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St.

Jude College Dasmariñas Cavite


Carlos Trinidad Avenue, Salitran IV, City of
Dasmariñas Cavite

The Utilization of Patola (Luffa cylindrica) Fiber as a Raw

Material for Producing as Writing Paper

In partial fulfillment of the requirements

In

Practical Research 2

Submitted by:
Calunia, Jeremie
Cañete, Emmanuelle John
Capus, Johnlaire
Hayag, Carl Edvir
Mercado, Raymond Joseph
Perez, Gerrico
Demapeles, Ariza Alliana
Garma, Alexandra
Montallana, Monique Aizzel

December 2020

Submitted to:
Mrs. Salve D. Samoya
Table of Contents

Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………………...…...2

Abstract

Acknowledgement

Chapter 1: Introduction

A. Background of the Study

B. Statement of the Problem

C. Objectives of the Study

D. Significance of the Study

E. Scope and Delimitation

F. Theoretical Framework

G. Conceptual Framework

H. Hypothesis

I. Definition of Terms

Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature

A. Foreign Literature

B. Local Literature

C. Foreign Study

D. Local Study

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Chapter 3: Methodology

A. Research Design

B. Sampling

C. Research Instrument

D. Data Gathering Procedure

E. Data Gathering Method

Chapter 4: Results, Analysis and Interpretation

Chapter 5: Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

A. Summary of Results

B. Conclusion

C. Recommendation

Bibliography

Curriculum Vitae

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Abstract

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Acknowledgement

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Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Papers are one of the most prominent inventions of humans that are now widely

used around the world. It is used for all sorts and types of printed materials, writing, art,

and many more. According to uibk.ac.at, the paper is made of a network of plant fibers laid

down as a flat sheet. It is composed of numerous interlocking fibers obtained from the

suspension of plant tissues in water, known as pulp. The main examples of the source to

get pulp are from wood and other plant sources, such as cotton, sugar canes, and bamboo.

According to history, the first paper is invented by a Chinese court official in AD

105. It is made from slurry of paper mulberry fibers in water. Using different plants vary

the characteristics of the paper produced. As the years go by, people innovated many ways

on how to make paper. They used different materials and different methods to produce a

different kind of paper.

In addition to the scarcity of materials for making quality paper, the cost of these is

high depending on the market price set on it. All these set aside, the question on everyone’s

mind is: “What can be a good alternative for making paper with low-cost prices and shorter

production time?”

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Patola (Luffa cylindrica) is a common plant that can be grown both by farmers or

garden lovers. According to DOA (Department Of Agriculture), when it matures, the dried

fruit is observed to consist of a stiff, dense network of cellulose fibers. Those fibers are

commonly used as shower accessories that are used for cleaning and exfoliating the skin.

Along with other ingredients like cornstarch, okra, and baking soda, will patola be feasible

as an alternative material to produce paper?

Statement of the Problem

Generally, this study ascertains the possibility of the utilization of patola fibers as a

raw material for producing writing paper. Specifically, this study aims to answer the

following questions:

1. Can the product be classified as a writing paper?

2. How appropriate is the paper made of patola fiber as a writing material?

3. Is there a significant difference between the degrees of writing the appropriateness

of the paper made out of patola fiber considering having different treatments?

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Objectives of the Study

The general objective of this study is to discover new raw material for

paper, which is the patola fiber, and determine its appropriateness as a writing paper

product.

The specific objectives are the following:

1. To discover a new way of using patola.

2. To identify the quality of the product as a new writing paper product.

3. To reduce the cutting trees that is to be used for producing paper.

Significance of the Study

The study will focus on the utilization of patola fiber as a material for producing

writing paper. Moreover, the result of this study will benefit the following:

Environment. The experiment will help the environment since producing paper is

massively made by trees. The result of this study can be a way to lessen or stop the cutting

down trees.

Future Researchers. The future researchers can use this study as reference or be a

steer to innovate this experiment.

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Patola Farm. The patola farm will benefit on this study as to they will be the main

source of raw material by use in making a writing paper.

Scope and Limitations

The investigatory project assesses the utilization of patola fiber as a raw

material for producing paper.

The researchers will use patola as a primary variable that will be involved

in this study. They will also only examine the quality of patola fiber paper as a new writing

paper product. The time frame of the experiment will take starting November 19 to

December 6.

Theoretical Framework

Paper is made up of connected fibers. The fibers can come from several sources

including cloth rags, cellulose fibers from plants, and, most notably, trees.

According to Swayne (2007), wood as a papermaking raw material is a

relative newcomer. For the following 1700 years paper was made exclusively from

non-wood fibers, such as cotton, hemp, flax, and grass. Also as affirmed by Mudit

Chandra (1998), over the last few years, a technological breakthrough in almost all

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the fields of papermaking has made non-wood more competitive with wood as a raw

material for papermaking.

Most modern paper is made from trees, but that hasn't always been the case.

Paper can be made from any form of cellulose that can be broken down into fibers.

Because cellulose is what gives all plants their structure, most plants can be used to

make paper. Since the Chinese produced the first true paper around the year 100

A.D., people have made paper with rags, old fishing nets, grass, tree bark, and a

variety of other plants. The reason cellulose molecules in paper stick together after

they're wet is that they are made of long strings of glucose molecules one of the

components of common table sugar. When cellulose is beaten into a watery pulp,

some of the glucose molecules dissolve in the water. Then, when the pulp is spread

in a sheet to dry, the glucose re-bonds with the cellulose molecules to hold the paper

together. (ULIN, 2010)

Luffa cylindrica fibers contain about 60–63% alpha-cellulose. The pure

white, alpha-cellulose is insoluble and can be filtered from the solution and washed

before use in the production of paper. The most important characteristic of fiber that makes

it suitable for papermaking is that cellulose fiber develops physical and chemical bonding

with other fibers when it changes from wet to dry condition.

