
Collotypes [755]
PN Photomechanical prints introduced commercially in the
1860s; commonly used in book illustration; can be diffi-
cult to distinguish from actual photographs.
CN Used in a note under PHOTOPRINTS.
UF Alber types
Ar to types
Helio types
BT Photomechanical prints
[Color aspect
See this term in the Classed Display.]
Color screen phototransparencies

USE Screen color film phototransparencies
Screen color glass phototransparencies
Color separation photonegatives [ 755 ]
UF Separation photonegatives
25
Color separation phototransparencies [755]

UF Separation phototransparencies
BT Film phototransparencies
Combination photoprints [755]

PN Photoprints made when two or more separate images are
combined by multiple exposures, sandwiching, or other
means. The multiple negative images are printed onto the
same sheet of photographic paper.
UF Composite photoprints
Simulated images
BT Photoprints
RT Photomontages
Comic books [655]

PN Cartoon strips in pamphlet form; usually periodicals.
BT Cartoon strips
RT Periodicals
Comic cards [655]

PN Cards, issued individually or in sets, wnich bear a cari-
cature or cartoon. Popular 1850s-1900. This term does
not include postcards.
BT Cards
Cartoons
RT Collecting cards
Comic pictures
USE Cartoons >
Humorous pictures
Comic strips
USE Cartoon strips >
Commemorative prints [655]

PN Prints bearing an allegorical or narrative image commemo-
rating an important event or occasion of the past, such as
a decisive battle or the founding of an institution.
Usually text on the print indicates its commemorative
nature, e.g., in honor of, in memory of. This term does
not include death memorials.
BT Prints
RT Keepsakes
Memorial works

26
Commercial catalogs [655]

PN Catalogs issued by businesses and individuals offering
products for sale to retailers or the public. Specialized
catalogs, such as those for Christmas orders and seeds,
are included.
CN In Genre Terms ... Rare Books MANUFACTURERS' CATALOGUES
,
and TRADE CATALOGUES are authorized terms.

UF Manufacturers catalogs
'
Trade catalogs
BT Catalogs
RT Advertising mail
Competition drawings [655]

PN Graphic delineations produced for a design contest or to
win a construction or design contract. Customarily pre-
pared according to a prescribed program. In architecture,
often a set of elevations, plans, sections, and render-
ings; often rendered or in perspective.
CN Used in a note under ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS.
UF Drawings, Competition
BT Design drawings
RT Presentation drawings
Proposed works
[Component
Composite photoprints
USE Combination photoprints
Photomontages
Computer-aided designs [755]

PN Graphic delineations, usually design drawings, created
with a computer drafting system.
UF CAD drawings
BT Computer graphics
Computer graphics [755]

PN Images created within or altered with a computer system;
may simulate photographs, pictorial or ornamental draw-
ings, or other images.
UF Digital images
Electronic images
Simulated images
NT Computer-aided designs
RT Space photographs
Concealed camera photographs

USE Detective camera photographs
.
27
Conjectural works [655]

PN Reconstructions or recreations showing how something in
the past might have appeared, such as historical events,
places, objects, or people. For example, a picture made
in 1892 of Columbus discovering America in 1492, or an
archaeologist's conception of how a building known only
from ruins once appeared. Also, pictures of the imagined
future appearance of real people, places, and objects.
UF Historical studies
Imaginary views
Re-enactments
Reconstructions
Construction progress photographs

USE Progress photographs
Constructions [755]
NT Collages
Montages
RT Mixed media
Contact sheets [755]

PN Proof sheets containing contact prints from more than one
photonegative; often used to select images for individual
printing
BT Photoprints
Proofs
Conte crayon drawings

USE Crayon drawings
Contract drawings [655]

PN Graphic delineations which constitute part of a legal
contract between a client and craftsman, builder, archi-
tect, engineer, contractor, or other service provider.
Signed or accepted by one or more parties, or otherwise
identified as part of a contract agreement or set of spec-
ifications. Used especially from the mid- to late-1800s.
UF Drawings, Contract
BT Design drawings
Copies
USE Reproductions >

28
Copy art [755]

PN Images made with copy machines, such as Xerox machines,
that are original works rather than reproductions of other
documents. Examples include multiple copy, personal use
invitations as well as artist's works.
BT Photocopies
Costume design drawings [655]

PN Graphic delineations made for the design and production
(or documentation of design and production) of costumes
for theatrical and other performing arts productions and
for special events, such as costume balls or Halloween.
BT Design drawings
RT Fashion design drawings
Costume prints [655]

PN Prints made for the study or documentation of clothing,
such as national dress or military uniforms; often in
series.
BT Prints
RT Fashion prints
Genre prints
Counterfeits
USE Forgeries
Counterproofs [755]
PN In printmaking, impressions taken from a print or drawing
by passing it through a press against a sheet of damp
paper. The image appears in reverse.
BT Prints
Proofs
Courtroom illustrations [655]

PN Graphic delineations of courtroom proceedings made during
the proceedings intended to illustrate newspaper, tele-
vision, or other trial accounts.
BT Illustrations
Crayon drawings [755]

UF Conte crayon drawings
BT Drawings
Crayon manner prints [755]

PN Etchings, engravings, or drypoints in which dots placed
close together, usually by a roulette wheel, create lines
which approximate crayon strokes. In vogue in France in
the 1700s; chiefly used to reproduce drawings.
BT Intaglio prints
RT Reproductive prints
29
Crayon photoprints [755]

PN Chiefly portraits from the 1860s-1920s made by drawing
extensively in charcoal or pastel over a faint photoprint.
The photo may, in fact, be largely hidden. May be
printing-out or developing-out paper, but the enlarge-
ments, often life size, are among the few developing-out
prints made in the 1800s.
BT Photoprints >
RT Drawings >
[Creator attribute
Cries [655]
PN Genre works featuring peddlers hawking their wares with,
usually, the text of the rhyme they cried. Introduced by
the 1500s; prints, paintings, or drawings.
UF Street cries
BT Genre works
Crime photographs
USE Legal photographs
Crystoleum photographs [755]

PN Photoprints, usually albumen, the face of which is adhered
to glass. The print is made transparent (by wax or oil or
by scraping) and hand colored, then backed with another
glass (which may also be painted to add color to the
photo) and a card. They give the appearance of a painting
on glass.
UF Chromo-photographs
BT Photoprints
RT Albumen photoprints
Currency
USE Money >
Cut paper works [755]

PN Images produced entirely or partially by cutting an out-
line shape or interior areas to form the design. Examples
include hollow cut silhouettes and cobweb valentines.
UF Papercuts
Scherenschn i t te
Scissorcraft

30
Cyano types [755]

PN Blue photoprints employing light-sensitive iron salts,
most commonly on paper; introduced in the 1840s but not in
general use until after 1880; often used as proofs.
BT Monochromatic works
Photoprints
NT Blueprints
RT Proofs >
Daguerreotypes [755]
PN Direct- image photographs on silver-coated copper; intro-
duced in 1839 and in general use until ca. 1860; distinc-
tive mirror-like surface; commonly in a case.
CN Used in a note under PHOTOGRAPHS and STEREOGRAPHS.
BT Photographs
Dance cards [655]

PN Cards on which names of dances and dance partners may be
written.
BT Cards
Dealers' marks [755]

PN Marks of dealers, auction houses, or other sellers.
BT Marks
Death certificates [655]

BT Certificates
Decals [755]
PN Images made on paper specially treated so the image can be
transferred to another surface, usually by wetting the
paper, laying it face down against the other surface, then
stripping away the backing sheet.
BT Stickers
RT Transfer sheets
Decorations [655]
PN Images that ornament a text or picture but do not relate
specifically to its meaning.
UF Ornaments
NT Bank note vignettes
Cartouches
Scraps
RT Illuminations >
Illustrations >
Title pages >
31
Design drawings [655]

PN Graphic delineations in any medium prepared to plan,
direct, or document the design and production of a wide
range of works in various trades, professions, and artis-
tic pursuits. May be sketches, diagrams, mechanical draw-
ings, or other formats.
UF Drawings, Design
Production drawings
NT Architectural drawings
Competition drawings
Contract drawings
Costume design drawings
Electrical systems drawings
Engineering drawings
Fashion design drawings
Industrial design drawings
Interior design drawings
Landscape architecture drawings
Measured drawings
Mechanical drawings
Mechanical systems drawings
Naval architecture drawings
Patent drawings
Pattern books
Pattern sheets >
Planning drawings
Presentation drawings
Proposed works
Renderings
Set design drawings
Site plans
Structural systems drawings >
Studies
Textile design drawings
Working drawings >
RT Details
Diagrams >
Projections >
Sketches >
Specifications >

32
Details [655]
PN Small specific parts of a painting, design, or other com-
position; usually at an enlarged scale showing more infor-
mation than in the entire work. Often done in preparation
for a larger finished work, as a subject for study or
training, or as a guide for workmen or artisans. This
term includes photoprints made from a portion of a nega-
tive.
RT Design drawings >
Studies
Detective camera photographs [755]

PN Photographs made by cameras designed to take pictures
inconspicuously. The cameras often have special shapes
for concealment under a vest or elsewhere or are disguised
as other objects, such as revolvers, hats, books, watches,
or binoculars.
UF Concealed camera photographs
Vest camera photographs
BT Photographs
Diacetate photonegatives
USE Cellulose diacetate photonegatives
Diagrams [655]
PN Delineations whose principal purpose is to explain rather
than represent pictorially. May show arrangements, such
as sequence or hierarchy, and relationships, such as part-
whole or major-minor. May provide directions or schematic
outline for construction, assembly, repair, or operation,
as for electrical circuits or traffic flow.
UF Production drawings
Technical drawings
NT Charts >
33
Diazo photoprints [755]

PN Photoprints made with material containing diazonium
compounds, sensitive to blue and ultraviolet light; com-
monly developed with ammonia. Introduced in 1890; chiefly
for reproducing high contrast line drawings, such as
architectural drawings, on paper, cloth, or other fabric.
Most commonly blue or black lines on a white background,
but lines may be in many other colors.
UF Black line prints
Blue line prints
Brownprints
Diazotypes
Dye lines
Ozalids
Primuline process prints
Whiteprints
BT Photoprints
RT Reproductions >
Diazo types
Digital images
USE Computer graphics >
Space photographs
Transmitted images
Diplomas [655]
PN Documents awarded to students or honorees to certify
graduation from or degree conferred by an educational
institution.
BT Certificates
Direct-mail advertising
USE Advertising mail
Display cards [655]

PN Advertisements on cards made for use on a counter, in a
window, lobby, or other commercial setting; larger than
advertising cards.
UF Lobby cards
BT Advertisements
Cards
RT Signs >
Display drawings
USE Presentation drawings

Dotted prints
USE Metal cuts
Drawings [755]
PN Narrower terms include both physical and genre categories
but are limited to those which use drawings in the sense
of a specific medium rather than in the everyday sense of
graphic representation.
CN When using a term that includes the word DRAWINGS, also
index under a more specific physical process name, if
desired. Used in a note under MIXED MEDIA,
NT Abstract drawings
Allegorical drawings
Chalk drawings >
Charcoal drawings
Cityscape drawings
Crayon drawings
Genre drawings
Graphite drawings
Ink drawings
Landscape drawings
Metalpoint drawings >
Pastel drawings
Portrait drawings
Scratchboard drawings
Still life drawings
Tracings
Wash drawings
Water color drawings >
Waterscape drawings
RT Clich§s-verre
Crayon photoprints
Mixed media
Pen works >
Pencil works
Drawings, Architectural
USE Architectural drawings
Drawings, As-built
USE As- built drawings
Drawings, Competition
USE Competition drawings
Drawings, Contract
USE Contract drawings
Drawings, Design
USE Design drawings >
35
Drawings, Electrical systems

USE Electrical systsns drawings
Drawings, Engineering
USE Engineering drawings
Drawings, Exploded
USE Exploded drawings
Drawings, Framing
USE Framing drawings
Drawings, Landscape architecture

USE Landscape architecture drawings
Drawings, Measured
USE Measured Drawings
Drawings, Mechanical
USE Mechanical drawings
Drawings, Mechanical systems

USE Mechanical systens drawings
Drawings, Naval architecture

USE Naval architecture drawings
Drawings, Patent
USE Patent drawings
Drawings, Planning
Drawings, Presentation
USE Presentation drawings
Drawings, Structural systems

USE Structural systans drawings
Drawings, Working
USE Working drawings

36
Dry plate photonegatives [755]

PN Silver gelatin dry plate photonegatives were the dominant
glass negative ca. 1880-1920. Dry plate negatives were
made as early as the 1850s with collodion, honey, and
other solutions, but they were not commercially successful
and are difficult to distinguish from collodion wet plate
negatives.
UF Gelatin dry plate photonegatives
Silver gelatin glass photonegatives
BT Glass photonegatives
NT Collodion dry plate photonegatives
Drypoints [755]
BT Intaglio prints
Dufay color phototransparencies

USE Screen color film phototransparencies
Dust jackets
USE Book jackets
Dye coupler photonegatives [755]

PN Trade names include Kodacolor (launched in 1942 as the
first commercial color negative process in the United
States), Ektacolor (1947), and Fujicolor. A chromogenic
development process.
UF Ektacolor photonegatives
Fujicolor photonegatives
Kodacolor photonegatives
Dye coupler photoprints [755]

PN Most color photoprints (except instant camera) made since
1941 are included. Commonly referred to as Type C if made
from a negative and Type R if made from a transparency. A
chromogenic development process.
UF Type C photoprints
Type R photoprints
BT Photoprints
Dye coupler phototransparencies [755]

PN Trade names include Kodachrome and Agfacolor (both intro-
duced in 1936), Ektachrome (introduced in the 1940s), and
Fujichrome. A chromogenic development process.
UF Agfacolor phototransparencies
Ektachrome phototransparencies
Fujichrome phototransparencies
Kodachrome phototransparencies
37
Dye destruction photoprints [755]

PN Color photoprints made under various trade names including
Utocolor in the early 1900s and Gasparcolor in the 1930s.
Cibachrome, introduced in 1963, is the modern representa-
tive of this process. Valued in part for the relative
stability of the color dyes.
UF Cibachrome photoprints
Silver dye bleach photoprints
BT Photoprints
Dye diffusion transfer photoprints [755]

PN Color instant camera photoprints. Polaroid was introduced
commercially in 1965; Kodak followed in 1976, and Fuji in
1981. Commonly 3.12 x 3.12 in. (8x8 cm.).
UF Kodak instant color photoprints
Polaroid instant color photoprints
BT Instant camera photographs
Photoprints
Dye transfer photoprints [755]

