Darrieus Method Calcul

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Method of aerodynamic calculation VAWT Darrieus H - type, equipped with innovative tools to increase
power coefficient above one.
V. Sannikov
Content
1. Annotation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..1 page

2. Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..2 page
3. Algorithms for solving the first problem. The kinematic relations …………………………………………………………… 3 page
4. Algorithms for solving the first problem. Static aerodynamic coefficients,
lifting forces and blade resistance; Optimum blade angle of attack..…………………………………………………………..6 page
5. Algorithms for solving the first problem. Blades Unsteady aerodynamic forces and moments…………………7 page
6. Algorithms for solving the first problem. The algorithms for calculating the rotor torque and turbine power…10 page
7. Algorithms for solving the first problem. Calculation the aerodynamic interference of blades …………………….10 page
8. Algorithms for solving the second (external) problem for a single-disk, single-jet turbine model. The relationship
between wind speed, speed in the working part and speed at the outlet of the turbine ………………………………….11 page
9. Algorithms for solving the second (external) problem for a single-disk, single-jet turbine model. Calculation of the
maximum possible turbine power for given values of wkonf and klens. Determination and calculation of a new power
factor limit for a turbine with a ground confuser at turbine inlet and with ejector at turbine outlet………………..15 page
10. Algorithms for solving the second (external) problem for a single-disk, single-jet turbine model.Расчёт конфигурации
местности на входе в турбину для реализации конфузорного эффекта увеличения скорости ветра….…….16 page
11. Algorithms for solving the second (external) problem for a single-disk, single-jet turbine model.
Algorithm for calculating the confuser effect of wind amplification at the entrance to the turbine …………………..20 page
12. Algorithms for solving the second (external) problem for a single-disk single-jet turbine model. Determination of the
pressure drop at the outlet of a turbine equipped by diffuser with a lens (spoiler)…………..…………………………20 page
13. Algorithms for solving the second (external) problem for a single-disk single-jet turbine model. ………………….21 page
14. Algorithms for solving the second (external) problem for a single-disk single-jet turbine model. The results of
calculations of the maximum permissible values of the power factor for different speeds in the turbine
working part, depending on the values of klens, konf and hust……………………………………………..……………………..21 page
15. Calculation of the dimensions of the turbine 100 kW with weter = 5 m/s On the graphs given on Fig. 1 – 20..…41 page
16. Literature …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….42 page
Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………42 page
17. Appendix 1.
Parametric studies of the Darrieus turbine with two 4-blade rotors, with adjustable blade angles, with forward and
reverse air supply contours, with a confuser wind amplifier and with a diffuser interceptor flow accelerator in the
working part of turbine(ejector)……………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………43 page.
18. Appendix 2.
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Program for calculating the power of a 4-blade turbine ………………………………………………………………………………87 page.
Annotation
The report proposes a new method for calculating the power of the Darrieus turbine, which has the following design
innovations in comparison with the classical schemes:
 The 2-rotor turbine has a two-circuit air supply to the blades. In this design, each rotor is blown by counterflows. This
ensures the motion of all the blades along the flow, so that the blades of each half of the rotor work under the same
conditions [1].
 The turbine has a system for adjusting the angles of the blades during rotation. The laws of regulation are chosen so as
to ensure maximum efficiency of the turbine operation [1].
 The system for adjusting the angles of the installation of blades during rotation realizes, on a mathematical model, the
modes of self-starting and output to the operating modes of a turbine using wind energy only.
 A mathematical model of the terrain at the entrance to the turbine has been developed to realize the confuser effect of
increasing the wind speed.
• Design of the turbine output path according to the diffuser with flanged diffuser (diffuser with wind lens) scheme to
increase air flow through the turbine by creating a zone of reduced pressure behind the interceptors [3,4,5].
The developed method is based on the theory of the aerodynamic profile and the wing, the law of conservation of
momentum and the Bernoulli principle for the jet of air passing through the turbine (Blade Element Momentum Theory). The
corresponding algorithms are implemented in the MATLAB environment within the single-jet single-disk model (single
stream tube and single power disk model). To simulate the work of the output path with a diffuser and a lens, experimental
results were used for testing lens diffusers in open flow [4,5] and interceptors [2]. In addition, the results of theoretical
calculations of flat plates in a transverse flow were taken into account. Using the compiled program, a wide parametric study
of the 4 - blade turbine was carried out. The results of calculations show that the power of the turbine can be increased by
2 ... 2.3 times in comparison with the classical scheme of the Darrieus turbine.
Introduction.
In the aerodynamic calculation of a wind turbine, two problems must be solved. The first (internal) task is the creation of a
model for the interaction of working blades with air. This model should calculate the aerodynamic forces and moments
acting on the blade during rotation in the wind field. This model should contain a set of kinematic parameters that
characterize the motion of the blade relative to air and air relative to the blade. Since both these movements are unsteady
(that is, the parameters of these movements change over time), then in addition to static forces and moments depending on
the angle of attack, nonstationary forces and moments will act on the blade. These forces depend on the speed and
acceleration of the change in the kinematic parameters. Static forces are determined either by the method of a carrier vortex
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line or by the method of a vortex bearing surface (panel method). Nonstationary forces are determined by the method of
non-stationary vortex theory. In the literature on wind power, the first task is called Blade Element Theory.
When solving the first problem, it is necessary to determine the optimal law for the variation of the angles of the blades,
depending on their azimuthal position. The optimization criterion is the maximum turbine power. Since each blade operates in a
perturbed medium from all the blades, it is necessary to have an algorithm in the first problem, which makes it possible to
calculate the relative aerodynamic interference of the blades. In other words, for each azimuthal position of the blade, it is
necessary to calculate the increment of aerodynamic forces due to the inductive influence of all the blades. The design of the
projected turbine is such that each rotor is in two relative opposite flows. This means that each blade in one turn twice passes
through a zone in which the main flow changes the direction of motion by 180 degrees. Thus, in the framework of the first
problem, it is necessary to have an algorithm for calculating the aerodynamic forces at a variable speed of the main flow. For the
classic Darrieus turbine, a great problem is the start of the turbine and its output at the working speed. In these modes, a classic
turbine requires power. The system for adjusting the angles of the blades makes it possible to realize the self-start of the turbine,
using the wind energy only. To study this process in the first task, it is necessary to develop an algorithm by means of which it is
possible to simulate the operation of a turbine in a wide range of rotational speeds, including very small ones (the mode of
straggling from the spot). In addition, such an algorithm should provide a simulation of the operation of the turbine at a variable
speed and wind speed.
All algorithms and programs for solving the first problem must have two options: for a single-disk and two disk models for solving
the second problem.
The purpose of the second (internal) task is to determine for each mode of operation of the turbine the air flow and the shape of
the jet of air passing through the turbine at each moment of time. This problem is solved by applying the law of conservation of
momentum for the mass of air passing through the turbine at each instant of time, and the Bernoulli principle for the jet of air.
This problem in the literature is called Momentum Theory. In this problem the question of the maximum possible power of the
turbine and the value of the limiting power for a given mode of operation of the turbine is solved. This is due to the fact that
changing the operating mode of the turbine changes the resistance to the passage of air and, consequently, the air flow rate
changes. In the second task, it is necessary to create an algorithm for calculating the power of the turbine, depending on the
wind speed, the air flow through the turbine and the cross-sectional area of the turbine's working part. For the turbine to be
designed, this factor must include the coefficient of the confuser wind amplifier and the coefficient of air pressure drop at the
turbine outlet. Due to the fact that the confuser wind amplifier is included in the design of the turbine, in the second task it is
necessary to compile an algorithm for calculating the wind speed flowing around a certain elevation at the turbine installation
site. The algorithm should contain elevation parameters, turbine dimensions, wind speed and calculate the flow velocity at any
point at the entrance to the turbine. Such an algorithm will allow calculating the velocities for each jet in a multi-jet turbine
model, and simulating a gradient profile of wind speed in the boundary layer of the earth. In the second task, it is necessary to
have an algorithm for calculating the coefficient of air pressure drop at the outlet of the turbine, depending on the design of the
diffuser with the interceptor of the air flow accelerator through the turbine (wind lens).
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When solving both problems, turbine power is calculated. Since these powers must be equal, then from this condition an is
obtained equation for determining the true flow velocity in the working part of the turbine. This theory is called Blade Element
Momentum Theory (BEM Theory). In this report, an extension of this theory has been developed for the calculation of turbines,
which have the above constructional devices for increasing the power.Алгоритмы для решения первой задачи.
In this section we will obtain all the analytical relationships necessary for the solution of the first problem for a single-
disk and single-jet model (1d1s) H-type turbine Darrieus.
1.1 Kinematic relations.
In Fig. 1. The turbine rotor with two air supply circuits with speed v2 is shown.
V
2
ω al
V R 3
3
2
I
1
Ψ
A Ψ ω A
al R V
1 2 II
2
4
Fig. 1. Turbine rotor
I – Straight air circuit, II – Reverse air circuit.
V 2- Speed at the inlet to the working part of the turbine;
ω- Angular rotational speed of the rotor;
vr 1 ,3- Relative velocities of the flow around the blades 1 and 3;
Ψ- Azimuth angle of blade;
On the line AA, the air velocity is zero and increases linearly with distance from this line. When passing through the
π 3
azimuths Ψ = 0, , π , π , 2π The angle of attack changes sign within the Δψ of the azimuth change.
2 2
Let us consider the kinematic parameters of the blades.
1 – st blade.
In the azimuth interval [0, ∆Ψ ):
Air speed and blade angle of attack:
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V2 ∝opt
v= Ψ ; attack 1= Ψ (1.1)
∆ψ ∆ψ
∝opt – optimal blade angle of attack.
Relative speed of flow around the blade
V2 2 2
vr 1=
∆Ψ √
(λ 1 ∆Ψ ) −2 ( λ 1 ∆ψ ) Ψ sin Ψ +Ψ (1.2)
ωR
λ 1= - Blade tip speed ration (TSR)
V2
Intermediate variable
Ψ cos Ψ
ala 1=arctg (1.3)
λ1 ∆ ψ−Ψ sin Ψ
The angle between vr 1and ωR:
π
al 1=
{2
, если λ ∆ψ =Ψ sin Ψ
1
ala 1 ,если λ 1 ∆ ψ >Ψ sin Ψ
π + ala1 , если λ1 ∆ ψ <Ψ sinΨ
Rate of change of angle 1 :
(1.4)
dal 1
=(λ¿¿ 1 ∆ ψ )¿ ¿ ¿
dt
Blade setting angle:
φ 1=al1−attack 1(1.6)
π
In the azimuth interval [∆Ψ , −∆ Ψ ¿:
2
vr 1=V 2 √ λ12−2 λ 1 sin Ψ +1(1.7)
cos Ψ
ala 1=arctg (1.8)
λ1−sinΨ
π
al 1=
{2
, если λ =sin Ψ
1
ala 1 ,если λ 1> sinΨ
π + ala1 , если λ1 <sin Ψ
(1.9)
dal1 (1− λ¿¿ 1 sinΨ ) ω

dt
= 2
{
λ1 −2 λ1 sinψ +1
ω , если λ1 ≠1 ¿ , если λ 1=1 (1.10)
2
attack 1=∝opt =const ; φ1=al 1−attack 1
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π π
In the azimuth interval [ −∆ Ψ , ¿ :
2 2
vr 1=( 1.7 ) ; ala 1=( 1.8 ) ; al 1=(1.9)
∝opt π
attack 1=
∆Ψ 2( )
−Ψ (1.11)
dattack 1 −∝opt
= ω (1.12)
dt ∆Ψ
3rd blade.

