C++ Programming:

Lecture 2
Objectives (continued)

• Become familiar with the use of increment

and decrement operators
• Examine ways to output results using output
statements
• Learn how to use preprocessor directives and
why they are necessary
• Explore how to properly structure a program,
including using comments to document a
program
• Learn how to write a C++ program
2
Variable Initialization

• There are two ways to initialize a variable:

int feet;
− By using the assignment statement
feet = 35;
− By using a read statement
cin >> feet;

3
Increment & Decrement Operators

• Increment operator: increment variable by 1

− Pre-increment: ++variable
− Post-increment: variable++
• Decrement operator: decrement variable by 1
− Pre-decrement: --variable
− Post-decrement: variable—
• What is the difference between the following?
x = 5; x = 5;
y = ++x; y = x++;
4
Output
• The syntax of cout and << is:

− Called an output statement

• The stream insertion operator is <<
• Expression evaluated and its value is printed
at the current cursor position on the screen

5
Output (continued)

• A manipulator is used to format the output

− Example: endl causes insertion point to move
to beginning of next line

6
Output (continued)

• The new line character is '\n'

− May appear anywhere in the string
cout << "Hello there.";
cout << "My name is James.";
• Output:
Hello there.My name is James.
cout << "Hello there.\n";
cout << "My name is James.";
• Output :
Hello there.
My name is James.
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Output (continued)

8
Preprocessor Directives
• C++ has a small number of operations
• Many functions and symbols needed to run a
C++ program are provided as collection of
libraries
• Every library has a name and is referred to by a
header file
• Preprocessor directives are commands
supplied to the preprocessor
• All preprocessor commands begin with #
• No semicolon at the end of these commands
9
Preprocessor Directives
(continued)
• Syntax to include a header file:

• For example:

#include <iostream>

− Causes the preprocessor to include the

header file iostream in the program

10
namespace and Using cin and
cout in a Program
• cin and cout are declared in the header file
iostream, but within std namespace
• To use cin and cout in a program, use the
following two statements:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

11
Using the string Data Type in a
Program
• To use the string type, you need to access
its definition from the header file string
• Include the following preprocessor directive:
#include <string>

12
Creating a C++ Program

• C++ program has two parts:

− Preprocessor directives
− The program
• Preprocessor directives and program
statements constitute C++ source code (.cpp)
• Compiler generates object code (.obj)
• Executable code is produced and saved in a
file with the file extension .exe

13
Creating a C++ Program
(continued)
• A C++ program is a collection of functions,
one of which is the function main
• The first line of the function main is called the
heading of the function:
int main()
• The statements enclosed between the curly
braces ({ and }) form the body of the function
− Contains two types of statements:
• Declaration statements
• Executable statements

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15
Creating a C++ Program
(continued)
Sample Run:
Line 9: firstNum = 18
Line 10: Enter an integer: 15

Line 13: secondNum = 15

Line 15: The new value of firstNum = 60

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Program Style and Form

• Every C++ program has a function main

• It must also follow the syntax rules
• Other rules serve the purpose of giving
precise meaning to the language

17
Syntax

• Errors in syntax are found in compilation

int x; //Line 1
int y //Line 2: error
double z; //Line 3

y = w + x; //Line 4: error

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Use of Blanks
• In C++, you use one or more blanks to
separate numbers when data is input
• Used to separate reserved words and
identifiers from each other and from other
symbols
• Must never appear within a reserved word or
identifier

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Use of Semicolons, Brackets, and
Commas
• All C++ statements end with a semicolon
− Also called a statement terminator
• { and } are not C++ statements
• Commas separate items in a list

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Semantics

• Possible to remove all syntax errors in a

program and still not have it run
• Even if it runs, it may still not do what you
meant it to do
• For example,
2 + 3 * 5 and (2 + 3) * 5
are both syntactically correct expressions, but
have different meanings

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Naming Identifiers

• Identifiers can be self-documenting:

− CENTIMETERS_PER_INCH
• Avoid run-together words :
− annualsale
− Solution:
• Capitalize the beginning of each new word
• annualSale
• Inserting an underscore just before a new word
• annual_sale