PN Color photoprints made by the imbibition process and a
variety of techniques which begin with three color separa-
tion negatives, then dyed matrices, and a final print.
Among the many trade names are Pinatype (introduced in
1903) and Eastman Wash-off Relief (1935-1946) . Kodak Dye
Transfer process (introduced in 1946) is still in use.
UF Imbibition process photoprints
Pina types
BT Photoprints
Dyelines
Easter cards [655]

BT Greeting cards
Editions, Limited
USE Limited editions
Editorial cartoons [655]

PN Cartoons offering political commentary or social protest
and made for publication in a newspaper or periodical.
BT Cartoons
Periodical illustrations
Ektachrome phototransparencies

38
Ektacolor photonegatives
USE Dye coupler photonegatives
Election tickets
USE Ballots
Electrical systems drawings [655]

PN Graphic delineations for design, layout, installation, and
at times operation of electrical systems. Examples in-
clude lighting, telecommunications, power, alarm, and
detection systems.
UF Drawings, Electrical systems
BT Design drawings
Electronic images
USE Computer graphics >
Transmitted images
Electrostatic photoprints
USE Photocopies >
Elevations [655]
PN Graphic delineations of a vertical exterior or interior
face of a building, structure, or object viewed straight
on. Images usually seem flat but may include some sense
of depth through shading and variations in line thick-
ness.
BT Projections
Emblem pictures [655]

PN Images which combine a picture with a motto or set of
verses intended as a moral or philosophical lesson; usual-
ly prints or drawings.
UF Motto prints
RT Fraktur
Emblems [755]
PN Devices or images used as identifying symbols.
BT Marks
Embossed works [755]

PN Works stamped or otherwise impressed so that all or some
of the image or lettering stand out in relief from the
rest of the surface. The raised image may be emphasized
with the addition of ink or metallic foil.
NT Inkless intaglio prints
RT Blind stamps
39
Engineering drawings [655]

(or documentation of design and construction) of civil,
hydraulic, mechanical, and other engineering works,
projects, or structural components. Distinguished from
architectural drawings chiefly by the designation
'engineer' for the person or firm which produces or over-
sees them.
CN See note under ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS.
UF Drawings, Engineering
BT Design drawings
Engravings [755]
BT Intaglio prints
Engravings, Wood
USE Wood engravings
Envelopes [655]
PN Flat, usually paper containers, as for mailing a letter.
Typical illustrations include patriotic themes or business
advertisements; introduced for common use in the 1840s.
BT Packages
RT Stationery >
Ephemera [655]
PN Transient everyday items, usually printed and on paper,
that are manufactured for a specific limited use, then
often thrown away. Also included are everyday items that
are meant to be saved, at least for a while, such as KEEP-
SAKES and STOCK CERTIFICATES.
UF Printed ephemera
NT Advertisements >
Announcements
Badges
Ballots
Bookmarks
Broadsides >
Cards >
Carriers' addresses
Certificates >
Fans
Forms
Games >
Invitations
Keepsakes
Labels >
Lottery tickets

40
Ephemera (Continued)
NT Memorabilia
Menus
Money >
Packages >
Postage stamps
Premiums
Presentation albums
Price lists
Programs >
Rewards of merit
Samples >
Schedules
Scrapbooks
Scraps
Signs >
Souvenir albums
Souvenir viewbooks
Stationery >
Tickets
Wallpaper
Watch papers
RT Catalogs >
Posters >
Equipment [655]
PN Three-dimensional devices used to make or to view graphic
materials. Examples include engraving tools, cameras, and
stereograph viewers.
UF Tools
NT Printing blocks >
Printing plates >
Printing stones
Stencils
Erotica [655]
PN Images intended to evoke sexual responses in the viewer.
Etchings [755]
BT Intaglio prints
NT So ft- ground etchings
RT Aquatints >
Relief printed etchings
Ex libris
USE Bookplates
Exhibition catalogs [655]

PN Catalogs of itans in art or other exhibits.
BT Catalogs
41
Exotic works
USE Novelty works
Exploded drawings [655]

PN Graphic delineations showing the individual disassembled
components of a structure or object. The parts are shown
in their proper relationships with respect to their assem-
bled positions.
UF Drawings, Exploded
BT Projections
Fabric design drawings

USE Textile design drawings
Facsimile transmission images

USE Transmitted images
Facsimiles [755]
PN Copies made by someone other than the creator of an origi-
nal image; intended to look the same as the original but
not intended as forgeries.
BT Reproductions
Family trees
USE Genealogical tables
Fans [655]
PN Flat or folding fans with advertisements, souvenir or
commemorative messages, or pictures.
BT Ephemera
Fashion design drawings [655]

(or documentation of design and production) of apparel and
accessories.
BT Design drawings
RT Costume design drawings
Fashion photographs [655]

PN Photographs made to sell clothing and accessories or show
than to advantage.
BT Photographs
RT Advertisements >
PN = Public note; CN = Cataloged s note; UF = Used for term;

42
Fashion plates [655]

PN Periodical illustrations made to advertise current fashion
designs. Earliest date from late 1700s; popular in 1830s
and later.
BT Periodical illustrations
Fashion prints [655]

PN Separate prints issued by clothing manufacturers or haber-
dashers depicting or advertising their current designs.
BT Prints
RT Advertisements >
Costume prints
Ferrotypes
USE Tintypes
Film photonegatives [755]

PN Photonegatives on a flexible base, such as celluloid or
polyester. Introduced commercially in the 1880s.
UF Gelatin silver film photonegatives
Safety film photonegatives
Silver gelatin film photonegatives
BT Photonegatives
NT Cellulose diacetate photonegatives
Cellulose nitrate photonegatives
Cellulose triacetate photonegatives
Color separation photonegatives
Dye coupler photonegatives
Halftone photonegatives
Film phototransparencies [755]

PN Phototransparencies on a flexible base, such as celluloid
or polyester.
BT Phototransparencies
NT Color separation phototransparencies
Dye coupler phototransparencies
Radiographs
Screen color film phototransparencies
Silver gelatin film phototransparencies
Finlay color phototransparencies

USE Screen color glass phototransparencies
Fire insurance maps [655]

PN Maps intended for use in calculating fire insurance risks.
They include data on size and construction materials of
structures and on property boundaries, street widths,
water supplies, and other features.
BT Maps
43
Flash photographs [755]

PN Photographs made with aid of magnesium, electronic, or
other flash lighting mechanisms.
BT Photographs
RT Motion study photographs
Fliers
USE Handbills
Leaflets
Floor plans [655]

PN Plans that represent horizontal sections cut through the
walls and other vertical elements of a building at one or
more levels. They demonstrate the shape and disposition
of spaces, chambers, and structural components. They
include information on placement and dimensions of fea-
tures, such as doors, windows, walls, built-in equipment,
and room names.
BT Plans
Sections
Fluorescent works
USE Luminous works
Forensic photographs
USE Legal photographs
Forgeries [755]
PN Illegal imitations or counterfeits; fakes offered as genu-
ine works; may be reproductions or merely in the style of
a specific type of work and presented as genuine.
UF Counterfeits
RT Reproductions >
Formation photographs [655]

PN Photographs taken from an elevated vantage point of a
large group of people assembled to form a particular
design, such as an eagle or the United States flag.
BT Group portraits
Portrait photographs
Forms [655]
PN Printed documents with spaces for insertion of required or
requested information. Examples include report cards,
telegrams, tax forms, checks, and summonses.
BT Ephemera

44
Fortune telling cards [655]

PN Playing cards made specifically for forecasting the
future.
UF Tarot cards
BT Playing cards
Fractur
USE Fraktur
Fraktur [655]
PN Illuminations made by the Pennsylvania Dutch in which
flowers, birds and other motifs decorate a text, such as a
household motto or marriage certificate; drawn or
printed.
UF Fractur
BT Illuminations
RT Certificates >
Emblem pictures
Framing drawings [655]

PN Designs for the construction and assembly of a skeletal
structural system for a floor, wall, roof, or entire
building.
UF Drawings, Framing
BT Structural systems drawings
French tissues
USE Tissue stereographs
Frontispieces [655]
PN Illustrations placed next to the title page.
BT Illustrations
Fujichrome phototransparencies
Fujicolor photonegatives
Game cards [655]

PN Playing cards designed for one specific game and lacking
standard suit systems. Examples include Old Maid and Game
of Authors.
BT Playing cards
Games [655]
PN Paper, cardboard, or other sheets, or sets of materials
designed for play, usually according to prescribed rules.
BT Ephemera
NT Puzzles >
RT Playing cards >
Toys >
45
Gaslight photoprints
USE Silver gelatin photoprints
Gelatin dry plate photonegatives

USE Dry plate photonegatives
Gelatin silver film photonegatives

USE Film photonegatives >
Gelatin silver photoprints

Gelatin silver phototransparencies

USE Silver gelatin film phototransparencies
Silver gelatin glass phototransparencies
Gem photographs
USE Miniature works
Genealogical tables [655]

PN Charts of family relationships.
UF Family trees
BT Charts
Genre drawings [655]

BT Drawings
Genre works
Genre paintings [655]

BT Genre works
Paintings
Genre photographs [655]

BT Genre works
Photographs
Genre prints [655]

BT Genre works
Prints
RT Costume prints

46
Genre works [655]

PN Scenes or incidents of everyday life, such as domestic
interiors or rural and village scenes; especially, con-
sciously contrived or idealized tableaux; chiefly pre-
1900.
NT Cries
Genre drawings
Genre paintings
Genre photographs
Genre prints
Ghost photographs
USE Spirit photographs
Give-aways
USE Premiums
Glass photonegatives [755]

BT Photonegatives
NT Dry plate photonegatives >
Glass prints
USE Cliches-verre
Glass phototransparencies [755]

NT Albumen phototransparencies
Carbon phototransparencies
RT Lantern slides
Gouache drawings [755]

PN Opaque watercolor drawings; commonly combined with
pastels, India ink, and transparent watercolors.
BT Watercolor drawings
Gouache paintings [755]

PN Opaque watercolor paintings; commonly combined with
pastels, India ink, and transparent watercolors.
BT Watercolor paintings
Graphite drawings [755]

BT Drawings
Gravures
USE Photogravures
Rotogravures
47
Greeting cards [655]

PN Cards sent or given on special occasions; usually bearing
messages of good will.
BT Stationery
NT Birthday cards
Christmas cards
Easter cards
New Year cards
Valentines
RT Cards >
Group portraits [655]

PN Portraits in which two or more people are shown.
BT Portraits
NT Formation photographs
Gum bichromate photoprints [755]

PN Non-silver photoprints made by coating white or color
paper with a light-sensitive gum arabic solution and any
desired pigment color. The print hardens selectively
during exposure to a negative, and the darker areas retain
the color of the pigmented solution in proportion to the
degree of hardening that has occurred. Additional coat-
ings and exposures are possible. Developed in the 1850s
but little used until the 1890s.
UF Gum photoprints
BT Photoprints
Gum photoprints
USE Gum bichromate photoprints
Halftone photomechanical prints [755]

PN Prints distinguished by patterns of dots or circular
lines, or other indication of the screen interposed be-
tween the original image and the camera. Usually used to
reproduce continuous tone originals, such as photographs,
in books or newspapers or as postcards or other publica-
tions. First commercially available in the 1880s.
Halftone photonegatives [755]

PN Photonegatives in which the image appears as exposed
through a line screen as a pattern of dots or squares of
varying sizes. Used to make printing plates for halftone
photomechanical prints.
RT Photomechanical prints >

48
Handbills [655]
PN Small single sheet notices, usually unfolded; may be
printed on both sides; intended for wide distribution by
hand, mailing, or other means.
CN Also index under POSTERS when a sheet is partly text,
partly pictorial and intended for both hand distribution
and posting. Used in a note under ADVERTISEMENTS. In
Genre Terms ... Rare Books , BROADSIDES is used instead of
HANDBILLS.
UF Circulars
Fliers
BT Broadsides
Heliotypes
USE Collotypes
Hidden image works [655]

PN Works in which images or text are hidden until revealed by
an action, such as holding than to the light, heating, or
rubbing away a covering surface.
BT Mechanical works
NT Ho Id- to- light works
RT Picture puzzles
Historical studies
USE Conjectural works
Hold-to-light works [655]

PN Cards or sheets of paper with portions cut out and backed
with tissue or other transparent material. When held up
to a light source, a hidden picture is revealed or the
cut-out portions (generally windows, lights, or the sun)
appear brightly illuminated.
BT Hidden image works
Holograms [755]
PN Photographs that present a three-dimensional image of a
subject which changes as the viewing angle changes. Pro-
duced with laser technology; after 1960.
UF Laser photographs
Three-dimensional photographs
BT Photographs
Humorous pictures [655]

PN Images intended to be funny.
UF Comic pictures
RT Cartoons >
Hyalotypes
USE Albumen phototransparencies
49
Identification keys [655]

PN Texts or diagrams which identify specific features or
people in a picture; usually numbers provide the link; may
be on a separate sheet from the picture; commonly on or
accompanying prints.
UF Keys, Identification
Legends, Identification
Illuminations [655]
PN Book leaves or single sheets of text embellished with
hand-drawn ornamental letters, scrolls, paintings, and
other designs; usually gold and color; may be decorations
or illustrations.
CN Used in a note under MINIATURES.
NT Fraktur
RT Decorations >
Illustrations >
Illustrated letter paper

USE Letterheads
Illustrations [655]
PN Images that explain or elaborate a written or spoken text;
may be issued separately from the text. Published and un-
published illustrations are included, whether they are
still part of or detached from a volume, as are pictures
made in one medium to be published as illustrations in a
different medium. Also, pictures that are intended for
publication in textual volumes but stand alone except for
a brief caption, as in gift books or full page editorial
cartoons in illustrated newspapers.
NT Book illustrations
Courtroom illustrations
Frontispieces
Periodical illustrations >
Scientific illustrations
RT Decorations >
Illuminations >
Title pages >
Imaginary views
Imbibition process photoprints

USE Dye transfer photoprints

50
Imperial card photographs [755]

PN Card photographs; mounts measure approximately 10 x 7 in.
(26 x 18 cm.) . Introduced in the United States ca. 1890.
BT Card photographs
Industrial design drawings [655]

(or documentation of design and production) of utilitarian
or machine-made objects, usually for a mass market. Pri-
marily a development of the 1900s related to products as
various as automobiles, hardware, lighting fixtures,
appliances, furniture, and dinnerware.
BT Design drawings
Infrared photographs [755]

PN Photographs made with film that is sensitive to infrared
light. Chiefly 1930s or later.
BT Photographs
Ink drawings [755]