Скорость обтекания лопасти:
vr 3=V 2 √ λ 12−2 λ1 sin Ψ +1(1.13)

ala 3=¿
π
al 3=
{ 2
, если λ =cos Ψ
1
ala1 , если λ1 >cos Ψ
π +ala1 , если λ1 <cos Ψ
(1.15)
dal3 (1− λ¿¿ 1 cos Ψ ) ω

dt
=− 2
{
λ1 −2 λ 1 cos Ψ +1
ω , если λ1 ≠ 1 и λ1 ≠ cos Ψ ¿− , если λ 1=1 (1.16)
2
∝opt
attack 3= Ψ (1.17)
∆ψ
dattack 3 ∝opt
= ω(1.18)
dt ∆ψ
φ 3=al 3−attack 3(1.19)
π
In the azimuth interval [Ψ , −∆ Ψ ¿:
2
vr 3=V 2 √ λ 12−2 λ1 cos Ψ +1(1.20)
sin Ψ
ala 3=arctg (1.21)
λ 1−cos Ψ
π
al 3=
{ 2
, если λ =cos Ψ
1
ala1 , если λ1 >cos Ψ
π +ala1 , если λ1 <cos Ψ
( 1.22)
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dal3 (1− λ¿¿ 1 cos Ψ ) ω

dt
=− 2
{
λ1 −2 λ 1 cos Ψ +1
ω , если λ1 ≠ 1 ¿− , если λ1=1 (1.23)
2
attack 3=∝opt ( 1.24)

φ 3=al 3−attack 3( 1.25)
π π
In the azimuth interval [ −∆ Ψ , ¿ :
2 2
V2 π
vr 3=
∆Ψ √π
2 ( )
( λ1 ∆ Ψ )2−2 ( λ1 ∆ Ψ ) −Ψ cos Ψ +Ψ 2 (1.26)
−Ψ
2
sin Ψ
∆Ψ
ala 3=arctg (1.27)
π
−Ψ
2
λ 1− cos Ψ
∆Ψ
π
−Ψ
{
π 2
, если λ = cos Ψ
2 1 ∆Ψ
π
al 3= −Ψ
2 (1.28)
ala1 , если λ1 > cos Ψ
∆Ψ
π
−Ψ
2
π +ala1 , если λ1 < cos Ψ
∆Ψ
2
π π
dal3
=
λ1 (
−sin Ψ 2
∆Ψ
+
−Ψ
∆Ψ
cos Ψ −
2
−Ψ
∆Ψ )( )
dt π π 2
(λ¿¿ 1)2−2 ( λ1 )
2
−Ψ
∆Ψ
cos Ψ +
2
−Ψ
∆Ψ ( )ω (1.29)¿
∝opt π
attack 3=
∆Ψ 2 ( )
−Ψ (1.30)
φ 3=al 3−attack 3(1.31)

1.1 Blade static aerodynamic coefficients, lifting and drag forces; Optimal blade angle of attack.
Aerodynamic profile of the blade is NACA 0015. The derivative(C Lα ) of the lift force coefficient (C L) with respect
to the angle of attack (α) for the blade with aspect ratio A:
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4.5
C Lα = (1.32)
4.5
1+
πA
4 .5=(C Lα ) NACA 0015 ; A=h/c; c – blade chord;
Lift coefficient of 1st and 3rd blade:
C L1 , 3=C Lα ∗attack 1, 3(1.33)
Lifting force of the 1st and 3rd blades:
ρ ¿ vr 1 , 32
L1 ,3=C L1 ,3 ch( 1.34)
2
ρ−air dencity ;
Drag forces of the 1st and 3rd blades:
ρ ¿ vr1 , 32
D 1 ,3 =C D 1 ,3 ch (1.35)
2
C L1 ,32
C D 1 , 3=C d 0 + (1.36)
π Ae
C d 0− Aerodynamic drag coefficient at zero lift of blade
e−Oswald coefficient of the blade polar
Torque of the 1st and 3rd blades (without taking into account non-stationary forces):
M 1 ,3=[ L1 , 3 sin ( al1 , 3 )−D 1 ,3 cos ( al 1, 3 ) ]∗ R (1.37)
¿ through the angleof attack of the 1 st∧3 rd blades :
M 1,3=[ b1 ,3 +a 1 ,3∗attack 1,3+ c1,3∗( attack 1,3 )2 ]∗ R (1.38)
ρ¿ vr 1,3 2 ρ¿ vr 1,3 2
b 1,3=−C d 0 ch∗cos ( al 1,3 ) ; a1 , 3=C Lα ch∗sin ( al 1,3 ) ;
2 2
−C L 1,32 ρ¿ vr 1,3 2
c 1,3= ch∗cos ( al 1,3 )
π Ae 2
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From (1.38) we obtain the optimum angles of attack of the 1st and 3rd blades, at which the maximum torque is
reached for each azimuthal position and, consequently, the maximum power:
tan ( al1 , 3 )
( attack 1 ,3 )opt = {2
C Lα
π Ae
, if ( attack 1 ,3 )opt ≤ α cr
α cr , if ( attack 1 ,3 )opt >α cr

(1.39)
1.2 Unsteady aerodynamic forces and the moments of the blade.

We will consider these forces and moments in a linear formulation of the problem. To analyze these forces and
moments in the curvilinear motion of the blade in a rectilinear flow, the following aerodynamic derivatives are used:
M ac
m= −The coefficient of the blade moment relative ¿ the line of the aerodynamic center ;
ρ¿ vr 2 2
c h
2
M ac −Aerodynamic moment of theblade relative ¿ the line of the aerodynamic center ;
mα −The ∂ derivative of themoment coefficient by α ;
C αL −The ∂ derivative of thecoefficient of lift by α ;α̇ −Time derivative of the angle of attack ;
c
α̇ =α̇ −Dimensionless derivative with respect ¿ time ¿ the angle of attack ;
vr
m ω−The ∂ derivative of the moment coefficient by ω ;
C ωL −The ∂ derivative of thecoefficient of lift by ω ;
c
ω=ω −Dimensionless angular velocity of the turbine rotor ;
vr
m α̇ −The ∂ derivative of themoment coefficient by α̇ ;
C α̇L −The ∂ derivative of the coefficient of lift by α˙ ;m α̇ −The ∂ derivative of the moment coefficient by α̇ ;
C α̇L −The ∂ derivative of thecoefficient of lift by α̇ ;

mω−The ∂ derivative of the moment coefficient by ω ;
C ωL −The ∂ derivative of the coefficient of lift by ω ;
vr α̇ vr vr vr
C ωL =C ωL ;C L =C α̇L ;(1.40)m α̇ =m α̇ ; m ω=m ω ;
c c c c
When the blade rotates in the air flow, both the position of the blade relative to the fixed space and the position of the
relative velocity vector that flow over the blade changes. It is known that when the wing oscillates relative to a
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stationary velocity vector, the non-stationary force and moment acting on the wing are determined by the magnitude
of the following complexes of aerodynamic derivatives:
m ω +m α̇ или m ω +m α̇ ; C ωL + Cα̇L илиC ωL +C α̇L (1.40)

The first terms in these complexes are called the rotational derivatives, and the second summands are called the
derivatives no downwash flow around the wing. These complexes reflect the physics of the formation of local angles of
attack at each point of the wing surface when the wing rotates relative to the fixed velocity vector. The corresponding
coefficients of the lifting force and the moment in this motion are determined as follows:
C L =( C ωL +C α̇L )∗ω∨C L =( C ωL +C α̇L )∗ω ;(1.41)
m=( mω +mα̇ )∗ω or m=( mω + mα̇ )∗ω ;(1.42)When the relative air velocity vector is rotated relative to
the stationary blade, the non-stationary force and moment are determined by the derivatives:
C α̇L ∨C α̇L ; mα̇ ∨mα̇ ; (1.43)
Thus, the non-stationary coefficients of the lifting force and the moment when the velocity vector of airflow relative to
the fixed blade are rotated are defined as follows:
C L =C α̇L∗α̇ или C L =C α̇L∗α̇ ; m=m α̇∗α̇ или m=m α̇∗ α̇ ; (1.44)
Considering these two particular motions of the blade and the velocity vector together, we obtain:
dal dal
C L =( C ωL +C α̇L )∗ω−C α̇L ω ±( dt )
; m=( m ω+ m α̇ )∗ω−m α̇ ω ±
dt
; ( ) (1.45)
In these expressions, the signs are chosen so that in the second bracket of each expression the correct angular velocity
dal
of rotation of the relative velocity vector is obtained: ω ± . Finally, we obtain expressions for the non-stationary
dt
coefficients of each blade for different ranges of azimuth angles:
1 st blade.
C Lnst =( C ωL )∗ ω+C α̇L ( daldt 1 ) ; m nst =( mω )∗ω+ mα̇ ( daldt 1 ); (1.46)

π
In the azimuth interval [∆Ψ , ¿:
2
C Lnst =( C ωL )∗ ω−C α̇L ( daldt 1 ); m nst =( m ω )∗ω−m α̇ ( daldt 1 )1.47 ¿

