GRADE 9 SCIENCE

MATTER AND CHEMICAL CHANGE

FINAL EXAM PREPARATION

Name: ____________________________ Homeroom: ______

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 CHEMISTRY STUDY GUIDE

PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS (Textbook pages 94-109, 157-160)

Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS)

Oxidizing material Biohazard

Compressed Gas Poisonous and

infectious

Flammable and combustible Corrosive

Other toxic effects Dangerously

reactive

Wafting: When testing any chemical for the property of odour, do not snort the
substance directly. Instead, take your hand and move the air above the container
toward your nose.

Material Safety Data Sheets : MSDS available for all hazardous chemicals in the
workplace. These provide information on dangers, first aid, and disposal.

Hazard Symbols: Can We Die?

Cauti
on Dange
Warni
ng r

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 Common Physical Properties

 The most obvious physical property is state – solid, liquid, gas or plasma (in
order of increasing energy). Energy (usually heat) is required to go from a lower
to higher energy state so this is endothermic, but energy is released when you
go from a higher to lower energy state (for example liquid to solid) so it is
exothermic.
 Hardness – 1 (talc) to 10 (diamond)
 Colour and luster - how light reflects off of the surface
 melting point (solid to liquid), boiling point (liquid to gas), freezing point
(liquid to solid)
 malleability (metals can be rolled) and ductility (metals can be stretched)
 solubility - amount of mass that will dissolve in a certain volume of water. If you
Bose-Einstein Condensate

can dissolve 100 mg of salt but only 50 mg of sugar in 1 L of water at 25°C, then
the salt has higher solubility.
 density - mass compared to volume. Air is not dense, metal is.
 conductivity - ability of a material to allow electrons or heat to flow through it –
metals are good conductors, rubber is not.

Classification of Matter Key

 Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass. It can be classified using a
dichotomous key. An element is made up of only one type of atom while a
compound is made up of only one type of molecule. Mixtures are made up of
different types of molecules.

All Matter

Pure Mixtures
Substances

Element Compound Homogeneous Mechanical

All the same All the same Solution Mixture
kind of atom. kind of molecule Different molecules Different molecules
May be a single which is made but it looks like one and materials are
atom (O) or a up of different substance (H2O and separate (salt and
molecule with kinds of atoms NaCl for example – pepper for example)
more than one (H2O for saltwater)
atom (O2) example)

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Chemical Properties

 Chemical properties describe how one substance interacts with another substance in
order to make an entirely new substance (a chemical change). That is because original
molecules break apart and the atoms recombine with new types of molecules. In
chemical reactions, new products are formed.
 Chemical properties include reaction with acids (baking soda + vinegar), ability to burn,
reaction with water (calcium chloride + water), behaviour in air (iron + air = rust) and
reactions to heat (egg + heat = cooked egg).
 Unlike physical changes which can be reversed (since the original substance is still
there), chemical changes cannot without adding additional energy. For example, when
you add baking soda and vinegar are added together, carbon dioxide gas is
formed and the original baking soda and vinegar are gone forever.
 Evidence of chemical reactions:
 Change in colour (unpredictable) – when something burns it turns black.
Leaves turn orange in the fall.
 Change in odour (unpredictable) – a match being lit is a chemical reaction
with a distinctive odour.
 Formation of a solid (precipitate) – rust. Don’t confuse with freezing.
 Formation of a gas (effervescence) – baking soda and vinegar create carbon
dioxide gas. Don’t confuse with evaporation.
 Release of heat (exothermic reaction) – temperature increases, i.e. gasoline
burning in a car engine, metabolism. Don’t confuse with heat added from an
outside source. Energy is given off.
 Absorption of heat (endothermic reaction) – temperature decreases, i.e. cold
packs for sprains. Energy must be taken in before reaction can happen
(cooking).

CHEMICAL REACTIONS (Textbook pages 160-170)

Dangerous Reactions

 Caustics -- Battery acid, rust remover, drain cleaner and quick lime. These
are very reactive and can cause severe skin damage and blindness. The
stronger the acid or base, the more dangerously reactive it will be.

 The fundamental concept behind explosives is very simple. At the most basic level,
an explosive is just something that burns or decomposes (reacts with oxygen) very
quickly, producing a lot of heat and gas in a short amount of time. You need oxygen
in order to have an explosion, just as you need oxygen in order to have fire.