BT Drawings
NT Marker drawings
RT Wash drawings
Inkless intaglio prints [755]

PN Prints made without ink; portions of the paper forced into
relief create the image.
UF Blind embossed prints
BT Embossed works
Intaglio prints
Inscriptions [755]
BT Marks
NT Autographs >
Monograms
Insert cards
USE Advertising cards >
Instant camera photographs [755]

PN Photographs made from film packets which contain their own
developing chemicals and are exposed in a special camera.
Polaroid introduced the process in 194 7. Chiefly photo-
prints, although negatives and transparencies can also be
made.
UF Polaroid instant photographs
BT Photographs
NT Dye diffusion transfer photoprints
51
Insurance certificates [655]

PN Documents issued to certify coverage against loss by a
specified contingency or peril.
BT Certificates
[Instrument onployed
Intaglio prints [755]

CN Used in a note under MIXED MEDIA and PRINTS.
BT Prints
NT Aquatints >
Crayon manner prints
Drypoints
Engravings
Etchings >
Inkless intaglio prints
Mezzotints
RT A la poupee prints
Cellocuts
Chine colie prints
Collagraphs
Interior design drawings [655]

PN Graphic delineations made for the design or construction
(or documentation of design and construction) of either
residential or non- residential interiors. They include
physical layout, support systems, furnishings, finishes,
and fixtures.
BT Design drawings
Invitations [655]
PN Requests to be present or to participate.
BT Ephemera
RT Announcements
Iron photographs
USE Tintypes
Iron-on transfers
USE Transfer sheets

52
Isometric projections [655]

PN Axonometric projections in which all three faces of a
three-dimensional subject are drawn at equally oblique
angles to the picture plane. Horizontal projectors are
drawn at an angle of 30 degrees, and their dimensions as
well as those of the vertical axes are drawn to true
scale. Plan and elevations are given equal prominence.
BT Axonometric projections
Junk mail
USE Advertising mail
Kallitypes [755]
PN Introduced in 1899; commonly brown, sepia, or black; on
paper or cloth.
UF Brownprints
Cal li types
BT Photoprints
NT Vandyke photoprints
Keepsakes [655]
PN Two-dimensional works produced to mark the occasion of a
gathering or event; given or sold to those in attendance
and not usually otherwise available.
CN Used in a note under EPHEMERA.
UF Souvenirs
BT Ephemera
RT Commemorative prints
Presentation albums
Souvenir albums
Souvenir viewbooks
Keys, Identification
USE Identification keys
Kodachrome phototransparencies
Kodacolor photonegatives
Kodak card photographs [755]

PN Card photographs made from a Kodak no. 1 or no. 2 camera;
mounts measure approximately 4.25 x 5.25 in. (11 x 13
cm.) . Produced 1888-1890s; images are circular; mounts
marked Kodak.
BT Card photographs
Kodak instant color photoprints

USE Dye diffusion transfer photoprints
53
Labels 655
[ ]
PN Slips of paper, cloth, or other material affixed or meant

to be attached to something for identification, descrip-
tion, or decoration.
BT Ephemera
NT Bookplates
Stickers >
Textile labels
Lamber types
Landscape architecture drawings 655 [ ]

(or documentation of design and construction) of land-
scapes, parks, gardens, estate grounds, planting beds,
outdoor fountains, paths, small garden structures, and
other planned elements of scenery or building sites. In
the broadest sense, any drawings produced by landscape
architects or firms in the course of their business.
UF Drawings, Landscape architecture
Planting drawings
BT Design drawings
RT Site plans
Landscape drawings [ 655 ]
BT Drawings
Landscapes
Landscape paintings [ 655 ]
BT Landscapes
Paintings
Landscape photographs [ 655 ]
BT Landscapes
Photographs
Landscape prints [ 655 ]
BT Landscapes
Prints

BT = Broader term; WT = Narrower term; RT = Related term;
54
Landscapes [655]
PN General or broad views of natural scenery; may include
figures or man-made objects, but these are of secondary
importance to the composition. Usually made from an ele-
vated or distant vantage point, such as a view from a
hill; not ground level close-up views of, for example, a
tree.
UF Topographic views
NT Landscape drawings
Landscape paintings
Landscape photographs
Landscape prints
RT Panoramic views >
Waterscapes >
Lantern slides [755]

PN Hand-drawn, painted, or photographic images (sometimes
colored) on glass intended for viewing by projection;
often made in sets. Phototransparency lantern slides were
introduced in the United States by 1850 and popular
through World War I; commonly 3.25 x 4 in. (9 x 10 cm.)
with a black paper mask, a cover glass, and taped edges,
although also in circular and novelty shapes. Emulsion
may be albumen, collodion, or silver gelatin.
CN As desired, also index under the type of photographic
process.
UF Magic lantern slides
BT Slides
RT Glass phototransparencies
Laser photographs
USE Holograms
Leaflets [755]
PN Unbound volumes with fewer than five pages.
UF Booklets
Brochures
Circulars
Fliers
RT Books
Pamphlets
Leather photographs [755]

PN Photographs on leather, such as collodion positives on
japanned leather or carbon transfers on white or light-
colored leather.
BT Photoprints
55
Legal photographs [655]

PN Photographs intended for use in a legal proceeding as
valid evidence. May also be intended to aid a legal inves-
tigation by providing identification of a person or docu-
mentation of fingerprints, a crime scene, or surveil-
lance.
UF Crime photographs
Forensic photographs
BT Photographs
Legends, Identification
USE Identification keys
Lenticular photographs [755]

PN Photographs formed and viewed through lenticular screens
(transparent sheets, usually plastic, embossed with a
pattern of tiny lens segments) Applications include
.
additive color processes (introduced 1909) and stereo-

scopic systems in which an image appears to be three-
dimensional .
UF Three-dimensional photographs
BT Photographs
RT Stereographs >
Letter pictures [655]

PN Designs in which words or
the letters of a word are
arranged to form a picture or decorative pattern or
figure.
UF Calligrams
RT Calligraphy
Letter sheets
USE Letterheads
Letterheads [655]
PN Sheets for writing letters which include printed headings,
such as the name and address of a person or organization,
or an illustration.
UF Illustrated letter paper
Letter sheets
Pictorial letter sheets
BT Stationery

BT = Broader term; OT = Narrower term; RT = Related term;
.
56
Letterpress works [755]

PN Sheets or pages of text printed from metal, wood, or other
type. May include woodcut or photomechanical line or half-
tone illustrations. Superseded for commercial use in the
mid-1900s by offset photomechanical processes.
BT Relief prints
Lift-ground aquatints
USE Sugar-lift aquatints
Lift-ground etchings
USE Sugar-lift aquatints
Limited editions [755]

PN Prints, photographs, and other works produced in a stated
number of copies after which no more are made. Usually
numbered consecutively, e.g., 5/100 (the fifth print in an
edition of 100)
CN In Printing & Publishing Evidence , the term LIMITATION
STATEMENTS is used instead of LIMITED EDITIONS.
UF Editions, Limited
Line block prints

USE Line photomechanical prints
Line photomechanical prints [755]

PN Prints made from photomechanical relief blocks or litho-
graphic plates of engravings, drawings, and other works
that consist of just two tones: the background and the
image. The image may be composed of solid dark areas as
well as lines, but it lacks tonal gradations. No screen
markings. Also called line engravings and line cuts.
UF Line block prints
Process line engravings
Linen labels
USE Textile labels
Li nocuts [755]
PN Prints made from linoleum blocks. Can be difficult to
distinguish from cellocuts.
UF Linoleum cut prints
BT Relief prints
Linoleum blocks [655]

BT Printing blocks
Linoleum cut prints

USE Linocuts
57
Lithographic stones
USE Printing stones
Lithographs [755]
CN Used in a note under CHROMOLITHOGRAPHS.
BT Planographic prints
NT Chromolithographs
Lithotints
Offset lithographs
Z incographs
RT Chine colld prints
Photo 1 i thog r aphs
Lithotints [755]
PN Monochromatic lithographs printed from a single stone to
which washes have been applied in different strengths to
produce the appearance of a wash drawing. Introduced in
the 1840s. Do not confuse with lithographs which have a
background tint produced from a second stone.
BT Lithographs
Monochromatic works
Lobby cards
USE Display cards
Lottery tickets [655]

PN Slips of paper, cardboard, or other material which repre-
sent chances for winning a prize in a lottery.
UF Tickets, Lottery
BT Ephemera
Luminous works [755]

PN Works that glow in the dark, including those, such as
black light posters, that glow only when activated by
ultraviolet light.
UF Black light works
Fluorescent works
BT Novelty works
Macrophotographs [755]
PN Unusually large photographs; objects shown are life-size
or larger.
BT Photographs
Magazine illustrations
USE Periodical illustrations

58
Magic lantern slides

USE Lantern slides
Mailing cards
USE Postcards >
Manufacturers' catalogs
USE Commercial catalogs
Maps 655
[ ]
PN Graphic delineations, usually on a flat surface and at a

set scale, of all or part of the earth or another celes-
tial sphere indicating the relative position of selected
artificial and natural features.
NT Fire insurance maps
Plats
RT Bird's-eye views >
Cartouches
Plans >
Topographic maps
Marine architecture drawings

USE Naval architecture drawings
Marine views
USE Waterscapes
Marker works 755[ ]
PN Drawings and other works made by either water-based or

petroleum- based ink from a felt, nylon, or ceramic tip
pen.
BT Ink drawings
Pen works
Markings
USE Marks >
Marks 755 ]
[
PN Marks in, on, or applied to works; not usually considered

part of the visual imagery; often an aid to dating or
establishing provenance.
UF Markings
NT Blind stamps
Dealers' marks
Emblems
Inscriptions >
Ownership marks >
Registration marks
Seals
Tax stamps
Trademarks
Watermarks
59
Marriage certificates [655]

BT Certificates
Matchcover s [655]
PN Covers to contain packs of matches; usually paper. Intro-
duced in 1892. Matches may or may not be present.
BT Packages
Measured drawings [655]

PN Drawings of an existing site or structure made to scale
and dimensioned from site notes, measurements, or photo-
grammetric analysis. Often comprise a set of plans, ele-
vations, sections, and details. Occasionally, they are
perspectives or exploded drawings. Examples include the
work of the Historic American Buildings Survey.
UF Drawings, Measured
Survey drawings
BT Design drawings
RT Mechanical drawings
Mechanical drawings [655]

PN Drawings prepared with mechanical devices, such as
compasses, ruling pens, and other drafting tools, accord-
ing to strict scales, conventions, proportions, and pro-
jection methods.
UF Drawings, Mechanical
Technical drawings
BT Design drawings
RT Measured drawings
Mechanical systems drawings [655]

PN Graphic delineations for design, layout, installation, and
at times operation and maintenance of the mechanical sys-
tans in a structure. They include plumbing (water supply
and sanitary waste), heating, ventilating, air condition-
ing, and transport (elevator, escalator, dumb waiter)
systems.
UF Drawings, Mechanical systems
BT Design drawings

BT = Broader term; JfT = Narrower term; RT = Related term;
.
60
Mechanical works [755]

PN Works with moving parts, such as pop-out or sliding sec-
tions, turning wheels, or flaps that unfold to reveal new
aspects of a picture. Also, works that require an action,
such as turning them, to reveal the whole or another
image
UF Movable works
BT Novelty works
NT Hidden image works >
Metamorphic pictures
Megalethoscope photoprints [755]

PN Photoprints on thin paper specially mounted on a curved
frame for viewing in a megalethoscope, a large device with
a magnifying lens designed for daylight or artificial
light use. Introduced in the 1860s; often used for parlor
entertainment; usually 12 in. (30 cm.) wide.
BT Photoprints
Melai notypes
USE Tintypes
Membership cards [655]

BT Cards
Membership certificates [655]

PN Documents issued to certify membership in clubs, honor
societies, fire companies, military, or other organiza-
tions.
BT Certificates
Memorabilia [655]
PN Three-dimensional objects which cannot be otherwise cate-
gorized. Examples include political campaign pencils and
souvenir paperweights.
UF Souvenirs
BT Ephemera
RT Badges
Memorial works [655]

PN Prints, cards, black-edged stationery, and other items
produced in memory of a deceased person. Prints marking
the anniversary of the death of a public figure are in-
cluded.
UF Mourning works
RT Commemorative prints
61
Menus [655]
PN Lists of the dishes that may be ordered in an eating
establishment or that are to be served at a banquet or
other occasion.
UF Bills of fare
BT Ephemera
Metal cuts [755]

PN Prints printed in relief from metal plates usually
attached to wood blocks; chiefly ca. 1450-1500.
UF Dotted prints
BT Relief prints
Metalpoint drawings [755]

BT Drawings
NT Silverpoint drawings
Metamorphic pictures [755]

PN Pictures which can be transformed into one or more other
pictures by turning, folding, or sliding a section. Also,
pictures with interchangeable parts, such as sets of
heads, torsos, and legs, which can be combined to make
different figures.
UF Reversible head prints
Transformation pictures
BT Mechanical works
[Method of representation
Mezzotints [755]
BT Intaglio prints
Microfiches [755]
BT Microphotographs
Microfilms [755]
BT Microphotographs
Microforms [755]
NT Microopaques
Microphotographs >
RT Miniature works >
Reproductions >

62
Microopaques [755]
PN Microform images on opaque, white cards.
UF Microprints
Opaque microcopies
BT Microforms
Microphotographs [755]
PN Photographs of objects shown at greatly reduced size;
requires magnifying glass or other magnification device to
view.
BT Microforms
Photographs
NT Microfiches
Microfilms
Stanhopes
Microprints
USE Microopaques
Miniature works [755]

PN Graphic materials which are very small in comparison to
the usual size of their genre or physical type.
UF Gem photographs
NT Miniatures
RT Microforms >
Miniatures [755]
PN Very small (usually five inches or less) painted portraits
or scenes; commonly in egg-tampera on parchment, vellum,
enamel , or ivory. For miniatures such as those in medie-
val and Renaissance manuscripts, search under ILLUMINA-
TIONS.
BT Miniature works
Paintings
Mixed media [755]

PN Works combining techniques and materials from two or more
graphic or fine art processes no one of which clearly
predominates. Examples include prints with lots of draw-
ing and photographs with heavy over-painting.
CN For works combining more than one process within a general
medium category, use the general category name. For exam-
ple, for a print comprised of etching and engraving, use
INTAGLIO PRINTS. For a drawing of ink, crayon, and water-
color, use DRAWINGS.
UF Multiple processes
RT Constructions >
Drawings >
Paintings >
Photographs >
Prints >
63
Money [655]
PN Paper money designed to circulate as medium of exchange.
Examples include national and colonial government notes;
bank notes; and merchant, military, and local government
scrip.
UF Currency
Paper money
BT Ephemera
NT Bank notes
Scrip
RT Bank note vignettes
Monochromatic works [755]