3rd blade.
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π
In the azimuth interval [0, ]:
2
C Lnst =( C ωL )∗ ω−C α̇L ( daldt 3 ) ; m nst =( m ω )∗ω−mα̇ ( daldt 3 ) ;(1.47) Derivative coefficients are rotational and
from the downwash flow delay on the wing are calculated from the non-stationary vortex theory. The coefficients
calculated by this theory are dimensionless. Therefore, in order to use expressions (1.46) and (1.47), it is
necessary to use relations (1.40). As a result of the calculation of the nonstationary vortex theory, the following
nonstationary moment coefficients are obtained depending on the wing extensions (blades):
mω=¿ .001032* A 4−¿ .021716* A3+ .16228* A2−¿.60881*A−¿.004334; (1.48)
mα̇ =mα̇ 1 +mα̇2 ; (1.49)
m α̇ 1=¿.0018734* A 4−¿.038605* A3 +¿ .26424* A2−¿.6042*A −¿.050223;
m α̇ 2=−¿.0013357* A 4+ ¿.025982* A3 −¿.16577* A2+ .45596*A + .091465;
Similar relations are obtained for C ωL и C α̇L . Expressions (1.48) and (1.49) are obtained for a limited range of
blade span: A = .25 – 24. If you exceed the limits of this range, the derivatives are equal to the values for the
boundary blade span. This is due to the large amount of work for the calculation of non-stationary derivatives in a
wide range of blade extensions.
1.3. Algorithm for calculating the torque of the rotor and the power of the turbine.
The non-stationary moment of the blade relative to the axis of rotation of the rotor:
dal ρ∗vr 3
(
M nst = m ω ω ±m α̇
dt 2 )
c h(1.50)
ρ∗vr 2 2
M nst =m nst c h ; m nst determined by ( 1.46 )∧( 1.47 )
2
Unsteady lifting power of the blade:
dal ρ∗vr 2
(
Lnst = C L ω ω ± C L α̇
dt 2 )
c h(1.51)
ρ∗vr 2
Lnst =C Lnst ch Total blade torque:
2
M s=M + M nst , M −determined by (1.37)
Total blades lift force:
Ls =L+ L nst , L−determined by (1.34)
Total blades drag force:
D s =D+ D nst , D−определяется по(1.35)
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2
ρ¿ vr 2 C Lnst
D nst =C Dnst c h ; C Dnst =C d 0 + ; C Lnst определяется по ( 1.46 ) и ( 1.47 ) ;
2 π Ae
Total blade torque:
M s=R∗( L s sin ( al ) −D s cos ( al ) ) ;
The turbine power, determined by solving the first (internal) task:
Pturb 1=8∗M s∗ω ;( 1.52)
1.4. Calculation of aerodynamic interference of blades.
This calculation was carried out for blade profiles (two-dimensional case). It is known that the flow of a thin
profile by a potential flow can be modeled by a vortex layer on the profile surface. The resulting distribution of
circulation along the profile chord can be equivalently replaced by a single vortex located in the aerodynamic
center of the profile (1/4 chord). In this case, in order for the total velocity field induced by such an equivalent
vortex and the main flow to satisfy the Kutta - Zhukovsky condition, it is necessary to determine the boundary
condition for the non-flow of the profile at the collocation point (3/4 chord). Thus, to determine the mutual effect
of the profile system, it is necessary to calculate the sum of the velocity profiles normal to the chord, induced by
all the associated vortices of all profiles (including the own attached vortex) at the collocation point of each
profile. Equating this sum to the normal component of the main flow with a minus sign, we obtain the first
equation. Continuing this process for all profiles, we obtain a system of linear equations for determining the
circulation of each attached vortex. Recalculating the circulation in the lifting forces by Zhukovsky's theorem, we
obtain a picture of the mutual influence of the profiles at each angle of the azimuth of the turbine rotor.
For practical application of this method it is necessary:
• Select the coordinate system associated with the rotor;

• Determine the angles of the installation of each blade for a certain operating mode of the turbine;
• Determine, in the chosen coordinate system, the coordinates of all pressure centers and collocation points as a
function of the azimuth angle;
• Construct the boundary conditions at each collocation point and solve the resulting system of linear equations
with respect to the circulations of each profile;
• Calculate the lifting force and inductive resistance of each profile from the obtained circulations;
2. Algorithm for solving the second (external) problem for a single-disk single-jet turbine model.
2.1. The relationship between wind speed, speed in the working part and speed at the outlet of the turbine.
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Consider the following form of a jet of air passing through a turbine, equipped with a confuser wind amplifier at
the inlet of the turbine and a diffuser airflow accelerator through the turbine (windlens) (Fig. 2). Windlens
creates a pressure drop at the outlet of the turbine of the following size:
ρ ¿ weter 2
klens .
2
Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of air jet passing through a turbine.
klens – Coefficient of pressure reduction at the outlet of the turbine;
1 – Section of the air stream at a certain distance from the entrance to the turbine;
2- Working part of the turbine (power disk);
3- Section of the jet at the outlet of the turbine;
P1−Pressure at the entrance ¿ the power disk ;
P2−Pressure at the output of the power disk ;
weter - wind speed;
wkonf =weter∗konf −Wind speed taking into account theconfus er effect at the entrance ;
konf – The degree of convergence or the coefficient of wind amplification in confuser.
According to the law of conservation of momentum, the power of the turbine, calculated by solving the second
(external) model:
dm 2
Pтурб 2= ( wkonf −V 3 ) V 2=ρS V 2 ( wkonf −V 3 ) (2.1)
dt
V 2−Flow velocity∈the working part of the turbine(near the power disk 2);
V 3−Flow velocity at the outlet of the turbine (cross section 3);
S−Cross−sectional area of the working part (section 2) ;

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ρ−Density of air ;
The Bernoulli equation 1-2:
2
ρ ¿ wkonf 2 ρV2
P∞ + =P 1+ (2.2)
2 2
The Bernoulli equation 2-3:
ρV 22 2
ρ¿ wkonf 2 ρ V 3
P2 + =P∞ −klens + (2.3)
2 2 2
We subtract (2.3) from (2.2):
ρ 2 2 ρ ¿ wkonf 2
( wkonf −V 3 ) +klens =P1 −P2 ; (2.4)
2 2
The power of the turbine for the second task is expressed through the pressure drop on the power disk:
Pтурб 2= ( P1−P2 ) S V 2 ;
With considering (2.4):
ρ ρ¿ wkonf 2
[ 2 2
Pтурб 2= ( wkonf −V 3 ) +klens
2 2
SV2; ]
With considering (2.1):
ρ ρ¿ wkonf 2
2
[ 2 2
ρS V ( wkonf −V 3 ) = ( w konf −V 3) +klens
2
2 2
SV2; ]
Or:
( klens+1 ) ¿ wkonf 2−V 23 =2V 2 ( wkonf −V 3 )
Or:
klens+1
V 23−2 V 2 V 3+ 2∗wkonf V 2− ( 2 )
wkonf =0( 2.5)
Equation (2.5) determines the speed V 3 at the turbine outlet for a turbine having
the confuser wind amplifier at the inlet and the diffuser with the interceptor (windlens) flow accelerator
in the working part:
klens+1
√
V 3=V 2 ± V 22 −2 wkonf V 2− ( 2
wkonf )
Or:
15
2
V 3=V 2 ± ( V 2−wkonf ) +klens∗wkonf 2 (2.6)
√
If the speed in the working part of the turbine exceeds the speed at the inlet, then the turbine model
goes into propeller mode. This state corresponds to the plus sign in expression (2.6).
Since the propeller mode does not interest us, we will take the minus sign.Таким образом:
If V 2 >wkonf , then the signis+¿ ( 2.6 ) ;
If V 2 <wkonf , thenthe signis−¿ ( 2.6 ) ;
Expression (2.6a) determines the relationship of the velocities at the inlet, outlet and in the working part of the
turbine. For the particular case when the turbine does not have a windlens at the output (klens = 0), the
expression (2.6) will have the form:
wkonf +V 3
V 2= (2.6 a)
2
If the turbine does not have a windlens and a confuser at the input, then expression (2.6) will have the form:
weter + V 3
V 2= (2.6 b)
2
We substitute (2.6) into (2.1) and taking into account that S=4R*h, we obtain:
[ √
Pтурб 2=4 Rh V 22 wkonf −V 2 + V 22−2 wkonf V 2− ( klens+1
2 )]
wkonf ; (2.7)
In expression (2.7), a plus sign is taken before the root to simulate the turbine mode work.
This expression determines the power of the turbine as a function of wkonf ∧V 2 when solving the first
problem using a single-disk single-jet turbine model with a confuser wind amplifier and diffuser with an
interceptor (windlens) flow accelerator. By the expression (2.7), it is impossible to determine the turbine power,
since at a given wind, the flow velocity in the working part V 2 is not known. The value of this speed depends on
the air flow through the turbine at a given operating mode. This is due to the fact that when the operating mode
changes, the resistance to air flows through the turbine changes and, consequently, the speed V 2 changes. To
overcome this difficulty, we will calculate the turbine power using the first model (formula (1.52)) and choosing
the value V 2=wkonf . At the same time, the turbine power Pтурб 1May be more or less Pтурб 2. It depends on the
selected parameters of the turbine, rotor speed, aerodynamics of the blades. Further, if we substitute the value
for the turbine power Pтурб 1 in the expression(2.7), we obtainthe equation with respect ¿ V 2. Solving this
equation, we find the following value Pтурб 1 by the formula ( 1.52 ) . Continuing this process until convergence, that
16
is, until the moment when the values Pтурб 1 и P турб 2 will differ among themselves by an amount less than the
prescribed value. So you can determine the power of the turbine, provided that this process converges. To
construct an iterative process, we substitute Pтурб 1 ∈theexpression ( 2.7 ) instead of Pтурб 2 ∧write it like this :
2 2 Pтурб 1
√
V 2=wkonf + ( V 2−wkonf ) +klens∗wkonf −
4 ρR h V 22
(2.8)
Equation (2.8) is solved by the iteration method. As a zero approximation for the speed in the working part, it is
recommended to take:
V 2(0 )=wkonf ( .6−.9 ) ;
Then the equation for the iterations will look like:
2 Pтурб 1(i ) 2
V2 ( i +1)
√ ( i)
=wkonf + ( V −wkonf ) + klens∗wkonf −
2
4 ρR h V 22
(2.9)
Here: i is the iteration number;
Pтурб 1(i )−The turbine power , calculated ¿ the first model at the speed V 2(i) ;
After convergence of iterations, the turbine power can be calculated by any of the formulas (1.52) or (2.7).
2.2. Calculation of the maximum possible turbine power for given values of wkonf and klens. Determination and
calculation of a new limit of power coefficients for a turbine with a confuser and an ejector.
Wind power:
weter 3
Pweter = 4 ρRh ;
2
According to (2.7), the power coefficient:
P турб 2 2V 22 2 2
C p= =
Pweter weter 3
[ √
wkonf −V 2 + ( V 2−wkonf ) + klens∗w konf (2.10) ]
To determine the speedV 2 opt , at which the power factor reaches its maximum value and the maximum power
coefficient, we find the derivative of expression (2.10) and equate this derivative with zero:
∂C p V 2−wkonf
=
2
∂ V 2 weter 3
{ [
2 V 2 wkonf −V 2 + ( V 2−wkonf )2+ klens∗wkonf 2 +V 22 −1+
√ V
( 2 −wkonf )
2
] ( √
+klens∗wkonf 2
;
)}
Or:
17
2
2V 2 wkonf −2 V 22 +2V 2 ( V 2−wkonf ) + klens∗wkonf 2
√
∂C p
=
2
∂ V 2 weter 3
[ −V 22 +
V 23 −V 22 wkonf
2
( V 2−wkonf ) +klens∗wkonf 2
√
=0 ;(2.11)
]
Or:
2 2
V 2 ( 2 wkonf −3 V 2 ) ( V 2 −wkonf ) +klens∗wkonf 2 +2V 2 ( V 2−wkonf ) + 2V 2 klens∗wkonf 2+ V 22 ( V 2−wkonf )=0
√
Or:
2 2 2
( 2 wkonf −3 V 2 ) ( √( V 2−wkonf ) +klens∗wkonf +wkonf −V 2) +2 klens∗wkonf =0(2.12)
We transform (2.11) for the case wkonf = weter and clens = 0 (turbine without confuser and without windlens):
AsV 2 <wkonf ( Turbine operation ) ,then it follows ¿(2.11) :