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Reactions involving oxygen

 Combustion – oxygen reacts with a non-metal to produce a new substance and

give off energy (exothermic). Reactions are fast and involve burning.
Example: carbon + oxygen  carbon dioxide
C(s) + O2(g)  CO2(g)
 Corrosion – a slow reaction between oxygen and metal. This is commonly known
as rusting and rust is the precipitate that forms.
Example: iron + oxygen  iron(II)oxide (rust)
Fe(s) + O2(g)  FeO(s)
 Cellular respiration – a reaction that allows your body to take in food and oxygen
and convert it to energy. It is exothermic since energy is released.
Food + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + energy

Law of Conservation of Mass

 All chemical reactions obey the Law of Conservation of Mass. Mass (or
matter) is not created or destroyed. Atoms are simply rearranged.
 This means that the atoms going into any reaction must be accounted for
on the other side. You can tell this by carefully taking the mass of the
reactants and comparing them to the mass of the products.
 For example, you combine sodium and chlorine to form sodium chloride.
If you have 30 mg of sodium and you end up with 50 mg of sodium chloride, you
would know that there must have been 20 mg of chlorine.
 If an experiment is done in an open system (gases allowed to escape)
rather than a closed system, it may appear that the product side has less mass.

Factors Affecting Reaction Rates

 Reaction rate refers to how quickly a chemical reaction occurs.

 Presence of a catalyst – this may be in the form of an enzyme in the human
body, another chemical, or adding energy (for example, in electrolysis water is
broken down into hydrogen and oxygen gas using electrical current).
 Concentration – the greater the concentration of the reactants, the faster the
reaction proceeds since there is a better chance of reacting atoms to bump into
one another. This makes concentrated acids more dangerous than dilute ones.

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 Temperature – adding thermal energy increases reaction rate since atoms are
moving faster and there is increased chance of collisions but that is not the only
reason. In order for particles to react with one another they must have a
certain amount of kinetic energy and the increased temperature provides that
energy boost.
 Surface area – increasing the surface area by crushing up the reactants speeds
things up since this exposes more atoms that are available to react
 Typical Reaction Rate and Reaction Time Graphs .

Reaction Time
Reaction Rate

Temperature Temperature
Concentration Concentration
Surface Area Surface Area
Catalyst Catalyst

Notice that these graphs trend in the opposite direction. The reaction rate
graph shows that with increasing temperature, concentration or surface area,
the rate will increase. In other words, the reaction will happen faster. The
reaction time graph shows that with increasing temperature, concentration or
surface area, the time to complete the reaction will be less.

ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY (Textbook pages 118-133, 144-153)

The Atom

 This is an atom. It is a single particle of an element — in this

case Helium (He). The protons (+ charge subatomic particle)
and neutrons (no charge subatomic particle) make up the
nucleus which is the solid, central portion of the atom. These
sub-atomic particles have mass and take up space – in other
words, they make up matter. The electrons orbiting the
nucleus have almost no mass but they determine the way the
atom will behave. In a stable atom, the number of protons and electrons must
balance (same number of positive and negative charges). If they do not, the
atom will become an ion and will be reactive. This happens when the atom either
loses or gains electrons. The number of protons never changes.
History of Atomic Theory

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 Alchemists tried to find gold (never did) but were the first “chemists”.
 Ernest Rutherford (early 1900s) discovered the nucleus and said the atom was
a positive nucleus with negative orbiting electrons – planetary model.
 Niels Bohr (mid 1900s) proposed a model where electrons each occupy
separate energy levels - Bohr Model.

Rutherford’s Experimental Setup

 Rutherford worked at McGill University in Canada where he fired a beam of

alpha particles at a thin sheet of gold foil. He discovered that while some
particles bounced back, off the gold foil, the majority of particles went right
through it and hit the screen behind the gold. This allowed him to infer that
atoms had a solid nucleus with electrons that were separate from the nucleus.
 Observations about electrical principles led to many discoveries in chemistry.
For example, by experimenting with adding electricity to water it was
discovered that the water molecule could be broken down into simpler
components (elements of hydrogen and oxygen) that behaved very differently
than water. This was called electrolysis. This made them realize that matter
could be changed.

History of The Periodic Table

 Elements are pure substances made up of only one kind of atom. They cannot be
broken down into smaller particles. Scientists wanted to classify and organize
elements for common reference.
 The first elements were represented by symbols, and later by letters.
 When scientists were able to determine atomic mass, elements were grouped
from smallest mass to greatest mass.
 Demitri Mendeleyev observed that when ordered by mass, certain groups of
elements had similar physical and chemical properties. He arranged them like a
solitaire game, in rows and columns. This became known as the Periodic Table.
Where there were gaps in his “game board”, Mendeleyev correctly predicted
that they would be filled by future discoveries.
Periodic Table Set Up

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 Horizontal rows  are called periods (think of them as
ending in a period, like a sentence). Periods tell you the number of orbital shells
an atom has. For example, sodium (Period 3) has 3 shells for its electrons.