PN Graphic delineations which are purely white or light and
dark values of a single color.
CN Do not use for black-and-white images. Used in a note
under PAINTINGS.
NT Cyanotypes >
Lithotints
Vandyke photoprints
Monograms [755]
PN Characters or ciphers usually composed of two or more
combined or interwoven letters; usually represent a name
or part of a name.
BT Inscriptions
Monotype prints [755]

PN Prints made by painting an image on glass, metal, or other
sheet, or by applying ink and wiping parts away, then
transferring the image to paper. Usually no more than one
or two impressions are made.
Montages [755]
PN Composite pictures made by bringing together into a single
composition a number of different pictures or parts of
pictures and arranging these by superimposing one on
another so they form a blended whole. Pieces are phys-
ically rather than optically combined, but there is more
of an attempt to conceal the separations than in a
collage.
BT Constructions
RT Photomontages

64
Motion picture stills [655]

PN Photographs made during the production of a motion picture
that show scenes from the movie; usually for publicity
purposes.
UF Movie stills
Publicity stills
BT Photographs
Motion study photographs [755]

PN Photographs, either single images or sets, made by one of
several techniques for recording successive phases of a
motion. For example, successive exposures made by separ-
ate cameras set up along the path of a moving subject;
successive exposures made by one camera but that result in
separate images; successive exposures that result in a
single image through intermittent illumination of the
subject.
UF Chronophotographs
Multiple flash photographs
Pulsed- light photographs
Stroboscopic photographs
Time-lapse photographs
BT Photographs
RT Flash photographs
Motto prints
USE Qnblem pictures
Mourning works
USE Memorial works
Movable works
USE Mechanical works
Movie stills
USE Motion picture stills
Multiple flash photographs

Multiple processes
USE Mixed media
Music sheet covers

USE Sheet music covers
Music title pages [655]

BT Title pages
NT Sheet music covers
65
Naval architecture drawings [655]

(or documentation of design and construction) of ships,
boats, and similar vessels.
UF Drawings, Naval architecture
Marine architecture drawings
BT Design drawings
Negative photoprints [755]

PN Photoprints in which tones or colors are opposite their
normal values.
BT Photoprints
Negatives
USE Photonegatives
New Year cards [655]

BT Greeting cards
RT Carriers' addresses
News sheets
USE Broadsides >
Newscarriers' addresses
Newsmen s presents
'
Newspaper illustrations
USE Periodical illustrations
Newspaper clippings
USE Clippings >
Niello printing plates [655]

PN Decorative metal plaques with incised lines that have been
filled with niello and hence could also be used for print-
ing. Predecessor of copperplate engraving; chiefly
Italian, 1400s-1500s.
BT Printing plates
Nitrate photonegatives
USE Cellulose nitrate photonegatives
Nitrocellulose photonegatives
USE Cellulose nitrate photonegatives

66
Novelty works [755]

PN Works made with materials uncommon for their format; with
unusual attachments, such as feathers or buttons; with
unusual shapes; or with other uncommon features. Examples
include leather postcards, greeting cards with tinsel,
postcards that squeak or glow in the dark, perfumed adver-
tisements, and advertising cards cut in the shape of the
product they advertise.
UF Exotic works
NT Anaglyphs
Anamorphic images
Luminous works
Mechanical works >
Offset lithographs [755]

PN In original printmaking, lithographs printed by trans-
ferring an image from a printing plate or stone to an
intermediate surface and then to paper or another type of
sheet.
BT Lithographs
Offset photomechanical prints [755]

PN Usually a lithographic process and referred to as offset
lithographs. Introduced in 1906; by the 1970s, a widely
used method for publishing text and illustrations.
CN Used in a note under PHOTOLITHOGRAPHS.
Oil paintings [755]

BT Paintings
Oleographs
USE Chromolithographs
Opalotypes [755]
PN Photographs on opal (opaque white) glass; popular in the
1880s to early 1900s. Made by transferring a carbon
photoprint onto the glass or by exposing a light-sensitive
emulsion on the opal glass to a negative.
BT Photoprints
RT Ceramic photographs
Opaque microcopies
USE Microopaques
Ornaments
USE Decorations >
67
Ownership marks [755]

BT Marks
NT Collectors' marks
RT Bookplates
Ozalids
Ozobrome photoprints
USE Carbro photoprints
Packages [655]
PN Coverings or containers.
UF Wrappers
BT Ephemera
NT Bags
Book covers
Book jackets
Envelopes
Matchcovers
Photograph cases
Ream wrappers
Record jackets
Paintings [755]
PN Narrower terms include both physical and genre
categories.
CN Do not use the general subdivisions COLOR or COLORED with
PAINTINGS. Also index under MONOCHROMATIC WORKS, as
necessary. When using a term that includes the word
PAINTINGS, also index under a more specific physical
process name, if desired.
NT Abstract paintings
Casein paintings
Cityscape paintings
Genre paintings
Landscape paintings
Miniatures
Oil paintings
Pastel paintings
Polymer paintings >
Portrait paintings
Still life paintings
Tanpera paintings
Watercolor paintings >
Waterscape paintings

.
68
Paintings (Continued)
RT Airbrush works
Brush works
Mixed media
Palladio types
USE Palladium photoprints
Palladium photoprints [755]

PN Photoprints on paper sensitized with palladium salts.
Introduced during World War I when platinum became pro-
hibitively expensive; not commercially available after the
1920s.
UF Palladio types
BT Photoprints
Pamphlet illustrations
USE Book illustrations
Pamphlets [755]
PN Published non-periodical volumes with no cover or with a
paper cover. Usually five or more pages and fewer than
49.
UF Booklets
RT Books
Leaflets
Panel card photographs [755]

PN Card photographs; mounts measure approximately 13 x 7.5
in. (33 x 19 cm.). Variant sizes include 17 x 10.5 in.
(43 x 27 cm.) and 23 x 14 in. (59 x 35 cm.)
BT Card photographs
Panoramic maps
USE Bird's-eye view prints
Panoramic photographs [755]

PN Photographs which are a continuous view of a wider section
of the horizon than could normally be photographed in a
single exposure. May be separate photographs either
joined (or meant to be joined) together or one long piece
made with a special camera.
UF Cirkut camera photographs
BT Panoramic views
Photographs
.
69
Panoramic views [655]

PN Views that cover more area than usually can be seen in a
single glance.
UF Balloon views
Views, Panoramic
NT Panoramic photographs
Cityscapes >
Landscapes >
Waterscapes >
Pantins [655]
PN Paper dolls produced in France in the 1600s and 1700s;
often jointed.
BT Paper dolls
Paper dolls [655]

PN Figures on paper or cardboard with several parts or dif-
ferent costumes; usually issued on one sheet or in a book-
let and intended to be cut out.
BT Toys
NT Pantins
Paper money
USE Money
Paper photonegatives [755]

BT Photonegatives
NT Calo types
RT Stats
Paper toys
USE Toys
Papercuts
USE Cut paper works
Pastel drawings [755]

PN Drawings made with colored sticks of chalk in a nongreasy
binder (usually gum arabic)
BT Drawings
Pastel paintings [755]

PN Paintings made with colored sticks of chalk in a nongreasy
binder (usually gum arabic)
BT Paintings

70
Patent drawings [655]

PN Design drawings that describe something in order to obtain
patent protection; often mechanical drawings or diagrams.
UF Drawings, Patent
BT Design drawings
Pattern books [655]

PN Books, pamphlets, or other volumes consisting of designs
intended to be used as outlines from which to make some-
thing.
BT Design drawings
Pattern sheets [655]

PN Sheets drawn or printed with designs used as outlines or
guides to make something. Examples include dress making,
embroidery, and carpentry patterns.
BT Design drawings
NT Cartoon patterns
RT Transfer sheets
Pen works [755]

NT Marker works
RT Drawings >
Pencil works [755]

RT Drawings >
Periodical illustrations [655]

PN Detached illustrations are included as well as original
drawings, photographs, and prints intended for publication
or actually published as illustrations in periodicals.
UF Magazine illustrations
Newspaper illustrations
BT Illustrations
NT Editorial cartoons
Fashion plates
Periodicals [655]
PN Serials usually issued at regular intervals and more fre-
quently than annually.
RT Comic books
Perpetual calendars [655]

PN Calendars based on mathematical calculations with days and
weeks arranged so that the correct day of the week can be
determined for any given date for a wide range of years.
BT Calendars
71
Perspective projections [655]

PN Projections in which three-dimensional subjects are repre-
sented on two-dimensional surfaces so that the effect is
the same as if the actual scene were observed. That is,
the projectors converge towards the eye of the observer.
Frequently done without complete dimensional accuracy.
BT Projections
RT Renderings
Photoceramics
USE Ceramic photographs
Photocopies [755]
PN Typically, quick copy reproductions of textual documents,
photographs, or other items made through an electrostatic
or other electrophotographic process. Introduced commer-
cially in 1948. Examples include prints from office
copiers and microfilm readers. Also, original works pro-
duced with Xerox and other quick copy machines.
UF Electrostatic photocopies
Xerographs
BT Photoprints
NT Copy art
RT Reproductions >
Photoengravings [755]
PN Limited here to prints made by photoglyphy, photogalvan-
ography, etched daguerreotype plates, or other methods of
obtaining an intaglio or relief printing plate from a
photograph before the conmercial viability of the line and
halftone photomechanical print processes in the 1880s.
Photoglypties
USE Woodburytypes
Photograms [755]
PN Photographs made by laying objects on photographic paper
or film and exposing it to light.
UF Rayographs
Schadographs
Vortographs
BT Photographs

72
Photograph albums [655]

PN Albums specially designed to hold photographs or albums
containing photographs. Both anpty and filled albums are
included.
BT Albums
NT Card photograph albums
Photograph cases [655]

PN Decorative containers for one or several photographs.
Primarily made from 1840s-1860s, usually of leather,
paper-covered wood, gutta percha, or thermoplastic
material and hinged; mostly for ambrotypes and daguerreo-
types.
CN Use for empty cases or for cases to which access through
the catalog is desirable.
BT Packages
Photographs [755]
PN The word PHOTOGRAPHS is a general designation for any
photographic process. The narrower terms include both
physical and genre categories.
CN Whenever possible, use a more specific term. The six basic
narrower terms are AMBROTYPES, DAGUERREOTYPES, PHOTO-
NEGATIVES, PHOTOPRINTS, PHOTOTRANSPARENCIES, and TINTYPES.
When using a term that includes the word PHOTOGRAPHS, also
index under a more specific physical process name, if
desired. Also see this term in the Hierarchical Display.
NT Abstract photographs
Aerial photographs
Ambrotypes
Banquet camera photographs
Card photographs >
Daguerreotypes
Detective camera photographs
Fashion photographs
Flash photographs
Genre photographs
Holograms
Infrared photographs
Instant camera photographs >
Legal photographs
Lenticular photographs
Macrophotographs
Microphotographs >
Motion picture stills
Motion study photographs
Panoramic photographs
Photograms
73
Photographs (Continued)
NT Photomicrographs
Photonegatives >
Photoprints >
Phototransparencies >
Pinhole camera photographs
Portrait photographs >
Progress photographs
Snapshots
Solarization photographs
Spirit photographs
Stats
Still life photographs
Tintypes
Underwater photographs
Waterscape photographs
RT Airbrush works
Mixed media
Space photographs
Stereographs >
Transmitted images
Photogravures [755]
PN Prints which faithfully imitate photographs or other con-
tinuous tone originals. Hand-pulled prints from plates
with an aquatint grain have an irregular pattern of
dotting; prints from screened gravure plates have a regu-
lar pattern of dots but, unlike halftone prints, ink
varies in density. Introduced in 1879.
UF Gravures
RT Rotogravures
Photolithographs [755]
PN Limited here to prints made directly from stones or zinc
plates to which the image was photographically trans-
ferred. One such process was patented in the United
States in 1858. For offset photolithography, search under
OFFSET PHOTOMECHANICAL PRINTS.
RT Lithographs >

74
Photomechanical prints [755]

PN Prints made from photographically prepared printing sur-
faces. Most have a distinctive dot or screen pattern, but
some are continuous tone. Usually planographic.
CN Used in a note under PRINTS.
BT Prints
UF Process prints
NT Anaglyphs
Collotypes
Halftone photomechanical prints
Line photomechanical prints
Offset photomechanical prints
Photoengravings
Photogravures
Photol i thographs
Rotogravures
Woodbury types
RT Halftone photonegatives
Photoprints >
Planographic prints >
Stereographs >
Transmitted images
Photomicrographs [755]
PN Photographs taken through a microscope.
BT Photographs
Photomontages [755]
PN Photoprints made by re-photographing a collage or montage
of two or more photoprints or pieces of photoprints to
which drawing, painting, or printing may have been added.
UF Composite photoprints
BT Photoprints
RT Collages
Combination photoprints
Montages
Photonegatives [755]
PN Photographs in which the tonal values are the opposite of
those in the subject to which the negative was exposed.
Their purpose is to be a matrix for obtaining multiple
positive images of the subject.
UF Negatives
BT Photographs
NT Film photonegatives >
Glass photonegatives >
Paper photonegatives >
RT Card photographs >
.
75
Photoprints [755]
PN Photographs produced from photonegatives, by transfer
photo processes, or, in the case of photograms, by the
direct action of light on light-sensitive paper. Tonal
values are usually the same as those of the subject shown.
Do not confuse with continuous tone photomechanical
prints, such as COLLOTYPES and WOODBURYTYPES
CN Used in a note under COLLODION PRINTING-OUT PAPER PHOTO-
PRINTS, PHOTOGRAPHS, and SILVER GELATIN PRINTING-OUT PAPER
PHOTOPRINTS.
UF Black-and-white photoprints
Chloride photoprints
BT Photographs
NT Albumen photoprints
Bromoil photoprints
Carbon photoprints >
Ceramic photographs
Cliches-verre
Cloth photographs
Collodion printing-out paper photoprints
Contact sheets
Crayon photoprints
Crystoleum photographs
Cyanotypes >
Diazo photoprints
Dye coupler photoprints
Dye destruction photoprints
Dye diffusion transfer photoprints
Dye transfer photoprints
Gum bichromate photoprints
Kallitypes >
Leather photographs
Megalethoscope photoprints
Negative photoprints
Opalotypes
Palladium photoprints
Photocopies >
Photomontages
Platinum photoprints
Salted paper photoprints
Silver gelatin photoprints >
Stabilization photoprints
Photomechanical prints >
Proofs >
Stats