( 2 weter −3 V 2 ) 2 ( weter−V 2 ) =0 , ¿ which follows :
2
V 2 opt = weter (2.13)
3
For this case, equation (2.10) has the form:
2 V 22
C p= 2 ( weter−V 2 ) ( 2.14)
weter 3
Substituting(2.13)into(2.14), we obtain themaximum possible power coefficient :
4 weter 2
2
9 2
C p max=
weter 3 ( )
2 weter− weter =. 592−Betz limit !
3
In other words, equation (2.10) is compiled for the general case, and from it are obtained limit values of power
coefficient for turbines, equipped with new devices to increase power above the Betz limit. For a turbine with a
confuser and windlens, equation (2.12) for determining the velocityV 2 opt Is solved by the iteration method. To
obtain an expression for such an operation, we rewrite equation (2.12) as follows:
2 2 2 klens∗wkonf 2
√ ( V 2−wkonf ) + klens∗wkonf + wkonf −V 2 +
2 wkonf −3 V 2
=0, From which the equation for the
iterations has the following form:

2 2 klens∗wkonf 2
√
V 2(i +1)= ( V 2(i )−wkonf ) + klens∗wkonf 2+ wkonf +
2 wkonf −3 V 2(i)
;(2.15)
18
(0 ) 2
For the zeroth approximation, we must take: V 2 = weter ;
3
After the convergence of the iterative solution of equation (2.15), we must take:
V 2 opt =V 2( i+1) ;(2.16)

This expression determines the speed in the working part, found as a result of the joint solution of the first and second
tasks. Подставляя ( 2.16 ) в ( 2.10 ) ( вместо скоростиV 2 ) , получим величину C p max для модернизированной
турбины−новое значение Бец лимита . Максимально возможная, определяемая по 2-й модели

мощность модернизированной турбины, получается из формулы (2.7), если подставить в эту формулу
вместо V 2 величину V 2 opt из ( 2.16 ) .
2.3. Construction of the configuration of the terrain at the entrance to the turbine for the implementation of the
confuser effect of increasing of wind speed.
Consider the air flow diagram shown in Figure 3. The streamline AB represents some relief of the terrain that
flows around by the wind. It is clear that the wind speed when flowing over the surface of the relief AB will be greater
than on the horizontal terrain before the point A. Thus, if the turbine is installed at any point on the AB line, then the
effect of increasing wind speed (confuser effect) will be realized at the entrance to the turbine. The difficulty is to
create a mathematical model of such a flow for calculating the value of the wind speed at each point at the entrance to
the turbine. For a single-jet model, we will determine the wind speed at the center of the entrance to the turbine.
o x
A
Fig. 3. Flow simulation scheme over the terrain AB to increase wind speed (confuser effect).
It is clear from the figure that such a flow can be modeled by superimposing the velocity field of horizontal flow on
the source velocity field at the origin of the coordinate axes (point O).
The horizontal flow has potential φ and stream function ψ:
φ=weter∗x ;ψ =weter∗y The source at the origin has the potential φ and stream function ψ:
19
Q Q y
φ= ln √ x 2+ y 2 ; ψ= tan −1 , Q−Source flow rate ;
2π 2π x
The total flow of the horizontal flow and the source has a potential φ and stream function ψ:
Q Q y
φ=weter∗x + ln √ x 2+ y 2 ; ψ=weter∗ y+ tan −1 ;(2.17) The equation of the family of streamlines of the
2π 2π x
total flow (2.17) can be written as follows:
Q y
weter∗y + tan −1 =const .(2.18)
2π x
Or through the polar angle θ:
Q
weter∗y + θ=const (2.19) Consider the line of stream that passes through the point А. For this streamline, for y=0
2π
should beθ=π . Substituting this value θ in (2.19), find the value of the constant for this streamline:
Q
const= ;Thus, the equation of the streamline passing through point A will be:
2
Q Q
weter∗y + θ= (2.20)
2π 2
This streamline consists of two branches:θ=π , which represents the negative semi axis x, and the curve line AB, the
equation of which is obtained if we substitute y=r∗sin θ∈¿ ( 2.20 ) and define r:
Q Q
weter∗( r∗sin θ ) + θ= or:
2π 2
Q
∗π −θ
2 π∗weter
r= (2.21)
sinθ
Streamline AB сan be considered a solid surface, since in a potential flow all the particles of the liquid follow the
configuration of the streamlined body. Thus, this flow can be treated as the flow around the terrain AB by the wind at a
speed weter. The height of the terrain at any point with the coordinates (r, θ):
Q
r∗sin θ= ∗( π −θ ) (2.21)The maximum height of the elevation of the terrain is obtained from (2.21), if
2 π∗weter
substitute θ=0 :
20
Q
H= илиQ=2 H∗weter (2.22)
2 weter
Substituting the value of the flow rateQ of source from (2.22) into the expression for the potential (2.17), we find the
projections of velocity at any point:
H
φ=weter x+ ( π )
ln √ x 2 + y 2 ;
∂φ H x H cos θ
V x=
∂x
=weter 1+
(
π x +y
2 2
=weter 1+
)
π r (
;(2.23) )
∂φ H y H sinθ
V y=
∂y
=weter 1+
(
π x2 + y2
=weter 1+
)
π r (
; (2.24) )
If we substitute in these expressions the magnitude of the radius vector r from the streamline AB equation, then we obtain
of the velocity projections at any point of the line AB:
sin θ cos θ
V x AB =weter 1+( π −θ )
; (2.25)
AB sin 2 θ
V y =weter ;(2.26)
π −θ
The flow velocity at any point of the AB line:
sin 2 θ sin 2 θ
V AB=weter 1+
√ +
π −θ ( π−θ )2
;(2.27)
To determine the optimum angle θ, at which the speedV AB reaches a maximum, we find the derivative with respect to the
angle θ of Expression ( 2.27 ) and equate it to zero:
2 2
cos 2 θ ( π −θ ) +sin 2 θ ( π −θ ) +sin θ=0; Solving this equation, we get:
θoptim =1. 1 rad=630 ;
The radius vector of this point is:
H H
∗π−θ optim ∗π −1.1
π π
r optim = = =.7292 H ;
sin θ optim sin 1.1
The height of the turbine installation at this point:

21
hust=r optim sin 1.1=.65 H ;
The flow velocity at this point is:
V ABopt =1. 27∗weter ,That is, the flow rate increases by 27%.
When calculating a real turbine, one must be able to calculate the velocities in the center of the input device. This point is
located at a distance of half the height of the turbine from the line AB. We denote this point by C. To determine the velocity
at point C, we use the projections (2.23) and (2.24):
2 H cos θc H 2
V C =weter 1+
√ π rc
+
π ( ) r1 ; r −radius vector of point C
c
2 c
The coefficient of the wind convergence (increase) in the point С:
VC 2 H cos θ c H 2
konf =
weter √
= 1+
π rc
+
π ( ) r1 ; (2.28) c
2
The axis of rotation of the turbine rotor and the tangent to the line
AB at point C are mutually perpendicular. Find the angle β of the inclination of the turbine with respect to the vertical. This
angle is equal to the angle between the tangent to the line AB at the point C and the positive direction of the axis ox. In other
words, the tangent of this angle will be equal to the derivation of the equation of the line AB at the point C. Therefore, we
find this derivative at the point C. The equation of the line AB on the basis of (2.21) and (2.22) can be written as follows:
H
∗π−θ
π
r= ;(2.29)
sin θ
Using the connection between the Cartesian and polar coordinate systems, equation (2.29) can be written in the parametric
form:
H H
∗π −θ ∗π−θ
π π
x= cos θ ; y = sin θ ;
sin θ sin θ
Then the derivative can be calculated as follows:
'
dy y θ sin2 θ
= = ;
dx x 'θ 1
sin 2θ+ π −θ
2
Therefore, the derivative at the turbine installation point:

22
dy sin2 θ opt
tan β=¿ ( )
dx opt
=
1
sin 2θ opt + π−θopt
; θopt − p olar angleof turbine installation point . ¿
2
sin2 θopt
β=tan−1 ;(2.30)
1
sin 2 θopt + π−θ opt
2
The index opt means that the parameter belongs to the turbine installation point on the line AB.
Before calculating the turbine power, it is necessary to select the valueθopt .This angle is chosen so as to realize the
maximum power of the turbine. Из треугольника, который получается, если соединить точки O, C и точку установки
турбины на линии AB, можно определить радиус-вектор и полярный угол точки C:
h 2 h π h π
√
r c = r 2opt + ()
2 ( )
−2 r opt cos +θopt −β ; θc =θ opt + sin−1
2 2 2 rc [ (
sin +θopt −β ;(2.31)
2 )]
H
∗π−θ opt
π
r opt = ;(2.32)
sin θ opt
The coefficient of convergence (increase) in the wind at the entrance to the turbine is determined by the relation (2.28).
The maximum height of the relief at the entrance to the turbine H is set arbitrarily before the calculations begin.
2.4. Algorithm for calculating the confuser effect of wind increase at the entrance to the turbine.
1) Set H and θopt ;
2) Calculate r opt according to the formula (2.32);

3) Calculate angle β tilt the turbine relative to the vertical according to the formula (2.30);
4) Calculate the radius vector and the polar angle of the point C the entrance to the turbine according to the
formula (2.31);
5) Calculate confuser coefficient konf according to the formula (2.28);
6) Calculate the height of the turbine installation: hust=r opt sin θ opt ;
7) Calculate the wind speed at the inlet to the turbine: wkonf=konf*weter;
8) From the received wind speed at the input wkonf, calculate the turbine power.
9) Repeating the calculations from step 1), determine the polar angle θopt of the turbine installation point
corresponding to the maximum power.
23
2.5. Determination of the pressure drop at the outlet of the turbine, equipped with a diffuser with a windlens
(spoiler).
In work [2] results of researches of pressures on a wing with an interceptor (the plate put across the stream) are resulted.
Relative pressures in front and behind the interceptor are:
P front −P∞ kgm Pbeh −P∞ kg m

Pfront = =. 2 ; Pbeh = =−. 125 ; (2.33)
V 2∞ m3 V 2∞ m3
Pfront , Pbeh− Absolute pressures ∈front∧behind the spoiler ;
Pexc exc
front =( Pfront −P ∞ ) и P beh=( Pbeh−P ∞ )−Excessive pressures∈front∧behind theinterceptor ;
P∞ −Atmosphere pressure ; V ∞ −speed of unperturbed flow ;
The drag coefficients of the spoiler are determined from the relationships¿ ¿:
ρ 2
C front
D V S
2 ∞ ∫ ¿=. 2V 2
∞
beh
;C D
ρ 2
V S
2 ∞ ∫ ¿=.125V
2
∞ S ∫¿ ;(2.34 )¿ ¿
¿
C пер зад
D =.327 ; C D =−.204 ; When testing free flat plates in a transverse flow, the drag coefficient
C D =1. Using (2.34), we
зад
obtain for the free plateC D =−.385 ; assuming that the coefficient of bottom drag of the turbine windlens is the
arithmetic mean of the coefficients of the bottom resistance of the interceptor (semi-free plate) and the bottom resistance
of the free plate. In this case for a turbine windlens we have:
−. 385−.204
¿ ( C зад
D )lens =( klens )max = =−. 295 ;
2
Therefore, when calculating the power of the upgraded turbine, the maximum value of the pressure grop factor at the
output was assumed to be -.3. In other words, the minimum outlet pressure was taken as follows: P∞ −
.3∗ρ∗weter 2 .
2
2.6. The results of calculations of the maximum permissible values of the turbine power coefficients for various quantities
klens, konf and hust.

