Cryptosporidiosis in Ruminants: Update and Current Therapeutic Approaches
Cryptosporidiosis in Ruminants: Update and Current Therapeutic Approaches
Cryptosporidiosis in Ruminants: Update and Current Therapeutic Approaches
Literature Reviews
Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
© 2017 Ceren Dinler and Bulent Ulutas. This open access article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-
BY) 3.0 license.
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In a comparative study, a single dose of 50 mg kg−1 1991; Klein, 2008) and lambs (Naciri and Yvore, 1989).
body weight of metronidazole caused a significant Clinical studies showed that halofuginone had
decrease in oocyst count per gram faeces from 3rd-day cryptosporidiastatic activity in the sporozoite and
post treatment. Moreover, Metronidazole was found merozoite stages of C. parvum (Jarvie et al., 2005).
more effective than paromomycin in naturally infected Because of halofuginon delays the onset of infection
lambs and kids (Shafiq et al., 2015). On the other hand, decreases oocyst shedding and cryptosporidiosis severity,
Masood et al. (2013) reported that Paromomycin to be it has been recommended for both therapeutic and
the more valuable than metronidazole for the prophylactic use (Joachim et al., 2003; Jarvie et al., 2005).
treatment of Cryptosporidium infection in cattle based According to Weber et al. (2016), halofuginone is
on the clinical trials. approved for prophylaxis against cryptosporidiosis, but it
The effect of Paromomycin on the reduction of clinical showed no effect on the excretion of Cryptosporidium
signs and oocyst excretion does not seem consistent oocysts in calves. Conversely, there are different studies
although the data are promising. (Ritchie and Becker, which halofuginone showed no effect on the course of
1994). Also, of major concern in the testing of the infection concerning diarrhoea and dehydration.
clinical efficacy of any drug are its toxic effects. (Lallemond et al., 2006) alternatively, seven days after
Paromomycin is an aminoglycoside and so might cause the drug was withdrawn, oocysts appeared again in
nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity (Johnson et al., 2000). faeces, indicating re-infection (Shahiduzzaman and
This product is not used in ruminants generally. Daugschies, 2012).
In general, ruminants were cured with 0,1-0,12 mg
Nitazoxanide kg−1 BW orally for 7 days. Also, halofuginone at the
Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is an antimicrobial substance recommended dose (0,1 mg kg−1 for seven consecutive
that has been applied for antiparasitic treatment in dogs, days) seems to restraints cryptosporidial reproduction
cats, sheep and goats (Euzeby et al., 1980; Gookin et al., rate and improves the development of immunity in lambs
2001; Viel et al., 2007). Additionally, NTZ has been FDA (Causape et al., 1999; Giadinis et al., 2007).
approved for human use for treatment of cryptosporidiosis. According to Chartier et al. (1999), the
Sahu and Maiti (2015) reported that NTZ administration of halofuginone to 3-day old kids for 7-10
administered to calves at 15 mg kg−1 BW twice a day for days decreased the prevalence and intensity of
three consecutive days reduced both oocyst shedding and Cryptosporidium oocyst output when compared to
severity of diarrhoea as reported by Viel et al. (2007) in control, particularly from 3 to 7 following the start of
experimentally infected goats. On the other hand, drug administration. Similarly, Giadinis et al. (2008)
Schnyder et al. (2009) reported that the effect of NTZ on showed a reduction of oocyst shedding on days 5 and
clinical severity or oocyst excretion in the experimentally 7 following the beginning of administration at 1-2 day
Cryptosporidium infection was less than expected. of age in kids.
Treatment efficiency of NTZ is controversial. Also, Petermann et al. (2014) reported that when
However, it has consistent side effects such as given as a prophylactic treatment at 0,1 mg kg−1 BW
stomachache, headache and emesis. The oral during 10 days in reducing oocyst shedding, diarrhoea
administration of NTZ to calves (15 mg kg−1 BW, and mortality in goat kid affected by C. parvum.