76
Photostats
USE Stats
Phototransparencies [755]
PN Black-and-white or color positive image photographs usual-
ly intended for viewing by transmitted light, whether from
the sun or other light source or via a projection device.
On film, glass, or translucent paper base.
BT Photographs
Transparencies
NT Film phototransparencies >
Glass phototransparencies >
Tissue stereographs
RT Slides >
Physiogno trace works

USE Physionotrace works
Physionotrace works [755]

PN Drawings produced by tracing an image made by a physiono-
trace. Also, works made from such tracings, such as
engraved silhouettes.
UF Physiognotrace works
RT Tracings
Pictorial letter sheets

USE Letterheads
Picture puzzles [655]

PN Pictures in which figures or objects are incorporated but
are not readily apparent, for example, animal shapes hid-
den in trees or in a landscape.
BT Puzzles
RT Hidden image works >
Pinhole camera photographs [755]

BT Photographs
Pina types
USE Dye transfer photoprints
Placards
USE Posters
77
Planning drawings [655]

PN Design drawings for local, city, regional, and other
planning projects and their components. Distinguished
from architectural, engineering, and landscape architec-
ture drawings chiefly by the designation 'planner' for the
person or firm which produces or oversees them.
UF City planning drawings
Drawings, Planning
Urban planning drawings
BT Design drawings
Planographic prints [755]

BT Prints
NT Lithographs >
Monotype prints
Stencil prints >
RT Photomechanical prints >
Plans [655]
PN Graphic delineations of a site, structure, or object in a
horizontal projection. Projection lines are parallel to
the picture plane rather than in perspective.
BT Projections
NT Floor plans
Site plans
RT Maps >
Planting drawings
USE Landscape architecture drawings
Plates, Printing
USE Printing plates
Platinotypes
USE Platinum photoprints
Platinum photoprints [755]

PN Photoprints on paper sensitized with platinum salts.
Introduced commercially in 1879 as Platinotypes. Papers
manufactured until around World War I; revived since the
1960s by photographers who coat their own paper.
UF Platinotypes
BT Photoprints

78
Plats [655]
PN Maps showing land boundaries, subdivisions, ownership, and
all data essential to describe and identify units shown
thereon. After about 1900, that were subject to the
approval of the local record office or building authority,
and include one or more certificates indicating due
approval. Does not necessarily show relief, drainage, or
cultural features.
BT Maps
Playbills [655]
PN Programs printed on one sheet or in booklets for plays or
theatrical entertainments.
BT Programs
RT Broadsides >
Playing cards [655]

PN Cards made in sets of a designated number of cards and
marked for use in playing one or more games or telling
fortunes; marks may follow a standard suit and rank system
or may be special designs.
BT Cards
NT Fortune telling cards
Game cards
RT Games >
Plot plans
USE Site plans
Pochoir prints [755]

PN Prints colored by a stencil or stencil and brush tech-
nique; usually book illustrations or reproductions; exten-
sively used in France.
BT Stencil prints
Polaroid instant color photoprints

USE Dye diffusion transfer photoprints
Polaroid instant photographs

USE Instant camera photographs >
Polymer paintings [755]

BT Paintings
NT Acrylic paintings
Porcelain photographs
USE Ceramic photographs
79
Portfolios 755 [ ]
PN Graphic materials issued in unbound sets with paper or

board covers to contain them. Often have a loose title
page and/or text introduction. Refers to both the con-
tainer and its contents. Included are portfolios which
lack original paper or board covers or which were bound
after being issued.
Portrait drawings [ 655 ]

BT Drawings
Portraits
Portrait paintings [ 655 ]
BT Paintings
Portraits
Portrait photographs 655 [ ]
UF Studio portraits
BT Photographs
Portraits
NT Formation photographs
Portrait prints [ 655 ]
BT Portraits
Prints
Portraits [ 655 ]
PN Graphic representations, especially of the face, of real

persons, usually posed, living or dead. Pictures whose
purpose is the portrayal of an individual or several
people, not pictures which merely include people as part
of an event or scene.
NT Group portraits >
Portrait drawings
Portrait paintings
Portrait photographs >
Portrait prints
Self-portraits
RT Caricatures
Silhouettes
Post cards
USE Postcards >

80
Postage stamps [655]

PN Government-authorized hand stamps, adhesive stamps, or
meter markings intended as evidence of payment of postage.
Also, stamps issued by private mail delivery companies to
denote payment of their delivery fees.
UF Stamps, Postage
BT Ephemera
Postal cards [655]

PN Postcards with preprinted postage.
BT Postal stationery
Postcards
Postal stationery [655]

PN Cards, envelopes, aerograms, and other stationery im-
printed with postage indicating prepayment; sold by an
official postal service.
BT Stationery
NT Postal cards
Postcards [655]
PN Cards on which a message may be written or printed for
mailing without an envelope; often include a pictorial,
comic, or other scene on one side.
UF Mailing cards
Post cards
BT Cards
NT Postal cards
RT Souvenir viewbooks
Stationery
Posters [655]
PN Single or multi-sheet notices made to attract attention to
events, activities, causes, goods, or services. The
purely decorative posters made since about 1960 are in-
cluded. For posting, usually in a public place; chiefly
pictorial. Intended to make an immediate impression from
a distance.
CN Used in a note under ADVERTISEMENTS and HANDBILLS.
UF Placards
NT Billboard posters
RT Ephemera >
Signs >
Poupee prints
USE A la poupee prints
81
Premiums [655]
PN Items available without charge or at less than the usual
price with the purchase of a product or service, or as a
result of a subscription or membership. May be packaged
with the product or available through a coupon. Often
part of an advertising promotion. Examples include insert
advertising cards and cereal box prizes.
UF Give-aways
BT Ephemera
RT Advertisements >
Presentation albums [655]

PN Albums made to be dedicated or presented to a person or
organization.
BT Albums
Ephemera
RT Keepsakes
Presentation drawings [655]

PN Graphic representations produced to convey to a client or
general audience the effect of the completed appearance
and function of a project for a building, object, struc-
ture, or site. Usually comprise elevations and plans.
Sometimes accompanied by sections or perspectives.
UF Display drawings
Drawings, Presentation
BT Design drawings
RT Competition drawings
Press clippings
USE Clippings
Price lists [655]

PN Enumerations of costs for goods or services; on one or
several sheets, and, if longer, usually lacking descrip-
tive details.
BT Ephemera
RT Catalogs >
Primuline process prints

Printed ephemera
USE Ephemera

82
Printing blocks [655]

PN Wood blocks, linoleum on wood, or other materials from
which relief prints are made; may be deliberately marred
(cancelled) to prevent their further use.
BT Equipment
UF Blocks, Printing
NT Linoleum blocks
Wood blocks
Printing plates [655]

PN Metal plates; may be mounted on wood blocks; may be
deliberately marred (cancelled) to prevent their further
use.
UF Plates, Printing
BT Equipment
NT Niello printing plates
Printing stones [655]

BT Equipment
UF Lithographic stones
Stones, Printing
Prints [755]
PN Narrower terms include both physical and genre categor-
ies.
CN When using a term that includes the word PRINTS, also
index under a more specific process name, if desired. The
four basic narrower terms are INTAGLIO PRINTS, PHOTO-
MECHANICAL PRINTS, PLANOGRAPHIC PRINTS, and RELIEF PRINTS.
Also see this term in the Hierarchical Display.
NT A la poupee prints
Abstract prints
Allegorical prints
Artists' proofs
Bird's-eye view prints
Cellocuts
Chine colle prints
Cityscape prints
Cloth prints
Collagraphs
Commemorative prints
Costume prints
Counterproofs
Fashion prints
Genre prints
Intaglio prints >
83
Prints (Continued)
NT Landscape prints
Planographic prints >
Portrait prints
Progressive proofs
Proofs before letters
Relief prints >
Reproductive prints
Restrikes >
Still life prints
Stipple prints
Trial proofs
Vues d'optique
Waterscape prints
RT Cliches-verre
Mixed media
Proofs >
Registration marks
Remarques
[Process & technique

Process line engravings

USE Line photomechanical prints
Process prints
USE Photomechanical prints >
Production drawings
USE Design drawings >
Diagrams >
Programs [655]
PN Brief, usually printed outlines of the order to be
followed, of feature (s) to be presented, and of person (s)
participating in a public exercise, performance, or enter-
tainment.
BT Ephemera
NT Playbills
EN = Public note; CN = Cataloger's note; UF = Used for term;

BT = Broader term; NT = Narrower term; FT = Related term;
84
Progress photographs [655]

PN Series of photographs made at intervals from generally the
same vantage points showing construction, renovation, or
demolition of a structure, such as a building, bridge,
park, sculpture, or other site or object as it
progresses.
UF Construction progress photographs
BT Photographs
Progressive proofs [755]

PN In printmaking, sets of proofs showing color printing in
successive stages from first color to finished print, with
one superimposed over the other. Also, sets showing each
color separately as well as in final combination.
UF Successive proofs
BT Prints
Proofs
Projections [655]
PN Graphic representations based on or demonstrating any of
several spatial projection theories or techniques for
delineating objects or views. Imaginary sight lines (pro-
jectors) extend from the eye of the observer to the object
being depicted. The projectors create an image of the
subject on an imaginary plane between the observer and the
subject. Depending on the sight lines used, the subject
is shown realistically or tilted or otherwise altered to
emphasize particular features. Usually only partial
dimensional accuracy.
NT Axonometric projections >
Elevations
Exploded drawings
Perspective projections
Plans >
Sciagraphic projections
Sections >
Design drawings >
Promenade card photographs [755]

PN Card photographs; mounts measure approximately 7 x 4 or
7.5 x 4 in. (18 x 11 or 19 x 11 cm.). Introduced ca.
1874.
BT Card photographs
85
Proofs [755]
PN In printmaking, impressions taken at any stage from a
plate, block, or stone, but not considered part of the
edition. In photography, photoprints made as quick
records of a negative or for clients to choose from, as
with studio portraits.
NT Artists' proofs
Contact sheets
Counterproofs
Progressive proofs
Trial proofs
RT Cyanotypes >
Photoprints >
Prints >
Remarques
Proofs before letters [755]

PN In printmaking, impressions complete except for a title or
publication statement intended to be printed outside of
the image area.
UF Avant des lettres prints
BT Prints
Proofs
Proposed works [655]

PN Designs for projects that have not been executed. Exam-
ples include architectural drawings for buildings that
were not erected, book illustrations that were not pub-
lished, and studies for paintings or other works that were
not executed.
BT Design drawings
RT Competition drawings
Publicity stills
USE Motion picture stills
Pulsed- light photographs

Puns [655]
PN Pictorial play on words.
RT Rebuses
[Purpose

86
Puzzles [655]
PN Games designed for testing ingenuity.
BT Games
NT Picture puzzles
RT Rebuses
Radiographs [755]
PN Shadow images of internal structures made visible by
recording the varying degrees of a subject's absorption of
x-rays or gamma rays passed through it. Discovered 1895.
UF X-ray photographs
Rayographs
USE Photograms
RC paper photoprints
USE Resin-coated paper photoprints
Re-enactments
Ream wrappers [655]

PN Wrappers for reams of paper.
BT Packages
Rebuses [655]
PN Messages or other texts conveyed in part through words or
syllables represented by pictures of objects or symbols
whose names resemble the intended words or syllables in
sound.
RT Puns
Puzzles >
Reconstructions
Record jackets [655]

PN Covers for sound recording disks.
UF Album covers
BT Packages
Registration marks [755]

PN Pinholes, cross marks, or other devices used to align
prints passed through a press more than once.
BT Marks
RT Prints >
87
Relief printed etchings [755]

PN Etchings (which are usually intaglio prints) printed in
relief.
BT Relief prints
RT Etchings >
Relief prints [755]

UF Block prints
BT Prints
NT Letterpress works
Linocuts
Metal cuts
Rubbings
Wood engravings
Woodcuts >
RT A la poupee prints
Cellocuts
Collagraphs
Stipple prints
Religious calendars [655]

PN Calendars which highlight religious activities and events
for specific days; not calendars only illustrated with
religious pictures.
BT Calendars
Remarques [755]
PN Drawn, etched, or engraved designs or sketches on the
margin of a print, printing plate, or stone; sometimes
removed after proofs are made.
RT Prints >
Proofs >
Renderings [655]
PN Design drawings often intended for presentation, display,
or publication. Light and shadow and often color heighten
the three-dimensional or natural appearance of the sub-
ject. Usually, perspectives and highly finished, detailed
representations of a site, structure, building, object, or
portion thereof; often shown in the original or intended
context.
BT Design drawings
RT Perspective projections

88
Reproductions [755]
PN Copies that are often (but not necessarily) in another
medium or different size from the original.
UF Copies
NT Art reproductions
Blueprints
Facsimiles
Reproductive prints
Restrikes >
Stats
Thermal copies
RT Diazo photoprints
Clich^s-verre
Forgeries
Microforms >
Photocopies >
Vandyke photoprints
Video disks
Reproductive prints [755]

PN Prints (other than photomechanical) that are either copies
of two-dimensional original works in other media, such as
paintings, or based closely on other works in a different
medium.
BT Prints
Reproductions
RT Chiaroscuro woodcuts
Resin-coated paper photoprints [755]

PN Photoprints on a paper base coated on both sides with
plastic to reduce processing time; introduced ca. 1970.
UF RC paper photoprints
BT Silver gelatin photoprints
Restrikes [755]
PN In printmaking, impressions made after the original
edition has been issued. Usually unsigned and unnumbered.
BT Prints
Reproductions
NT Cancelled plate prints
Revenue stamps
USE Tax stamps
Reversible head prints

USE Metamorphic pictures
89
Rewards of merit [655]

PN Small printed or handwritten documents awarded in schools
in recognition of good behavior or scholastic achievement.
Conrnon in the 1800s.
UF Awards of merit
BT Ephemera
RT Certificates >
Ribbon badges
USE Badges
Rolls
USE Scrolls
Rotogravures [755]
PN Prints in which an unobtrusive cross line screen breaks up
the image that is then printed from a rotating cylinder.
Introduced ca. 1895 and commonly used for newspaper illus-
trations. Especially suitable for long printing runs at
high speed; inks frequently brown or sepia.
UF Gravures
RT Photogravures
Rubbings [755]
PN Impressions made by rubbing charcoal, graphite, or a simi-
lar substance across a sheet of paper placed on a surface,
portions of which stand out in relief.
BT Relief prints
Sabattier effect photographs