Figures 1-20 show the graphs of these dependencies. The turbine power coefficients were calculated from formula
(2.10). The values of konf and hust were calculated using the algorithm of § 2.4. The value of klens was taken in
24
accordance with the recommendations in 2.5. For all graphs h*R=625 m2.
Cp limit for all speed in power area; hust=0(H=0); weter=5;

1.4
1.2
klens=0
c pm ax - turbine m ax power c oeffic ient
klens=.05
1
klens=.1
klens=.15
0.8 klens=.2
klens=.25
klens=.3
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
V2 speed, m/s
Figure 1. Dependences of the maximum values of the power coefficient versus the speed in the working part
of the turbine for different values of klens, without confuser, h / R = 1, h = 25 m.
25
Cp limit for all speed in power area; tetaopt=.19; hust=2.8(H=3); weter=5;

1.4
klens=0
1.2 klens=.05
klens=.1
klens=.15
1 klens=.2
cpmax - turbine max power coefficient
klens=.25
klens=.3
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
V2 speed, m/s
Figure 2. Dependences of the maximum values of the power coefficient versus the speed in the working part of the
turbine for different values of klens, without confuser, h / R = 1, h = 25 m
26

1.4
klens=0
1.2
klens=.05
klens=.1
1
klens=.15
klens=.2
0.8 klens=.25
klens=.3
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
V2 speed, m/s
Figure 3. Dependences of the maximum values of the power coefficient versus the speed in the working
part of the turbine for different values of klens, with confuser, h / R = 1, h = 25 m
27

1.4
1.2
klens=0
klens=.05
1 klens=.1
klens=.15
klens=.2
0.8 klens=.25
klens=.3
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
V2 speed, m/s
Figure 4. Dependences of the maximum values of the power coefficient versus the speed in the working part
of the turbine for different values of klens, with confuser, h / R = 1, h = 25 m
28
Cp limit for all speed in power area;h/R=.36 tetaopt=not; hust=0(H=0); weter=5;

1.4
1.2
klens=0
klens=.05
1
klens=.1
klens=.15
klens=.2
0.8
klens=.25
klens=.3
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
V2 speed, m/s
Figure 5. Dependences of the maximum values of the power coefficient versus the speed in
the working part of the turbine for different values of klens, without confuser, h / R = .36, h = 15 m
29
Cp limit for all speed in power area;h/R=.36; h=15 m; tetaopt=.28; hust=2.7(H=3); weter=5;
1.4
klens=0
1.2
klens=.05
klens=.1
1 klens=.15
klens=.2
klens=.25
0.8 klens=.3
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
V2 speed, m/s
Figure 6. Dependences of the maximum values of the power coefficient versus the speed in the working
part of the turbine for different values of klens, with confuser, h / R = .36, h = 15 m
30
1.4
klens=0
1.2 klens=.05
klens=.1
klens=.15
1 klens=.2
klens=.25
klens=.3
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
V2 speed, m/s
turbine for different values of klens, with confuser, h / R = .36, h = 15 m
31
1.5
klens=0
klens=.05
klens=.1
klens=.15
klens=.2
1 klens=.25
klens=.3
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
V2 speed, m/s
turbine for different values of klens, with confuser, h / R = .36, h = 15 m
32
Cp limit for all speed in power area;h/R=.15; h=9.68m; tetaopt=not; hust=0(H=0); weter=5;
1.4
klens=0
1.2 klens=.05
klens=.1
klens=.15
1
klens=.2
klens=.25
klens=.3
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
V2 speed, m/s
turbine for different values of klens, without confuser, h / R = .15, h = 9.68 m
33
Cp limit for all speed in power area;h/R=.15; h=9.68m; tetaopt=.362; hust=2.65(H=3); weter=5;
1.4
klens=0
1.2 klens=.05
klens=.1
klens=.15
1 klens=.2
klens=.25
klens=.3
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
V2 speed, m/s
Figure 10. Dependences of the maximum values of the power coefficient versus the speed in the working part of
the turbine for different values of klens, with confuser, h / R = .15, h = 9.68 m
34
Cp limit for all speed in power area;h/R=.15; h=9.68m; tetaopt=.526; hust=5(H=6); weter=5;
1.5
klens=0
klens=.05
klens=.1
klens=.15
klens=.2
1 klens=.25
klens=.3
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
V2 speed, m/s
35
Cp limit for all speed in power area;h/R=.15; h=9.68m; tetaopt=.631; hust=7.2(H=9); weter=5;
1.6
klens=0
1.4
klens=.05
klens=.1
1.2 klens=.15
klens=.2
klens=.25
1
klens=.3
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
V2 speed, m/s
.
36
Cp limit for all speed in power area;h/R=2.78; h=41.67m; tetaopt=not; hust=0(H=0); weter=5;
1.4
klens=0
1.2
klens=.05
klens=.1
klens=.15
1
klens=.2
klens=.25
0.8 klens=.3
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
V2 speed, m/s
the turbine for different values of klens, without confuser, h / R = 2.78, h = 41.67 m
37
Cp limit for all speed in power area;h/R=2.78; h=41.67m; tetaopt=.123; hust=2.88(H=3); weter=5;
1.4
klens=0
1.2
klens=.05
klens=.1
klens=.15
1
klens=.2
klens=.25
0.8 klens=.3
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
V2 speed, m/s
the turbine for different values of klens, with confuser, h / R = 2.78, h = 41.67 m.
38
1.4
klens=0
1.2 klens=.05
klens=.1
klens=.15
1
klens=.2
klens=.25
klens=.3
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
V2 speed, m/s
turbine for different values of klens, with confuser, h / R = 2.78, h = 41.67 m
39
1.4
klens=0
1.2
klens=.05
klens=.1
klens=.15
1
klens=.2
klens=.25
0.8 klens=.3
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
V2 speed, m/s
40
Cp limit for all speed in power area;h/R=6.67; h=64.549m; tetaopt=not; hust=0(H=0); weter=5;
1.4
klens=0
1.2 klens=.05
klens=.1
klens=.15
1
klens=.2
klens=.25
0.8 klens=.3
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
V2 speed, m/s
the turbine for different values of klens, without confuser, h / R = 6.67, h = 64.549 m
41
1.4
klens=0
1.2 klens=.05
klens=.1
klens=.15
1
klens=.2
klens=.25
klens=.3
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
V2 speed, m/s
the turbine for different values of klens, with confuser, h / R = 6.67, h = 64.549 m
42
1.4
klens=0
1.2 klens=.05
klens=.1
klens=.15
1
klens=.2
klens=.25
klens=.3
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
V2 speed, m/s
the turbine for different values of klens, with confuser, h / R = 6.67, h = 64.549 m
43
1.4
klens=0
1.2 klens=.05
klens=.1
klens=.15
1
klens=.2
klens=.25
0.8 klens=.3
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
V2 speed, m/s
2.7. Calculation of the dimensions of the turbine 100 kW at wetter = 5 m / s according to the graphs shown in Fig.
1 - 20.
All graphs 1 - 20 are constructed for the turbine Rh = 625;

ρ∗weter 3 1.225∗53
wind power= 4 Rh= 4∗625=191406 Wt .
2 2
The calculation of the dimensions includes calculating the radius of the rotor R and the height of the turbine rotor h
with the maximum power coefficient, which is shown in one of the figures 1 to 20. Such a calculation is done in the
following sequence:
h
1) Set: =hr ;
R
2) If klens=0 and hust=0 turbine 100kW requires:
100000 h
hR= =551.574 m 2 ; =hr ;
.592∗191406 R
44
Where do we get:
551.574 23.485
R= √ = ; h=23.485 √ hr ;
√ hr √ hr
3) If klens≠ 0 and hust≠ 0 turbine 100kW requires:
.592 551.574∧h
hR= =hr ;
C pmax R
C pmax−¿ Maximum power coefficient for these values klens, hust (H), hr , θopt .
Solving these two conditions together, we obtain:
326 . 532 18 . 07
R= √ = ; h=18 . 07 √ hr /C pmax ;
√ hr C pmax √ hr C pmax
Example: Let us turn to Fig. 12; for hr =. 15, klens=. 3 и hust =7.2(H=9) C pmax=1.5 , we obtain :
18.07
R= =38 .1 м ; h=18.07 √ .15 /1.5=5 .71 м .
√ . 15∗1 . 5
Literature:
1. Санников В. “Разработка метода аэродинамического расчета воздушной турбины типа Darrieus с