 Vertical columns are called groups or families . Each group (all elements
falling within that column) have similar properties and behave in similar ways.
For example, all elements in group 1 are very reactive while all elements in group
8 (noble gases) are very unreactive. The number at the top of the column tells
how many electrons are in the outer orbital shell.

Sodium (Na) Atomic # 11

Period 3 (3 orbital shells for electrons)
Group or Family 1 (1 electron in the outer shell)

What the Periodic Table Tells Us

 Each box on the periodic table contains information about one particular element. All
have at least the symbol and the atomic number. They may or may not have the name,
atomic mass and ionic charge.

Atomic number Atomic number shows how many protons are in the nucleus. In a stable
1 1+- atom, the number of protons, neutrons and electrons are the same.

Ionic charge H Ionic charge tells you the charged forms the atom may take.

Symbol Hydrogen The symbol represents the short form of the element name. If there
are two letters, the second letter is always lower case.

Element name 1.008 Atomic mass is the total mass of all the protons and neutrons in the
atom. Isotopes have a different number of protons and
Atomic mass neutrons. You can figure out the number of neutrons by
subtracting the number of protons (atomic #) from the mass. The
higher the mass, the more dense the element.

Metals, Non-Metals and Metalloids

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From left to right along rows (periods), the elements change from metals, to
metalloids, to non-metals.

 Metal elements are on the left side of the table. They share similar properties,
such as being good conductors, solid at room temperature (except for mercury),
often malleable or ductile, and have high melting and boiling points. Metal atoms
have fewer electrons in their outer shell (1, 2 or 3). These electrons are easily
lost so the elements form positive ions (+1, +2 or +3) since there are more
protons with a positive charge than electrons with a negative charge. The fewer
electrons on the outer ring, the more easily they lose them so metals in group 1
are more reactive than metals in groups 2 or 3. Examples of metals that are
extremely reactive are sodium, potassium, lithium and calcium since they are in
period 1. Magnesium, aluminum, zinc and iron are less reactive.

 More in the middle of the table are the metalloids such as Boron and Silicon.
They share properties between metals and non-metals, and are semiconductors
used for electronic equipment.

 Non-metals elements are on the right side of the table. They are the opposite
of metals in many ways. They are poor conductors but good insulators, they
have low melting and boiling points, and they can be solid, liquid or gas at room
temperature. Non-metal atoms have more electrons in their outer shell (5, 6 or
7). These atoms easily pick up electrons so they form negative ions (-3, -2 or -1)
since there are more electrons with a negative charge than protons with a
positive charge. The more electrons on the outer ring, the easier it is for them
to pick up extras so non-metals in group 7 (17) are more reactive than in group 6
(16) or 5 (15).

 Elements in group 8 (18) are the Noble Gases and have 8 electrons in their outer
shell, making the elements non-reactive since 8 is the ideal, stable number for a
shell.

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Ionic and Molecular Compounds

 Ions are atoms that have become electrically charged (+ lost electron) (- gained
electron). You can tell an element’s ionic charge by looking at some periodic
tables. There may be more than one charge but the first number is the most
common. Some elements (like iron-Fe) commonly occur in two forms so they are
designated as Fe(II) when it has an ionic charge of +2 and Fe(III) when it has
an ionic charge of 3+. Copper is also referred to by ionic charge Cu(I) or Cu(II)
 Because ionic compounds consist of at least one metal element (+ ion) and one
non-metal element (- ion), they tend to have properties similar to the metal
elements on the periodic table: in most but not all ways. They produce
conductive solutions when dissolved in water (i.e. saltwater) but solids do not
conduct electricity. They are not malleable or ductile like pure metals. Ionic
molecules are held together by ionic bonds which make them strong. They have
high melting and boiling points.
 Molecular compounds are made of non-metal elements. The properties of
molecular compounds are more like non-metals. Molecular compounds are held
together with covalent bonds which may be strong or weak. They tend to be
good insulators and have low melting and boiling points.