USE Solar izat ion photographs
Sacks
USE Bags
Safety film photonegatives

Sailing cards
USE Ship cards
Salt prints
USE Salted paper photoprints

90
Salted paper photoprints [755]

PM Limited here to photoprints in which the silver particles
are in the paper rather than on the surface in a gelatin
or other matrix; introduced in 1839; in use through
1860s.
UF Salt prints
BT Photoprints
Sample books [655]

PN Alburns or other volumes with type face specimens, paint
chips, swatches of cloth, or stereograph views, or other
samples.
UF Specimen books
BT Samples
RT Albums >
Catalogs >
Samples [655]
PM Books, pamphlets, or other volumes, sheets, or packages
containing samples of designs or materials which can be
purchased from particular manufacturers or printers.
Examples include single sheets made to exhibit the type of
work a commercial printer produces and small packages for
toothpaste, detergent, or other advertising samples.
BT Ephemera
NT Sample books
Satires [655]
PN Graphic commentaries critical of the failings, weaknesses,
and morals of the people, governments, or organizations
depicted.
BT Cartoons
Schadographs
USE Pho tog rams
Schedules [655]
PN Lists showing times of departure and arrival and scheduled
stopping points between two terminals.
UF Timetables
BT Charts
Ephemera
Schedules (Contract documents) [655]

PN Detailed tabulations on architectural and similar working
drawings or on separate sheets that indicate dimensions,
materials, or fixtures required at various points in the
design.
BT Charts
Specifications
91
Scherenschn i t te
USE Cut paper works
Sciagraphic projections [655]

PN Two-dimensional graphic representations with shadows pro-
jected according to specific conventions in regard to the
source of light. The projectors of the shadows are usually
fixed as the diagonal of a cube from the top left corner
to the bottom rear corner and at an angle of 45 degrees in
plan and elevation.
UF Shades & shadows
BT Projections
Scientific illustrations [655]

PN Illustrations characterized by great detail and exacti-
tude, suitable for scientific study or identification of
organisms. Component parts are often labeled; may expose
parts as in a dissection.
UF Technical drawings
BT Illustrations
Scissorcraft
USE Cut paper works
Scrapbooks [655]
PN Albums containing or intended to contain a variety of
material, especially clippings, but also ephemera, or some
photoprints.
BT Albums
Ephemera
Scraperboard drawings
USE Scratchboard drawings
Scraps [655]
PN Die-cut decorations, usually embossed chromolithographs
printed in sheets from which each scrap can be broken off
to paste on calling or greeting cards, album pages, or
other places. Some sheets, up to a foot long, contain a
single figure or scene. Popular from mid- to late 1800s;
many made in Germany. Wide variety of designs includes
flowers, animals, children, ships, and famous people.
BT Decorations
Ephemera

92
Scratchboard drawings [755]

PN White line drawings made by scratching with a stylus or
other tool through a coating of black ink on a white, clay
coated cardboard. Introduced in the 1800s; widespread
conmercial use for images which are to be reproduced.
UF Scraperboard drawings
BT Drawings
Screen color film phototransparencies [755]

PN Additive color process phototransparencies introduced com-
mercially .in the 1930s. Tradenames include Filmcolor
(replaced Autochromes) and Dufaycolor which survived into
the 1950s.
UF Color screen phototransparencies
Screen color glass phototransparencies [755]

PN Additive color process phototransparencies available com-
mercially from 1895-1930s.
UF Autochromes
Color screen phototransparencies
Finlay color phototransparencies
Scrip [655]
PN Limited here to money issued by businesses, military or-
ganizations, or local (rather than national) governments,
often as payment of wages or to provide small change.
BT Money
Scrolls [755]
PN Illustrated sheets of paper or cloth, much longer in one
dimension than the other; meant to be rolled up when not
in use.
UF Rolls
Seals [755]
PN Wax or embossed devices with a cut or raised emblem,
symbol, or word; chiefly used to certify a signature or
authenticate a document.
BT Marks
Seascapes
USE Waterscapes
]
93
Sections [655]
PN Graphic delineations of a vertical, horizontal, or oblique
slice through a site, structure, or object. They demon-
strate the shape and disposition of interior spaces,
chambers, and structural or other components showing their
placement, proportions, and dimensions.
BT Projections
NT Floor plans
Security engravings
USE Bank note vignettes
Self-portraits [655]
PN Representations by the creator of the image of his own
self.
BT Portraits
Sentiment cards [655]

PN Cards printed with a word or a brief phrase of love,
friendship, or other feelings. The size of visiting
cards.
BT Cards
Separation photonegatives
USE Color separation photonegatives
Separation phototransparencies
USE Color separation phototransparencies
Serigraphs
USE Silkscreen prints
Set design drawings [655]

(or documentation of design and production) of stage
settings for theatrical, movie, broadcast, or other per-
forming arts productions.
BT Design drawings
Shades & shadows

USE Sciagraphic projections
[Shape & size

See this term in the Classed Display.
PN = Public note; ON = Cataloger's note; UF = Used for term;

Sheet music covers [655]
PN Covers or first pages of unbound songs and other pieces of
music on eight or fewer pages. Included are covers which
have been detached from the music as well as those which
are still attached.
UF Music sheet covers
BT Music title pages
Ship cards [655]

PN Printed cards made to attract freight consignments or
passengers to ships preparing to depart in the days when
ships left when they had a full load rather than at times
scheduled well in advance. A picture of the vessel is
often included; chiefly for clipper ships 1850s-1860s;
commonly 4 x 6.5 in. (10 x 16 cm.).
UF Clipper ship cards
Sailing cards
Signs [655]
PN Lettered boards or other displays used to give directions
or information, to identify a place of business or public
facility, or give warnings or directions. Textual or
symbolic rather than pictorial.
BT Ephemera
NT Banners
RT Broadsides >
Display cards
Posters >
Silhouettes [655]
PN Images shown in profile in a single hue against a con-
trasting background; cut, drawn, painted, printed, or
photographic; often portraits.
RT Portraits >
Silk screen prints

USE Silkscreen prints
Silkscreen prints [755]

PN Prints made by forcing ink through a fine screen stencil
onto paper or another surface. Art applications date from
the 1930s; commercial ones from the 1920s. Examples in-
clude many posters and book dust jackets.
UF Serigraphs
Silk screen prints
BT Stencil prints
Silver dye bleach photoprints

USE Dye destruction photoprints
95
Silver gelatin film photonegatives

Silver gelatin film phototransparencies [755]

UF Gelatin silver phototransparencies
Silver gelatin glass photonegatives

USE Dry plate photonegatives
Silver gelatin glass phototransparencies [755]

UF Gelatin silver phototransparencies
Silver gelatin photoprints [755]

PN Photoprints made by several formulas, the earliest intro-
duced in the 1880s; dominant black-and-white photoprint
process since the 1890s. Various common developing-out
papers that are very difficult to distinguish by visual
inspection (e.g., bromide, chloride or gaslight, and
chloro-bromide) and one printing-out process are in-
cluded.
UF Aristotypes
Bromide photoprints
Chloro-bromide photoprints
Gaslight photoprints
Gelatin silver photoprints
BT Photoprints
NT Resin-coated paper photoprints
Silver gelatin printing-out paper photoprints
Silver gelatin printing-out paper photoprints [755]

PN Introduced in the 1880s; still marketed as studio proof
paper.
CN Virtually indistinguishable by visual inspection from the
glossy COLLODION PRINTING-OUT PAPER PHOTOPRINTS used in
the 1880s-early 1890s. If in doubt, use PHOTOPRINTS. Used
in a note under COLLODION PRINTING-OUT PAPER PHOTOPRINTS.
UF Studio proof paper photoprints
BT Silver gelatin photoprints
Silverpoint drawings [755]

BT Metalpoint drawings
Simulated images
USE Combination photoprints
Computer graphics >

96
Site plans [655]

PN Design drawings, especially architectural, landscape, and
planning drawings, that are plans showing the boundaries,
outlines, dimensions, contours, positions, and other char-
acteristics of a defined area and its structures, buil-
dings, plantings, and other physical features and
improvements.
UF Plot plans
BT Design drawings
Plans
RT Landscape architecture drawings
Sketchbooks [655]
PN Albums of drawings or paintings on pages bound together
before the images were created.
UF Sketchpads
BT Albums
Sketches [655]
PN Rough drawings or paintings representing the chief fea-
tures of objects or scenes; often made as quick records of
a scene, object, or idea, or as a preliminary to a study
for a larger work.
Studies
NT Travel sketches
Sketchpads
USE Sketchbooks
Slides [755]
PN Transparent materials on which there is a drawn image or a
positive photographic image; intended to be bound or held
in a mount and usually designed for use in a projector or
viewer.
BT Transparencies
NT Lantern slides
RT Phototransparencies >
Snapshots [655]
PN Photographs which seem to have been made without artistic
pretensions; often made quickly with amateur equipment as
a remembrance of people, places, or occasions.
BT Photographs
RT Amateur works
Soft-ground etchings [755]

BT Etchings
97
Solarization photographs [755]

PN Photographs in which negative and positive values have
been reversed in some areas, usually as a result of a long
exposure. For example, a bright street lamp at night
appears as a black spot rather than a bright spot. They
include photonegatives or photoprints that exhibit the
Sabattier effect caused by exposure to light during dark-
room development, which reverses values of some areas of
the image.
UF Sabattier effect photographs
BT Photographs
Souvenir albums [655]

PN Personal albums made by individuals in remembrance of
particular occasions or trips; not commercially published
volumes with the word "album" in the title. Images may
have been purchased for inclusion in the album.
BT Albums
Ephemera
RT Keepsakes
Souvenir viewbooks
Souvenir booklets
USE Souvenir viewbooks
Souvenir viewbooks [655]

PN Published booklets and other volumes primarily consisting
of views of particular places, events, and activities. May
be photographs, photomechanical prints, postcards, etc.;
may be connected by accordion folds.
UF Booklets
Souvenir booklets
Viewbooks, Souvenir
BT Ephemera
RT Keepsakes
Postcards >
Souvenir albums
Souvenirs
USE Keepsakes
Memorabilia

.
98
Space photographs [755]

PN Photographs taken from a vehicle or by a person beyond the
earth's atmosphere. Photographs taken by astronauts with
conventional cameras are included, as well as images made
by digital scanners and transmitted to earth by radio
signals for computer processing.
UF Digital images
RT Computer graphics >
Photographs >
Transmitted images
Speakeasy cards [655]

PN Identification cards which admitted the bearer to a speak-
easy during the American prohibition era (1920-1933)
Often appear to be a club membership card or contain only
cryptic markings and the signature or initials of the
person vouching for the card bearer.
BT Cards
Specifications [655]
PN Textual or graphic documents, schedules, and notes which
amplify working drawings and give detailed information and
instruction concerning materials, finishes, and workman-
ship.
NT Schedules (Contract documents)
Specimen books
USE Sample books
Spirit photographs [655]

PN Photographs in which deliberate partial exposure of per-
sons or objects causes thorn to appear like ghosts.
CN Do not use for photographs in which long exposure times
have caused moving figures to be partly obliterated un-
intentionally.
UF Ghost photographs
BT Photographs
Sports cards [655]

PN Advertising or collecting cards issued since the 1880s to
encourage or satisfy interest in sports. Examples include
baseball, football, and basketball cards issued by bubble
gum, bread, tobacco, and milk producers, among others.
BT Cards
Collecting cards
99
Stabilization photoprints [755]

PN Photoprints processed rapidly in a machine which develops
the image but does not provide adequate fixing and washing
to prevent subsequent fading and other deterioration.
Often found in news agency or newspaper photo morgues.
BT Photoprints
Stamps, Blind
USE Blind stamps
Stamps, Postage
USE Postage stamps
Stamps, Tax
USE Tax stamps
Stanhopes [755]
PN Photographs mounted under a magnifying glass about .12 in.
(.3 cm.) across. Often in a ring or other jewelry; espe-
cially popular in the 1860s.
BT Microphotographs
State proofs
USE Trial proofs
Stationery [655]
PN Materials on which letters and similar cormuni cat ions are
typed or written.
BT Ephemera
NT Billheads
Greeting cards >
Letterheads
Postal stationery >
RT Envelopes
Postcards >
Stats [755]
PN Negative or positive image paper photographic reproduc-
tions made with a photostat machine. Used for art layouts
or any situation in which quickly made, high-contrast
copies are needed whether same size, enlarged, or re-
duced.
UF Photostats
BT Photographs
Reproductions
RT Paper photonegatives >
Photoprints >

100
[Status of production
Stencil prints [755]

NT Pochoir prints
Silkscreen prints
Stencils [655]
BT Equipment
Stereograms
USE Stereographs >
Stereographs [755]
PN Two nearly identical photographs, photomechanical prints,
or other graphics paired to produce the illusion of a
single three-dimensional image. The effect is usually
viewed with the aid of a stereoscope. Typically, photo-
prints on cardboard mounts of standard sizes, but may be
daguerreotypes, glass or film transparencies, photonega-
tives, halftones, or other processes. Card mounts common-
ly 3.5 x 7 in. (9 x 18 cm.) up to 5 x 7 in. (12 x 18 cm.).
Commercially popular in the United States 1850s-1920s.
CN Use even if only half of the stereograph is present. As
desired, also index under the type of process, such as
DAGUERREOTYPES.
UF Stereograms
Stereoscopic views
Stereoviews
Viewmaster cards
NT Anaglyphs
Tissue stereographs
Photographs >
Stereoscopic views
USE Stereographs >
Stereoviews
USE Stereographs >
Stickers [655]
PN Messages or designs on slips of paper that are gummed or
otherwise treated to adhere to a surface.
BT Labels
NT Decals
101
Still life drawings [655]

BT Drawings
Still lifes
Still life paintings [655]

BT Paintings
Still lifes
Still life photographs [655]

BT Photographs
Still lifes
Still life prints [655]

BT Prints
Still lifes
Still lifes [655]

PN Graphic representations of inanimate objects selected and
arranged by the artist or photographer for a specific
pictorial effect.
NT Still life drawings
Still life prints
Stipple prints [755]

PN Prints in which the design consists of dots or flecks,
usually in addition to line work. An engraving or etching
technique, but usually printed as relief prints.
BT Prints
RT Relief prints >
Stock cards [655]

PN Advertising cards that can be used by any business because
they are printed with an area left blank for local re-
tailers to add their name or other information.
Stock certificates [655]

PN Documents evidencing ownership of one or more shares of
the capital stock of a corporation.
CN Used in a note under EPHEMERA.
BT Certificates
Stones, Printing
USE Printing stones

