Anatomy and Physiology/Lymphatic system

Chapter 10- Objectives:

1. Describe the function of the Lymphatic System
2. Described how is lymph is formed
3. Describe the systems of lymph vessels, and explained how lymph is returned to the
blood.
4. State the functions and locations of lymph nodes.
5. State the location and functions of the spleen and thymus.

Pretest:
1. This is a microscopic closed ended tube somewhat similar to blood capillaries.
___________________________
2. This structure which is a node is mostly found on the neck, thorax, groin, and abdomen.
___________________________
3. Specialized lymphatic capillaries extend into the intestinal villi.
___________________________
4. This does not contain erythrocytes and most of the proteins found in the blood.
___________________________
5. This is scattered along the lymphatic vessels like beads of a string.
___________________________
6. After leaving the collecting ducts, the lymph enters the venous system and become
part of what component of blood? _____________________________
7. This organ function to prevent infection, but may become infected repeatedly
themselves. ____________________________
8. This is about the size of a clenched fist and the largest lymphoid organ in the
body. __________________________
9. A lymphoid tissue which has the main function of processing T-cells.
___________________________
10. It generates plasma cells that secrete antibodies in large quantities in response to
antigens in the intestines. _______________________
11. Involve in the formation of antibodies, which help destroy foreign substances.
___________________________
12. What is the term used in a condition if an irritant is caused by Pathogens
(bacteria and viruses)? ___________________________
13. This is released in the site of tissue damage, bringing in extra phagocytes and
antibodies to fight infection. ______________________
14. This is the product of inflammation which is formed in certain infection.
___________________________
15. One of the functions of T- cells is to stimulate B- cells to produce.
___________________________
 LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

Consist of organs, ducts, and nodes.

Transport a watery clear fluid called lymph.
 Lymph- fluid distributes immune cells and other factors throughout the body.
The lymphatic systems contain immunes cells called “Lymphocytes”
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________.

Two spaces semi-independent parts:

1. Lymphatic vessels:
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________.
Lymphatic vessels and lymphatic capillaries
2. Lymphoid organs:
____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________.
Tonsils, spleen, Thymus gland, Peyer’s patches (small intestines)
Functions of Lymphatic System
1. Drain fluid from around cells
2. Absorb fat from intestines
3. Circulate lymph
4. Filter lymph
5. Immunity

Lymphatic Pathways
A. Lymphatic capillaries
This collects and drains most of the fluid
that is forced most of the bloodstream
and accumulate in the spaces between cells.
Abundant near the innermost and outer most surface
of the body.
1. Flap valves
regulate the passage of materials into and
out of the lymph.
2. Lacteals
Absorbs fat from the small intestine and
transport it into the blood
Chyle: ____________________________
____________________________.

Lymphatics (lymphatic vessels)

larger collecting vessels
Resemble veins, walls are thinner, contain more valves and they pass through lymph
nodes.
Found in loose connective tissue, running parallel to blood vessels.
Lymphatics merge from lymphatic capillaries.

Lymph
It originates as _________________.
This are pale, _________________ or slightly __________________fluid.
Bathes the cell, and passes into lymphatic ducts which return the fluid to the blood
stream.
Responsible for collecting and removing __________________ left behind in the tissues.
Lymph after being filtered by lymph node return to the C.V system.
Lymph is similar to blood, but it does not contain erythrocytes _________________
____________________________________________.
This fluid distributes immune cells and other factors throughout the body.
The body contains about ________________ L of lymph
 How is the fluid moved in the lymphatic system?
1. ________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________
EDEMA: ________________________________________________.

Lymph nodes
Mass of lymphoid tissue resembling a gland.
This is the immune surveillance.
Small bean-shaped masses of tissue.
Mostly found on the neck, thorax, abdomen and groin.

Two primary functions of lymph nodes

1. Initiating sites for the specific defenses of the immune response.
2. Filter out harmful microorganisms, other foreign substances from the lymph.

Lymphatic trunks
1. Intestinal trunks: ___________________________
________________.
2. Lumbar trunk: _____________________________.
3. Bronchomediastinal trunk: ____________________
______________________________
4. Subclavian trunk: ___________________________.
5. Jugular trunk: _________________________________
Collecting trunks
1. Thoracic duct: ________________________________________.
It receives lymph from the _________________ and _______________ regions,
left upper ________, left side of the ____________ head, and __________.
It empties into the left ____________ vein near the junction of the left jugular
vein.
2. Right lymphatic duct
Receives lymph from the right side of the head and neck, right upper limb, and
right thorax.
And empties into the right subclavian vein near the junction of the right jugular
vein.
 Cisterna chyli- temporarily stores lymph as it moves upward from the lower
areas of the body.

The Lymphatic pathway

Lymphatic Capillary ___________________ __________________

_____________________ _____________________

_____________________ _____________________
(Right and Left)
Venous System Circulation
Organs of Lymphatic System

1. Tonsils: _________________________________________________________________.
Types:
1. Pharyngeal tonsils (1 adenoid)- 2 tonsils upper posterior wall of the ____________
behind the nose.
2. Palatine tonsils- 2 tonsils each side wall of the _________________at each entrance
of the throat on each side of the soft palate
3. Lingual tonsils- at the base of the ____________________.
4. Tubal tonsils- 2 small tonsils in the ___________ at the entrance of the auditory tube.

_____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________.

2. Spleen
Located inferior to the diaphragm on the left side of the body.
It filters blood and manufacture phagocytic lymphocytes and monocytes.
It also contributes to the functioning of the cardiovascular and lymphatic system
such as:
 Macrophages-___________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
 Antigens in the blood of spleen
Other functions of spleen:
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
3. Thymus Gland
Processing of T-cells.
T cells are developed in the thymus gland and enters the circulation.
Cell migrate from bone marrow and would differentiate into T-cells
(T- helper cells and cytotoxic T cells).
Fetal thymus gland- production of lymphocytes and assists in the
formation of the anti-bodies.

4. Aggregated lymph nodules (Peyer’s patches)

Clusters of un- encapsulated lymphoid tissue.
It generates plasma cells that secrete anti-bodies..
Aggregated lymphatic follicles
Found in the wall of the small intestines
Resemble tonsils
Their macrophages destroy bacteria from infecting and penetrating the
walls of the intestine.
 References

Tortora, G., Derrickson, B., “Principles of Anatomy and Physiology (First Asia- Pacific Edition)
John Wiley and Sons Company
Scanlon, V., Sanders T., “Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology” (fifth edition):
F.A. Davis Company
Chanco, C. (2004). “Human Anatomy and Physiology (lecture manual)”:
Philippines, ACNN Printing Press
Sheir, D., Butler, J., Lewis, R., (2006) “Hole’s Essentials of Human Anatomy and
Physiology”: Published by McGraw – Hill companies

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