регулируемыми по азимуту углами установки лопастей и с обратным контуром подачи воздуха”. Отчет по
НИР. Internet resource: NextGen wind New single Wind Turbine. 5 MW, 1MW… 2015, 73 стр.
2. И. А. Белов, В.И. Мамчур. Расчет обтекания пластины поперечными потоками. Ученые записки ЦАГИ Т.XVI,
N2, 1985.
3. Laia Ledo Gomis. Effect of diffuse augmented micro Wind turbines features on device Performance School of
Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronics Engin. Univers. Of Wollongong, July 2011.
4. Abe, K and Ohya, Y, 2003 “An investigation of flow field around flanged diffusers using CFD”. Journal of Wind Engin.
And Industr. Aerod. Vol.92 pp. 315-330.
5. Abe K, Nishida M, Sakuri A…. 2005 “Experimental and numerical investigation of flow field behind a small wind
turbine with a flanged diffuser”. Journal of Wind Engin. And Industr. Aerod. Vol 93 pp. 951-970.
Conclusion
1) The single-disk single-jet model of the turbine is developed, equipped with special modern
tools of increasing power. The model includes algorithms for calculating the aerodynamic
characteristics of the adjustable rotor blades, which are flowed by two mutually opposite
flows. Also included in the model are algorithms for calculating the turbine's limiting
capabilities.
45
2) A model of a new limit of turbine power coefficient is constructed depending on the degree of
confuser of the terrain at the entrance to the turbine and the magnitude of the pressure drop at
the outlet with the aid of an ejector diffuser with spoilers (windlens).
3) Calculation of the developed model showed the possibility of a significant increase in the
power and efficiency of a modernized turbine in comparison with a classical turbine. It is
shown that the proposed modernization of the turbine increases power by 2.5 times, i.e. The
power factor can reach values of 1.5 and higher.
4) Parametric calculation of the turbine in a wide range of parameters has been carried out: the
ratio of the radius and height of the rotor, solidity factor of the turbine rotor, the speed
coefficient of rotation of the rotors (Tip Speed Ratio), the location of the turbine on the
confuser elevation of the terrain, the efficiency of the ejector at the outlet (klens). This
calculation allows you to optimize the choice of parameters when designing a turbine.
5) Further development of the model must be done by spreading it onto a two-disk and multi-jet
model.
Appendix 1.
Parametric studies of the Darrieus turbine with two 4-blade rotors, with controlled blade angles, with a
forward and reverse air feed, with a confuser wind amplifier and a diffuser with an interceptor flow
accelerator in the working part (ejector, windlens).
Basic designations: R- radius of the rotor; H - rotor height; Hust - the height of the turbine installation
above the ground;
ωR
TSR= – Velocity coefficient; klens – turbine outlet pressure drop ratio; sigma–solidity factor of
wkonf
rotor;
Rotor dimensions for specified values hr = h/R and h*R=625 are calculated as follows:
0 ,5 0 ,5 cn
R=25/ ( hr ) ; h=25∗( hr ) Blades chord (c) is calculated from the ratio: sigma = ; n – number of
2 πR
blades in the rotor.
Even and odd consecutive schedules 1 to 40 are constructed for the same conditions. For example, to get
the values TSR for any point in Figure 1, It is necessary to determine this value TSR from the figure 2 For
the corresponding quantities klens and sigma. Similarly, this is done for Figures 3 and 4, 5 and 6, 7 and 8,
and so on.
46
In Figures 41 … 44 the dependences of the maximum of the maximorum (cpmaxmax) of the power
coefficient versus h / R. This value is the maximum of the power coefficient in two variables – TSR и
sigma. In other words, an optimum was first found for TSR, and then on sigma.
To determine the quantities TSR and sigma at any point of the figures 41 – 44 it is necessary to refer to
the corresponding two graphs from 1-40. By values h/R and cpmaxmax on the graph of 41 – 44 on two
graphs from 1 -40 to define TSR and sigma.
h/R=.15; h*R=625; weter=5; hust=0; TSR - var.

0.35
klens=0
0.3 klens>=.05
cpmax-max turbine power coefficient
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
sigma - solidity factor
Figure 2
47
h/R=.15; h*R=625; weter=5; hust=0; Power coefficient - var.

13
12
klens=0
11 klens>=.05
10
9
Tip Speed Ratio
3
0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
Figure 3
48
h/R=.15; h*R=625; weter=5; hust=2.8 (H=3); TSR - var.

0.4
klens=0
0.35
klens>=.05
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04

Figure 4
49
h/R=.15; h*R=625; weter=5; hust=2.8 (H=3);Power Coefficient - var.

13
12
klens=0
11
klens>=.05
10
9
Tip Speed Ratio
3
0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
Figure 5
50

0.5
0.45
klens=0
klens>=.05
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04

Figure 6
51

13
12
klens=0
klens>=.05
11
10
9
Tip Speed Ratio
3
0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
Figure 7
52

0.5
0.45 klens=0
klens>=.05
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04

Figure 8
53

13
12
klens=0
11
klens>=.05
10
9
Tip Speed Ratio
3
0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
Figure 9
54
h/R=.36; h*R=625; weter=5; hust=0 (H=0); TSR - var.

0.75
klens=0
0.7 klens=.05
klens=.1
klens>=.15
0.65
0.6
0.55
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04

Figure 10
55
h/R=.36; h*R=625; weter=5; hust=0 (H=0);Power Coefficient - var.

18
16
klens=0
klens=.05
klens=.1
14
klens>=.15
12
Tip Speed Ratio
10
4
0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
Figure 11
56

1
klens=0
0.9
klens=.05
klens=.1
klens>=.15
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04

Figure 12
57

18
16
klens=0
klens=.05
klens=.1
14
klens>=.15
12
Tip Speed Ratio
10
4
0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
Figure 13
58

1
klens=0
0.9 klens=.05
klens=.1
klens>=.15
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04

Figure 14
59

18
16
klens=0
klens=.05
klens=.1
14
klens>=.15
12
Tip Speed Ratio
10
4
0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
Figure 15
60

1
klens=0
0.9 klens=.05
klens=.1
klens>=.15
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04

Figure 16
61

18
16
klens=0
klens=.05
klens=.1
14
klens>=.15
12
Tip Speed Ratio
10
4
0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
Figure 17
62
h/R=2.7778; h*R=625; weter=5; hust=0 (H=0); TSR - var.

1.1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
klens=0
klens=.05
klens=.1
0.5
klens=.15
klens=.2
klens=.25
klens=.3
0.4
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
Figure 18
63
h/R=2.7778; h*R=625; weter=5; hust=0 (H=0);Power Coefficient - var.

22
20
klens=0
18
klens=.05
klens=.1
16 klens=.15
klens=.2
klens=.25
14
klens=.3
Tip Speed Ratio
12
10
2
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
Figure 19
64
h/R=2.7778; h*R=625; weter=5; hust=2.8 (H=3); TSR - var.

1.3
klens=0
klens=.05
1.2 klens=.1
klens=.15
klens=.2
klens=.25
1.1 klens=.3
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
Figure 20
65
h/R=2.7778; h*R=625; weter=5; hust=2.8 (H=3);Power Coefficient - var.

22
20
klens=0
klens=.05
18 klens=.1
klens=.15
klens=.2
16 klens=.25
klens=.3
14
Tip Speed Ratio
12
10
2
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
Figure 21
66

1.3
klens=0
klens=.05
klens=.1
1.2 klens=.15
klens=.2
klens=.25
klens=.3
1.1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
Figure 22
67

22
20
klens=0
18 klens=.05
klens=.1
klens=.15
16
klens=.2
klens=.25
14 klens=.3
Tip Speed Ratio
12
10
2
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
Figure 23
68

1.3
klens=0
1.2 klens=.05
klens=.1
klens=.15
klens=.2
1.1 klens=.25
klens=.3
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
Figure 24
69

22
20 klens=0
klens=.05
klens=.1
18 klens=.15
klens=.2
klens=.25
16 klens=.3
14
Tip Speed Ratio
12
10
2
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
Figure 25
70
h/R=6.6667; h*R=625; weter=5; hust=0 (H=0); TSR - var.

1.2
klens=0
klens=.05
klens=.1
1.1 klens=.15
klens=.2
klens=.25
klens=.3
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
Figure 26
71
h/R=6.6667; h*R=625; weter=5; hust=0 (H=0);Power Coefficient - var.

22
klens=0
20
klens=.05
klens=.1
18 klens=.15
klens=.2
klens=.25
16
klens=.3
14
Tip Speed Ratio
12
10
2
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
Figure 27
72

1.3
klens=0
klens=.05
1.2
klens=.1
klens=.15
klens=.2
1.1
klens=.25
klens=.3
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
Figure 28
73

22
20
klens=0
klens=.05
18
klens=.1
klens=.15
16
klens=.2
klens=.25
14
klens=.3
Tip Speed Ratio
12
10
2
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
Figure 29
74

1.3
klens=0
1.2 klens=.05
klens=.1
klens=.15
1.1
klens=.2
klens=.25
1 klens=.3
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
Figure 30
75

22
20
klens=0
klens=.05
18
klens=.1
klens=.15
16
klens=.2
klens=.25
14 klens=.3
Tip Speed Ratio
12
10
2
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
Figure 31
76

1.3
klens=0
1.2 klens=.05
klens=.1
klens=.15
1.1 klens=.2
klens=.25
klens=.3
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
Figure 32
77

22
20
klens=0
klens=.05
18 klens=.1
klens=.15
klens=.2
16
klens=.25
klens=.3
14
Tip Speed Ratio
12
10
2
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
Figure 33
78
h/R=1; h*R=625; weter=5; hust=0 (H=0); TSR - var.

1.1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
klens=0
0.5 klens=.05
klens=.1
klens=.15
0.4 klens=.2
klens=.25
klens=.3
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07

Figure 34
79
h/R=1; h*R=625; weter=5; hust=0 (H=0);Power Coefficient - var.

22
20
klens=0
klens=.05
18
klens=.1
klens=.15
16
klens=.2
klens=.25
14
Tip Speed Ratio
klens=.3
12
10
2
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
Figure 35
80
h/R=1; h*R=625; weter=5; hust=2.8 (H=3); TSR - var.

1.3
1.2
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
klens=0
klens=.05
0.5 klens=.1
klens=.15
0.4 klens=.2
klens=.25
klens=.3
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07

Figure 36
81

25
klens=0
20 klens=.05
klens=.1
klens=.15
klens=.2
klens=.25
15
Tip Speed Ratio
klens=.3
10
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
Figure 37
82

1.3
1.2
1.1
0.9
0.8
0.7
klens=0
0.6 klens=.05
klens=.1
klens=.15
0.5 klens=.2
klens=.25
klens=.3
0.4
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
Figure 38
83
h/R=1; h*R=625; weter=5; hust=5.4 (H=6); Power Coefficient - var.

25
klens=0
20 klens=.05
klens=.1
klens=.15
klens=.2
klens=.25
15
klens=.3
Tip Speed Ratio
10
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
Figure 39
84
h/R=1; h*R=625; weter=5; hust=7.8(H=9); TSR - var.

1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
0.9
0.8
0.7
klens=0
klens=.05
0.6
klens=.1
klens=.15
0.5 klens=.2
klens=.25
klens=.3
0.4
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
Figure 40
85
h/R=1; h*R=625; weter=5; hust=7.8 (H=9); Power Coefficient - var.

25
klens=0
klens=.05
20
klens=.1
klens=.15
klens=.2
klens=.25
15 klens=.3
Tip Speed Ratio
10
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
Figure 41
86
Darrieus4blade; h*R=625; weter=5; hust=0(H=0); TSR-var;sigma-var.

1.2
1.1
cpmaxmax-maximum power coeff. as function of TSR and sigma
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
klens=0
0.5 klens=.05
klens=.1
0.4 klens=.15
klens=.2
0.3 klens=.25
klens=.3
0.2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
h/R-ratio of the rotor height to rotor radius
Figure 42
87
Darrieus 4blade; h*R=625; weter=5; hust=2.8(H=3); TSR-var;sigma-var.

1.6
klens=0
klens=.05
cpmaxmax-maximum power coeff. as function of TSR and sigma klens=.1
1.4
klens=.15
klens=.2
klens=.25
1.2 klens=.3
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Figure 43
88
Darrieus4blade; h*R=625; weter=5; hust=5.4(H=6); TSR-var;sigma-var.

