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    Solid State Notes

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    Prasanna Nadkarni
    1. There are several types of crystal structures including cubic, tetragonal, orthorhombic, hexagonal, and monoclinic. 2. Each crystal structure has different characteristics for the arrangement of lattice points including simple, body centered, face centered, and end/side centered configurations. 3. The document provides examples of ionic, covalent, molecular, and metallic crystals and discusses their properties including hardness, brittleness, melting point, conductivity, solubility, heat of vaporization/fusion.

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    Solid State Notes

    Uploaded by

    Prasanna Nadkarni
    23 views3 pages
    1. There are several types of crystal structures including cubic, tetragonal, orthorhombic, hexagonal, and monoclinic. 2. Each crystal structure has different characteristics for the arrangement of lattice points including simple, body centered, face centered, and end/side centered configurations. 3. The document provides examples of ionic, covalent, molecular, and metallic crystals and discusses their properties including hardness, brittleness, melting point, conductivity, solubility, heat of vaporization/fusion.

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    1. There are several types of crystal structures including cubic, tetragonal, orthorhombic, hexagonal, and monoclinic. 2. Each crystal structure has different characteristics for the arrangement of lattice points including simple, body centered, face centered, and end/side centered configurations. 3. The document provides examples of ionic, covalent, molecular, and metallic crystals and discusses their properties including hardness, brittleness, melting point, conductivity, solubility, heat of vaporization/fusion.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    23 views3 pages

    Solid State Notes

    Uploaded by

    Prasanna Nadkarni
    1. There are several types of crystal structures including cubic, tetragonal, orthorhombic, hexagonal, and monoclinic. 2. Each crystal structure has different characteristics for the arrangement of lattice points including simple, body centered, face centered, and end/side centered configurations. 3. The document provides examples of ionic, covalent, molecular, and metallic crystals and discusses their properties including hardness, brittleness, melting point, conductivity, solubility, heat of vaporization/fusion.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    NO distancee

    Cubic a =bC = ß =y =90°


    (a) Simple-
    Lattice points at the
    Eight corners of the
    unit cells.

    (b) Body centered:


    Lattice points at the
    eight corners and at
    the body centered.

    (c) Face centered


    Lattice points the
    at
    eight comers andat
    the six face centres

    2. Tetragonal a =b #c =p=Y=90°
    (d) Simple-
    Lattice points at the
    eight comers of the unit
    cell

    (e) Body centered


    Lattice points at the
    eight corners and at
    the body centre.

    3. Orthorhombic a zb*c a =p=y= 90° () Simple


    (Rhombic) Lattice pointsat the
    eight comers of the unit
    cell

    g) End centered:
    Also called side
    centered or base
    centered. Lattice Points
    at the eight coers
    and at two face centre
    Opposite to each other.

    (h) Body centered


    Lattice points at the |
    eight corners and at
    the body centre.

    i) Face centered:
    Lattice points
    eight corners and at
    at the
    the six face centres
    Some Important Characteristics of Various types of Crystals

    Characteristics lonic Crystals Covalent Molecular Metallic Crystals


    Crystals Crystals
    Units that Cations and Atoms Molecules Positive ions in a
    occupy lattice anions "sea or pond" of

    points electrons.
    Binding Electrostatic Shared vander Waals Electrostatic
    forces attraction electrons or Dipole- attraction between
    between ions dipole positively charged
    ions and negatively
    charged electrons.
    1ardness Hard Very hard Sott Hard or soft
    Graphite
    is soft

    Brittleness Brittle Intermee Low Low


    diate

    Melting point High Very high Low Varying from

    moderate to high
    Semi cond- Bad condu- Good conductors
    Electrical Non-con
    Conduction uctor due to ductor ctor

    crystal impe Graphite


    rfections,com is good
    ductor in fused conductor
    state

    Solubility in Soluble Insoluble Soluble as Good conductors

    Polar solvents well a

    insoluble
    Heat of NaCl(s) Graphite NH,) Cu(s)
    170-75 718-43 23.55 304.59
    Vaporisation
    (kj mol )

    Heat of NaCi NH, () Culs)

    fusion .45 5.65 13.016


    (kj mol )

    Na, Cu, Ag, Fe,


    Example NaC1, KNo, Diamond, HOs),
    Pt, alloys
    CsCl, Na So, graphite Co.s),
    ZnS Quartz Sulphur,

    (Si0). Sugar
    SiC lodine.noble

    gases
    nexagonal abC
    mple.
    120 i. Lattice points at the
    twelve corners of the
    unit cell out lines by
    thick line
    or
    ii. Lattice points at the
    twelve comers of
    the
    hexagonal prism and at
    the centres of the two
    hexagonal faces.

    Monoclinic abc a=p=90°*Y (1) Simple


    Lattice points at the
    eignt cormers of the unit
    cell

    (m) End centered


    Lattice point
    the at
    eight comers and at
    two face centers
    opposite to the each
    other.

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