102
Street cries
USE Cries
Stroboscopic photographs
Structural systems drawings [655]

PN Graphic representations made for the design, construction,
and assembly (or documentation of the design, construc-
tion, and assembly) of the structural support systons of a
building or other structure. Features included are attri-
butes of form (post and lintel, arch, truss) and
materials, such as wood, masonry, and steel.
UF Drawings, Structural systons
BT Design drawings
NT Framing drawings
Student works [655]

PN Drawings, photographs, prints, or other works created by
people for course assignments, or to gain a degree.
RT Amateur works
Studies [655]
PN Drawings or paintings, tending to be quite detailed,
usually made in preparation for a finished composition or
project. May also be made to explore a technique,
material, idea, or design. A more carefully detailed
representation than a sketch but less finished than a
completed work.
BT Design drawings
RT Details
Sketches >
Studio portraits
USE Portrait photographs
Studio proof paper photoprints

USE Silver gelatin printing-out photoprints
Submarine photographs
USE Underwater photographs
Successive proofs
USE Progressive proofs
Sugar-lift aquatints [755]

PN Prints produced by an aquatint technique in which the part
of the plate to be etched is exposed by dissolving the
protective coating.
UF Lift-ground aquatints
Lift-ground etchings
BT Aquatints
103
[Support material
Survey drawings
USE Measured drawings
Tal bo types
USE Calo types
Tarot cards
USE Fortune telling cards
Tax stamps [755]

PN Revenue stamps affixed to various printed materials. Use-
ful for dating. Required on photographs and other
graphics in the United States 1864-1866. Also common on
some playing card packs.
UF Revenue stamps
Stamps, Tax
BT Marks
Tear sheets [755]

PN Sheets torn or otherwise removed from publications to
prove insertion of an advertisement or an image.
UF Tearsheets
BT Clippings
Tearsheets
USE Tear sheets
Technical drawings
USE Diagrams >
Mechanical drawings
Tempera paintings [755]

BT Paintings
Test proofs
USE Trial proofs

104
Textile design drawings [655]

(or documentation of the design and production) of
fabrics, both woven and non-woven.
UF Fabric design drawings
BT Design drawings
Textile labels [655]

PN Paper labels meant to identify lengths of cloth or cloth
goods. Usually they state yardage and sometimes cloth
type and manufacturer's name.
UF Cloth labels
Linen labels
BT Labels
Thermal copies [755]

PN Quick copy reproductions which use heat for document re-
production. Introduced commercially ca. 1950.
BT Reproductions
Three chalk drawings

USE A trois crayons drawings
Three-color carbro photoprints

USE Tricolor carbro photoprints
USE Holograms
Stereographs >
Tickets [655]
PN Slips of paper, cardboard, or other material used for
admission or passage.
BT Ephemera
Tickets, Lottery
USE Lottery tickets
Time-lapse photographs
Timetables
USE Schedules
105
Tintypes [755]
PN Direct- image photographs in which the collodion negative
supported by a dark- lacquered thin iron sheet appears as a
positive image. Popular mid-1850s through 1860s; in use
through 1930s. Usually small portraits.
Ferrotypes
Iron photographs
Melainotypes
BT Photographs
Tissue stereographs [755]

PN Photoprint stereographs on thin translucent paper mounted
either between glass plates or on cards cut out to make a
frame; intended for viewing as a transparency. Many were
made in France; often colored.
UF French tissues
Stereographs
Title pages [655]

PN Pages bearing the title and usually the names of author,
publisher, and date and place of publication of a book,
pamphlet, portfolio, or other material. Title pages
detached from and those still attached to the rest of the
publication are included.
NT Music title pages >
RT Cartouches
Decorations >
Illustrations >
Tobacco cards
USE Cigarette cards
Tools
USE Equipment
Topographic naps [655]

PN Maps that portray, identify, and locate natural and man-
made features as precisely as possible; usually use
contour lines to show variations in surface height.
BT Maps
Topographic views
USE Cityscapes >
Landscapes >

106
Townscapes
USE Cityscapes >
Toys [655]
PN Sheets of paper, cardboard, or other material with pre-
printed outlines or designs that can be cut and folded to
make toys. Toys already made are included.
UF Paper toys
NT Paper dolls >
RT Games >
Tracings [755]
BT Drawings
RT Camera lucida works
Camera obscura works
Physionotrace works
Trade cards
Business cards
Collecting cards
Trade catalogs
USE Commercial catalogs
Tradecards
Business cards
Collecting cards
Trademarks [755]
PN Symbols or combinations of symbols, letters, and other
characters legally reserved to identify products and
makers.
BT Marks
Trading cards
Collecting cards
Transfer sheets [755]

PN Paper or other flexible sheets containing images intended
for transfer to another surface by application of pres-
sure, heat, or moisture. Examples include iron-on patterns
and pictures on graphite paper.
UF Iron-on transfers
RT Decals
Pattern sheets
Transformation pictures
USE Metamorphic pictures
107
Transmitted images [755]

PN Images that result from scanning other images, such as
photographs, and converting them to electrical signals,
which are transmitted by radio waves or other methods and
then recorded by electrical, thermal, or other non-
photographic processes. Examples include news wire photo-
graphs and many space photographs.
UF Digital images
Electronic images
Facsimilie transmission images
Wire photographs
RT Photographs >
Reproductions >
Space photographs
Transparencies [755]
PN Sheets of transparent material, such as glass, thin paper,
or plastic, bearing a photographic, printed, or hand-drawn
image and designed to be viewed by light shining through
them; often intended for use with a projection device.
NT Phototransparencies >
Slides >
Vues d'optique
Travel sketches [655]

PN Sketches made of places, buildings, objects, people, or
events seen during a journey; often made to record a par-
ticular feature for future reference.
BT Sketches
Triacetate photonegatives
USE Cellulose triacetate photonegatives
Trial proofs [755]

PN Prints made before the completion of the accepted impres-
sion.
UF State proofs
Test proofs
Working proofs
BT Prints
Proofs
Trichrome carbro photoprints

USE Tricolor carbro photoprints
PN = Public note; CN = Cataloger's note; OF = Used for term;

108
Tricolor carbro photoprints [755]

PN Photoprints made from color separation negatives printed
as three bromide prints, each of which is then pressed
against a sensitized carbon tissue of the appropriate
color. The tissues are then superimposed to create the
final color photograph. Chiefly used ca. 1900-1930s.
UF Three-color carbro photoprints
Trichrome carbro photoprints
BT Carbro photoprints
Trois crayons drawings

USE A trois crayons drawings
Type C photoprints
USE Dye coupler photoprints
Type R photoprints
USE Dye coupler photoprints
Underwater photographs [755]

PN Photographs made underwater with waterproof equipment or
from a submarine or other vehicle.
UF Submarine photographs
BT Photographs
Urban planning drawings

Valentines [655]
BT Greeting cards
Vandyke photoprints [755]

PN Photoprints made by a formula introduced in the late
1800s. In common use from the 1920s-1950s to reproduce
architectural, engineering, and mechanical drawings.
These mirror image photoprints, consisting of white lines
on a dark brown or sepia background, may be used to make
blue or black line photoprints. Revived in mid-1960s as
an alternative photographic process.
BT Kail i types
Monochromatic works
RT Reproductions >
Vest camera photographs

USE Detective camera photographs
Victoria card photographs [755]

PN Card photographs; mounts measure approximately 5 x 3.5 in.
(13 x 9 cm.) . Introduced in the United States in 1870.
BT Card photographs
109
Video disks [755]

PN Analog optical disks primarily intended for the recording
of photographs, prints, drawings, or other still or motion
pictures as television signals. May include sound. The
images are recorded by a laser and can be displayed by a
laser on a television screen.
RT Reproductions >
Viewbooks, Souvenir
USE Souvenir viewbooks
Viewmaster cards
USE Stereographs
Views, Bird's-eye
USE Bird's-eye views >
Views, Panoramic
USE Panoramic views >
Visiting cards [655]

PN Small cards bearing a person's name and sometimes address
that are presented when making a social call or visiting.
May have a portrait, scene, or decoration; may be accom-
panied by an envelope.
UF Calling cards
BT Cards
RT Business cards
Vortographs
USE Photograms
Vues d'optique [755]

PN Prints on paper thin enough for viewing by transmitted
light; common in the late 1700s in Europe for peep shows.
Lettering is often in mirror image.
BT Prints
Transparencies
Wallpaper [655]
PN Decorative paper intended to cover the walls of a room.
BT Ephemera

110
wash drawings [ 755 ]
PN Drawings made from diluted ink or watercolor applied with

a brush; usually monochromatic or two color, such as brown
and gray.
BT Drawings
RT Brush works
Ink drawings
Watch papers [ 655 ]
PN Circular papers used to ensure a tight fit between inner

and outer cases of a pocket watch. Often contain watch-
maker's or watch owner's name.
BT Ephemera
Water marks
USE Watermarks
Watercolor drawings [ 755 ]
BT Drawings
NT Gouache drawings
Watercolor paintings [ 755 ]
BT Paintings
NT Gouache paintings
Watermarks 755 [ ]
UF Water marks
BT Marks
Waterscape drawings [ 655 ]

BT Drawings
Waterscapes
Waterscape paintings [ 655 ]
BT Paintings
Waterscapes
Waterscape photographs [ 655 ]
BT Photographs
Waterscapes
Waterscape prints [ 655 ]
BT Prints
Waterscapes
Ill
Waterscapes [655]
PN Broad or general views in which a river, bay, lake, ocean,
ships, or similar features are prominent.
UF Marine views
Seascapes
NT Waterscape drawings
Waterscape prints
RT Landscapes >
Panoramic views >
Waxed paper photonegatives

USE Calotypes
Wet plate photonegatives [755]

PN Dominant glass negative process from its introduction in
the United States ca. 1855 until replaced by the dry plate
process in the 1880s. Its use continued for photolitho-
graphic printing plates until World War II. Distinguish-
able in part by creamy rather than grayish black tones and
by presence of flow lines from hand coating of the emul-
sion.
CN Used in a note under COLLODION DRY PLATE PHOTONEGATIVES.
UF Collodion photonegatives
BT Glass photonegatives
Whiteprints
Wire photographs
USE Transmitted images
Wood blocks [655]

BT Printing blocks
Wood cuts
USE Woodcuts
Wood engravings [755]

PN Relief prints made from wood blocks incised on the end
grain.
UF Engravings, Wood
Xylographs
BT Relief prints
RT Woodcuts

112
Woodburytypes [755]
PN Continuous tone photomechanical prints made by a carbon
process introduced in the United States in 1870. Used
through the 1890s, mainly for book illustrations. Diffi-
cult to distinguish from actual photoprints, although
slight surface relief may be visible.
CN Used in a note under PHOTOPRINTS.
UF Photoglypties
Woodcuts [755]
PN Relief prints made from wood blocks incised on the plank
side.
UF Wood cuts
BT Relief prints
NT Chiaroscuro woodcuts
RT Wood engravings
Working drawings [655]

PN Graphic delineations showing all necessary information to
complete a structure, system, or site. In architecture,
an umbrella term for sets of drawings including ele-
vations, plans, and sections provided by the architect for
use by the builder, electrician, plumber, or other con-
tractor, subcontractor, or fabricator.
UF Drawings, Working
BT Design drawings
NT As-built drawings
Working proofs
USE Trial proofs
Wrappers
USE Packages
X-ray photographs
USE Radiographs
Xerographic art
USE Copy art
Xerographs
USE Photocopies >
Xylographs
USE Wood engravings
Z incographs [755]
PN Lithographs made from zinc plates rather than stones.
BT Lithographs
113
II. CLASSED DISPLAY
The Classed Display consists of 10 categories which offer

approaches to the thesaurus terms not available in the Alpha-
betical Display. The categories are: COLOR ASPECT, COMPONENT,
CREATOR ATTRIBUTE, INSTRUMENT EMPLOYED, METHOD OF REPRESENTA-
TION, PROCESS & TECHNIQUE, PURPOSE, SHAPE & SIZE, STATUS OF
PRODUCTION, SUPPORT MATERIAL.
Each term in the thesaurus has been assigned to one or