1.6
klens=0
klens=.05
cpmaxmax-maximum power coeff. as function of TSR and sigma klens=.1
1.4
klens=.15
klens=.2
klens=.25
klens=.3
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Figure 44
89
Darrieus 4blade; h*R=625; weter=5; hust=7.8(H=9); TSR-var;sigma-var.

1.6
cpmaxmax-maximum power coeff. as function of TSR and sigma

1.4
1.2
0.8
klens=0
0.6
klens=.05
klens=.1
klens=.15
0.4 klens=.2
klens=.25
klens=.3
0.2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Figure 45
Appendix 2.
MATLAB program for calculating the power of a 4-blade turbine

on a single-disk single-jet BEM model.
Darr_4blade_BEM_lens_Gora_new
clear all
lambda=11.04; sigma=.003; klens=0; H=0; tetaopt=.4;
R=64.5497; h=9.68246;
cd0 =.01; k=.7; ro=1.225; weter=5; nblade=4; hi=0;
sopt =sin(tetaopt); copt=cos(tetaopt);sopt2=sin(2*tetaopt);
ropt =(H/pi)*(pi-tetaopt)/sopt;
fi= atan(sopt^2/(.5*sopt2+pi-tetaopt));
rc= sqrt(ropt^2+h^2/4-ropt*h*cos(pi/2+tetaopt-fi+hi));
tetac= tetaopt+asin(sin(pi/2+tetaopt-fi+hi)*h/(2*rc));
konf= sqrt(1+(2*H/pi)*cos(tetac)/rc+(H/pi)^2/(rc^2))*cos(hi);
90
hust= ropt*sopt;
wkonf= konf*weter;
va=.7*wkonf;
finished= false;
sum1=0;
while(~finished),
vanew1=.6667*(wkonf+klens*wkonf^2/(sqrt((wkonf-va)^2+klens*wkonf^2)+wkonf-va));
if(vanew1>=wkonf)
finished=true;
vaopt=wkonf;
end
if(abs(va-vanew1)<1e-4)
vaopt=va;
finished=true;
end
va=vanew1;
sum1=sum1+1;
if(sum1>500)
finished=true;
end
end
pmax=vaopt^2*(wkonf-vaopt+sqrt((wkonf-vaopt)^2+klens*wkonf^2))*4*ro*R*h;
kom=1; kalt=1;
psi=0:pi/20:pi/2;
sigmamin=.016*nblade*h/R; sigmamax=.61;
c=sigma*2*pi*R/nblade; kperetek=1; omega=lambda*wkonf/R;
c1=k*c; Pmax=(4/27)*wkonf^3*8*ro*R*h; pweter=.5*ro*weter^3*4*R*h;
AR1=h*kperetek/c; AR2=h*kperetek/c1;
CLal1=4.5/(1+(4.5/(pi*AR1*.8)));
CLal2=4.5/(1+(4.5/(pi*AR2*.8)));
%CLal1=6/(1+(6/(pi*AR1)));
%CLal2=6/(1+(6/(pi*AR1)));
mah=omega*R/330;
mzomz1=(.001032*AR1^4-.021716*AR1^3+.16228*AR1^2-.60881*AR1-.004334)*kom;
mzomz2=(.001032*AR2^4-.021716*AR2^3+.16228*AR2^2-.60881*AR2-.004334)*kom;
mzalt11=.0018734*AR1^4-.038605*AR1^3+.26424*AR1^2-.6042*AR1-.050223;
mzalt21=-.0013357*AR1^4+.025982*AR1^3-.16577*AR1^2+.45596*AR1+.091465;
mzalt12=.0018734*AR2^4-.038605*AR2^3+.26424*AR2^2-.6042*AR2-.050223;
mzalt22=-.0013357*AR2^4+.025982*AR2^3-.16577*AR2^2+.45596*AR2+.091465;
if (AR1>10)&&(AR1<=24)
mzomz1=-1.3;
mzalt11=.109*AR1-.63;
mzalt21=.7;
end
if (AR2>10)&&(AR2<=24)
mzomz2=-1.3;
mzalt12=.109*AR1-.63;
mzalt22=.7;
end
91
if AR1>24
mzomz1=-1.3;
mzalt11=1.986;
mzalt21=.7;
end
if AR2>24
mzomz2=-1.3;
mzalt12=1.986;
mzalt22=.7;
end
if AR1<.25
mzomz1=0;
mzalt11=0;
mzalt21=0;
end
if AR2<.25
mzomz1=0;
mzalt11=0;
mzalt21=0;
end
if AR2<.25
mzomz2=0;
mzalt12=0;
mzalt22=0;
end
mzalt1=(mzalt11+mzalt21*mah^2)*kalt;
mzalt2=(mzalt12+mzalt22*mah^2)*kalt;
pi320=3*pi/20;
cpsi=cos(psi);
spsi=sin(psi);
spi320=spsi/pi320;
psis=psi.*spsi;
psipi=psi/(3*pi/20);
cpsipi= psipi.*cpsi;
spsipi=psipi.*spsi;
pi2cpsi=(pi/2-psi).*cpsi;
pi2spsi=(pi/2-psi).*spsi;
pi2c320=pi2cpsi/pi320;
pi2s320=pi2spsi/pi320;
pi2320=(pi/2-psi)/pi320;
cpi2psi=cos(pi/2-psi);
spi2psi=sin(pi/2-psi);
pi2psi=pi/2-psi;
CDro=.5*ro*h;
croh1=c^3*ro/2*h;
croh2=c1^3*ro/2*h;
92
ii=size(psi);
vr11=zeros(ii);
vr12=zeros(ii);
vr31=zeros(ii);
vr32=zeros(ii);
ala11=zeros(ii);
ala12=zeros(ii);
ala31=zeros(ii);
ala32=zeros(ii);
al11=zeros(ii);
al12=zeros(ii);
al31=zeros(ii);
al32=zeros(ii);
alt11=zeros(ii);
alt12=zeros(ii);
alt31=zeros(ii);
alt32=zeros(ii);
attack11=zeros(ii);
attack12=zeros(ii);
attack31=zeros(ii);
attack32=zeros(ii);
attackt11=zeros(ii);
fi11=zeros(ii);
fi12=zeros(ii);
fi31=zeros(ii);
fi32=zeros(ii);
fit11=zeros(ii);
fit12=zeros(ii);
fit31=zeros(ii);
fit32=zeros(ii);
mdamp11=zeros(ii);
mdamp12=zeros(ii);
mdamp31=zeros(ii);
mdamp32=zeros(ii);
L11=zeros(ii);
93
L12=zeros(ii);
L31=zeros(ii);
L32=zeros(ii);
prL11=zeros(ii);
prL12=zeros(ii);
prL31=zeros(ii);
prL32=zeros(ii);
DR11=zeros(ii);
DR12=zeros(ii);
DR31=zeros(ii);
DR32=zeros(ii);
prDR11=zeros(ii);
prDR12=zeros(ii);
prDR31=zeros(ii);
prDR32=zeros(ii);
mom11=zeros(ii);
mom12=zeros(ii);
mom31=zeros(ii);
mom32=zeros(ii);
power11=zeros(ii);
power12=zeros(ii);
power31=zeros(ii);
power32=zeros(ii);
CL11=zeros(ii);
CL12=zeros(ii);
CD11=zeros(ii);
CD12=zeros(ii);
CL31=zeros(ii);
CL32=zeros(ii);
CD31=zeros(ii);
CD32=zeros(ii);
D1=zeros(ii);
D3=zeros(ii);
D=zeros(ii);
aloptabs1=zeros(ii);
aloptabs2=zeros(ii);
for i=1:11
% aloptabs1(i)=sqrt(cd0*pi*AR1)/(2*pi);
% aloptabs2(i)=sqrt(cd0*pi*AR2)/(2*pi);
aloptabs1(i)=.21;
94
aloptabs2(i)=.21;
end
finished=false;
sum=0;
while(~finished),
lambda1a=omega*R/va;
lambda2a=omega*k*R/va;
pilambda1a=lambda1a*pi320;
pilambda2a=lambda2a*(pi320);
for i=1:4
vr11(i)=(va/pi320)*sqrt(pilambda1a^2-2*pilambda1a*psis(i)+psi(i)^2);
vr12(i)=(va/pi320)*sqrt(pilambda2a^2-2*pilambda2a*psis(i)+psi(i)^2);
vr31(i)=va*sqrt(lambda1a^2-2*lambda1a*cpsi(i)+1);
ala11(i)=atan(cpsipi(i)/(lambda1a-spsipi(i)));
ala12(i)=atan(cpsipi(i)/(lambda2a-spsipi(i)));
ala31(i)=atan(spsi(i)/(lambda1a-cpsi(i)));
if lambda1a==spsipi(i)
al11(i)=pi/2;
end
if lambda2a==spsipi(i)
al12(i)=pi/2;
end
if lambda1a>spsipi(i)
al11(i)=ala11(i);
end
if lambda2a>spsipi(i)
al12(i)=ala12(i);
end
if lambda1a<spsipi(i)
al11(i)=ala11(i)+pi;
end
if lambda2a<spsipi(i)
end
if lambda1a==cpsi(i)
al31(i)=pi/2;
end
al32(i)=pi/2;
end
if lambda1a>cpsi(i)
al31(i)=ala31(i);
end
if lambda2a>cpsi(i)
95
al32(i)=ala32(i);
end
if lambda1a<cpsipi(i)
end
if lambda2a<cpsi(i)
end
alt11(i)=(pilambda1a*(cpsi(i)-psis(i))+psi(i)^2)*omega/...
(pilambda1a^2-2*pilambda1a*psis(i)+psi(i)^2);
alt12(i)=(pilambda2a*(cpsi(i)-psis(i))+psi(i)^2)*omega/...
(pilambda2a^2-2*pilambda2a*psis(i)+psi(i)^2);
attack11(i)=aloptabs1(i)*psi(i)/pi320;
alt31(i)=(lambda1a*cpsi(i)-1)*omega/...
(lambda1a^2-2*lambda1a*cpsi(i)+1);
if lambda1a==1
alt11(11)=+.5*omega;
alt31(1)=-.5*omega;
end
if lambda2a==1
alt32(1)=-.5*omega;
end
attackt11(i)=aloptabs1(i)*omega/pi320;
fi11(i)=al11(i)-attack11(i);
fit11(i)=alt11(i)-attackt11(i);
mdamp11(i)=(mzomz1*omega+mzalt1*alt11(i))*croh1*vr11(i);
mdamp31(i)=(mzomz1*omega-mzalt1*alt31(i))*croh1*vr31(i);
96
CL11(i)=CLal1*attack11(i);
L11(i)=CL11(i)*ro*vr11(i)^2/2*c*h;
L12(i)=CL12(i)*ro*vr12(i)^2/2*c1*h;
L31(i)=CL31(i)*ro*vr31(i)^2/2*c*h;
L32(i)=CL32(i)*ro*vr32(i)^2/2*c1*h;
prL11(i)=L11(i)*sin(al11(i));
CD11(i)=(cd0+CL11(i)^2/(pi*AR1*.8));
CD12(i)=(cd0+CL12(i)^2/(pi*AR2*.8));
CD31(i)=(cd0+CL31(i)^2/(pi*AR1*.8));
CD32(i)=(cd0+CL32(i)^2/(pi*AR2*.8));
DR11(i)=CDro*CD11(i)*vr11(i)^2*c;
DR12(i)=CDro*CD12(i)*vr12(i)^2*c1;
prDR11(i)=-DR11(i)*cos(al11(i));
% D1(i)=(prL11(i)+prDR11(i)+prL12(i)+prDR12(i))*spsi(i);
% D3(i)=(prL31(i)+prDR31(i)+prL32(i)+prDR32(i))*cpsi(i);
% D(i)=D1(i)+D3(i);
mom11(i)=(prL11(i)+prDR11(i))*R+mdamp11(i);
mom12(i)=(prL12(i)+prDR12(i))*k*R+mdamp12(i);
power11(i)=mom11(i)*omega;
end
for i=5:7
vr11(i)=va*sqrt(lambda1a^2-2*lambda1a*spsi(i)+1);
97
ala11(i)=atan(cpsi(i)/(lambda1a-spsi(i)));
if lambda1a==spsi(i)
al11(i)=pi/2;
end
al12(i)=pi/2;
end
if lambda1a>spsi(i)
al11(i)=ala11(i);
end
if lambda2a>spsi(i)
al12(i)=ala12(i);
end
if lambda1a<spsi(i)
end
if lambda2a<spsi(i)
end
al31(i)=pi/2;
end
al32(i)=pi/2;
end
if lambda1a>cpsi(i)
al31(i)=ala31(i);
end
if lambda2a>cpsi(i)
al32(i)=ala32(i);
end
if lambda1a<cpsi(i)
end
if lambda2a<cpsi(i)
end
alt11(i)=(-lambda1a*spsi(i)+1)*omega/...
(lambda1a^2-2*lambda1a*spsi(i)+1);
98
attack11(i)=aloptabs1(i);
attackt11(i)=0;
attackt12(i)=0;
attackt31(i)=0;
attackt32(i)=0;
L11(i)=CL11(i)*ro*vr11(i)^2/2*c*h;
L12(i)=CL12(i)*ro*vr12(i)^2/2*c1*h;
L31(i)=CL31(i)*ro*vr31(i)^2/2*c*h;
L32(i)=CL32(i)*ro*vr32(i)^2/2*c1*h;
CD11(i)=(cd0+CL11(i)^2/(pi*AR1*.8));
CD12(i)=(cd0+CL12(i)^2/(pi*AR2*.8));
99
CD31(i)=(cd0+CL31(i)^2/(pi*AR1*.8));
CD32(i)=(cd0+CL32(i)^2/(pi*AR2*.8));
end
for i=8:11
vr31(i)=(va/pi320)*sqrt(pilambda1a^2-2*pilambda1a*pi2cpsi(i)+pi2psi(i)^2);
vr32(i)=(va/pi320)*sqrt(pilambda2a^2-2*pilambda2a*pi2cpsi(i)+pi2psi(i)^2);
ala31(i)=atan(pi2spsi(i)/(lambda1a-pi2cpsi(i)));
ala32(i)=atan(pi2spsi(i)/(lambda2a-pi2cpsi(i)));
al11(i)=pi/2;
end
al12(i)=pi/2;
end
if lambda1a>spsi(i)
al11(i)=ala11(i);
end
if lambda2a>spsi(i)
100
al12(i)=ala12(i);
end
if lambda1a<spsi(i)
end
if lambda2a<spsi(i)
end
if pilambda1a==pi2cpsi(i)
al31(i)=pi/2;
end
if pilambda2a==pi2cpsi(i)
al32(i)=pi/2;
end
if pilambda1a>pi2cpsi(i)
al31(i)=ala11(i);
end
if pilambda2a>pi2cpsi(i)
al32(i)=ala12(i);
end
if pilambda1a<pi2cpsi(i)
end
if pilambda2a<pi2cpsi(i)
end
alt31(i)=(lambda1a*(-spi320(i)+pi2c320(i))-pi2320(i)^2)*omega/...
(lambda1a^2-2*lambda1a*pi2c320(i)+pi2320(i)^2);
alt32(i)=(lambda2a*(-spi320(i)+pi2c320(i))-pi2320(i)^2)*omega/...
(lambda2a^2-2*lambda2a*pi2c320(i)+pi2320(i)^2);
if lambda1a==1
end
if lambda2a==1
end
attack11(i)=aloptabs1(i)*pi2320(i);
101
attackt11(i)=-aloptabs1(i)*omega/pi320;
L11(i)=CL11(i)*ro*vr11(i)^2/2*c*h;
L12(i)=CL12(i)*ro*vr12(i)^2/2*c1*h;
L31(i)=CL31(i)*ro*vr31(i)^2/2*c*h;
L32(i)=CL32(i)*ro*vr32(i)^2/2*c1*h;
CD11(i)=(cd0+CL11(i)^2/(pi*AR1*.8));
CD12(i)=(cd0+CL12(i)^2/(pi*AR2*.8));
CD31(i)=(cd0+CL31(i)^2/(pi*AR1*.8));
CD32(i)=(cd0+CL32(i)^2/(pi*AR2*.8));
102
end
powersum=(power11+power12+power31+power32)*4;
psum0=0;
for i=1:11
psum0=psum0+powersum(i);
end
psumsr04=.95*psum0/11;
pturb=va^2*(wkonf-va+sqrt((wkonf-va)^2+klens*wkonf^2))*4*ro*R*h;
arh=8*ro*R*h;
% sq - the speed drop on the power disk
sq=sqrt((va-wkonf)^2+klens*wkonf^2);
vanew=wkonf-2*psumsr04/(arh*va^2)+sq;
if (vanew>=wkonf)
vanew=wkonf;
end
if(abs(vanew-va)<1.0e-5)&&(abs(psumsr04-pturb)<5)
%if(abs(psumsr04-pturb)<5)
finished=true;
end
vaturb=va;
va=vanew;
sum=sum+1;
if(sum>1550)||(psumsr04<0)
finished=true;
end
end
cp=psumsr04/pweter;
%pturb=va^2*(wkonf-va+sqrt((wkonf-va)^2+klens*wkonf^2))*4*ro*R*h;
disp('psumsr04=')
disp(psumsr04)
disp('pturb=')
disp(pturb)
103
disp('pmax=')
disp(pmax)
%disp('vaopt=')
%disp(vaopt)
%disp('wkonf=')
%disp(wkonf)
disp('cp=')
disp(cp)
%disp('c=')
%disp(c)
disp('va=')
disp(va)
disp('vaturb=')
disp(vaturb)
104

