Morphology: Common Microbes and Parasites

MORPHOLOGY
COMMON MICROBES AND PARASITES

WHAT IS MORPHOLOGY?
? Morphology deals with the form of living organisms, and with
relationships between their structure
COMMON MICROBES
BACTERIA
Bacteria are tiny, single-celled organisms that get nutrients from their environments.
VIRUS
Viruses are even smaller than bacteria. They aren’t even a full cell. They need to
use another cell’s structures to reproduce.
FUNGI
Fungi are multicelled, plant-like organisms. A fungus gets nutrition from plants, food
and animals in damp, warm environments.
PROTOZOA
Protozoa are one-celled organisms. They are bigger than bacteria and contain a
nucleus and other cell structures making them more similar to plant and animal cells.
BACTERIA
KINGDOM ARCHAEBACTERIA
• Found in harsh environments (undersea volcanic vents,
acidic hot springs, salty water).
• Cell walls without peptidoglycan.
• Methanogens
• Thermoacidophiles
• Extreme halophiles
KINGDOM EUBACTERIA
• Most bacteria are under this kingdom
• Can be aerobic or anaerobic
• Cyanobacteria
• Spirochetes
• Gram-positive
• Gram negative
VIRUS
Helical Polyhedral Spherical Bacteriophage
Capsid
Protein coat made up of many protein subunits (capsomeres).
Capsomere proteins may be identical or different.
Genetic Material
Either RNA or DNA, not both
Nucleocapsid = Capsid + Genetic Material
Additionally some viruses have an:

Envelope:
Consists of proteins, glycoproteins, and host lipids. Derived from host mem
branes.
Naked viruses lack envelopes
FUNGI
• Fungal cells do not have chloroplasts or chloro
phyll
• Display bright colors arising from other cellula

r pigments, ranging from red to green to black
• Display bright colors arising from other cellula

r pigments, ranging from red to green to black
• Found in moist and slightly acidic environment;

they can grow with or without light or oxygen
CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI BASED
ON SYMBIOSIS?
? 1.
2.
3.
4.
Decomposers
Mutualist
Predator
Parasitic
PROTOZOA
• Protozoa is an informal term for single-celled eukaryotes,
either free-living or parasitic.
• They often possess animal-like behaviors, such as motility

and predation and lack cell wall, as found in algae.
• Sarcodina
• Mastogophora
• Ciliates
• Sporozoates
Sarcodina
• the largest phylum protozoans
• It comprises the amebas and related organisms; which a
re all solitary cells that move and capture food by mean
s of pseudopods.
• Most sarcodines are free living; others are parasitic.
• may reproduce asexually by cell division, often without b
reakdown of the nuclear envelope that is typical in mitos
is, or sexually by meiosis and the production of haploid g
ametes, followed by fusion of gametes and the formatio
n of zygotes.
• include the genus Amoeba
Mastigophora
•Are organisms which have one or more whip-like organelle
s called flagella
•Parasitic forms live in the intestine or bloodstream of the h
ost
•Other flagellates like dinoflagellates live as plankton in the
oceans and freshwater
•Some flagellates are autotrophic while others are heterot
rophs
• Phytomastigophorea
• Zoomastigophorea
Ciliophora
•Group of protozoans which possesses hair-like org

anelles called cilia
•Most ciliates are heterotrophs. They eat organisms
such as bacteria and algae.
•Some ciliates do not have a mouth and they feed by
absorption (osmotrophy), and some others are pred
atory and feed on other protozoa, especially ciliates.
Some ciliates also parasitize animals.
Sporozoates
• are non-motile, unicellular protists, usually parasites

• also called intracellular parasites.
• The earlier stage sporozoan forms show some movement. They do no
t possess locomotor organelles in their later stage.
• An example is Plasmodium vivax, that causes malaria in humans
TROPHOZOITES
• It is the replicative stage of most protozoans
• It is the active feeding stage of the parasites and this stage is ass
ociated with pathogenesis of the disease.
CYSTS
• Are stages with with a protective membrane or thickened wall.
• Able to survive an adverse conditions like dessication, low nutrien
t supply, lack of oxygen.
• Cyst stage is an infective stage for intestinal pathogens.
• Is an important mean of asexual reproduction.
HELMINTHS
? HELMINTHS ARE SIMPLY WORMS?
Helminths
Helminths are large, multicellular organisms that are genrally visible to

the naked eye in their adult stages
1. Platyhelminths (flatworms)
• Trematodes (flukes)
2. Acanthocephalins (thorny-headed worm)
3. Nematodes (roundworms)
4. Cestodes (Tapeworms)
Cestodes
Adult tapeworms are elongated, se

gmented, hermaphroditic that inha
bit the intestinal lumen. Larval for
ms, which are cystic or solid, inha
bit extraintestinal tissues
Nematodes
Adult and larval roundworms are bisexual, culindric

al worms. They inhabit intestinal and extraintestinal
sites.
Trematodes
Adult flukes are leaf-shaped flatworms. Prominent

oral and ventral suckers help maintain position in si
tu. They are hermaphroditic except for blood flukes,
which are bisexual. Snail is usually the intermediate
host
ARTHROPODS
WHAT ARTHROPODS ARE
? PARASITES?
1.
2.
3.
Lice
Ticks
Fleas
4. Mites
5. mosquitoes
Thank you

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MORPHOLOGY

COMMON MICROBES AND PARASITES

Nucleocapsid = Capsid + Genetic Material

Additionally some viruses have an:

• Display bright colors arising from other cellula

• Display bright colors arising from other cellula

• Found in moist and slightly acidic environment;

• They often possess animal-like behaviors, such as motility

•Group of protozoans which possesses hair-like org

• are non-motile, unicellular protists, usually parasites

Helminths are large, multicellular organisms that are genrally visible to

Adult tapeworms are elongated, se

Adult and larval roundworms are bisexual, culindric

Adult flukes are leaf-shaped flatworms. Prominent

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