more of these groups. The broadest terms appropriate to a parti-
cular category are listed alphabetically. When the broadest
term has narrower terms which are also appropriate to the
category, they appear in hierarchical order under that term.
Terms at the same subordinate level are in alphabetical order.
[Color aspect]
Terms for physical processes which always include color.
Paintings, pastels, and watercolors which may be black or
white but are predominantly color are also listed, as are
monochromatic works which express another aspect of color.
When color is present with processes which can be either
color or black-and-white, the subdivisions —
COLOR or
—COLORED should be appended to the process name.
A la poupee prints
A trois crayons drawings
Bromoil photoprints
Chromolithographs
Monochromatic works
Cyanotypes
Blueprints
Lithotints
Vandyke photoprints
Paintings
Casein paintings
Oil paintings
Pastel paintings
Polymer paintings
Acrylic paintings
Tanpera paintings
114
[Color aspect] (Continued)
Paintings (Continued)
Watercolor paintings
Gouache paintings
Pastel drawings
Pochoir prints
Progressive proofs
Tricolor carbro photoprints
Watercolor drawings
Gouache drawings
[Component]
Terms referring to things which are often a part or
component of graphic materials.
Clippings
Tear sheets
Decorations
Bank note vignettes
Cartouches
Scraps
Details
Identification keys
Illuminations
Illustrations
Book illustrations
Frontispieces
Editorial cartoons
Fashion plates
Labels
Stickers
Marks
Blind stamps
Dealers' marks
Emblems
Inscriptions
Autographs
Artists' signatures
Monograms
Ownership marks
Collectors' marks
Registration marks
Seals
Tax stamps
Trademarks
115 CLASSED DISPLAY
[Component] (Continued)
Marks (Continued)
Watermarks
Postage stamps
Remarques
Title pages
Music title pages
Sheet music covers
[Creator attribute]
Amateur works
Student works
[Instrument employed]
Airbrush works
Brush works
Camera lucida works
Camera obscura works
Computer graphics
Computer-aided designs
Copy art
Flash photographs
Instant camera photographs
Pen works
Marker works
Pencil works
Physionotrace works
[Method of representation]
Terms expressing a vantage point, degree of finish or
formality, or projection type.
Abstract works
Abstract drawings
Abstract paintings
Abstract prints
Aerial photographs
Allegories
Allegorical drawings
116
[Method of representation] (Continued)
Allegories (Continued)
Allegorical prints
Allusions
Anamorphic images
Bird's-eye views
Calligraphy
Cartoons
Caricatures
Cartoon strips
Comic Books
Comic cards
Editorial cartoons
Satires
Cityscapes
Cityscape drawings
Cityscape paintings
Cityscape prints
Conjectural works
Details
Diagrams
Charts
Calendars
Perpetual calendars
Religious calendars
Genealogical tables
Schedules
Emblem pictures
Genre works
Cries
Genre drawings
Genre paintings
Genre photographs
Genre prints
Hidden image works
Hold- to- light works
Humorous pictures
Illuminations
Fraktur
Landscapes
Landscape drawings
Landscape paintings
Landscape prints
Letter pictures
117 CLASSED DISPLAY
Maps
Fire insurance maps
Plats
Topographic maps
Mechanical drawings
Panoramic views
Picture puzzles
Portraits
Group portraits
Formation photographs
Portrait drawings
Portrait paintings
Portrait prints
Self-portraits
Projections
Axonometric projections
Isometric projections
Elevations
Exploded drawings
Perspective projections
Plans
Floor plans
Site plans
Sciagraphic projections
Sections
Floor plans
Puns
Rebuses
Renderings
Silhouettes
Sketches
Travel sketches
Snapshots
Space photographs
Stereographs
Anaglyphs
Tissue stereographs
Still lifes
Still life drawings
Still life prints
Studies
118
Waterscapes
Waterscape drawings
Waterscape prints
[Process & technique]
Constructions
Collages
Montages
Cut paper works
Drawings
Chalk drawings
A trois crayons drawings
Charcoal drawings
Crayon drawings
Graphite drawings
Ink drawings
Marker works
Metalpoint drawings
Silverpoint drawings
Pastel drawings
Scratchboard drawings
Tracings
Wash drawings
Watercolor drawings
Gouache drawings
Elnbossed works
Microforms
Microopaques
Microphotographs
Microfiches
Microfilms
Stanhopes
Mixed media
Monochromatic works
Cyano types
Blueprints
Lithotints
Vandyke photoprints
Novelty works
Luminous works
Mechanical works
Hidden image works
Hold-to-light works
Metamorphic pictures
119 CLASSED DISPLAY
[Process & technique] (Continued)
Paintings
Casein paintings
Miniatures
Oil paintings
Pastel paintings
Polymer paintings
Acrylic paintings
Tempera paintings
Watercolor paintings
Gouache paintings
Photographs
Aerial photographs
Ambrotypes
Card photographs
Boudoir card photographs
Cartes de visite
Daguerreotypes
Flash photographs
Holograms
Macrophotographs
M i cr opho t og r aphs
Microfiches
Microfilms
Stanhopes
Photograms
Photomicrographs
Photonega t i ves
Film photonegatives
Cellulose diacetate photonegatives
120
Photonegatives (Continued)
Glass photonegatives
Dry plate photonegatives
Collodion dry plate photonegatives
Paper photonegatives
Calo types
Photoprints
Albumen photoprints
Bromoil photoprints
Carbon photoprints
Carbro photoprints
Ceramic photographs
Clich^s-verre
Cloth photographs
Contact sheets
Crayon photoprints
Cyano types
Blueprints
Diazo photoprints
Kalli types
Vandyke photoprints
Leather photographs
Opalotypes
Photocopies
Copy art
Photomontages
Silver gelatin photoprints
Resin-coated paper photoprints
121 CLASSED DISPLAY
Phototransparencies
Film phototransparencies
Color separation phototransparencies
Radiographs
Glass phototransparencies
Albumen phototransparencies
Tissue stereographs
Snapshots
Stats
Tintypes
Prints
A la poupee prints
Artists' proofs
Cellocuts
Chine colie prints
Cloth prints
Collagraphs
Counterproofs
Intaglio prints
Aquatints
Sugar-lift aquatints
Drypoints
Engravings
Etchings
Soft-ground etchings
Mezzotints
Anaglyphs
Collotypes
Photoengravings
Photogravures
Photol i thographs
122
Photomechanical prints (Continued)
Rotogravures
Woodbu ry types
Planographic prints
Lithographs
Chromol i thographs
Lithotints
Offset lithographs
Z incographs
Monotype prints
Stencil prints
Pochoir prints
Silkscreen prints
Progressive proofs
Relief prints
Letterpress works
Linocuts
Metal cuts
Rubbings
Stipple prints
Wood engravings
Woodcuts
Chiaroscuro woodcuts
Reproductive prints
Restrikes
Cancelled plate prints
Trial proofs
Vues d'optique
Space photographs
Transmitted images
Transparencies
Phototransparencies
Radiographs
Tissue stereographs
123 CLASSED DISPLAY
Transparencies (Continued)
Slides
Lantern slides
Vues d'optique
Video disks
[Purpose]
Albums
Photograph albums
Card photograph albums
Presentation albums
Scrapbooks
Sketchbooks
Souvenir albums
Animation cels
Calendars
Perpetual calendars
Religious calendars
Catalogs
Auction catalogs
Commercial catalogs
Exhibition catalogs
Commemorative prints
Costume prints
Decorations
Bank note vignettes
Cartouches
Scraps
Design drawings
Architectural drawings
Competition drawings
Contract drawings
Costume design drawingss
Electrical systems drawings
Engineering drawings
Fashion design drawingss
Industrial design drawings
Interior design drawings
Landscape architecture drawings
Measured drawings
Mechanical drawings
Mechanical systems drawings
Naval architecture drawings
Patent drawings
Pattern books
124
[Purpose] (Continued)
Design drawings (Continued)
Pattern sheets
Cartoon patterns
Planning drawings
Presentation drawings
Proposed works
Renderings
Set design drawings
Site plans
Structural systems drawings
Framing drawings
Studies
Textile design drawings
Working drawings
As-built drawings
Ephemera
Advertisements
Advertising cards
Cigarette cards
Ship cards
Stock cards
Advertising mail
Display cards
Announcements
Badges
Ballots
Bookmarks
Broadsides
Handbills
Cards
Advertising cards
Cigarette cards
Ship cards
Stock cards
Business cards
Collecting cards
Comic cards
Dance cards
Display cards
Membership cards
Playing cards
Fortune telling cards
Game cards
Postcards
Postal cards
Sentiment cards
125 CLASSED DISPLAY
Speakeasy cards
Sports cards
Visiting cards
Carriers' addresses
Certificates
Baptismal certificates
Birth certificates
Bonds (Financial records)
Death certificates
Diplomas
Insurance certificates
Marriage certificates
Membership certificates
Stock certificates
Fans
Forms
Games
Puzzles
Picture puzzles
Invitations
Keepsakes
Labels
Bookplates
Stickers
Decals
Textile labels
Lottery tickets
Memorabilia
Menus
Money
Bank notes
Scrip
Packages
Bags
Book covers
Book jackets
Envelopes
Matchcovers
Photograph cases
Ream wrappers
Record jackets
Postage stamps
Premiums
Presentation albums
Price lists
Programs
Playbills
126
Rewards of merit
Samples
Sample books
Schedules
Scrapbooks
Scraps
Signs
Banners
Souvenir albums
Souvenir viewbooks
Stationery
Billheads
Greeting cards
Birthday cards
Christmas cards
Easter cards
New Year cards
Valentines
Letterheads
Postal stationery
Postal cards
Tickets
Wallpaper
Watch papers
Equipment
Printing blocks
Linoleum blocks
Wood blocks
Printing plates
Niello printing plates
Printing stones
Stencils
Erotica
Fashion photographs
Fashion prints
Fire insurance maps
Forgeries
Genealogical tables
Humorous pictures
Illuminations
Fraktur
Illustrations
Book illustrations
Frontispieces
127 CLASSED DISPLAY
Illustrations (Continued)
Editorial cartoons
Fashion plates
Legal photographs
Memorial works
Plats
Posters
Billboard posters
Reproductions
Art reproductions
Blueprints
Facsimiles
Reproductive prints
Restrikes
Stats
Thermal copies
Site plans
Specifications
Spirit photographs
Title pages
Music title pages
Sheet music covers
Toys
Paper dolls
Pantins
Transfer sheets
Travel sketches
[Shape & size]

Terms referring to a specific shape (other than rectangular
and two-dimensional) or size associated with a physical
process or genre.
Albums
Photograph albums
Card photograph albums
Presentation albums
Scrapbooks
Sketchbooks
Souvenir albums
Badges
128
[Shape & size] (Continued)
Banners
Books
Broadsides
Handbills
Card photographs
Cartes de visite
Cards
Advertising cards
Cigarette cards
Ship cards
Stock cards
Business cards
Collecting cards
Comic cards
Dance cards
Display cards
Membership cards
Playing cards
Fortune telling cards
Game cards
Postcards
Postal cards
Sentiment cards
Speakeasy cards
Sports cards
Visiting cards
Fans
Leaflets
Macrophotographs
Miniature works
Miniatures
Novelty works
Pamphlets
Pattern books
Photograph cases
Portfolios
Posters
Billboard posters
Sanple books
Scrolls
129 CLASSED DISPLAY
[Shape & size] (Continued)
Slides
Lantern slides
Souvenir viewbooks
Stanhopes
Stereographs
Anaglyphs
Tissue stereographs
Video disks
[Status of production]
Terms referring to stage of a process, degree of completion,
quantity issued, relationship to other works, frequency of
issue.
Censored works
Forgeries
Limited editions
Periodicals
Proofs
Artists' proofs
Contact sheets
Counterproofs
Progressive proofs
Trial proofs
Proposed works
Reproductions
Art reproductions
Blueprints
Facsimiles
Reproductive prints
Restrikes
Stats
Thermal copies
Sketches
Studies
130
[Support material]
Terms indicating primary supports unusual for a physical
process.
Ceramic photographs
Cloth photographs
Cloth prints
Daguerreotypes
Leather photographs
Novelty works
Tintypes
131
III. HIERARCHICAL DISPLAY

FOR PHOTOGRAPH AND PRINT TERMS
The Hierarchical Display is limited to two terms

(PHOTOGRAPHS and PRINTS) which have many layers and terms
between the broadest term in the chain and its progressively
narrower terms. Here, narrower terms appear in logically
descending relationships rather than alphabetical order. This
display allows quick scanning to broaden or narrow a search for
the most appropriate photographic or printmaking term.
Photographs
Aerial photographs
Ambro types
Card photographs
Cartes de visite
Daguerreotypes
Fashion photographs
Flash photographs
Genre photographs
Holograms
Legal photographs
Macrophotographs
Microphotographs
Microfiches
Microfilms
Stanhopes
132

Photograms
Photomicrographs
Photonegatives
Film photonegatives
Cellulose diacetate photonegatives
Glass photonegatives
Dry plate photonegatives
Collodion dry plate photonegatives
Calotypes
Photoprints
Albumen photoprints
Bromoil photoprints
Carbon photoprints
Carbro photoprints
Ceramic photographs
Cliches-verre
Cloth photographs
Contact sheets
Crayon photoprints
Cya no types
Blueprints
Diazo photoprints
Kalli types
Vandyke photoprints
Leather photographs
Opalotypes
133 HIERARCHICAL DISPLAY
Photoprints (Continued)
Photocopies
Copy art
Photomontages
Silver gelatin photoprints
Resin-coated paper photoprints
Phototransparencies
Radiographs
Tissue stereographs
Snapshots
Spirit photographs
Stats
Tintypes
134
Prints
A la poupee prints
Abstract prints
Allegorical prints
Artists' proofs
Cellocuts
Chine colie prints
Cityscape prints
Cloth prints
Collagraphs
Conmemorative prints
Costume prints
Counterproofs
Fashion prints
Genre prints
Intaglio prints
Aquatints
Sugar- lift aquatints
Drypoints
Engravings
Etchings
So ft- ground etchings
Mezzotints
Landscape prints
Anaglyphs
Collotypes
Photoengravings
Photogravures
Photolithographs
Rotogravures
Woodbury types
Planographic prints
Lithographs
Chr omo 1 i thog r aphs
Lithotints
Offset lithographs
Z incographs
Monotype prints
Stencil prints
Pochoir prints
Silkscreen prints
Portrait prints
Progressive proofs
135 HIERARCHICAL DISPLAY
Prints (continued)
Relief prints
Letterpress works
Li nocuts
Metal cuts
Rubbings
Wood engravings
Woodcuts
Chiaroscuro woodcuts
Reproductive prints
Restrikes
Still life prints
Stipple prints
Trial proofs
Vues d'optique
Waterscape prints
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Genre and Physical

Descriptive Characteristic Headings

Terms for Prints and

Genre and Physical Characteristic Headings

Compiled and edited by

Cataloging Distribution Service

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., 1986

of fields 655 and 755

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

1. Cataloging of graphic materials. 2. Subject headings -

Graphic arts. 3. Cataloging of pictures. 4. Subject headings -

Pictures. I. Parker, Elisabeth Betz. II. Library of Congress.

Z695.27.Z56 1986 025.3’47 86-20017

Available from the Cataloging Distribution Service,

Classed Display p. 113

Hierarchical Display p. 131

The reconciliation of terminology from many special-

Georgia Bumgardner (American Antiquarian Society) ; Kathleen

We are also grateful for the support of the

Helena Zinkham and Elisabeth Betz Parker

Access to graphic materials in libraries and archival

A single list of standard terms from which catalogers

While Descriptive Terms for Graphic Materials: Genre

Specialized Research Material in Machine- Readable Form" the

IRLA asked the Standards Committee of the Rare Books

II. SCOPE AND PURPOSE

In the context of graphic collections, genre headings

Physical characteristic headings designate graphic

(ALBUMEN PHOTOPRINTS) , production stages or versions (PROOFS;

GMGPC terms are:

— applicable to two-dimensional, chiefly pictorial, graphic

GMGPC terms will:

— assist research into the development and distribution of

Genre and physical characteristic headings will make

III. SYNTAX AND STRUCTURE

In accordance with thesaurus construction standards,

In the Alphabetical Display (the main list) , terms are

The distinction between genre and physical character-

Notes and relationships are abbreviated as:

PN: public note (defines the scope of a term)

>: indicates that one or more narrower (i.e., more spe-

Terms in square brackets (e.g., [COLOR ASPECT]) are

The public note provides definitions for most genre

GMGPC does not include subdivisions which may be added

The Classed Display consists of 10 categories which

to one or more of these groups. The broadest terms appropriate

The Hierarchical Display is limited to two terms

IV. TERM SELECTION AND FORMULATION

GMGPC is designed to provide terms for access to cate-

for relatively rare material have been included, because

The need for access to categories of material out-

The variety of material found in graphic collections

Terminology was not modified in several situations.

Certain types of vocabulary have been excluded. Terms

excluded because it is often difficult to judge or impossible to

Rather than enumerate an extensive variety of proprie-

Other terms often used in the descriptive portion of

The complex formulation of a string of words to