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Conceptual Framework

This framework shows all the overall outline of the study. It can be

expressed by using the input-process-output framework (IPO).

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

1. Gathering of 1. Doing the actual The outcome of the


materials needed for the experiment that experiment which is the
experiment. includes 5 trials. writing paper made out
of Patola Fiber.
2. Forming different 2. Data Gathering
processes for trials. An analysis about the
3. Data Analysis quality of the paper
3. Creating questions product.
that to be answered for 4. Data Interpretation
the data analysis.

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

Input (I) comprises of gathering of the materials needed for the experiment

to be used by the researchers; forming and making different processes for the experiment

as the researchers wanted to try for different trials and; creating questions that to be

answered for the data analysis.

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Process (P) indicates the methodology used to meet the objectives of the

experimental study through doing the actual experiment that has 5 different trials,

gathering of data, analysis of the data, and the data interpretation.

Output (O) pertains to the outcome of the experiment which is the writing

paper made out of Patola fiber and the analysis about the quality of the paper product.

Hypothesis

The following are the null hypothesis of this research:

 The fiber from patola can be a source in producing paper.

 The more fiber we use, the better the quality of paper it can produce.

 The paper out of patola fiber is inedible.

 If the product is capable as a writing paper.

 The ink from pen doesn’t bleed on the paper.

The following are the alternative hypothesis of this research:

 The fiber from patola cannot be a source in producing

 Even if we use more fiber, it won’t make any difference in paper’s quality that can

be produced.

 The paper made from patola fiber is edible.

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 The product is not capable as a writing paper.

 The ink of the pen bleeds on the paper product.

 The paper made out of patola fiber can be used as a beautification instead of

writing sheet.

Definition of Terms

Paper. It is the thin sheet material produced by mechanically and/or chemically

processing cellulose fibers from wood, rags, grasses or other vegetable sources.

Patola (Luffa cylindrica). Also goes with the scientific name Luffa aegyptiaca, a

sponge gourd which is known as Egyptian cucumber or Vietnamese luffa.

Plant Fiber. It is used as a component of composite materials or matted into sheets

to make products such as paper of felt.

Pulp. A soft wet mass of fibers derived from rags, grasses or woods which are used

for paper making.

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Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents and discusses foreign and local literature and studies

that are closely related to the present research. The information in this chapter was sought

to support this study and lead the researchers in discovering the utilization of Patola (Luffa

cylindrica) fiber as a raw material for producing writing paper.

Foreign Literature

It is said by Rojas (2008) that paper is one of the most important inventions

in the history of civilization which it is an essential commodity to all the people around the

world. Paper was invented around 100 CE during the Han dynasty in China; this is when

the national civil service was set up.

The first paper was made from rags, and then later, plants were used such

as bark, hemp, and bamboo. As civil-service officials needed lots of paper to do their work,

paper was then mass-produced which is slowly spread across the world, reaching Europe in

the 1100s.

Local Literature

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Ridged gourd (Luffa acutangula) and smooth gourd (Luffa cylindrical) are

Patola, which is commonly called by the Tagalogs and kabatiti among Ilocanos and

Ibanags, it is a tropical member of the Cucurbitaceae. It is mostly known as the loofah

sponge once the fruit matures and dries.

While it is common in the Philippines to use it as body scrubs, or eat it

when it is not mature, it can be used as a pesticide which is commonly done in China. As

for fibers, it can be used as a weaving material for making hats.

The fruit is known for a lot of benefits. According to a website’s article that

was released in November 2019, Patola is rich in a vast array of essential components like

dietary fibers, water content, vitamin A, vitamin C, iron, magnesium and vitamin B6. This

kind of fruit is naturally low in calorie content, unhealthy saturated fats and cholesterol.

Thus, they abound in potent antioxidants and alkaloid compounds that regulate metabolism

and eliminate toxins from the body.

Foreign Study

According to Hubbe (2009), the manual craft of papermaking has been

practiced for over 2000 years in all over the world with utilizing different techniques. The

main raw materials of pulp and papermaking industry in general can be classified into three

categories, which are wood, non-wood, and non-plant.

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In these recent years, the total pulp consumption of the world is 63% for

wood pulp, 34% for wastepaper pulp, and 3% for non-wood pulp.

Local Study

A research study that were conducted by Odilon et. Al (2014) wherein they

made writing papers from repulped waste paper and fresh fallen leaves. They show three

types of leaves (which are Mahogany, Talisay, and Acacia) and done with different ratios.

The process of their papermaking is similar on how it is traditionally made.

They prepared paper mold, blender, and a larger basin; they also include the waste paper

and leaves.

For their data gathering procedure, they made a Likert scale questionnaire

for the respondents as the respondents will try out the products.

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Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter deals with the methodology of the study. It covers the research

design, sampling, research instrument, data gathering procedure and data gathering

method.

Research Design

For this study, the researchers will focus more on the utilization of patola

fiber as raw material for producing writing paper. The researchers will use the quantitative

method and completely randomized design for this study.

There will be four independent

Sampling

Research Instrument

The main tool used in this study to gather the information of the degree of

appropriateness for paper writing is the rating scale survey questionnaire.

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Data Gathering Procedure

Chapter IV

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PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the data gathered together with the analysis and its

interpretation.

Mas summarized ng data gathering procedure and method

Chapter V

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SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter presents the summary of the findings, the conclusions made and the

recommendations offered.

Summary

Conclusions

Recommendations

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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CURRICULUM VITAE

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