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Prompt Lines

• Prompt lines: executable statements that

inform the user what to do
cout << "Please enter a number between 1 and 10 and "
<< "press the return key" << endl;
cin >> num;

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Documentation

• A well-documented program is easier to

understand and modify
• You use comments to document programs
• Comments should appear in a program to:
− Explain the purpose of the program
− Identify who wrote it
− Explain the purpose of particular statements

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Form and Style

• Consider two ways of declaring variables:

− Method 1
int feet, inch;
double x, y;
− Method 2
int a,b;double x,y;
• Both are correct; however, the second is hard
to read

25
More on Assignment Statements

• C++ has special assignment statements

called compound assignments
+=, -=, *=, /=, and %=
• Example:
x *= y;

26
Programming Example:
Convert Length
• Write a program that takes as input a given
length expressed in feet and inches
− Convert and output the length in centimeters
• Input: length in feet and inches
• Output: equivalent length in centimeters
• Lengths are given in feet and inches
• Program computes the equivalent length in
centimeters
• One inch is equal to 2.54 centimeters
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Programming Example: Convert
Length (continued)
• Convert the length in feet and inches to all
inches:
− Multiply the number of feet by 12
− Add given inches
• Use the conversion formula (1 inch = 2.54
centimeters) to find the equivalent length in
centimeters

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Programming Example: Convert
Length (continued)
• The algorithm is as follows:
− Get the length in feet and inches
− Convert the length into total inches
− Convert total inches into centimeters
− Output centimeters

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Programming Example: Variables
and Constants
• Variables
int feet; //variable to hold given feet
int inches; //variable to hold given inches
int totalInches; //variable to hold total inches
double centimeters; //variable to hold length in
//centimeters

• Named Constant
const double CENTIMETERS_PER_INCH = 2.54;
const int INCHES_PER_FOOT = 12;

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Programming Example: Main
Algorithm
• Prompt user for input
• Get data
• Echo the input (output the input)
• Find length in inches
• Output length in inches
• Convert length to centimeters
• Output length in centimeters

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Programming Example: Putting It
Together
• Program begins with comments
• System resources will be used for I/O
• Use input statements to get data and output
statements to print results
• Data comes from keyboard and the output
will display on the screen
• The first statement of the program, after
comments, is preprocessor directive to
include header file iostream
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Programming Example: Putting It
Together (continued)
• Two types of memory locations for data
manipulation:
− Named constants
• Usually put before main
− Variables
• This program has only one function (main),
which will contain all the code
• The program needs variables to manipulate
data, which are declared in main

33
Programming Example: Body of
the Function
• The body of the function main has the
following form:
int main ()
{
declare variables
statements
return 0;
}

34
Programming Example: Writing a
Complete Program
• Begin the program with comments for
documentation
• Include header files
• Declare named constants, if any
• Write the definition of the function main

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36
Programming Example: Sample
Run

Enter two integers, one for feet, one for inches: 15 7

The numbers you entered are 15 for feet and 7 for inches.
The total number of inches = 187
The number of centimeters = 474.98

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Summary
• C++ program: collection of functions where
each program has a function called main
• Identifier consists of letters, digits, and
underscores, and begins with letter or
underscore
• The arithmetic operators in C++ are addition
(+), subtraction (-),multiplication (*), division (/),
and modulus (%)
• Arithmetic expressions are evaluated using the
precedence associativity rules
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Summary (continued)
• All operands in an integral expression are
integers and all operands in a floating-point
expression are decimal numbers
• Mixed expression: contains both integers and
decimal numbers
• Use the cast operator to explicitly convert
values from one data type to another
• A named constant is initialized when declared
• All variables must be declared before used

39
Summary (continued)

• Use cin and stream extraction operator >> to

input from the standard input device
• Use cout and stream insertion operator <<
to output to the standard output device
• Preprocessor commands are processed
before the program goes through the
compiler
• A file containing a C++ program usually ends
with the extension .cpp

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