Lecture 2

LECTURE 2
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
PLAN
 KINGDOM- ANIMALIA
 Definition
 Characteristics of animals (list)
 Major groups of animals (phyla & phylogenetic tree)
 Organisation (grouping) of animal phyla:
 Body symmetry
 Architecture (type of gut)
 Embryology
Kingdom Animalia-
Multicellular, heterotrophic, motile with a

blastula stage in embryonic development
 Sub-Kingdom Parazoa (“beside animals”)

 sponges & placozoans (colony of protists)
 Sub-Kingdom Metazoa (“within animals”)

 Worms, arthropods, molluscs, chordates, etc.
3
Characteristics of animals
1. Animals are multicellular

 Animal cells are usually arranged into tissues (except for sponges)
 Cells are held together by protein structures called junctions - extend from
one cell to another.
 Basal lamina- (layer of extracellular proteins) supports the cells ≡ Tissues.
 Tissues- organs- organ systems- large complex bodies
4
Cells, basal lamina and gap junctions
5
Characteristics of animals contd.
2. Animals are heterotrophs
 Organisms that consume organic food- do not synthesize their own
 Ingest food and digest it in a central cavity (except for sponges).
3. Animal cells lack cell walls

A skeleton supports the tissues of large animals.
 (bone, spicules, hydrostatic skeleton)
4. Animals have a period of embryonic development

 Progresses from blastula – gastrula – germ layers – tissues (cells become
specialized as tissues form)
6
5. Animals are motile

 Heterotrophy often requires motility to capture prey.
 Animals have motility during at least some part of their life cycle.
6. Animals have nervous and muscle tissue

 Muscle tissue allows animals to move.
 Nervous tissue- intercellular communication, coordinated movement,
response to stimuli.
7
7. Animals are diploid (diplontic life cycle)

 Their gametes are heterogametes (different sizes); eggs larger
than sperm
 Gametes are produced by meiosis.
ovum
8
8. Most animals are symmetrical

 Radial
 Bilateral
 None (asymmetry seen in adults)
9. Most Animals possess a body cavity (embryonic)

 A fluid filled space (coelom)
 If none (acoelus)
10.Many animals have a mouth and intestine- Gut.
9
Major groups of animals (metazoan groups) we
will study
Phylogenetic tree 10
Metazoan groups: Structural features &
Embryonic development.
 Symmetry
Structural
Features
 Body Architecture:
 Types of gut
 Germ layers
 Presence of a body cavity (or not).
 Embryonic development:
 Mouth formation (protostome vs. deuterostome)
 Coelom formation
 Cell cleavage
11
Types of Symmetry
 Radial Symmetry (includes spherical symmetry)
 The body parts -arranged around a central axis
 The animal can be cut along the axis in more than one plane to
produce identical halves.
 Animals tend to be sessile or sessile pelagic (e.g. jelly fishes)

 Radial symmetry allows them to reach out in all directions.
 Bilateral Symmetry
 Only one cut along the longitudinal axis will produce identical
halves.
 Bilateral symmetry is best for motile animals.
 Asymmetry
 Asymmetrical animals have no pattern of symmetry.
12
 The simplest animals? (sponges) are asymmetrical.
13
Symmetry- organisation - 3 groups
14
The intestine- Gut
 The gut - enables the animal to digest food outside of the
cells (extracellular digestion)
 In animals without a digestive tract, food items are brought

into the cell for digestion (intracellular digestion)
 A gut- allows for the specialization of parts along the tube

E.g. food storage, secreting digestive enzymes, absorbing
nutrients
 A sac-like gut - one opening. Food enters and leaves through

the same opening
 A complete gut - two openings, a mouth and an anus

15
Two types of gut…
16
Nature of the gut
Complete gut
Sac-like gut
17
Body Plans
 Embryonic Germ Layers

 The three layers of tissues that become established during
early embryonic development (gastrulation).
 They give rise to body tissues.
 These layers are ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
18
Embryonic germ layers
 Ectoderm
 Surface epithelia (skin) and nervous system
 Mesoderm
 Muscles, connective tissues (incl. blood), skeleton, kidneys, circulatory
and reproductive organs
 Endoderm
 Gives rise to the intestine and associated organs
May have two or three germ layers:
Diploblastic or Triploblastic 19
Metazoan organisation (cont.)
 Body cavity
 Fluid-filled cavity lying between body wall and the gut.
 Serves a variety of functions:
 Hydrostatic skeleton
 Site for temporary accumulation of excess fluids, waste (2o circulatory system)
 Site for maturation of eggs and sperm
 Site allowing enlargement of internal organs
( e.g. gonads)
20
Three architectural types
 ACOELOMATE - no body cavity (solid mesoderm) Best e.g.- flatworms
21
Three architectural types (cont.)
 PSEUDOCOELOMATE (not “false” – very real!)

 Body cavity, fluid-filled, between the mesoderm and endoderm
(contains gonads, excretory tubules)
 Best e.g. nematodes (roundworms)
 Called haemocoel in some.
22
Three architectural types (cont.)
COELOMATE (EUCOELOMATE)
 Occurs entirely within the mesoderm

 Best e.g. annelids, echinoderms and chordates
23
Three architectural types…..
24
Complete
Gut
2 layers,
acoelomate
Summary-
Architecture
25
Embryonic development-
Protostome & deuterostome groups
Higher invertebrates
Embryonic development:
1. Mouth formation - Protostome (1st mouth)
- Deuterostome (2nd mouth)
26
Embryonic Development
 Fertilized animal egg divides to produce a solid

ball of cells (morula)
 Cell migration results in a hollow ball- BLASTULA.
Morula
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Embryonic development (contd.)
 Cells near one end of the blastula migrate inward - gastrula.
Opening is the blastopore.
 Tube produced by this process will become the gut.
 In species that have a separate mouth and anus, the tube will
eventually extend through the length of the embryo and fuse
with the opposite side.
 One opening will become the mouth, the other will become
the anus.
28
Protostome vs. deuterostome
1. Mouth Formation:
 Protostome
 animals in which the first opening that appears in the embryo (blastopore)
becomes the mouth
 Deuterostome
 animals in which the first opening that appears in the embryo becomes
the anus while the mouth appears at the other end of the digestive
system
29

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Multicellular, heterotrophic, motile with a

 Sub-Kingdom Parazoa (“beside animals”)

 Sub-Kingdom Metazoa (“within animals”)

1. Animals are multicellular

 Basal lamina- (layer of extracellular proteins) supports the cells ≡ Tissues.

 Tissues- organs- organ systems- large complex bodies

3. Animal cells lack cell walls

4. Animals have a period of embryonic development

5. Animals are motile

6. Animals have nervous and muscle tissue

7. Animals are diploid (diplontic life cycle)

8. Most animals are symmetrical

9. Most Animals possess a body cavity (embryonic)

10.Many animals have a mouth and intestine- Gut.

 Animals tend to be sessile or sessile pelagic (e.g. jelly fishes)

 In animals without a digestive tract, food items are brought

 A gut- allows for the specialization of parts along the tube

 A sac-like gut - one opening. Food enters and leaves through

 A complete gut - two openings, a mouth and an anus

 Embryonic Germ Layers

May have two or three germ layers:

 ACOELOMATE - no body cavity (solid mesoderm) Best e.g.- flatworms

 PSEUDOCOELOMATE (not “false” – very real!)

 Occurs entirely within the mesoderm

 Fertilized animal egg divides to produce a solid

 Cell migration results in a hollow ball- BLASTULA.

 Tube produced by this process will become the gut.

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