BID) affected the mucous membranes of the This drug is approved in Europe to treat calf
gastrointestinal tract. Similar effects were also cryptosporidiosis. The disadvantage of this product is
observed in piglets (Theodos et al., 1998), cats that is must be given orally for 7 days from birth and this
(Gookin et al., 2001) and neonatal ruminants (Viel et al., is not always practical, especially in beef suckler units.
2007; Schnyder et al., 2009). Also, it is vitally important that farmers be aware of the
Oral administration at a dose of 75-400 mg kg−1 potential effects of overdosing as toxic effects have been
BW in the sheep caused to mild diarrhea that lasts for shown at only twice the recommended dose. The product is
about 24-36 h and mild catarrhal inflammation. also licensed for the treatment of diarrhoea due to
(Euzeby et al., 1980) Therefore, it is not recommended cryptosporidiosis however it must not be given to
for either treatment or prophylaxis of cryptosporidiosis dehydrated or inappetence animals (Robertson et al., 2013).
(Shahiduzzaman and Daugschies, 2012). Decoquinate
Halofuginone Lactate Decoquinate is quinolone coccidiostat that found to
Halofuginone lactate which is a synthetic product have little activity against C. parvum in vitro or in vivo
of the quinazolinone group with antiprotozoal activity, in suckling mice (Lindsay et al., 2000).
has received positive reports from studies related to Redman and Fox (1993) found that decoquinate
the treatment of Cryptosporidiosis in veal calves reduced the shedding of oocysts and the clinical signs in
(Lallemond et al., 2006) dairy calves (Villacorta et al., experimentally induced cryptosporidiosis in calves when
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sativum disrupted the normal physiological functions of drugs, sanitary measures and good management are
the parasite like morbidity and reproduction. currently the most valid weapons in controlling this disease.
In a study by Abdel Megeed et al. (2015) on the In conclusion, funding has recently been secured to
therapeutic efficacy in naturally infected Buffalo calves study more closely the host-parasite interaction with the
of garlic showed it eradicated the Cryptosporidium neonatal gut, to better understand the early response to
oocysts from the faeces and almost no oocysts were infection. The new studies focused on mainly genetic
detected in the faeces of garlic treatment group by the characterization and protein analyses of the parasite.
end of the study. Also, the same study showed that garlic Bioinformatic and proteomics studies have recently
was effective not only in reducing oocyst counts but also gained increased recognition for this purpose. These
in making the health of the animals better. studies will open the way for a more careful approach to
Garlic offered a promising effect in the treatment of chemotherapy for cryptosporidiosis in the near future.
cryptosporidiosis and it is recommended to be used in Thus it is the author's advice that primary aim at
the daily animal diet to give protective effects against controlling the cryptosporidiosis in farms should be
parasites (Abdel Megeed et al., 2015). minimising the build-up of environmental contamination
and reducing the clinical impact by optimising the
neonatal environment and managing other enter
Conclusion pathogens until effective drugs are developed.
Cryptosporidiosis is a parasitic intestinal disease of a
wide variety of animals and humans. Major reservoirs of Acknowledgement
C. parvum are livestock, especially cattle and sheep.
Any financial support was used to write this
Transmission of the infection may be directly from
manuscript.
animal to human or indirectly via a vehicle. A large
number of small outbreaks associated with C. parvum in
calves and in veterinarians or veterinary students that Author’s Contributions
have been exposed to calf faeces are documented in the Ceren Dinle: Carried out literature research, writing
literature (Gait et al., 2008; Grinberg et al., 2011; and draft the review.
Robertson et al., 2013). Most indirect transmission is Bulent Ulutas: Supervision of the review, critical
drinking water and less often food has been associated review and organise the manuscript period.
with transmission of Cryptosporidium infection from
animals to human populations. A birth cohort study
conducted by a Global Network for the Study of
Ethics
Malnutrition and Enteric Diseases (MAL-ED) has This review is original and was not published elsewhere.
assessed pathogen-specific burdens in diarrhoeal and It can be confirmed that all authors have read and
non-diarrhoeal stool specimens from 2145 children aged approved the manuscript and no ethical issues involved.
0-24 months in Africa, Asia and South America and also
identified Cryptosporidium spp. as one of the five References
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