CHEMICAL FORMULAS AND EQUATIONS (Textbook pages 129-147)

Naming Compounds
 Elements can be combined together during a chemical reaction to form compounds which
have different characteristics than the elements going into them.
 Compounds are combinations of two or more elements in specific ratios. All compounds
have a chemical formula which tells which elements and how many atoms of each are in
the compound. For example, NaCl has one sodium and one chlorine atom. H 2O has two
hydrogens and one oxygen. They also have a name based on the IUPAC standards.
According to IUPAC rules, compounds are named after the elements in them. Some
common compounds also have non-scientific names. For example, salt (common name) =
sodium chloride (IUPAC) = NaCl (formula).
 In ionic compounds, the metal element always comes first. The last syllable of the
second element is changed to “ide”. The exception is when there is a polyatomic ion such
as CO3 or SO4. Polyatomic ions are “clumps” of atoms that tend to occur together and
act as a single ion. When a compound includes a polyatomic ion, it ends in the suffix
“ate”. For example, Ca(CO3) is calcium carbonate and Ca(SO4) is calcium sulphate.
 If there are no metals, it is a molecular compound. You add a prefix to the element to
say how many atoms there are (i.e. mono-one, di-two, tri-three, tetra-four). The only
exception here is when there is only one first atom. You do not have to put “mono” in
front of the element name. For example, H2O is dihydrogen monoxide and CO2 is carbon
dioxide. Like ionic, molecular compounds end with the suffix “ide”. Chemical formulas
often have a letter in subscript after them. This tells you the state that the compound
would be at room temperature (s=solid, l=liquid, g=gas, aq-solution).

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 Chemical Formula IUPAC Name Common Name
(I=ionic, M=molecular)
I NaCl(s) Sodium chloride Table salt
I NaOH(aq) Sodium hydroxide Lye
I MgO(s) Magnesium oxide
I Fe2O3(s) Iron(III) oxide Rust
I CuSO4(s) Copper(II) sulfate
I FeCl2(s) Iron(II) chloride
I FeCl3(s) Iron(III) chloride
M NH3(g) Nitrogen trihydride Ammonia
M CH4(g) Carbon tetrahydride Methane
M H2O(l) Dihydrogen monoxide Water
M CO2(g) Carbon dioxide
M C12H22O11(s) Carbohydrate Sugar

Determining the Number of Atoms in Ionic Compound Formulas

 The ionic charges must balance in ionic compounds. Some periodic tables
have the ionic charges included (see example boxes below). If you have a +1
metal, you must have a -1 non-metal. If you have a +3 metal, you can have
one -3 non-metal or three -1 non-metals. To simplify this process, you just
reverse the number of atoms and the charge. For example, aluminum has a
+3 charge and chlorine has a -1 charge. When they combine, the ratio will be
1 aluminum and 3 chlorines.
7 3- 17 1-
AlCl3 (Aluminum
N chloride) AlN (Aluminum nitride) Cl
26 2+
14.0
Al+3 Cl-1 Cl-1 Cl-1 Al+3 N-3 36.98
3+
Fe
Fe
132O3+
3 (IronIII oxide)
8 2- FeO (IronIIoxide) 55.85
Fe+3 Fe+3
Al O-2O O-2 O-2 Fe+2 O-2
27.0 15.99

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Drawing Compounds

 The following diagrams explain how to draw molecules. Use the formula to tell
you the type and number of atoms. The periodic table will tell you the relative
sizes of atoms (look at the atomic number – the smaller the number, the smaller
the atom). Finally, balance the atoms when drawing the molecule.

Sodium Salt or Sodium Chloride NaCl The relative sizes of the

atoms can be determined by looking at the periodic table.
Chlorine Cl Sodium (Na) has 11 protons and chlorine (Cl) has 17 so
chlorine is a bigger atom.

Hydrogen Water or dihydrogen monoxide H2O The subscript “2” after

hydrogen (H) tells you that there are two atoms. No
Oxygen subscript means only one atom. Hydrogen (atomic
number 1) is much smaller than oxygen (atomic number 8
so you would draw this proportionally.

Carbon Carbon dioxide CO2 The subscript tells you there are
two oxygens and only one carbon. Always try and evenly
Oxygen distribute the molecule’s atoms so it looks balanced.

Magnesium Magnesium oxide MgO

Oxygen

Iron Iron(II) chloride FeCl2

Chlorine

Iron Iron(III) chloride FeCl 3

Chlorine

Chemical Equations

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 A chemical reaction occurs when two or more substances combine to form a
completely new substance.
 Reactants are the substances that combine and products are the new
substance(es).
 Chemical reactions are usually written as chemical equations or word equations.
The arrow indicates the direction of the chemical reaction (from reactant side
to product side). It is read as the word “yields”.