Darrieus Method Calcul

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1

1. Annotation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..1 page

Program for calculating the power of a 4-blade turbine ………………………………………………………………………………87 page.

The angle between vr 1and ωR:

dal1 (1− λ¿¿ 1 sinΨ ) ω

In the azimuth interval [0, ∆Ψ ):

vr 3=V 2 √ λ 12−2 λ1 sin Ψ +1(1.13)

dal3 (1− λ¿¿ 1 cos Ψ ) ω

dal3 (1− λ¿¿ 1 cos Ψ ) ω

attack 3=∝opt ( 1.24)

φ 3=al 3−attack 3(1.31)

Lifting force of the 1st and 3rd blades:

M 1 ,3=[ L1 , 3 sin ( al1 , 3 )−D 1 ,3 cos ( al 1, 3 ) ]∗ R (1.37)

¿ through the angleof attack of the 1 st∧3 rd blades :

M 1,3=[ b1 ,3 +a 1 ,3∗attack 1,3+ c1,3∗( attack 1,3 )2 ]∗ R (1.38)

α cr , if ( attack 1 ,3 )opt >α cr

1.2 Unsteady aerodynamic forces and the moments of the blade.

C α̇L −The ∂ derivative of thecoefficient of lift by α̇ ;

m ω +m α̇ или m ω +m α̇ ; C ωL + Cα̇L илиC ωL +C α̇L (1.40)

C L =( C ωL +C α̇L )∗ω∨C L =( C ωL +C α̇L )∗ω ;(1.41)

C α̇L ∨C α̇L ; mα̇ ∨mα̇ ; (1.43)

C L =C α̇L∗α̇ или C L =C α̇L∗α̇ ; m=m α̇∗α̇ или m=m α̇∗ α̇ ; (1.44)

C Lnst =( C ωL )∗ ω+C α̇L ( daldt 1 ) ; m nst =( mω )∗ω+ mα̇ ( daldt 1 ); (1.46)

C Lnst =( C ωL )∗ ω−C α̇L ( daldt 1 ); m nst =( m ω )∗ω−m α̇ ( daldt 1 )1.47 ¿

mω=¿ .001032* A 4−¿ .021716* A3+ .16228* A2−¿.60881*A−¿.004334; (1.48)

mα̇ =mα̇ 1 +mα̇2 ; (1.49)

m α̇ 1=¿.0018734* A 4−¿.038605* A3 +¿ .26424* A2−¿.6042*A −¿.050223;

m α̇ 2=−¿.0013357* A 4+ ¿.025982* A3 −¿.16577* A2+ .45596*A + .091465;

Total blade torque:

M s=R∗( L s sin ( al ) −D s cos ( al ) ) ;

The turbine power, determined by solving the first (internal) task:

Pturb 1=8∗M s∗ω ;( 1.52)

1.4. Calculation of aerodynamic interference of blades.

For practical application of this method it is necessary:

• Select the coordinate system associated with the rotor;

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of air jet passing through a turbine.

klens – Coefficient of pressure reduction at the outlet of the turbine;

2- Working part of the turbine (power disk);

3- Section of the jet at the outlet of the turbine;

P1−Pressure at the entrance ¿ the power disk ;

P2−Pressure at the output of the power disk ;

weter - wind speed;

konf – The degree of convergence or the coefficient of wind amplification in confuser.

V 3−Flow velocity at the outlet of the turbine (cross section 3);

S−Cross−sectional area of the working part (section 2) ;

The Bernoulli equation 1-2:

With considering (2.4):

( klens+1 ) ¿ wkonf 2−V 23 =2V 2 ( wkonf −V 3 )

If V 2 >wkonf , then the signis+¿ ( 2.6 ) ;

If V 2 <wkonf , thenthe signis−¿ ( 2.6 ) ;

V 2(0 )=wkonf ( .6−.9 ) ;

Then the equation for the iterations will look like:

Here: i is the iteration number;

AsV 2 <wkonf ( Turbine operation ) ,then it follows ¿(2.11) :

For this case, equation (2.10) has the form:

Substituting(2.13)into(2.14), we obtain themaximum possible power coefficient :

iterations has the following form:

V 2 opt =V 2( i+1) ;(2.16)

турбины−новое значение Бец лимита . Максимально возможная, определяемая по 2-й модели