For example

(Reactants) yields (Products)

Baking soda + vinegar  Carbon dioxide + water
NaHCO3(s) + C2H2O2(aq) CO2(g) + H2O(l)

yields
Zinc + Copper(II) sulphate  Zinc sulphate + copper
Zn + Cu(II)SO4(s) ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

(This zinc and copper reaction is called a replacement reaction since the
elements switch places.)

 You may see reactions written out as a sentence. For example, for the first
reactions, you might read “When you combine baking soda and vinegar, carbon
dioxide and water are produced.” For the replacement reaction, you might see
“Zinc sulphate and copper are the result of a reaction between Copper II
sulphate and zinc. You need to be able to pick out which chemicals are reacting
and which are on the product side.

MATTER AND CHEMICAL CHANGE VOCABULARY REVIEW

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1. Anything that takes up space and has mass is matter.
2. Atoms are the smallest particles of matter that have specific, identifiable
properties.
3. A pure substance consisting of only one kind of atom is a/an element
(ex. Iron).
4. Mixtures consist of more than one kind of molecule.
5. A pure substance consisting of only one kind of molecule is a compound. (ex.
Water)
6. Properties that can be reversed are called physical properties.
7. When there are more than two types of molecules but it looks homogeneous, it is
a solution. (ex. Saltwater)
8. The four states of matter include solid, liquid, gas and plasma.
9. Properties that are observed only when one substance irreversibly interacts
with another, creating a new substance, are called chemical properties.
10. Density can be defined as a substance’s mass compared to its volume.
11. Metals are ductile so can be stretched, and also malleable so they can be rolled.
12. A solid that forms as the result of a chemical reaction is called a precipitate.
13. The carbon dioxide gas that is released during a reaction between baking soda
and vinegar is called effervescence.
14. A chemical reaction that releases energy (i.e. gives off more heat energy and
gets warmer) is classified as exothermic.
15. A chemical reaction that absorbs energy (i.e. takes in more heat energy so the
reactants get cooler) is classified as endothermic.
16. Alchemists were trying to discover how to make gold but came up with many
tools that furthered the study of real chemistry at a later date.
17. J.J. Thompson was the first scientist to come up with the idea of subatomic
particles and he created the “raisin bun” atomic model.
18. Ernest Rutherford discovered that nuclei were too massive to pass through a
gold screen that would allow electrons through, and inferred that the nuclei
were small but dense.
19. Neils Bohr discovered an atomic model with electrons in energy levels around
the nucleus.
20. Demitri Mendeleyev recognized a pattern similar to a solitaire game and
ordered the elements in rows and columns (periodic table).
21. The atomic number tells how many protons are in the nucleus.
22. An atom that has one too many electrons is called a negative ion.
23. The total mass of all protons and neutrons in the nucleus is the atomic mass.

24. Horizontal rows on the periodic table represent the number of shells for
electrons on an atom. All atoms in periods have the same number of shells and
rings.

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25. Vertical columns are called groups or families and all elements in a column have
the same number of electrons in their outer shell.
26. Elements to the left in the periodic table are solid, shiny, good-conducting
metals.
27. Elements to the right in the periodic table are dull, brittle, insulating, and non-
metals.
28. Elements in the middle of the periodic table have properties of both and are
called metalloids.
29. Chemical reactions can be written out using work equations where reactants
are substances that combine and products are new substances that are formed.
30. An exothermic reaction involving oxygen as a reactant is called oxidation or
combustion.
31. A slow reaction between oxygen and metal is called corrosion.
32. Cellular respiration is the reaction between food and oxygen and provides
energy for the body.
33. The Law of Conservation of Mass states that matter is not created or
destroyed in a chemical reaction.
34. The mass of reactants and products will be the same in a closed system but the
mass of products in an open system will probably be less.
35. The presence of a catalyst will speed up the rate of a chemical reaction.
36. The Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System, or WHMIS, is
important to know for anyone who works around chemicals.
37. Pure substances contain all of the same kind of material (elements or
molecules) while mixtures contain a mixture of materials.
37. Substances that react readily with and destroy many different materials are
said to be corrosive.
38. Molecular compounds can be created using no metals whereas ionic compounds
must have a combination of non-metal and metal atoms.
39. Subatomic particles (particles making up the atom) include protons (positive
charges) and neutrons (no charge) inside of the nucleus, as well as electrons
(negative particles) outside of the nucleus.
40. A chemical formula tells you the number and type of atoms in a molecule (i.e.
H2O has two hydrogens and one oxygen).

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